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<span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_European_encounter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_European_encounter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First European encounter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_European_encounter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menominee_Indian_Reservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menominee_Indian_Reservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Menominee Indian Reservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Menominee_Indian_Reservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Menominee Indian Reservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Menominee_Indian_Reservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_over_logging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_over_logging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conflict over logging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conflict_over_logging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conflict over logging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conflict_over_logging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-20th-century_termination_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_termination_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>20th-century termination era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_termination_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menominee_Tribe_v._United_States_(1968)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menominee_Tribe_v._United_States_(1968)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Menominee Tribe v. United States</i> (1968)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menominee_Tribe_v._United_States_(1968)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_tribal_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_tribal_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Current tribal activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_tribal_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Menominee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Menominee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Menominee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Menominee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Menominee</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Менаміні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Менаміні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Меномини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Меномини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Menominee" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee_(Volk)" title="Menominee (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menominee (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menomini" title="Menomini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Menomini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee_(peuple)" title="Menominee (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Menominee (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Menominee" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee_(popolo)" title="Menominee (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Menominee (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Меномини – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Меномини" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominiai" title="Menominiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Menominiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee_(volk)" title="Menominee (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menominee (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menominee" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menomini" title="Menomini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Menomini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Меномини (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Меномини (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Menominee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Меномини (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Меномини (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menomineet" title="Menomineet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Menomineet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominiler" title="Menominiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Menominiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2447438#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Menominee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Menominee (disambiguation)">Menominee (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Some placenames use other spellings; see also <a href="/wiki/Menomonee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Menomonee (disambiguation)">Menomonee (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menomonie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Menomonie (disambiguation)">Menomonie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Menominee</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="[[Menominee language|Menominee]]">omǣqnomenēwak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiefOshkosh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChiefOshkosh.jpg/220px-ChiefOshkosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChiefOshkosh.jpg/330px-ChiefOshkosh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChiefOshkosh.jpg/440px-ChiefOshkosh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="569" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Chief Oshkosh</a>, c.1858</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">8,700<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin,_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin, United States">Wisconsin</a>, <span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Menominee_Indian_Reservation" title="Menominee Indian Reservation">Menominee Indian Reservation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Drum_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Drum (religion)">Big Drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menominee_Nation_Claims.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Menominee Nation had claims extended north to the Upper Peninsula, south to Milwaukee, and east to the Yellow River, including Green Bay and Sheboygan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Menominee_Nation_Claims.png/376px-Menominee_Nation_Claims.png" decoding="async" width="376" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Menominee_Nation_Claims.png/564px-Menominee_Nation_Claims.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Menominee_Nation_Claims.png/752px-Menominee_Nation_Claims.png 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Claims of the Menominee Nation as described in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington,_with_Menominee_(1831)" title="Treaty of Washington, with Menominee (1831)">Treaty of Washington of 1831</a>. The map's title text, Omaeqnomenew-ahkew, means "Land of the Wild Rice People" in the Menominee language.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Menominee</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>  <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2e\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Menominee.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Menominee.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Menominee.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Menominee.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Menominee.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Menominee.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Menominee.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mə-<span style="font-size:90%">NAH</span>-mə-<span style="font-size:90%">NEE</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee</a>: <i lang="mez">omǣqnomenēwak</i> meaning <i>"Menominee People"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also spelled <b>Menomini,</b> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe language</a> word for "Wild Rice People"; known as <i><b>Mamaceqtaw</b></i>, "the people", in the <a href="/wiki/Menominee_language" title="Menominee language">Menominee language</a>) are a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized tribe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> officially known as the <b>Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin</b>. Their land base is the <a href="/wiki/Menominee_Indian_Reservation" title="Menominee Indian Reservation">Menominee Indian Reservation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. Their historic territory originally included an estimated 10 million acres (40,000 km<sup>2</sup>) in present-day Wisconsin and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Peninsula">Upper Peninsula</a> of Michigan. The tribe currently has about 8,700 members. </p><p>Federal recognition of the tribe was <a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">terminated</a> in the 1960s under policy of the time which stressed assimilation. During that period, they brought what has become a landmark case in <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_United_States_federal_Indian_law_and_policy" title="Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy">Indian law</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Menominee_Tribe_v._United_States" title="Menominee Tribe v. United States">Menominee Tribe v. United States</a></i> (1968), to protect their treaty hunting and fishing rights. The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin Supreme Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Claims" title="United States Court of Claims">United States Court of Claims</a> had drawn opposing conclusions about the effect of the termination on Menominee hunting and fishing rights on their former reservation land. The U.S. Supreme Court determined that the tribe had not lost traditional hunting and fishing rights as a result of termination, as Congress had not clearly ended these in its legislation. </p><p>The tribe regained federal recognition in 1973 by an act of Congress, re-establishing its reservation in 1975. It operates under a written constitution establishing an elected government. The tribe took over tribal government and administration from the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (BIA) in 1979. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ball-headed_War_Club_with_Spike,_early_19th_century,_50.67.61.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ball-headed_War_Club_with_Spike%2C_early_19th_century%2C_50.67.61.jpg/220px-Ball-headed_War_Club_with_Spike%2C_early_19th_century%2C_50.67.61.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ball-headed_War_Club_with_Spike%2C_early_19th_century%2C_50.67.61.jpg/330px-Ball-headed_War_Club_with_Spike%2C_early_19th_century%2C_50.67.61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ball-headed_War_Club_with_Spike%2C_early_19th_century%2C_50.67.61.jpg/440px-Ball-headed_War_Club_with_Spike%2C_early_19th_century%2C_50.67.61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><i>Ball-headed War Club with Spike</i>, Menominee, early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Menominee are part of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> of North America, made up of several tribes now located around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and many other tribes based along the Atlantic coast. They are one of the historical tribes of present-day upper Michigan and Wisconsin; they occupied a territory of about 10 million acres (40,000 km<sup>2</sup>) in the period of European colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are believed to have been well-settled in that territory for more than 1,000 years. By some accounts, they are descended from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Copper_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Copper Culture">Old Copper Culture</a> people and other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> who had been in this area for 10,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Boatman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boatman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Menominee <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> states that they have always been here<sup id="cite_ref-MPM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believe they are <b>Kiash Matchitiwuk</b> (kee ahsh mah che te wuck) which is "Ancient Ones". Their reservation is located 60 miles west of the site of their Creation, according to their tradition. They arose where the Menominee River enters <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a> of Lake Michigan, where the city of <a href="/wiki/Marinette,_Wisconsin" title="Marinette, Wisconsin">Marinette, Wisconsin</a>, has since developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Boatman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boatman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their name for themselves is <b>Mamaceqtaw</b>, meaning "the people". The name "Menominee" is not their <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a>. It was adopted by Europeans from the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwe people">Ojibwe people</a>, another Algonquian tribe whom they encountered first as they moved west and who told them of the Menominee. The <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabe language">Ojibwe</a> name for the tribe was <i>manoominii</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> people", as they cultivated wild rice as one of their most important food <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the Menominee were known to be a peaceful, friendly and welcoming nation, who had a reputation for getting along with other tribes. When the <a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a> culture arose in southern Wisconsin between AD 800 and 900, the Menominee shared the forests and waters with them. </p><p>The Menominee are a <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Woodlands">Northeastern Woodlands</a> tribe. They were initially encountered by European explorers in Wisconsin in the mid-17th century during the colonial era, and had extended interaction with them during later periods in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period they lived in numerous villages which the French visited for <a href="/wiki/Fur_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trading">fur trading</a>. The anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_Mooney" title="James Mooney">James Mooney</a> in 1928 estimated that the tribe's number in 1650 was 3,000 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-Swanton_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early French explorers and traders referred to the people as <i>"folles avoines"</i> (wild oats), referring to the <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a> which they cultivated and gathered as one of their staple foods. The Menominee have traditionally subsisted on a wide variety of plants and animals, with wild rice and <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> being two of the most important. Wild rice has a special importance to the tribe as their staple grain, while the sturgeon has a mythological importance and is often referred to as the "father" of the Menominee.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feasts are still held annually at which each of these is served.<sup id="cite_ref-MPM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menomini_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Menomini_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/150px-Menomini_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Menomini_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/225px-Menomini_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Menomini_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/300px-Menomini_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Menomini dress at the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Museum">Field Museum</a> in Chicago</figcaption></figure> <p>Menominee customs are quite similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Chippewa</a> (Ojibwa), another Algonquian people. Their language has a closer affinity to those of the <a href="/wiki/Fox_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox (tribe)">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> tribes. All four spoke <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabe language">Anishinaabe languages</a>, part of the Algonquian family. </p><p>The five principal Menominee <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clans</a> are the Bear, the Eagle, the Wolf, the Crane, and the Moose. Each has traditional responsibilities within the tribe. With a <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> system, traditional Menominee believe that children derive their social status from their fathers, and are born "into" their father's clan. Members of the same clan are considered relatives, so must choose marriage partners from outside their clan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethnologist <a href="/wiki/James_Mooney" title="James Mooney">James Mooney</a> wrote an article on the Menominee which appeared in <i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (1913), incorrectly reporting that their descent and inheritance proceeds through the female line. Such a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> kinship system is common among many other Native American peoples, including other Algonquian tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PaulKane-HuntingFish-ROM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PaulKane-HuntingFish-ROM.jpg/220px-PaulKane-HuntingFish-ROM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PaulKane-HuntingFish-ROM.jpg/330px-PaulKane-HuntingFish-ROM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PaulKane-HuntingFish-ROM.jpg/440px-PaulKane-HuntingFish-ROM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><i>Spearing Salmon By Torchlight,</i> an oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kane" title="Paul Kane">Paul Kane</a>. It features Menominee spearfishing at night by torchlight and canoe on the Fox River.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Menominee spiritual culture includes <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rites of passage</a> for youth at <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>. Ceremonies involve <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> for multiple days and living in a small isolated <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wigwam</a>. As part of this transition, youth meet individually with Elders for interpretation of their dreams, and to receive information about what adult responsibilities they will begin to take on following their rites of passage.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Menominee diets include local foods such as <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Allium tricoccum</a></i> (ramps, or wild garlic).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boiled, sliced potatoes of <i><a href="/wiki/Sagittaria_cuneata" title="Sagittaria cuneata">Sagittaria cuneata</a></i> are traditionally strung together and dried for winter use.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Uvularia_grandiflora" title="Uvularia grandiflora">Uvularia grandiflora</a></i> (bellwort) has historically been used to treat pain and swellings.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudognaphalium_obtusifolium" title="Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium">Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium, ssp obtusifolium</a></i> (rabbit tobacco) is also used medicinally. <i><a href="/wiki/Taenidia_integerrima" title="Taenidia integerrima">Taenidia integerrima</a></i> (a member of the <a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">parsely family</a>) is taken as a root <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> for pulmonary troubles, and as chew, the steeped root, for 'bronchial affections';<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is also used as a companion herb in other remedies because of its pleasant smell.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner bark of <i><a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">Abies balsamea</a></i> is used as a seasoner for medicines, taking an infusion of the inner bark for chest pain and using the liquid balsam pressed from the trunk for colds and pulmonary troubles. The inner bark is used as a poultice for unspecified illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gum from plant blisters is also applied to sores.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Michigan">History of Northern Michigan</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 377px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 375px; height: 550px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -400px; left: -120px; width: 1500px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_(Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell,_1835).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wisconsin Territory depicted on this 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan, showing a Menominee-filled Brown County, Wisconsin, that spans the northern half of the territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/1500px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="1780" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/2250px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg/3000px-Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_%28Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell%2C_1835%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="6384" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourist%27s_Pocket_Map_Of_Michigan_(Samuel_Augustus_Mitchell,_1835).jpg" title="File:Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan (Samuel Augustus Mitchell, 1835).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin Territory</a> depicted on this 1835 Tourist's Pocket Map Of Michigan, showing a Menominee-filled <a href="/wiki/Brown_County,_Wisconsin" title="Brown County, Wisconsin">Brown County, Wisconsin</a>, that spans the northern half of the territory </div> </div> </div> <p>The tribe originally occupied a large territory of 10 million acres (40,000 km<sup>2</sup>) extending from Wisconsin to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Historic references include one by Father <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Baraga" title="Frederic Baraga">Frederic Baraga</a>, a missionary priest in Michigan, who in his 1878 dictionary wrote: </p> <blockquote><p><i>Mishinimakinago;</i> pl.<i>-g.</i>—This name is given to some strange Indians (according to the sayings of the Otchipwes [Ojibwe]), who are rowing through the woods, and who are sometimes heard shooting, but never seen. And from this word, the name of the village of <i><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_City,_Michigan" title="Mackinaw City, Michigan">Mackinac</a></i>, or <i>Michillimackinac</i>, is derived.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>Maehkaenah</i> is the Menominee word for turtle. In his <i>The Indian Tribes of North America</i> (1952), <a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">John Reed Swanton</a> recorded under the "Wisconsin" section: "Menominee," a band named "Misi'nimäk Kimiko Wini'niwuk, 'Michilimackinac People,' near the old fort at Mackinac, Mich."<sup id="cite_ref-Swanton_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swanton-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michillimackinac is also spelled as Mishinimakinago, Mǐshǐma‛kǐnung, Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go, Missilimakinak, Teiodondoraghie. </p><p>The Menominee are descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland Indians</a> who inhabited the lands once occupied by <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell Indians</a>, the earliest human inhabitants of the Lake Michigan region. As the Hopewell culture declined, circa A.D. 800, the Lake Michigan region eventually became home to <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland Indians</a>. </p><p>Early fur traders, <i>coureur-de-bois,</i> and explorers from France encountered their descendants: the Menominee, <a href="/wiki/Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa">Chippewa</a> (Ojibwa), <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa (tribe)">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox (tribe)">Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Winnebago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miami_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami (tribe)">Miami</a>. It is believed that the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a> was the first non-Native American to reach Lake Michigan in 1634 or 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_European_encounter">First European encounter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First European encounter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_20_Signature_des_MALOUMINIS_(FOLLES_AVOINES).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_20_Signature_des_MALOUMINIS_%28FOLLES_AVOINES%29.svg/220px-Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_20_Signature_des_MALOUMINIS_%28FOLLES_AVOINES%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_20_Signature_des_MALOUMINIS_%28FOLLES_AVOINES%29.svg/330px-Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_20_Signature_des_MALOUMINIS_%28FOLLES_AVOINES%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_20_Signature_des_MALOUMINIS_%28FOLLES_AVOINES%29.svg/440px-Grande_Paix_de_Montr%C3%A9al_20_Signature_des_MALOUMINIS_%28FOLLES_AVOINES%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Menominee signature on <a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">Great Peace of Montreal</a> in 1701 depicting a <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">thunderbird</a> holding a wild oat stem.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1634, the Menominee and <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho-Chunk people">Ho-Chunk people</a> (along with a band of <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> who had recently moved into Wisconsin) witnessed the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a>'s approach and landing. Red Banks, near the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a>, later developed in this area. Nicolet, looking for a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a> to China, hoped to find and impress the Chinese. As the canoe approached the shore, Nicolet put on a silk Chinese ceremonial robe, stood up in the middle of the canoe and shot off two pistols. </p><p>Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, a French Catholic clergyman, professor, historian, author and explorer, kept a detailed journal of his travels through Wisconsin and Louisiana. In 1721 he came upon the Menominee, whom he referred to as <i>Malhomines</i> ("peuples d'avoines" or Wild Oat Indians), which the French had adapted from an Ojibwe term: </p> <blockquote><p>After we had advanced five or six leagues, we found ourselves abreast of a little island, which lies near the western side of the bay, and which concealed from our view, the mouth of a river, on which stands the village of the Malhomines Indians, called by our French "peuples d'avoines" or Wild Oat Indians, probably from their living chiefly on this sort of grain. The whole nation consists only of this village, and that too not very numerous. 'Tis really great pity, they being the finest and handsomest men in all Canada. They are even of a larger stature than the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a>. I have been assured that they had the same original and nearly the same languages with the <a href="/wiki/Noquet" title="Noquet">Noquets</a>, and the Indians at the Falls.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlevoix_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlevoix-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiskquew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Amiskquew.jpg/130px-Amiskquew.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Amiskquew.jpg/195px-Amiskquew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Amiskquew.jpg/260px-Amiskquew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Amiskquew, a mid-19th century Menominee warrior, from <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America" title="History of the Indian Tribes of North America">History of the Indian Tribes of North America</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Initially neutral during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the Menominee later became allied with the British and Canadians, whom they helped defeat American forces trying to recapture Fort Mackinac in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Battle of Mackinac Island</a>. During the ensuing decades, the Menominee were pressured by encroachment of new European-American settlers in the area. Settlers first arrived in Michigan, where lumbering on the Upper Peninsula and resource extraction attracted workers. By mid-century, encroachment by new settlers was increasing. In the 1820s, the Menominee were approached by representatives of the Christianized <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge-Munsee" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbridge-Munsee">Stockbridge-Munsee</a> Indians from New York to share or cede some of their land for their use. </p><p>The Menominee gradually sold much of their lands in Michigan and Wisconsin to the U.S. government through seven treaties from 1821 to 1848, first ceding their lands in Michigan. The US government wanted to move them to the far west in the period when Wisconsin was organizing for statehood, to extinguish all Native American land claims. <a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Chief Oshkosh</a> went to look at the proposed site on the Crow River and rejected the offered land, saying their current land was better for hunting and game. The Menominee retained lands near the Wolf River in what became their current reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe originated in the Wisconsin and are living in their traditional homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-MPM_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menominee_Indian_Reservation">Menominee Indian Reservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Menominee Indian Reservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Menominee_Indian_Reservation" title="Menominee Indian Reservation">Menominee Indian Reservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MenomineeIndianTribalOfficesSept2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MenomineeIndianTribalOfficesSept2009.jpg/220px-MenomineeIndianTribalOfficesSept2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MenomineeIndianTribalOfficesSept2009.jpg/330px-MenomineeIndianTribalOfficesSept2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MenomineeIndianTribalOfficesSept2009.jpg/440px-MenomineeIndianTribalOfficesSept2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Tribal office in Keshena</figcaption></figure> <p>The Menominee Indian Reservation is located in northeastern Wisconsin. For the most part, it is conterminous with <a href="/wiki/Menominee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Menominee County, Wisconsin">Menominee County</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Menominee,_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Menominee, Wisconsin">town of Menominee</a>, which were established after termination of the tribe in 1961 under contemporary federal policy whose goal was assimilation. The tribe regained its federally recognized status and reservation in 1975. </p><p>The reservation was created in a treaty with the United States signed on May 12, 1854, in which the Menominee relinquished all claims to the lands held by them under previous treaties, and were assigned 432 square miles (1,120 km<sup>2</sup>) on the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf River (Fox River)">Wolf River</a> in present-day Wisconsin. An additional treaty, which they signed on February 11, 1856, carved out the southwestern corner of this area to create a separate reservation for the <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbridge Indians">Stockbridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> (Munsee) tribes, who had reached the area as refugees from New York state. The latter two tribes have the federally recognized joint <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge-Munsee_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockbridge-Munsee Community">Stockbridge-Munsee Community</a>. </p><p>After the tribe had regained federal recognition in 1973, it essentially restored the reservation to its historic boundaries in 1975. Many small pockets of territory within the county (and its geographically equivalent town) are not considered as part of the reservation. These amount to 1.14% of the county's area, so the reservation is essentially 98.86% of the county's area. The largest of these pockets is in the western part of the community of <a href="/wiki/Keshena,_Wisconsin" title="Keshena, Wisconsin">Keshena, Wisconsin</a>. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the combined Menominee reservation and off-reservation trust land have a total area of 362.8 square miles (939.6 km<sup>2</sup>), of which 355.5 square miles (920.7 km<sup>2</sup>) is land and 7.3 square miles (18.9 km<sup>2</sup>) is water.<sup id="cite_ref-gaz2020_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaz2020-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The small non-reservation parts of the county are more densely populated than the reservation, with 1,223 (28.7%) of the county's 4,255 total population, as opposed to the reservation's 3,032 (71.3%) population in the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-census-55078_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-census-55078-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most populous communities are <a href="/wiki/Legend_Lake,_Wisconsin" title="Legend Lake, Wisconsin">Legend Lake</a> and Keshena. Since the late 20th century, the members of the reservation have operated a number of gambling facilities in these communities as a source of revenue. They speak English as well as their traditional Menominee language, one of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current population of the tribe is about 8,700. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communities">Communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Keshena (most, population 1,268)</li> <li>Legend Lake (most, population 1,525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Village,_Wisconsin" title="Middle Village, Wisconsin">Middle Village</a> (part, population 281)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopit,_Wisconsin" title="Neopit, Wisconsin">Neopit</a> (most, population 690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoar,_Wisconsin" title="Zoar, Wisconsin">Zoar</a> (most, population 98)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflict_over_logging">Conflict over logging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conflict over logging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Menominee have traditionally practiced logging in a sustainable manner. In 1905, a tornado swept through the reservation, downing a massive amount of timber. Because the Menominee-owned sawmills could not harvest all the downed timber before it decomposed, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> became involved in managing their forest. Despite the desire of the tribe and Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. La Follette, Sr.">Robert M. La Follette, Sr.</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">sustainable yield</a> policy, the Forest Service conducted clear-cutting on reservation lands until 1926, cutting 70 percent of the salable timber. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> regained control of the territory, as it holds the reservation in trust for the Menominee. During the next dozen years, it reduced the cutting of salable timber to 30 percent, which allowed the forest to regenerate. In 1934, the Menominee filed suit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Claims" title="United States Court of Claims">United States Court of Claims</a> against the Forest Service, saying that its policy had heavily damaged their resource. The court agreed and settled the claim finally in 1952, awarding the Menominee $8.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Patty_Loew_2001_pp._31–34_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patty_Loew_2001_pp._31–34-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_termination_era">20th-century termination era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 20th-century termination era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_waupose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dan_waupose.jpg/220px-Dan_waupose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dan_waupose.jpg/330px-Dan_waupose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Dan_waupose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Dan Waupoose, a Menomini chief; training at <a href="/wiki/Algiers,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Algiers, Louisiana">Algiers, Louisiana</a>, during World War II. U.S. Navy photograph, August 24, 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Menominee were among the Native Americans who participated as soldiers in World War II with other United States citizens. </p><p>During the 1950s, federal Indian policy envisioned termination of the "special relationship" between the United States government and those tribes considered "ready for <a href="/wiki/Americanization_(of_Native_Americans)" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanization (of Native Americans)">assimilation</a>" to mainstream culture. The Menominee were identified for termination, which would end their status as a sovereign nation. At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_people" title="Klamath people">Klamath people</a> in Oregon were the only other tribal group identified for termination. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) believed the Menominee were sufficiently economically self-reliant on their timber industry to be successful independent of federal assistance and oversight. Before termination, they were one of the wealthiest American Indian tribes. </p><p>In 1954, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> passed a law which phased out the Menominee reservation, effectively terminating its tribal status on April 30, 1961. Commonly held tribal property was transferred to a corporation, Menominee Enterprises, Inc. (MEI). It had a complicated structure and two trusts, one of which, First Wisconsin Trust Company, was appointed by the BIA. First Wisconsin Trust Company always voted its shares as a block, and essentially could control the management operations of MEI.<sup id="cite_ref-Patty_Loew_2001_pp._31–34_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patty_Loew_2001_pp._31–34-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the request of the Menominee, the state organized the former reservation as a new county, so they could maintain some coherence. The tribe was expected to provide county government functions but it became a colony of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The change resulted in diminished standards of living for the members of the tribe; officials had to close the hospital and some schools in order to cover costs of the conversion: to provide their own services or contract for them as a county. <a href="/wiki/Menominee_County,_Wisconsin" title="Menominee County, Wisconsin">Menominee County</a> was the poorest and least populated Wisconsin county during this time, and termination adversely affected the region. Tribal crafts and produce alone could not sustain the community. As the tax base lacked industry, the Menominee could not fund basic services. MEI funds, which totaled $10 million in 1954, dwindled to $300,000 by 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Struggling to manage financially, the white-dominated MEI proposed in 1967 to raise money by selling off former tribal lands to non-Native Americans, which resulted in a fierce backlash among the Menominee. </p><p>It was a period of Indian activism, and community members began an organizing campaign to regain political <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> as the Menominee Tribe. Activists included <a href="/wiki/Ada_Deer" title="Ada Deer">Ada Deer</a>, an organizer who would later become an advocate for Native Americans at the federal level as Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs (1993–1997). In 1970 the activists formed a group called the Determination of Rights and Unity for Menominee Stockholders (DRUMS). They blocked the proposed sale of tribal land by MEI to non-Indian developers, and successfully gained control of the MEI board of directors. They also persuaded Congress to restore their status as a federally recognized sovereign tribe by legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> encouraged a federal policy to increase self-government among Indian tribes, in addition to increasing education opportunities and religious protection. He signed the bill for federal recognition of the Menominee Tribe of Wisconsin on December 22, 1973. The sovereign tribe started the work of reorganizing the reservation, which they re-established in 1975. Tribal members wrote and ratified a tribal constitution in 1976, and elected a new tribal government, which took over from BIA officials in 1979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Menominee_Tribe_v._United_States_(1968)"><span id="Menominee_Tribe_v._United_States_.281968.29"></span><i>Menominee Tribe v. United States</i> (1968)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Menominee_Tribe_v._United_States" title="Menominee Tribe v. United States">Menominee Tribe v. United States</a></div> <p>During the period of termination, when the Menominee individually were subject to state law, in 1963 three members of the tribe were charged with violating Wisconsin's hunting and fishing laws on what had formerly been their reservation land for more than 100 years. The tribal members were acquitted. When the state appealed the decision, the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court">Wisconsin Supreme Court</a> held that the Menominee tribe no longer had hunting and fishing rights due to the termination act of Congress in 1954. </p><p>Due to the state court's ruling, the tribe sued the United States for compensation for the value of the hunting and fishing rights in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Claims" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Court of Claims">U.S. Court of Claims</a>, in <i>Menominee Tribe v. United States</i> (1968). The Court ruled that tribal members still had hunting and fishing rights, and that Congress had not abrogated those rights. The opposite rulings by the state and federal courts brought the issue to the United States Supreme Court. </p><p>In 1968 the Supreme Court held that the tribe retained its hunting and fishing rights under the treaties involved, and the rights were not lost after federal recognition was ended by the Menominee Termination Act, as Congress had not clearly removed those rights in its legislation. This has been a landmark case in Indian law, helping preserve Native American hunting and fishing rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tribe operates according to a written constitution. It elects a tribal council and chairman. </p><p>The Menominee developed the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Menominee_Nation" title="College of Menominee Nation">College of Menominee Nation</a> in 1993 and it was accredited in 1998. It includes a Sustainable Development Institute. Its goal is education to promote their ethic for living in balance on the land.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of a number of <a href="/wiki/Tribal_colleges_and_universities" title="Tribal colleges and universities">tribal colleges and universities</a> that have been developed since the early 1970s, and one of two in Wisconsin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_tribal_activities">Current tribal activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current tribal activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nation has a notable forestry resource and ably manages a timber program.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an 1870 assessment of their lands, which totaled roughly 235,000 acres (950 km<sup>2</sup>), they counted 1.3 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> standing <a href="/wiki/Board_foot" title="Board foot">board feet</a> (3.1 million <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metres</a>) of timber. As of 2002<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> that has increased to 1.7 billion board feet (4.0 million m<sup>3</sup>). In the intervening years, they have harvested more than 2.25 billion board feet (5.3 million m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, the Menominee became the first forest management enterprise in the United States certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC.org).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since June 5, 1987, the tribe has owned and operated a <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Las Vegas</a>-style gaming <a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">casino</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Bingo_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bingo (U.S.)">bingo</a> games and a <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotel</a>. The complex provides employment to numerous Menominee; approximately 79 percent of the Menominee Casino-Bingo-Hotel's 500 employees are ethnic Menominee or are spouses of Menominee.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Menominee">Notable Menominee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable Menominee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apesanahkwat" title="Apesanahkwat">Apesanahkwat</a> – actor who starred in <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i> and films</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaqua_Cox" title="Alaqua Cox">Alaqua Cox</a> - actress, <i><a href="/wiki/Hawkeye_(miniseries)" title="Hawkeye (miniseries)">Hawkeye</a> & <a href="/wiki/Echo_(miniseries)" title="Echo (miniseries)">Echo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Deer" title="Ada Deer">Ada Deer</a> – activist and Assistant Secretary for <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Indian Affairs</a>, 1993–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Frechette" class="mw-redirect" title="Billie Frechette">Billie Frechette</a> – lover of 1930s serial bank robber <a href="/wiki/John_Dillinger" title="John Dillinger">John Dillinger</a></li> <li>Mitchell Oshkenaniew – advocate for sovereignty and recognition by federal government<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Chief Oshkosh</a> (1795–1858) – chief of Menominee during period of land cessions and restriction to reservation within Wisconsin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Tousey" title="Sheila Tousey">Sheila Tousey</a> – actress, <i><a href="/wiki/Thunderheart" title="Thunderheart">Thunderheart</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Washinawatok" title="Ingrid Washinawatok">Ingrid Washinawatok</a> – Co-founder, Fund for the Four Directions, indigenous activist; killed in 1999 in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menominee-nsn.gov/CulturePages/BriefHistory.aspx">Brief History - About Us</a>. The Menomonee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Center for Menominee Language, Culture, and Art, Language Materials <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menomineelanguage.com/dictionaries-word-lists">www.menomineelanguage.com/dictionaries-word-lists</a>, Menominee Dictionary - English - Menominee</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53129cd4e4b06c7ef09b071b/t/53271601e4b055350d944f15/1395070465326/Menominee+Dictionary+English-Menominee.pdf">Link</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712174150/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53129cd4e4b06c7ef09b071b/t/53271601e4b055350d944f15/1395070465326/Menominee+Dictionary+English-Menominee.pdf">Archive</a>) - <i>Menominee, Menominee Person</i> Pg. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menominee-nsn.gov/">History</a>, Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boatman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boatman_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boatman_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Boatman, John (1998). <i>Wisconsin American Indian History and Culture</i>. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., p.37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPM-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPM_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPM_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPM_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-97.html">"Menominee"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626024200/http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-97.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Indian Country</i>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum" title="Milwaukee Public Museum">Milwaukee Public Museum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Lyle (1997).<i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.401, n.134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014104847/http://menominee-nsn.gov/MITW/whoAreWe.aspx">"Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin. Who are We?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menominee-nsn.gov/MITW/whoAreWe.aspx">the original</a> on 2011-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menominee+Indian+Tribe+of+Wisconsin.+Who+are+We%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.menominee-nsn.gov%2FMITW%2FwhoAreWe.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenominee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swanton-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swanton_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swanton_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Swanton" title="John R. Swanton">Swanton, John R.</a> (1952). <i>Indian Tribes of North America</i>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Reprinted by the Smithsonian Institution, 1974, 1979, 1984, pp. 250–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossMedinCox2006" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Norbert; Medin, Douglas; Cox, Douglass (2006). <i>Culture and Resource Conflict: Why Meanings Matter</i>. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-570-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-570-1"><bdi>978-0-87154-570-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Resource+Conflict%3A+Why+Meanings+Matter.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87154-570-1&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft.au=Medin%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Cox%2C+Douglass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenominee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwsp.edu/alumnus/issueArchives/spring2003.pdf">"Menominee Clans depicted at UWSP"</a>, <i>Pointer Alumnus</i>, University of Wisconsin – Steven Point, Spring 2003, pp. 1 and 5, accessed 28 August 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-54.html">"Menominee Culture"</a>, <i>Indian Country Wisconsin,</i> Milwaukee Public Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians". <i>Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee</i> 4:1-174 (p. 69)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians". <i>Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee</i> 4:1-174 (p. 61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Huron H. 1923 "Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians". <i>Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee</i> 4:1-174 (p. 41)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baraga, Frederic (1878). <i>A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language</i>. Montreal: Beauchemin & Valois, v. 2, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogue, Margaret Beattie (1985). <i>Around the Shores of Lake Michigan: A Guide to Historic Sites</i>, pp. 7–13. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-10004-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-10004-9">0-299-10004-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlevoix-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charlevoix_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlevoix.1928" class="citation report cs1">Charlevoix., Pierre Francois Xavier de (1928). Louise Phelps Kellogg, Ph.D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofvoyaget02char/journalofvoyaget02char_djvu.txt">Journal of a Voyage to North America in Two Volumes</a> (Report). The Caxton Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Journal+of+a+Voyage+to+North+America+in+Two+Volumes&rft.pub=The+Caxton+Club&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Charlevoix.&rft.aufirst=Pierre+Francois+Xavier+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjournalofvoyaget02char%2Fjournalofvoyaget02char_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenominee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Menominee Tribe of Indians v. United States</i>, 95 Ct.Cl. 232 (Ct.Cl., 1941).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaz2020-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gaz2020_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2020.html">"2020 Gazetteer Files"</a>. <i>census.gov</i>. US Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=2020+Gazetteer+Files&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fgeographies%2Freference-files%2Ftime-series%2Fgeo%2Fgazetteer-files.2020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenominee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020-census-55078-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020-census-55078_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0500000US55078&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29">"2020 Decennial Census: Menominee County, Wisconsin"</a>. <i>data.census.gov</i>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.census.gov&rft.atitle=2020+Decennial+Census%3A+Menominee+County%2C+Wisconsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fg%3D0500000US55078%26y%3D2020%26d%3DDEC%2520Redistricting%2520Data%2520%2528PL%252094-171%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenominee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=2520000US2175R&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29">"2020 Decennial Census: Menominee Reservation (reservation only)"</a>. <i>data.census.gov</i>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.census.gov&rft.atitle=2020+Decennial+Census%3A+Menominee+Reservation+%28reservation+only%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fg%3D2520000US2175R%26y%3D2020%26d%3DDEC%2520Redistricting%2520Data%2520%2528PL%252094-171%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenominee" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.native-languages.org/menominee.htm">Menominee Language and the Menominee Indian Tribe (Menomini, Mamaceqtaw)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patty_Loew_2001_pp._31–34-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patty_Loew_2001_pp._31–34_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patty_Loew_2001_pp._31–34_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patty Loew (2001). <i>Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal</i>. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, pp. 31–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy O. Lurie (1972.) "Menominee Termination: From Reservation to Colony," <i>Human Organization,</i> 31: 257-269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tiller, Veronica. <i>Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations</i>, Bowarrow Publishing Company, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-885931-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-885931-01-8">1-885931-01-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-97.html"><i>Indian Country Wisconsin</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626024200/http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-97.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Milwaukee Public Museum, accessed 30 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy O. Lurie, (1971) "Menominee Termination," <i>Indian Historian,</i> 4(4): 31–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sustainabledevelopmentinstitute.org/">"Sustainable Development Institute » Research Education Outreach"</a>, College of Menominee Nation </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan McQuillan, "American Indian Timber Management Policy: Its Evolution in the Context of U. S. Forest History," in <i>Trusteeship in Change: Toward Tribal Autonomy in Resource Management,</i> eds. R. L. Clow and I Sutton (University Press of Colorado, 2001): 73–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William McDonough and Michael Braungart, <i>Cradle to Cradle; Remaking the Way We Make Things</i>, New York: North Point Press, 2002, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sustainable Management of Temperate Hardwood Forests: A Review of the Forest Management Practices of Menominee Tribal Enterprises, Inc. 1992. Scientific Certification Systems, Berkeley, CA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assessment of the Forest Management Practices of the Menominee Tribal Enterprises, Inc. 1994. Scientific Certification Systems, Berkeley, CA, and Smart Wood Certification Program. Sigurd Olson Environmental Institute, Northland College, Ashland, WI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menomineecasino.com/?page_id=22">About Us</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/bps/additionalcontent/18/31187086/The-Struggle-for-SelfDetermination-History-of-the-Menominee-Indians-since-1854">"The Struggle for Self-Determination"</a>, <i>History of the Menominee Indians since 1854</i>, <i>Britannica Encyclopedia</i> online</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beck, David R. M. (2005). <i>The Struggle for Self-Determination: History of the Menominee Indians Since 1854.</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.</li> <li>Boatman, John (1998). <i>Wisconsin American Indian History and Culture</i>. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.</li> <li>Davis, Thomas (2000). <i>Sustaining the Forest, the People, and the Spirit.</i> Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Loew" title="Patricia Loew">Loew, Patty</a> (2001). <i>Indian Nations of Wisconsin: Histories of Endurance and Renewal</i>. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press.</li> <li>Nichols, Phebe Jewell (Mrs. Angus F. Lookaround). <i>Oshkosh The Brave: Chief of the Menominees, and His Family</i>. Menominee Indian Reservation, 1954.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinner1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alanson_Skinner" title="Alanson Skinner">Skinner, Alanson</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b29979870"><i>Material culture of the Menomini</i></a>. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Material+culture+of+the+Menomini&rft.pub=Museum+of+the+American+Indian%2C+Heye+Foundation&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=Alanson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb29979870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenominee" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nancy Lurie (1972), "Menominee Termination: From Reservation to Colony," <i>Human Organization,</i> 31: 257–269</li> <li>Nancy Lurie (1987), "Menominee Termination and Restoration," in Donald L. Fixico, ed., <i>An Anthology of Western Great Lakes Indians History</i> (Milwaukee: American Indian Studies Program): 439–478</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menominee&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menominee" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Menominee">Menominee</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.menominee-nsn.gov/">Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025719/http://www.indigenousuprising.com/Pages/Language-Menominee/Language-Menominee.html">Menominee Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www4.uwsp.edu/museum/menomineeclans/">The Menominee Clans Story</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin-Stevens_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point">University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perey-anthropology.net/Ethical-Unconscious-TRO.htm">Perey, "The Menominee Myth of the Flood – in Relation to Life Today"</a>, Anthropology.net</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Menominee Indians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Menominee_Indians">"Menominee Indians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Menominee+Indians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMenominee" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213155253/http://www.menominee.nsn.us/History/History/HistoryPages/HistoryTreaties.htm">"Treaties between the United States and the Menominee"</a>, Menominee website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626024200/http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-97.html">"Menominee"</a>, <i>Indian Country</i>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum" title="Milwaukee Public Museum">Milwaukee Public Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/17">Mitchell A. Dodge papers on the Menominee Indian Tribe, MSS 1538</a> in the <a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry_Special_Collections" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Tom Perry Special Collections">L. Tom Perry Special Collections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_River_Band_of_the_Lake_Superior_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians">Bad River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County_Potawatomi_Community" title="Forest County Potawatomi Community">Forest County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_Courte_Oreilles_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa_Indians" title="Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians">Lac Courte Oreilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_du_Flambeau_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Lac du Flambeau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Oneida Nation of Wisconsin">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Red Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians_of_Wisconsin" title="St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin">St. Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokaogon_Chippewa_Community" title="Sokaogon Chippewa Community">Sokaogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockbridge%E2%80%93Munsee_Community" title="Stockbridge–Munsee Community">Stockbridge–Munsee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template talk:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War of 1832</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Native people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2447438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2447438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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