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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Oshkosh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiefOshkosh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Chief Oshkosh posting in a top hat and coat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChiefOshkosh.jpg/220px-ChiefOshkosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChiefOshkosh.jpg/330px-ChiefOshkosh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChiefOshkosh.jpg/440px-ChiefOshkosh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="569" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Marsden_Brookes" title="Samuel Marsden Brookes">Samuel Marsden Brookes</a>, c. 1858</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Head Chief of the Menominee</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 7, 1827 – August 31, 1858</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Chawanon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Akwinemi</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1795<br />near present-day <a href="/wiki/Nekoosa,_Wisconsin" title="Nekoosa, Wisconsin">Nekoosa, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 31, 1858<span style="display:none">(1858-08-31)</span> (aged 62–63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Keshena,_Wisconsin" title="Keshena, Wisconsin">Keshena, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Bambani</li> <li>Shakanouiu</li> <li>Tomokoum</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Akwinemi</li> <li>Niopet</li> <li>Koshkanoque</li> <li>Kinoke</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">Native American chief</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1812–1814 (British Empire)</li> <li>1832 (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Siege of Fort Mackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Siege of Fort Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Battle of Fort Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island_(1814)" title="Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)">Battle of Mackinac Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chief Oshkosh</b> (also spelled Os-kosh or Oskosh) (c. 1795–August 31, 1858<sup id="cite_ref-death_year_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death_year-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a chief of the <a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, recognized as the leader of the Menominee people by the United States government from August 7, 1827, until his death. He was involved in treaty negotiations as the United States sought to acquire more of the Menominee tribe's land in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> for both white settlers and relocated <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohicans" title="Mohicans">Stockbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munsee" title="Munsee">Munsee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brothertown_Indians" title="Brothertown Indians">Brothertown Indians</a>. the Menominee ceded over 10,000,000 acres (40,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land to the United States. However, Oshkosh resisted U.S. government pressure for the tribe to relocate to northern Minnesota and played a key role in securing the 235,524-acre (953.13 km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Menominee_Indian_Reservation" title="Menominee Indian Reservation">Menominee Indian Reservation</a> as a permanent home for his people on their ancestral land. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh, Wisconsin</a>, is named after him. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oshkosh ("Claw";<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cf. <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabe language">Ojibwe</a> <i>oshkanzhiin</i>, "claw")<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was probably born in about 1795 at <a href="/wiki/Point_Basse" title="Point Basse">Point Basse</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Nekoosa,_Wisconsin" title="Nekoosa, Wisconsin">Nekoosa, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsinhistory.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family belonged to the Bear Clan,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his grandfather Chawanon was head chief of the Menominee. During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, Oshkosh fought on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> side with a band of approximately one-hundred Menominee warriors led by Tomah,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as Thomas Caron, a Menominee chief whose paternal grandfather was a French military officer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oshkosh was present at the sieges of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Fort Mackinac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Fort Meigs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Fort Stephenson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsinhistory.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the 1814 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island_(1814)" title="Battle of Mackinac Island (1814)">Battle of Mackinac Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_of_the_Menominee">Chief of the Menominee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chief of the Menominee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Head Chief Chawanon died in 1821 without leaving a clear successor.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1827, Oshkosh was involved in negotiations with the United States Federal Government at <a href="/wiki/Butte_des_Morts,_Wisconsin" title="Butte des Morts, Wisconsin">Butte des Morts, Wisconsin</a>, to resettle Christianized <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohicans" title="Mohicans">Stockbridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Munsee" title="Munsee">Munsee</a> people from New York and western Massachusetts on Menominee land in Wisconsin. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territorial</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Michigan" title="List of governors of Michigan">governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Superintendent of Indian Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._McKenney" title="Thomas L. McKenney">Thomas L. McKenney</a> negotiated on behalf of the U.S. government. Cass lamented the lack of centralized leadership among the Menominee at the time, saying "We have observed for some time the Menomonees to be a in bad situation as to their chiefs. There is no one we can talk to as head of the nation...like a flock of geese without a leader, some fly one way and some another. At the opening of the council [at Butte des Mortes], we [the United States government] shall appoint a principal chief of the Menomonees...We shall give him the <a href="/wiki/Indian_peace_medal" title="Indian peace medal">medal</a>, and expect the Menomonees to respect him."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 7, 1827, Cass and McKenney declared Oshkosh to be the Principal Chief of the Menominee,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsinhistory.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making him the intermediary between the United States government and the Menominee people.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_trial">Murder trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Murder trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 3, 1830, a <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a> man named Okewa (also known as Antoine), who was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">enslaved</a> by a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a> was hunting and accidentally killed a Menominee man who belonged to Oshkosh's band. He reported the incident to Oshkosh, who was in Green Bay at the time. Oshkosh and two other men stabbed Okewa to death. The three men were arrested and charged with murder. Some historians have interpreted Oshkosh's actions as having fallen in line with the Menominee traditional of justice practiced at that time; an enslaved person could be killed for taking a Menominee person's life under any circumstances, even if it was an accident.<sup id="cite_ref-trial_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trial-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the case came to trial, the jury ruled that while Oshkosh was guilty of killing Okewa, he had acted in accordance with Menominee custom and could not be convicted of murder. Unfamiliar with the nuances of the law, the jury asked Judge <a href="/wiki/James_Duane_Doty" title="James Duane Doty">James Duane Doty</a> to render the final verdict. Doty acquitted Oshkosh and the other two men, believing that they should not be punished for following traditional customs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ruled that United States laws did not apply to Native Americans under the circumstances, because, at the time, Native Americans were not granted the privileges of citizenship under the law, so U.S. law did not apply to their internal disputes and affairs on their own lands.<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsinhistory.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trial_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trial-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Eleazer_Williams" title="Eleazer Williams">Eleazer Williams</a> recalled that his mother-in-law, who was related to the Métis family that enslaved Okewa, considered asking a council of chiefs to kill Oshkosh as an act of retribution for Okewa's death. According to Williams, Oshkosh possibly feared for his life and apologized to the woman by "acknowledg[ing] the murder, thr[owing] himself on her mercy, and implor[ing] pardon," which she granted.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties">Treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territorial dispute between the Menominee, the U.S. government, and the New York Native American groups was not resolved until 1832. The Menominee first signed the 1831 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington,_with_Menominee_(1831)" title="Treaty of Washington, with Menominee (1831)">Treaty of Washington</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which they ceded 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km<sup>2</sup>) between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnebago" title="Lake Winnebago">Lake Winnebago</a> to the United States for $125,000. They then signed a second treaty in Washington, D.C., on October 27, 1832, ceding an additional 250,000 acres (1,000 km<sup>2</sup>) to the New York Native American groups. Oshkosh was present at the initial negotiations in Green Bay, but he did not travel to Washington, D.C., to sign the treaties. His younger brother signed the 1832 treaty in his stead.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the negotiations of the 1832 treaty were ongoing, the Menominee sided with the United States during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisconsinhistory.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three hundred pro-U.S. Native American troops were raised in Green Bay in July 1832, including Oshkosh, who was part of a band that patrolled the Mississippi River under the command of <a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1836, the U.S. government sought to acquire more Menominee land in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin Territory</a>. Oshkosh and Territorial Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a> conducted negotiations at a site along the <a href="/wiki/Fox_River_(Green_Bay_tributary)" title="Fox River (Green Bay tributary)">Fox River</a>. In the resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Cedars" title="Treaty of the Cedars">Treaty of the Cedars</a>, the Menominee ceded 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km<sup>2</sup>) along the Fox River, west of Lake Winnebago, and east of Green Bay for $800,000, with the tribe agreeing to relocate to a site near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poygan" title="Lake Poygan">Lake Poygan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, the United States and the Menominee negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lake_Poygan" title="Treaty of Lake Poygan">Treaty of Lake Poygan</a>, in which Oshkosh ceded the Menominee's remaining lands in Wisconsin in exchange for 600,000 acres (2,400 km<sup>2</sup>) along the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Wing_River" title="Crow Wing River">Crow Wing River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and $20,000. A clause in the treaty allowed the tribe to remain in Wisconsin until 1850. <a href="/wiki/William_Medill" title="William Medill">William Medill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_Martin" title="Morgan Lewis Martin">Morgan Lewis Martin</a> were among the representatives of the United States government, while Oshkosh was accompanied by other Menominee chiefs as well as interpreter <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Grignon" title="Augustin Grignon">Augustin Grignon</a>. Grignon's son-in-law Louis Porlier was also present and later recalled that the Menominee initially rejected the government's offer of relocating to Minnesota, at which point Morgan L. Martin approached Porlier and advised him that the Menominee "ought to make the most advantageous [treaty] they can; for if they persist in refusing to treat, the president can at his pleasure order their removal, without giving them another chance to make a treaty, and then it would be optional with him whether to them anything or nothing."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porlier and Grignon then spoke to Oshkosh, who signed the treaty the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oshkosh led a delegation to visit the Crow Wing River area in 1850, but was disappointed with what he found. The Menominee found few opportunities for hunting and were concerned when they found that the region was already embroiled in intertribal war between the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> peoples. He traveled to Washington, D.C., in August 1850 to request that President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> allow the tribe to remain in Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fillmore initially permitted the tribe to remain in Wisconsin until June 1, 1851, and granted two additional extensions in 1851. In 1852, the Menominee were allowed to stay on a temporary reservation on the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_River_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf River (Fox River)">Wolf River</a> in northeastern Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1854 Wolf River Treaty made the 250,000-acre (1,000 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Menominee_Indian_Reservation" title="Menominee Indian Reservation">Menominee Indian Reservation</a> permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oshkosh was reportedly unhappy with the treaty, first refusing to sign, and then begrudgingly signing after the government increased financial compensation for the tribe, saying "I [sign] without my consent. My tribe compels me to sign it."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1856, the U.S. government relocated the <a href="/wiki/Mohicans" title="Mohicans">Stockbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munsee" title="Munsee">Munsee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brothertown_Indians" title="Brothertown Indians">Brothertown Indian</a> tribes again, settling adjacent to the new Menominee Reservation. On February 11, 1856, Oshkosh and other Menominee leaders signed a treaty granting 46,000 acres (190 km2) of the Menominee Indian Reservation to the other tribes, creating a separate reservation for the <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge%E2%80%93Munsee_Community" title="Stockbridge–Munsee Community">Stockbridge–Munsee Community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oshkosh married three times. He and his first wife, Bambani, had three sons who survived to adulthood: Akwinemi, Niopet, and Koshkanoque. He had no surviving children with his second wife, Shakanouiu. He and his third wife, Tomokoum, had a daughter, Kinoke.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had at least one adopted son, who was killed on January 1, 1850 in a bar fight with a white man in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Wisconsin" title="Grand Rapids, Wisconsin">Grand Rapids, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oshkosh had reputation for drinking heavily. According to Augustin Grignon, he was "only of medium size, possessing much good sense and ability, but [was] a great slave to strong drink, and two of his three sons surpass[ed] their father in this beastly vice."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a pioneer who knew Oshkosh recalled that while the chief was fond of alcohol, "stories to the effect that he was continually intoxicated are not true."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to his obituary in the <i>Shawano Venture</i>, Oshkosh and two of his sons were under the influence of alcohol when they killed him in a fight in <a href="/wiki/Keshena,_Wisconsin" title="Keshena, Wisconsin">Keshena, Wisconsin</a>, on August 31, 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-death_year_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death_year-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eldest son, Akwinemi, who was involved in the fight, succeeded him as head chief<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1859 and held the role until 1871, when he was deposed and imprisoned for stabbing another man.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926, the Menominee allowed Oshkosh's remains to be moved to Menominee Park in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where they were interred at the foot of a monument dedicated to him, covered with an inscribed granite slab.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, doubts arose as to whether the Menominee had handed over the actual remains.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some speculate his remains were never removed from the Menominee reservation and a different body was interred at the monument, possibly a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monument is usually referred to in city documents as the Oshkosh "burial site" using <a href="/wiki/Scare_quotes" title="Scare quotes">scare quotes</a> to reflect this.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Note">Note</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-death_year-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-death_year_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-death_year_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Various sources give different dates for Oshkosh's death. Scott Cross places the chief's death on August 31, 1858, and cites Oshkosh's obituary from the <i>Shawano Venture</i> and an excerpt from a report by a U.S. Indian Agent as evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>The Menomini Indians</i>, Walter James Hoffman also quotes the Indian Agent's report, supporting an August 31 death date,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but elsewhere gives Oshkosh's death as August 21, 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patricia Ourada claims the chief died on September 11, 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 33-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOurada1979">Ourada 1979</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dpi.wi.gov/amind/tribalnationswi/menominee">"Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin"</a>. Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menominee+Indian+Tribe+of+Wisconsin&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Department+of+Public+Instruction&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdpi.wi.gov%2Famind%2Ftribalnationswi%2Fmenominee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/main-entry/oshkanzhiin-nad">"Ojibwe People's Dictionary: Oshkanzhiin"</a>. University of Minnesota<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ojibwe+People%27s+Dictionary%3A+Oshkanzhiin&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojibwe.lib.umn.edu%2Fmain-entry%2Foshkanzhiin-nad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisconsinhistory.org-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisconsinhistory.org_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS1633">"Oshkosh, Chief (1795-1858)"</a>. <i>wisconsinhistory.org</i>. Wisconsin Historical Society. 3 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wisconsinhistory.org&rft.atitle=Oshkosh%2C+Chief+%281795-1858%29&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2FRecords%2FArticle%2FCS1633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOurada1979">Ourada 1979</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOurada1979">Ourada 1979</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOurada1979">Ourada 1979</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trial-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trial_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trial_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS315">"The Trial of Chief Oshkosh"</a>. <i>wisconsinhistory.org</i>. Wisconsin Historical Society. 6 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wisconsinhistory.org&rft.atitle=The+Trial+of+Chief+Oshkosh&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2FRecords%2FArticle%2FCS315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung2002">Jung 2002</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJung2002">Jung 2002</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1854" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, John Halloway (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ACK7107.0001.001"><i>The Lost Prince: Facts Tending to Prove the Identity of Louis the Seventeenth, of France, and the Rev. Eleazar Williams, Missionary among the Indians of North America</i></a>. New York: G. P. Putnam & Co. 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Lewis Cass and Col. McKenny"</a>. <i>wisconsinhistory.org</i>. Wisconsin Historical Society. December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wisconsinhistory.org&rft.atitle=View+of+the+Butte+des+Morts+Treaty+Ground%2C+with+the+arrival+of+the+Commissioners+Gov.+Lewis+Cass+and+Col.+McKenny&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2FRecords%2FImage%2FIM3915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 12-13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 25-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpm.edu/educators/wirp/nations/menominee/history">"Menominee History"</a>. Milwaukee Public Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menominee+History&rft.pub=Milwaukee+Public+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpm.edu%2Feducators%2Fwirp%2Fnations%2Fmenominee%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 29-30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_E._Johansen1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_E._Johansen" title="Bruce E. Johansen">Bruce E. Johansen</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIQLMYyfHncC&q=oshkosh+namesake&pg=PA192"><i>The Encyclopedia of Native American Economic History</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313306235" title="Special:BookSources/9780313306235"><bdi>9780313306235</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Native+American+Economic+History&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313306235&rft.au=Bruce+E.+Johansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIQLMYyfHncC%26q%3Doshkosh%2Bnamesake%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCross2002">Cross 2002</a>, p. 33-35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffman1896">Hoffman 1896</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeim2004" class="citation book cs1">Heim, Michael (2004). "41". <i>Exploring America's Highways: Wisconsin Trip Trivia</i>. Wabasha, MN: Exploring America's Highway. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9744358-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9744358-0-5"><bdi>0-9744358-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=41&rft.btitle=Exploring+America%27s+Highways%3A+Wisconsin+Trip+Trivia&rft.place=Wabasha%2C+MN&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Exploring+America%27s+Highway&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9744358-0-5&rft.aulast=Heim&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19260801&id=iZJQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4401,3618124/ref">"Chief Oshkosh Not Buried in Oshkosh, Indians Claim"</a>. <i>The Milwaukee Journal</i>. August 1, 1926. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milwaukee+Journal&rft.atitle=Chief+Oshkosh+Not+Buried+in+Oshkosh%2C+Indians+Claim&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1926-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1499%26dat%3D19260801%26id%3DiZJQAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4401%2C3618124%2Fref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles_Maguire2016" class="citation news cs1">Miles Maguire (October 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oshkoshindependent.com/city-upgrading-chief-oshkosh-burial-site/">"City upgrading Chief Oshkosh 'burial site'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Oshkosh Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oshkosh+Independent&rft.atitle=City+upgrading+Chief+Oshkosh+%27burial+site%27&rft.date=2016-10-20&rft.au=Miles+Maguire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oshkoshindependent.com%2Fcity-upgrading-chief-oshkosh-burial-site%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oshkosh.pastperfectonline.com/photo/90DAB1CB-4CE7-413C-8B68-204220559388">"Chief Oshkosh Day"</a>. <i>oshkosh.pastperfectonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oshkosh.pastperfectonline.com&rft.atitle=Chief+Oshkosh+Day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foshkosh.pastperfectonline.com%2Fphoto%2F90DAB1CB-4CE7-413C-8B68-204220559388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2002" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Scott (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wi-research.info/wisconsin-history/Like%20A%20Deer%20Chased%20By%20The%20Dogs%20The%20Life%20Of%20Chief%20Oshkosh.pdf"><i>Like a Deer Chased by the Dogs: The Life of Chief Oshkosh</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oshkosh: Oshkosh Public Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Like+a+Deer+Chased+by+the+Dogs%3A+The+Life+of+Chief+Oshkosh&rft.place=Oshkosh&rft.pub=Oshkosh+Public+Museum&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwi-research.info%2Fwisconsin-history%2FLike%2520A%2520Deer%2520Chased%2520By%2520The%2520Dogs%2520The%2520Life%2520Of%2520Chief%2520Oshkosh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1896" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Walter James (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jj8YAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Menomini Indians</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Menomini+Indians&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Walter+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djj8YAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung2002" class="citation cs2">Jung, Patrick J. (2002), "Judge James Duane Doty and Wisconsin's First Court: The Additional Court of Michigan Territory, 1823-1836", <i>The Wisconsin Magazine of History</i>, <b>86</b> (2): 30–41, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4637025">4637025</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wisconsin+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Judge+James+Duane+Doty+and+Wisconsin%27s+First+Court%3A+The+Additional+Court+of+Michigan+Territory%2C+1823-1836&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=30-41&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4637025%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOurada1979" class="citation book cs1">Ourada, Patricia (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menominee0000oura/"><i>The Menominee Indians</i></a>. Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806114866" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806114866"><bdi>978-0806114866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Menominee+Indians&rft.place=Oklahoma+City&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0806114866&rft.aulast=Ourada&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenominee0000oura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doorcountypulse.com/chief-roy-oshkosh-door-countys-unlikely-ambassador/">Chief Roy Oshkosh: Door County’s Unlikely Ambassador</a> by Lauren Bremer, <i> Door County Living</i>, July 1, 2011. The article is a profile of Chief Oshkosh's great grandson and also discusses his great-grandfather.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonc._1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Virgilius_Lawson" title="Publius Virgilius Lawson">Lawson, Publius V.</a> (c. 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/embed/storyofoshkoshhi00lawsiala"><i>Story of Oshkosh: His Tribe and Fellow Chiefs</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Oshkosh%3A+His+Tribe+and+Fellow+Chiefs&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Publius+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fembed%2Fstoryofoshkoshhi00lawsiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChief+Oshkosh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_Oshkosh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oshkoshindependent.com/city-upgrading-chief-oshkosh-burial-site/">City upgrading Chief Oshkosh ‘burial site’</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War of 1832</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Native people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5096878#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5096878#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000054412861">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2435326">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1935203/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkD8MHhr7pVF3XvqfBHG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2007010598">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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