CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Gilles Breche - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="M3zXlVH3fSABH3VLN0xePF8hm6exYta7C0ETMO4i0h0nasopPnmNn0oyjiSQzf4Y4Gpdeuyj0uo9Xb5ykv_10w" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ProfilePage","mainEntity":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/75482021/29625457/77100096/s200_gilles.breche.jpg","sameAs":[]},"dateCreated":"2018-01-26T18:01:22-08:00","dateModified":"2025-03-11T21:51:47-07:00","name":"Gilles Breche","description":"Position :\nproject engineer/manager, oil and gas, chemical plants (yet active)\ninternational ,expatriated \nsometimes ago was too ppl\nLanguages : french, English and Russian\nCAD specialist \nmore than 40 years experience on site and engineering \neducation:\nuniversity of burgundy (France, dijon)\nConservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Paris, France)\nmain interests : \naero/thermodynamic (was working 5 years in R\u0026D, in this domain)\nchemical process \nradio nav\nmetallurgy \narchitecture\nhistory\ngeopolitics/strategy","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/75482021/29625457/77100096/s200_gilles.breche.jpg","thumbnailUrl":"https://0.academia-photos.com/75482021/29625457/77100096/s65_gilles.breche.jpg","primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/75482021/29625457/77100096/s200_gilles.breche.jpg","width":200},"sameAs":[],"relatedLink":"https://www.academia.edu/94102017/Calculs_mecaniques_piping"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" /> <meta name="author" content="gilles breche" /> <meta name="description" content="Position : project engineer/manager, oil and gas, chemical plants (yet active) international ,expatriated sometimes ago was too ppl Languages : french,…" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'e4ce5f57d24c09c363801deb498ac1d5aeb56b1c'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13973,"monthly_visitors":"131 million","monthly_visitor_count":131127637,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":131,"user_count":284850081,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1741806032000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1741806032000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-9982828ed1de4777566441c35ccf7157c55ca779141fce69380d727ebdbbb926.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-6aefcf736bbfe018e13c4052cbd083d4bbc225447c9dcc99df72624af45ce842.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-d0f564741829a86aafe0d23b587103568896690cf663206875c10ac8cd003c0b.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-11289765d1f3f0e969c56eef08061ea36e9c63704f4acb7a30311976e9d9c1ce.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/75482021/29625457/77100096/s65_gilles.breche.jpg","has_photo":true,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":11898,"name":"Fault Detection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fault_Detection"},{"id":81790,"name":"Nonlinear Observer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Observer"},{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis"},{"id":12428,"name":"Automatic Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Automatic_Control"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG","location":"/BrecheG","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/BrecheG","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-da4da81c-b05b-41dc-8192-7f4d59736dc2"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-da4da81c-b05b-41dc-8192-7f4d59736dc2"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Gilles Breche" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/75482021/29625457/77100096/s200_gilles.breche.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Gilles Breche</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Gilles" data-follow-user-id="75482021" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="75482021"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">999</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">7</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/BrecheG/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">Position :<br />project engineer/manager, oil and gas, chemical plants (yet active)<br />international ,expatriated <br />sometimes ago was too ppl<br />Languages : french, English and Russian<br />CAD specialist <br />more than 40 years experience on site and engineering <br />education:<br />university of burgundy (France, dijon)<br />Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (Paris, France)<br />main interests : <br />aero/thermodynamic (was working 5 years in R&D, in this domain)<br />chemical process <br />radio nav<br />metallurgy <br />architecture<br />history<br />geopolitics/strategy<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SofianeMatmer"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SofianeMatmer">Sofiane Matmer</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnabellePhelipot"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Annabelle Phelipot" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/206173856/66625670/54980510/s200_annabelle.phelipot.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnabellePhelipot">Annabelle Phelipot</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/BilelBououden"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BilelBououden">Bilel Bououden</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/nasronasro4"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/nasronasro4">nasro nasro</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/sacihamza"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/sacihamza">saci hamza</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AKHAOUTI"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="BOUTIQUE GÉNIE CIVIL" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/52538334/31475759/60417948/s200_abderrafie.khaouti.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AKHAOUTI">BOUTIQUE GÉNIE CIVIL</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/OmarCh7"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Omar Ch" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/75531229/18908498/18860923/s200_omar.ch.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OmarCh7">Omar Ch</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/kasmiabdennour"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="kasmi abdennour" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/208305463/68342816/56722995/s200_kasmi.abdennour.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/kasmiabdennour">kasmi abdennour</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://mines-paristech.academia.edu/IhebManaai"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://mines-paristech.academia.edu/IhebManaai">Iheb Manaai</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Mines Paristech</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/BELMOUJTAHID"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="BOUAZZA ELMOUJTAHID" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/54823306/28983188/27037725/s200_bouazza.elmoujtahid.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BELMOUJTAHID">BOUAZZA ELMOUJTAHID</a></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Gilles Breche</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94102017"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94102017/Calculs_mecaniques_piping"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Calculs mecaniques piping" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96654205/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94102017/Calculs_mecaniques_piping">Calculs mecaniques piping</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">La différence vient du facteur W de réduction sur la contrainte en fonction de la température de ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">La différence vient du facteur W de réduction sur la contrainte en fonction de la température de calcul. La table 302.3.5 de l'ASME donne quelques valeurs en fonction du type d'acier. Exemples :</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="187bb2acef70a9af8a2272960f94712a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96654205,"asset_id":94102017,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96654205/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94102017"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94102017"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94102017; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94102017]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94102017]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94102017; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94102017']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "187bb2acef70a9af8a2272960f94712a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94102017]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94102017,"title":"Calculs mecaniques piping","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"La différence vient du facteur W de réduction sur la contrainte en fonction de la température de calcul. La table 302.3.5 de l'ASME donne quelques valeurs en fonction du type d'acier. Exemples :","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":96654205},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94102017/Calculs_mecaniques_piping","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-01-01T08:43:30.449-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":96654205,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96654205/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96654205/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/96654205/calculs_mecaniques_piping-libre.pdf?1672592060=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809631\u0026Signature=P83NJC~0S0Qp3qdGsPdDHAnqyl7z~a8gMA0rLpD1JVMXVFHUiK5X2V6gssC953sKsOLrklJzzSWgqCB~AWvhnQDzVhTGeC4uyRWnR345fKm1n-XLyYty5MTAMS59ARIRPfN-IOEPLn9zV8IE2EEk2zJSsSzMNDbtnf6wTUubpIrKpdC1u18PMQRul5bhVvPWyxyFhFd3R0HLL1FbuOGMHaa21PpQs3lt6~ea8BPDYEYCzQOVA1XYu-or6n55c1jCsHd8pIl5QclbgFhuZ~7G5wDSg52nl7pAbsrPyBA6fJpkkojP8gB8AiAQbniszCZEq3XSSMztxlN7geTBQLTxxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping","translated_slug":"","page_count":53,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":"La différence vient du facteur W de réduction sur la contrainte en fonction de la température de calcul. La table 302.3.5 de l'ASME donne quelques valeurs en fonction du type d'acier. Exemples :","owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":96654205,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96654205/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96654205/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/96654205/calculs_mecaniques_piping-libre.pdf?1672592060=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809631\u0026Signature=P83NJC~0S0Qp3qdGsPdDHAnqyl7z~a8gMA0rLpD1JVMXVFHUiK5X2V6gssC953sKsOLrklJzzSWgqCB~AWvhnQDzVhTGeC4uyRWnR345fKm1n-XLyYty5MTAMS59ARIRPfN-IOEPLn9zV8IE2EEk2zJSsSzMNDbtnf6wTUubpIrKpdC1u18PMQRul5bhVvPWyxyFhFd3R0HLL1FbuOGMHaa21PpQs3lt6~ea8BPDYEYCzQOVA1XYu-or6n55c1jCsHd8pIl5QclbgFhuZ~7G5wDSg52nl7pAbsrPyBA6fJpkkojP8gB8AiAQbniszCZEq3XSSMztxlN7geTBQLTxxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93975173"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/93975173/Calculs_mecaniques_piping"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Calculs mecaniques piping" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96563540/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/93975173/Calculs_mecaniques_piping">Calculs mecaniques piping</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Tuyauterie Industrielle Calculs mécaniques 1-Epaisseur des tuyauteries L'épaisseur des tuyauterie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Tuyauterie Industrielle Calculs mécaniques 1-Epaisseur des tuyauteries L'épaisseur des tuyauteries est calculée d'après les conditions de calcul (pression ou dépression et température) et du type de matériau utilisé (ex : inox, acier Carbone, alu, cuivre, ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bdb3559ab39f2e578d78730751ffdb90" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96563540,"asset_id":93975173,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96563540/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93975173"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93975173"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93975173; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93975173]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93975173]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93975173; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93975173']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bdb3559ab39f2e578d78730751ffdb90" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93975173]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93975173,"title":"Calculs mecaniques piping","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Tuyauterie Industrielle Calculs mécaniques 1-Epaisseur des tuyauteries L'épaisseur des tuyauteries est calculée d'après les conditions de calcul (pression ou dépression et température) et du type de matériau utilisé (ex : inox, acier Carbone, alu, cuivre, ...","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":96563540},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93975173/Calculs_mecaniques_piping","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-12-30T00:29:51.674-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":96563540,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96563540/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96563540/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/96563540/calculs_mecaniques_piping-libre.pdf?1672391499=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=ECVT8tUYT3Z4u~4a603Yq~MnseQe1Y6Pj0gmpfOAe7HCzbqF8prPEIXJWZql8neZJ4djzLslydcIX2-0e-h3KhvW2SJkl~NdWhLkZQxlCatFtoU2XYb-p70yvgWG8xTAbYFGMjkRaCG8NQtWTLTJX3DVBKbcl0fwpYBah5xdGEKY2ZiVYroY8kdywgldZQoTgSVU6WwzguQ55F73fAxWx7ftT7PmMqESmSa3iaFrEmiWDV~8kRRxyjZtkIz0wyYhXWHkgU9t59yx-cTdYCKzuvB3kIcfvhG6GyUZiW7FY2lCfH7VZyySlkay4CC3NZJV1Fq7l12m1IHLe5GRQDUD6g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping","translated_slug":"","page_count":53,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":"Tuyauterie Industrielle Calculs mécaniques 1-Epaisseur des tuyauteries L'épaisseur des tuyauteries est calculée d'après les conditions de calcul (pression ou dépression et température) et du type de matériau utilisé (ex : inox, acier Carbone, alu, cuivre, ...","owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":96563540,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96563540/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96563540/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/96563540/calculs_mecaniques_piping-libre.pdf?1672391499=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=ECVT8tUYT3Z4u~4a603Yq~MnseQe1Y6Pj0gmpfOAe7HCzbqF8prPEIXJWZql8neZJ4djzLslydcIX2-0e-h3KhvW2SJkl~NdWhLkZQxlCatFtoU2XYb-p70yvgWG8xTAbYFGMjkRaCG8NQtWTLTJX3DVBKbcl0fwpYBah5xdGEKY2ZiVYroY8kdywgldZQoTgSVU6WwzguQ55F73fAxWx7ftT7PmMqESmSa3iaFrEmiWDV~8kRRxyjZtkIz0wyYhXWHkgU9t59yx-cTdYCKzuvB3kIcfvhG6GyUZiW7FY2lCfH7VZyySlkay4CC3NZJV1Fq7l12m1IHLe5GRQDUD6g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43813919"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43813919/Atlas_VDI_edition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Atlas VDI edition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64132033/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43813919/Atlas_VDI_edition">Atlas VDI edition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2d025f2b2dc291efcbb9806061849e39" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64132033,"asset_id":43813919,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64132033/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43813919"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43813919"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43813919; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43813919]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43813919]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43813919; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43813919']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2d025f2b2dc291efcbb9806061849e39" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43813919]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43813919,"title":"Atlas VDI edition","translated_title":"","metadata":{},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43813919/Atlas_VDI_edition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-08-09T02:49:45.621-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64132033,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64132033/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Atlas_VDI_edition2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64132033/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Atlas_VDI_edition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64132033/Atlas_VDI_edition2.pdf?1738402573=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAtlas_VDI_edition.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=gUR0ViFpehIqTc4JLlFqBIyGmVqa52lA3EltvWAnsIsJhk2uBi6wQ8aUMQYR8doioWuUJ8lcJ2kgRkylnA~3XOR-PkDi7Q4K3g3xRIT9YhYdCNmGa5cwOalKMoScCWFE0fOaln6O3APQtMuuu01RMTBycCpWbtzHNF4csK5o0pXsFBpu-0UMWU8ETUWPUlfpWp2XD6KCm7wBM6fvP~Zp2K4l7j~3IQ9-d8fT6w~uZ07pdbEEBjuzxWV2b71ZPNFkbm4Hy0OAU-sJEi3qj62cG4gJGP4jiIknMCES7UiEKIHcsp8KjxNkm9kgbXjf4dHQL8JKNLeMsmthq4udz1nWZw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Atlas_VDI_edition","translated_slug":"","page_count":1609,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":64132033,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64132033/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Atlas_VDI_edition2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64132033/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Atlas_VDI_edition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64132033/Atlas_VDI_edition2.pdf?1738402573=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAtlas_VDI_edition.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=gUR0ViFpehIqTc4JLlFqBIyGmVqa52lA3EltvWAnsIsJhk2uBi6wQ8aUMQYR8doioWuUJ8lcJ2kgRkylnA~3XOR-PkDi7Q4K3g3xRIT9YhYdCNmGa5cwOalKMoScCWFE0fOaln6O3APQtMuuu01RMTBycCpWbtzHNF4csK5o0pXsFBpu-0UMWU8ETUWPUlfpWp2XD6KCm7wBM6fvP~Zp2K4l7j~3IQ9-d8fT6w~uZ07pdbEEBjuzxWV2b71ZPNFkbm4Hy0OAU-sJEi3qj62cG4gJGP4jiIknMCES7UiEKIHcsp8KjxNkm9kgbXjf4dHQL8JKNLeMsmthq4udz1nWZw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326681"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326681/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Météorologie Générale PRINCIPES DE BASE" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465849/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326681/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE">Météorologie Générale PRINCIPES DE BASE</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes généraux qui composent le temps ,sans avoir la prétention d'être exhaustive .La deuxième s'attache surtout au codage et à l'utilisation de l'information météorologique dans un cadre d'activité qui est assez commun :l'aéronautique (Voyages ,loisirs). Contenu de la première section</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6379b4b4b24de29b3ed890479cf7829f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465849,"asset_id":39326681,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465849/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326681"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326681"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326681; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326681]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326681]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326681; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326681']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6379b4b4b24de29b3ed890479cf7829f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326681]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326681,"title":"Météorologie Générale PRINCIPES DE BASE","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes généraux qui composent le temps ,sans avoir la prétention d'être exhaustive .La deuxième s'attache surtout au codage et à l'utilisation de l'information météorologique dans un cadre d'activité qui est assez commun :l'aéronautique (Voyages ,loisirs). Contenu de la première section"},"translated_abstract":"PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes généraux qui composent le temps ,sans avoir la prétention d'être exhaustive .La deuxième s'attache surtout au codage et à l'utilisation de l'information météorologique dans un cadre d'activité qui est assez commun :l'aéronautique (Voyages ,loisirs). Contenu de la première section","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326681/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:21:12.526-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465849,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465849/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"meteo20190531-71290-1d4pyq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465849/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Meteorologie_Generale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465849/meteo20190531-71290-1d4pyq-libre.pdf?1559316745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeteorologie_Generale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=HdyugEP8~dL0Cwf~9wxKIhAzHD2u63yVFgdwivHHtYRGn5viH83t2VUX8txGrqdycD3VlvxOlnJBYLiDin-rP40n5sZEgSEVloPibE2M6rZ3Vmj1EPvoG4BVmFGn5KZUlaWKyN4dL6edTzQKiDBTVw-QCJvLzT3GRztys4ks~CdLtwjNDQRpI6t3N50AzP7rJzRtjWAp-hytAMSaXLa7aruQXGX3COYyU3oWwogUYSpNNbYmrNWtI~YHtqKKBE8hEtabLaGTa-LTh3dCRfm0DAZ0yrQ-GDr5w1fdW6iudLLkZS9fqWUzm1IXE8lZkf4GowKDggTizjvZT6r91hk1Eg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Météorologie_Générale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE","translated_slug":"","page_count":35,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":"PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes généraux qui composent le temps ,sans avoir la prétention d'être exhaustive .La deuxième s'attache surtout au codage et à l'utilisation de l'information météorologique dans un cadre d'activité qui est assez commun :l'aéronautique (Voyages ,loisirs). Contenu de la première section","owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465849,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465849/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"meteo20190531-71290-1d4pyq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465849/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Meteorologie_Generale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465849/meteo20190531-71290-1d4pyq-libre.pdf?1559316745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeteorologie_Generale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=HdyugEP8~dL0Cwf~9wxKIhAzHD2u63yVFgdwivHHtYRGn5viH83t2VUX8txGrqdycD3VlvxOlnJBYLiDin-rP40n5sZEgSEVloPibE2M6rZ3Vmj1EPvoG4BVmFGn5KZUlaWKyN4dL6edTzQKiDBTVw-QCJvLzT3GRztys4ks~CdLtwjNDQRpI6t3N50AzP7rJzRtjWAp-hytAMSaXLa7aruQXGX3COYyU3oWwogUYSpNNbYmrNWtI~YHtqKKBE8hEtabLaGTa-LTh3dCRfm0DAZ0yrQ-GDr5w1fdW6iudLLkZS9fqWUzm1IXE8lZkf4GowKDggTizjvZT6r91hk1Eg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics"},{"id":181995,"name":"Aeronautics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aeronautics"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326664"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326664/les_cadrans_solaires"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of les cadrans solaires" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465827/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326664/les_cadrans_solaires">les cadrans solaires</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c9aca8ecb826c65e6ecbf17feff32469" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465827,"asset_id":39326664,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465827/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326664"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326664"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326664; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326664]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326664]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326664; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326664']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c9aca8ecb826c65e6ecbf17feff32469" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326664]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326664,"title":"les cadrans solaires","translated_title":"","metadata":{},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326664/les_cadrans_solaires","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:17:43.301-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465827,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465827/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cadrans_solaires20190531-2242-kypjtf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465827/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"les_cadrans_solaires.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465827/cadrans_solaires20190531-2242-kypjtf-libre.pdf?1559316746=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dles_cadrans_solaires.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=CT1RwXkfN1~Kndwc-HAQqKyxu-aED7KqwV3mH7eu3jFa1CW1las68oVkTNDnebKNooHxItveaOMzGsPklxybkqZXRRE94RyfmQh2at2YDqZeq~Y7lv7Ubqr7xcaJhKtizqGyvZYtAufMoOHP4uOuchnDkX~LZw~EP6jLEMdGhimdRPqrubUyrRY4MhUdX6Tp2nMSydKCVW-117iK4uACNDf9etyCxt7HyScL47VhN~t-a2MChSvPatG9ixx-E~GzzHjaY~L5Z5g563dao7qHor0dPDkMxWQXXsgMjhKmZv1ox6kgHDfwfPnjS9nII-2b7puhVlIQdPYQzuS3HKIURg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"les_cadrans_solaires","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465827,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465827/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cadrans_solaires20190531-2242-kypjtf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465827/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"les_cadrans_solaires.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465827/cadrans_solaires20190531-2242-kypjtf-libre.pdf?1559316746=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dles_cadrans_solaires.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=CT1RwXkfN1~Kndwc-HAQqKyxu-aED7KqwV3mH7eu3jFa1CW1las68oVkTNDnebKNooHxItveaOMzGsPklxybkqZXRRE94RyfmQh2at2YDqZeq~Y7lv7Ubqr7xcaJhKtizqGyvZYtAufMoOHP4uOuchnDkX~LZw~EP6jLEMdGhimdRPqrubUyrRY4MhUdX6Tp2nMSydKCVW-117iK4uACNDf9etyCxt7HyScL47VhN~t-a2MChSvPatG9ixx-E~GzzHjaY~L5Z5g563dao7qHor0dPDkMxWQXXsgMjhKmZv1ox6kgHDfwfPnjS9nII-2b7puhVlIQdPYQzuS3HKIURg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326600"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326600/Les_cathedrales"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Les cathedrales" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465810/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326600/Les_cathedrales">Les cathedrales</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES Un bref historique -Introduction Les ba...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES Un bref historique -Introduction Les bases architecturales dont il est question ici ,ne sont pas uniquement à usage religieux ,de nombreux édifices ,palais ,Hôtels particuliers et autres édifices publics du moyen âge sont bâtis à partir de ces canons .Malgré tout ,le nombre d'édifices religieux bâtis selon ces concepts encore existant de nos jours ,est très important ,d'où ,la base de ce document .La géométrie particulière utilisée remonte à l'antiquité ,en particulier chez les égyptiens ,puis les grecs .Le moyen orient chrétien a hérité ces principes de conception des grecs et des romains ,en particulier ,l'empire byzantin .En Europe occidentale ,le foisonnement des ordres monastiques ,entre les 8 ème et 13 ème siècle, a contribué à répandre cet art .Tout d'abord ,les moines eux-mêmes concevaient le tracé de leurs édifices ,puis ,les architectes et maîtres d'oeuvre laïcs ont pris le relais .Les bases géométriques étaient relativement simples au début ,puis ,au fil du temps ,elles se sont compliquées .De nos jours ,à part Le Corbusier et quelques artistes ,plus personne n'utilise ces bases directement . -L'art roman et l'art gothique En occident ,deux grands styles ont cohabité entre le 8 ème et le 16 ème siècle ,c'est à dire ,jusqu'à l'aube de la renaissance .En occident ,le roman a surtout prospéré dans les régions d'origine latine ,né au début du 8 ème siècle .Caractérisé par des voûtes en plein cintre ,des constructions massives et relativement peu lumineuses ,peu fournies en statuaire et sculptures ,mais il y a des exceptions ,on le retrouve très fréquemment dans les abbayes et les églises et chapelles de villages .Le style roman ,malgré tout ,est l'apanage des abbayes ,bien qu'elles ne datent pas toutes de cette époque . L'art gothique ,lui ,semblerait s'être développé en évolution de l'art roman .A la faveur des pérégrinations des maîtres d'oeuvre qui allaient de chantier en chantier ,il s'est répandu sur le continent et la Grande Bretagne vers les années 1150 .Il constitue la majorité du patrimoine architectural religieux de ces époques .En général ,l'édifice est élancé en hauteur ,fourni en ouvertures et vitraux .Contrairement à l'art roman ,la lumière y est reine .Le premier édifice construit suivant ces canons en France, est la basilique de Saint Denis ,sous Charles VI (12 ème Siècle) ,sous la houlette de l'abbé Suger .La renaissance le fera décliner à partir du début du 16 ème siècle ,pour renaître en force dans la deuxième moitié du 19 ème siècle ,à la faveur du courant romantique ,mais ,cette fois ,surtout dans l' architecture profane .(Château de Neuchwanstein en Bavière ,de 1880 ,par exemple ,la cathédrale Sagrada Familia de Barcelone commencée en 1895 ,toujours pas terminée à ce jour ,1/8 ème construit) . -Les abbayes L'architecture monastique est ,en général assez typée .De toutes façons ,la statuaire y est peu fréquente ,l'aspect tant extérieur qu'intérieur des édifices y est toujours sobre ,les clochers sont ,le plus souvent, situés à la verticale du choeur .La fréquence des constructions de chaque style est directement fonction de l'étendue de l'influence de l'ordre .En Bourgogne ,Deux ordres monacaux se partagent les styles : -Les bénédictins dans le sud (Charolais et brionais) avec ses clochers de style roman à pans octogonaux et à pente de toit assez prononcée ,qu'on retrouve encore dans des églises construites au 19 ème siècle (Montceau les Mines) .L'archétype en est l'abbatiale de Cluny .L'influence intellectuelle et politique de Cluny était très PDF créé avec la version d'essai pdfFactory Pro <a href="http://www.fineprint.fr" rel="nofollow">www.fineprint.fr</a> G. BRECHE Octobre 2006 2 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES considérable à ses débuts ,et l'abbaye était très riche ,tant en terres que dans le domaine intellectuel . La basilique de Paray-le-Monial -Les cisterciens ,dans le reste de la région ,dont la source est l'abbaye de Cîteaux en côte d'or .L'architecture y est tant romane que gothique ,les clochers des abbatiales et églises ,dont la pente du toit est faible ,sont trapus et à pans carrés .L'influence de cet ordre fut très importante dans le monde chrétien ,l'abbé de Cîteaux avait des prérogatives pontificales ,ce qui explique le nombre de constructions dans le pays . Châtillon sur Seine ,l'église St Vorle -Les Cathédrales Du vocable grec Cathèdre ,qui désigne le trône de l'évêque ,ce sont des églises à vocation diocésaine et non seulement paroissiale ,construites au siège de l'évêché .A ces époques ,les cathédrales existaient déjà ,et l'évêque n'avait pas un rôle simplement ecclésiastique ,mais aussi ,seigneurial .Il importait d'afficher sa puissance tant seigneuriale que religieuse ,via la construction d'édifices grandioses .L'abbé Suger ,conseiller particulier du roi Louis VI (dit le gros) fut le premier en France à se lancer dans l'aventure du gothique ,au grand mécontentement de Bernard de Clairvaux ,alors grand Abbé des cisterciens ,et adepte du dépouillement et de la simplicité .Les cathédrales ,au départ ,relativement modestes ,devinrent de plus en plus ambitieuses ,liées aux goûts de puissance de l'évêque commanditaire ,pas sans accidents ,les voûtes trop hardies s'effondraient ,l'argent arrivait à manquer ,la construction s'est étalée sur plusieurs siècles pour la majorité ,d'où ,la présence de plusieurs styles différents dans l'édifice ,allant du roman à la renaissance .Aussi ,un certain nombre de ceux-ci ne furent jamais terminés (Sens ,Auxerre ,Strasbourg .etc..) . La décoration en est fastueuse et très colorée ,via sa statuaire ,entièrement polychrome à l'époque ,et ses vitraux de haute facture .La vocation de ces ornements était ,avant tout ,didactique .Le peuple ,y compris la noblesse ,ne savait pas lire ,Les ouvrages de sculptures et vitraux étaient des 'bandes dessinées' . Ces édifices servaient de lieux de commerces divers et d'affaires ,en dehors des offices religieux .Les chapelles périphériques ,desservies par des chapelains à titré ,étaient dévolues aux messes commandées par les fidèles . Leur mode de construction était toujours le même : on commençait par le choeur et le Narthex (la façade principale) ,pour permettre la célébration des offices ,le reste suivait .Le style architectural se situe</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="21b9c49f2150ba50e519e0aac07c8f06" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465810,"asset_id":39326600,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465810/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326600"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326600"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326600; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326600]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326600]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326600; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326600']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "21b9c49f2150ba50e519e0aac07c8f06" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326600]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326600,"title":"Les cathedrales","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"1 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES Un bref historique -Introduction Les bases architecturales dont il est question ici ,ne sont pas uniquement à usage religieux ,de nombreux édifices ,palais ,Hôtels particuliers et autres édifices publics du moyen âge sont bâtis à partir de ces canons .Malgré tout ,le nombre d'édifices religieux bâtis selon ces concepts encore existant de nos jours ,est très important ,d'où ,la base de ce document .La géométrie particulière utilisée remonte à l'antiquité ,en particulier chez les égyptiens ,puis les grecs .Le moyen orient chrétien a hérité ces principes de conception des grecs et des romains ,en particulier ,l'empire byzantin .En Europe occidentale ,le foisonnement des ordres monastiques ,entre les 8 ème et 13 ème siècle, a contribué à répandre cet art .Tout d'abord ,les moines eux-mêmes concevaient le tracé de leurs édifices ,puis ,les architectes et maîtres d'oeuvre laïcs ont pris le relais .Les bases géométriques étaient relativement simples au début ,puis ,au fil du temps ,elles se sont compliquées .De nos jours ,à part Le Corbusier et quelques artistes ,plus personne n'utilise ces bases directement . -L'art roman et l'art gothique En occident ,deux grands styles ont cohabité entre le 8 ème et le 16 ème siècle ,c'est à dire ,jusqu'à l'aube de la renaissance .En occident ,le roman a surtout prospéré dans les régions d'origine latine ,né au début du 8 ème siècle .Caractérisé par des voûtes en plein cintre ,des constructions massives et relativement peu lumineuses ,peu fournies en statuaire et sculptures ,mais il y a des exceptions ,on le retrouve très fréquemment dans les abbayes et les églises et chapelles de villages .Le style roman ,malgré tout ,est l'apanage des abbayes ,bien qu'elles ne datent pas toutes de cette époque . L'art gothique ,lui ,semblerait s'être développé en évolution de l'art roman .A la faveur des pérégrinations des maîtres d'oeuvre qui allaient de chantier en chantier ,il s'est répandu sur le continent et la Grande Bretagne vers les années 1150 .Il constitue la majorité du patrimoine architectural religieux de ces époques .En général ,l'édifice est élancé en hauteur ,fourni en ouvertures et vitraux .Contrairement à l'art roman ,la lumière y est reine .Le premier édifice construit suivant ces canons en France, est la basilique de Saint Denis ,sous Charles VI (12 ème Siècle) ,sous la houlette de l'abbé Suger .La renaissance le fera décliner à partir du début du 16 ème siècle ,pour renaître en force dans la deuxième moitié du 19 ème siècle ,à la faveur du courant romantique ,mais ,cette fois ,surtout dans l' architecture profane .(Château de Neuchwanstein en Bavière ,de 1880 ,par exemple ,la cathédrale Sagrada Familia de Barcelone commencée en 1895 ,toujours pas terminée à ce jour ,1/8 ème construit) . -Les abbayes L'architecture monastique est ,en général assez typée .De toutes façons ,la statuaire y est peu fréquente ,l'aspect tant extérieur qu'intérieur des édifices y est toujours sobre ,les clochers sont ,le plus souvent, situés à la verticale du choeur .La fréquence des constructions de chaque style est directement fonction de l'étendue de l'influence de l'ordre .En Bourgogne ,Deux ordres monacaux se partagent les styles : -Les bénédictins dans le sud (Charolais et brionais) avec ses clochers de style roman à pans octogonaux et à pente de toit assez prononcée ,qu'on retrouve encore dans des églises construites au 19 ème siècle (Montceau les Mines) .L'archétype en est l'abbatiale de Cluny .L'influence intellectuelle et politique de Cluny était très PDF créé avec la version d'essai pdfFactory Pro www.fineprint.fr G. BRECHE Octobre 2006 2 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES considérable à ses débuts ,et l'abbaye était très riche ,tant en terres que dans le domaine intellectuel . La basilique de Paray-le-Monial -Les cisterciens ,dans le reste de la région ,dont la source est l'abbaye de Cîteaux en côte d'or .L'architecture y est tant romane que gothique ,les clochers des abbatiales et églises ,dont la pente du toit est faible ,sont trapus et à pans carrés .L'influence de cet ordre fut très importante dans le monde chrétien ,l'abbé de Cîteaux avait des prérogatives pontificales ,ce qui explique le nombre de constructions dans le pays . Châtillon sur Seine ,l'église St Vorle -Les Cathédrales Du vocable grec Cathèdre ,qui désigne le trône de l'évêque ,ce sont des églises à vocation diocésaine et non seulement paroissiale ,construites au siège de l'évêché .A ces époques ,les cathédrales existaient déjà ,et l'évêque n'avait pas un rôle simplement ecclésiastique ,mais aussi ,seigneurial .Il importait d'afficher sa puissance tant seigneuriale que religieuse ,via la construction d'édifices grandioses .L'abbé Suger ,conseiller particulier du roi Louis VI (dit le gros) fut le premier en France à se lancer dans l'aventure du gothique ,au grand mécontentement de Bernard de Clairvaux ,alors grand Abbé des cisterciens ,et adepte du dépouillement et de la simplicité .Les cathédrales ,au départ ,relativement modestes ,devinrent de plus en plus ambitieuses ,liées aux goûts de puissance de l'évêque commanditaire ,pas sans accidents ,les voûtes trop hardies s'effondraient ,l'argent arrivait à manquer ,la construction s'est étalée sur plusieurs siècles pour la majorité ,d'où ,la présence de plusieurs styles différents dans l'édifice ,allant du roman à la renaissance .Aussi ,un certain nombre de ceux-ci ne furent jamais terminés (Sens ,Auxerre ,Strasbourg .etc..) . La décoration en est fastueuse et très colorée ,via sa statuaire ,entièrement polychrome à l'époque ,et ses vitraux de haute facture .La vocation de ces ornements était ,avant tout ,didactique .Le peuple ,y compris la noblesse ,ne savait pas lire ,Les ouvrages de sculptures et vitraux étaient des 'bandes dessinées' . Ces édifices servaient de lieux de commerces divers et d'affaires ,en dehors des offices religieux .Les chapelles périphériques ,desservies par des chapelains à titré ,étaient dévolues aux messes commandées par les fidèles . Leur mode de construction était toujours le même : on commençait par le choeur et le Narthex (la façade principale) ,pour permettre la célébration des offices ,le reste suivait .Le style architectural se situe","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":59465810},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326600/Les_cathedrales","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:15:31.051-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465810,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465810/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cathedrales20190531-124398-z45qbk.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465810/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Les_cathedrales.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465810/cathedrales20190531-124398-z45qbk-libre.pdf?1559316293=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLes_cathedrales.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=dMws1o5QROnMsvZmaa-zWOLJYDooG4j~GazCfb38GtWhU5OzhYlYeD0xMhfsPFSDKQ-mYOhSHe3hNdZN9-~isdaVRQgjp~qZOwa0hzm4hZZ41T2-zZSH4xUacb2SDvxBPGowxML13sz5USFHiZR7WvDMSuc1uyak46~-kDDnguPAE-8Xi~jZ-EUrD-zDMWayQJS1MMNYlPKFTaeckBe6KPpXTjDZEw22KDQa4663wJEv0OL6iu52nP7RlsPPU-Vv6dsnDf37xMxd9ppnllZ3z4JzYgdmYyMdh6YQmneKI2WAY3l~i8PAdkNEJMSyEfGc-8hQHiTt3lksmefmRAB7fQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Les_cathedrales","translated_slug":"","page_count":36,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":"1 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES Un bref historique -Introduction Les bases architecturales dont il est question ici ,ne sont pas uniquement à usage religieux ,de nombreux édifices ,palais ,Hôtels particuliers et autres édifices publics du moyen âge sont bâtis à partir de ces canons .Malgré tout ,le nombre d'édifices religieux bâtis selon ces concepts encore existant de nos jours ,est très important ,d'où ,la base de ce document .La géométrie particulière utilisée remonte à l'antiquité ,en particulier chez les égyptiens ,puis les grecs .Le moyen orient chrétien a hérité ces principes de conception des grecs et des romains ,en particulier ,l'empire byzantin .En Europe occidentale ,le foisonnement des ordres monastiques ,entre les 8 ème et 13 ème siècle, a contribué à répandre cet art .Tout d'abord ,les moines eux-mêmes concevaient le tracé de leurs édifices ,puis ,les architectes et maîtres d'oeuvre laïcs ont pris le relais .Les bases géométriques étaient relativement simples au début ,puis ,au fil du temps ,elles se sont compliquées .De nos jours ,à part Le Corbusier et quelques artistes ,plus personne n'utilise ces bases directement . -L'art roman et l'art gothique En occident ,deux grands styles ont cohabité entre le 8 ème et le 16 ème siècle ,c'est à dire ,jusqu'à l'aube de la renaissance .En occident ,le roman a surtout prospéré dans les régions d'origine latine ,né au début du 8 ème siècle .Caractérisé par des voûtes en plein cintre ,des constructions massives et relativement peu lumineuses ,peu fournies en statuaire et sculptures ,mais il y a des exceptions ,on le retrouve très fréquemment dans les abbayes et les églises et chapelles de villages .Le style roman ,malgré tout ,est l'apanage des abbayes ,bien qu'elles ne datent pas toutes de cette époque . L'art gothique ,lui ,semblerait s'être développé en évolution de l'art roman .A la faveur des pérégrinations des maîtres d'oeuvre qui allaient de chantier en chantier ,il s'est répandu sur le continent et la Grande Bretagne vers les années 1150 .Il constitue la majorité du patrimoine architectural religieux de ces époques .En général ,l'édifice est élancé en hauteur ,fourni en ouvertures et vitraux .Contrairement à l'art roman ,la lumière y est reine .Le premier édifice construit suivant ces canons en France, est la basilique de Saint Denis ,sous Charles VI (12 ème Siècle) ,sous la houlette de l'abbé Suger .La renaissance le fera décliner à partir du début du 16 ème siècle ,pour renaître en force dans la deuxième moitié du 19 ème siècle ,à la faveur du courant romantique ,mais ,cette fois ,surtout dans l' architecture profane .(Château de Neuchwanstein en Bavière ,de 1880 ,par exemple ,la cathédrale Sagrada Familia de Barcelone commencée en 1895 ,toujours pas terminée à ce jour ,1/8 ème construit) . -Les abbayes L'architecture monastique est ,en général assez typée .De toutes façons ,la statuaire y est peu fréquente ,l'aspect tant extérieur qu'intérieur des édifices y est toujours sobre ,les clochers sont ,le plus souvent, situés à la verticale du choeur .La fréquence des constructions de chaque style est directement fonction de l'étendue de l'influence de l'ordre .En Bourgogne ,Deux ordres monacaux se partagent les styles : -Les bénédictins dans le sud (Charolais et brionais) avec ses clochers de style roman à pans octogonaux et à pente de toit assez prononcée ,qu'on retrouve encore dans des églises construites au 19 ème siècle (Montceau les Mines) .L'archétype en est l'abbatiale de Cluny .L'influence intellectuelle et politique de Cluny était très PDF créé avec la version d'essai pdfFactory Pro www.fineprint.fr G. BRECHE Octobre 2006 2 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES considérable à ses débuts ,et l'abbaye était très riche ,tant en terres que dans le domaine intellectuel . La basilique de Paray-le-Monial -Les cisterciens ,dans le reste de la région ,dont la source est l'abbaye de Cîteaux en côte d'or .L'architecture y est tant romane que gothique ,les clochers des abbatiales et églises ,dont la pente du toit est faible ,sont trapus et à pans carrés .L'influence de cet ordre fut très importante dans le monde chrétien ,l'abbé de Cîteaux avait des prérogatives pontificales ,ce qui explique le nombre de constructions dans le pays . Châtillon sur Seine ,l'église St Vorle -Les Cathédrales Du vocable grec Cathèdre ,qui désigne le trône de l'évêque ,ce sont des églises à vocation diocésaine et non seulement paroissiale ,construites au siège de l'évêché .A ces époques ,les cathédrales existaient déjà ,et l'évêque n'avait pas un rôle simplement ecclésiastique ,mais aussi ,seigneurial .Il importait d'afficher sa puissance tant seigneuriale que religieuse ,via la construction d'édifices grandioses .L'abbé Suger ,conseiller particulier du roi Louis VI (dit le gros) fut le premier en France à se lancer dans l'aventure du gothique ,au grand mécontentement de Bernard de Clairvaux ,alors grand Abbé des cisterciens ,et adepte du dépouillement et de la simplicité .Les cathédrales ,au départ ,relativement modestes ,devinrent de plus en plus ambitieuses ,liées aux goûts de puissance de l'évêque commanditaire ,pas sans accidents ,les voûtes trop hardies s'effondraient ,l'argent arrivait à manquer ,la construction s'est étalée sur plusieurs siècles pour la majorité ,d'où ,la présence de plusieurs styles différents dans l'édifice ,allant du roman à la renaissance .Aussi ,un certain nombre de ceux-ci ne furent jamais terminés (Sens ,Auxerre ,Strasbourg .etc..) . La décoration en est fastueuse et très colorée ,via sa statuaire ,entièrement polychrome à l'époque ,et ses vitraux de haute facture .La vocation de ces ornements était ,avant tout ,didactique .Le peuple ,y compris la noblesse ,ne savait pas lire ,Les ouvrages de sculptures et vitraux étaient des 'bandes dessinées' . Ces édifices servaient de lieux de commerces divers et d'affaires ,en dehors des offices religieux .Les chapelles périphériques ,desservies par des chapelains à titré ,étaient dévolues aux messes commandées par les fidèles . Leur mode de construction était toujours le même : on commençait par le choeur et le Narthex (la façade principale) ,pour permettre la célébration des offices ,le reste suivait .Le style architectural se situe","owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465810,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465810/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cathedrales20190531-124398-z45qbk.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465810/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Les_cathedrales.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465810/cathedrales20190531-124398-z45qbk-libre.pdf?1559316293=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLes_cathedrales.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=dMws1o5QROnMsvZmaa-zWOLJYDooG4j~GazCfb38GtWhU5OzhYlYeD0xMhfsPFSDKQ-mYOhSHe3hNdZN9-~isdaVRQgjp~qZOwa0hzm4hZZ41T2-zZSH4xUacb2SDvxBPGowxML13sz5USFHiZR7WvDMSuc1uyak46~-kDDnguPAE-8Xi~jZ-EUrD-zDMWayQJS1MMNYlPKFTaeckBe6KPpXTjDZEw22KDQa4663wJEv0OL6iu52nP7RlsPPU-Vv6dsnDf37xMxd9ppnllZ3z4JzYgdmYyMdh6YQmneKI2WAY3l~i8PAdkNEJMSyEfGc-8hQHiTt3lksmefmRAB7fQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326180"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326180/Topographie_photogrammetrie"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Topographie/photogrammetrie" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465498/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326180/Topographie_photogrammetrie">Topographie/photogrammetrie</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Topographue/photogrammetrie</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e57a366eacd3bd848c82fa80da235b3b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465498,"asset_id":39326180,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465498/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326180"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326180"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326180; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326180]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326180]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326180; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326180']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e57a366eacd3bd848c82fa80da235b3b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326180]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326180,"title":"Topographie/photogrammetrie","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_name":"Topographue/photogrammetrie"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326180/Topographie_photogrammetrie","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:01:14.794-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465498,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465498/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"topographie20190531-80367-1mz5swf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465498/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Topographie_photogrammetrie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465498/topographie20190531-80367-1mz5swf-libre.pdf?1559315799=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTopographie_photogrammetrie.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=PZVqNSqIq8hI2lv70VB7ipx83Kr7sOXeCxFUxNOGwBQ2mKUkjVDkTaI1LqosKvmkNR0hW76XHX1igb5JRH9V7IyyjMEo~c8BPzNVrK5Jw7T-Cmup2MqXaWWWMKWJynSKtwdbf2wvWVlteftaIrkGqzY42jfyhROi-whCieddg-9iW98GLPrIvODeFZDxkQJjd9iA89MapxkZrwG6gfBXQ7Gcn6sIF0Is3qakRB2hX2WGVBG5Tm3-OUUKzoN9lN9iyi5Vl8531ns47ydcVLZMv1HSOPOXTU7T3PNtCzvkFdWN7duAHHqK4bz~-6bw9Z1I8I5aCUOSfsiiZyob1jfGsQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Topographie_photogrammetrie","translated_slug":"","page_count":205,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465498,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465498/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"topographie20190531-80367-1mz5swf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465498/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Topographie_photogrammetrie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465498/topographie20190531-80367-1mz5swf-libre.pdf?1559315799=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTopographie_photogrammetrie.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=PZVqNSqIq8hI2lv70VB7ipx83Kr7sOXeCxFUxNOGwBQ2mKUkjVDkTaI1LqosKvmkNR0hW76XHX1igb5JRH9V7IyyjMEo~c8BPzNVrK5Jw7T-Cmup2MqXaWWWMKWJynSKtwdbf2wvWVlteftaIrkGqzY42jfyhROi-whCieddg-9iW98GLPrIvODeFZDxkQJjd9iA89MapxkZrwG6gfBXQ7Gcn6sIF0Is3qakRB2hX2WGVBG5Tm3-OUUKzoN9lN9iyi5Vl8531ns47ydcVLZMv1HSOPOXTU7T3PNtCzvkFdWN7duAHHqK4bz~-6bw9Z1I8I5aCUOSfsiiZyob1jfGsQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":333230,"name":"Topografia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Topografia"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326179"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326179/les_turbomachines"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of les turbomachines" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465496/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326179/les_turbomachines">les turbomachines</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>les turbomachines</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="066b1dbcc6caa60bed9d2283281d0cb4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465496,"asset_id":39326179,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465496/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326179"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326179"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326179; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326179]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326179]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326179; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326179']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "066b1dbcc6caa60bed9d2283281d0cb4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326179]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326179,"title":"les turbomachines","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_name":"les turbomachines"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326179/les_turbomachines","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:01:14.710-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465496,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465496/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"turbomachines20190531-80412-1qkjc2v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465496/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"les_turbomachines.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465496/turbomachines20190531-80412-1qkjc2v-libre.pdf?1559315785=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dles_turbomachines.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=ZiKkuYk0m7-v-wPUhp7VyrPW-Ms06urjG5dDQmqBsTskssHjX5YzCHK0cyj2IoClJBor4LFthFONRO4yq4EPMfmE7-Nyp4nUaFnJoWLlsVoxMW5xBPk71m-ZppRLpZ5T7LrXbNh5KC10KA8x0X1~7zROsmfMC-FBDS5QHLVPf9eQfMu~D4PNmJQj7xmAWmcwnu7VvvBIzmNVjPRZVc2knxK04regwzJopackJF4e59GCR81jeVfvbKS7RzT694OWQgj1Ri~ObdFkYQzKA7g2FcmGxGgvqpbFr8keqESbv8o1h9J6MWm7imLGPf062aDxpRhQr~j-jpE-DM41jjUgbQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"les_turbomachines","translated_slug":"","page_count":114,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465496,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465496/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"turbomachines20190531-80412-1qkjc2v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465496/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"les_turbomachines.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465496/turbomachines20190531-80412-1qkjc2v-libre.pdf?1559315785=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dles_turbomachines.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=ZiKkuYk0m7-v-wPUhp7VyrPW-Ms06urjG5dDQmqBsTskssHjX5YzCHK0cyj2IoClJBor4LFthFONRO4yq4EPMfmE7-Nyp4nUaFnJoWLlsVoxMW5xBPk71m-ZppRLpZ5T7LrXbNh5KC10KA8x0X1~7zROsmfMC-FBDS5QHLVPf9eQfMu~D4PNmJQj7xmAWmcwnu7VvvBIzmNVjPRZVc2knxK04regwzJopackJF4e59GCR81jeVfvbKS7RzT694OWQgj1Ri~ObdFkYQzKA7g2FcmGxGgvqpbFr8keqESbv8o1h9J6MWm7imLGPf062aDxpRhQr~j-jpE-DM41jjUgbQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":118070,"name":"Turbomachinery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbomachinery"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326178"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326178/Navigation_aerienne"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Navigation aerienne" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465497/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326178/Navigation_aerienne">Navigation aerienne</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Navigation aerienne</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c27bf115820ae3e6a7bc9373001e3e3e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465497,"asset_id":39326178,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465497/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326178"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326178"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326178; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326178]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326178]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326178; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326178']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c27bf115820ae3e6a7bc9373001e3e3e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326178]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326178,"title":"Navigation aerienne","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_name":"Navigation aerienne"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326178/Navigation_aerienne","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:01:14.721-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465497,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465497/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"navigation20190531-8013-99adbd.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465497/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Navigation_aerienne.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465497/navigation20190531-8013-99adbd-libre.pdf?1559315779=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNavigation_aerienne.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=Oq4p9KVn1zSwbxMv8vVbMjF9YHmQ0QbbzZHjSJDwjyLmiQx0nTbxNpQDqbRRxE-CxJJ4xrd7AZT6KaOgiP9sQ6zido1eMdpsfl4OnnCX4R1fCkqp~ZOcL0vDIevnb0vjCAYckG4rI2yG6cdfBzsM1kjdx98yH5GU893jR8~xEZGsDyFnHmON7XIMqN0-6w6bQwuv0a6u4p2DfYRCQxR6SrDOgW0nsdruJB9Gyq-IbkhbYE2vtZ4La0YeheDWY~jqk3h2llRgCylBldPttvDTvMoXDSrhdc9OQ8ORZl130qLXkvsWWfCOofhBIlGTN3NmCxxuO2FtJJwDZqEtoYvbDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Navigation_aerienne","translated_slug":"","page_count":110,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465497,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465497/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"navigation20190531-8013-99adbd.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465497/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Navigation_aerienne.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465497/navigation20190531-8013-99adbd-libre.pdf?1559315779=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNavigation_aerienne.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=Oq4p9KVn1zSwbxMv8vVbMjF9YHmQ0QbbzZHjSJDwjyLmiQx0nTbxNpQDqbRRxE-CxJJ4xrd7AZT6KaOgiP9sQ6zido1eMdpsfl4OnnCX4R1fCkqp~ZOcL0vDIevnb0vjCAYckG4rI2yG6cdfBzsM1kjdx98yH5GU893jR8~xEZGsDyFnHmON7XIMqN0-6w6bQwuv0a6u4p2DfYRCQxR6SrDOgW0nsdruJB9Gyq-IbkhbYE2vtZ4La0YeheDWY~jqk3h2llRgCylBldPttvDTvMoXDSrhdc9OQ8ORZl130qLXkvsWWfCOofhBIlGTN3NmCxxuO2FtJJwDZqEtoYvbDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":181995,"name":"Aeronautics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aeronautics"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326177"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326177/Photogrammetrie"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Photogrammetrie" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465495/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326177/Photogrammetrie">Photogrammetrie</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e39a6dfa1918215275829a6b7ef737a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465495,"asset_id":39326177,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465495/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326177"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326177"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326177; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326177]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326177]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326177; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326177']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e39a6dfa1918215275829a6b7ef737a9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326177]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326177,"title":"Photogrammetrie","translated_title":"","metadata":{},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326177/Photogrammetrie","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:01:14.659-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465495,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465495/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"photogrammetrie20190531-80554-knawfv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465495/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Photogrammetrie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465495/photogrammetrie20190531-80554-knawfv-libre.pdf?1559315764=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhotogrammetrie.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=Yeidvxcq0nPJGpkvchMe5Zyn7MFHFXR2cl4B5pzV1e02QKIWgaENHIRqvbgb5dmyl2wDBoRwxqc93jo5HdNHGOKqVaFuK3MPrMNEvFsGdIIFr2qBZHKTJQiWOqu~cxBAtRRchbbS2SpjX9SaIVhkWYDLFMR9y3IpbxVzN8G3ZmXGBouwBw1lAg0n-7a5ZorOOs9Sqwh-iQuyhEXlAClKXRyftUPpp-7adU2UZwMCACBDX27YfW~QWT7CU7SXbzyMoZnoXGCUaKtSlhE19jH3uZdXjjKOTGxD2WB0M1PRxcXaWk31mfL~RiUycDsGqv6Dubat8ftVdHjmFBD3RAdgvw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Photogrammetrie","translated_slug":"","page_count":18,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465495,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465495/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"photogrammetrie20190531-80554-knawfv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465495/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Photogrammetrie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465495/photogrammetrie20190531-80554-knawfv-libre.pdf?1559315764=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhotogrammetrie.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=Yeidvxcq0nPJGpkvchMe5Zyn7MFHFXR2cl4B5pzV1e02QKIWgaENHIRqvbgb5dmyl2wDBoRwxqc93jo5HdNHGOKqVaFuK3MPrMNEvFsGdIIFr2qBZHKTJQiWOqu~cxBAtRRchbbS2SpjX9SaIVhkWYDLFMR9y3IpbxVzN8G3ZmXGBouwBw1lAg0n-7a5ZorOOs9Sqwh-iQuyhEXlAClKXRyftUPpp-7adU2UZwMCACBDX27YfW~QWT7CU7SXbzyMoZnoXGCUaKtSlhE19jH3uZdXjjKOTGxD2WB0M1PRxcXaWk31mfL~RiUycDsGqv6Dubat8ftVdHjmFBD3RAdgvw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2484909,"name":"Photogammetry and Remote Sensing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photogammetry_and_Remote_Sensing"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35767963"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35767963/Avions_l%C3%A9gers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Avions légers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55644483/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35767963/Avions_l%C3%A9gers">Avions légers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3081427621bd70df75900c05bc5dfbba" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55644483,"asset_id":35767963,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55644483/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35767963"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35767963"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35767963; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35767963]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35767963]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35767963; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35767963']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3081427621bd70df75900c05bc5dfbba" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35767963]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35767963,"title":"Avions légers","translated_title":"","metadata":{},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35767963/Avions_l%C3%A9gers","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:07:45.607-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55644483,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55644483/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"avions_legers.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55644483/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Avions_legers.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55644483/avions_legers-libre.pdf?1517019033=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAvions_legers.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=V1U46Q~pkeJji277PntpQqDTtJyWnW8IUfMZXp9lAb1hDEoslJ1PdxI1JYZC~MpweL2oTQ3n9FfSIB~LSEgv1kscxmzZhcZ7a22vCtwLVj609QWVtdVsOHYrRUct0j5ZNK4enIK-ZMXaL7SkpQl9LL8C7ns7kQPP0YA3pxWjp4nKnjDZ2y6kYg6EJGvNtHm3gp77K0BxUbwmULuYKypPRqQn64YzwCZO7qbwwu9BFFIC4oiRekZ1cZrTpYiKYAuegYWswz3Kk18zm5shMlem3KWWDLD~TH5B9NdWBds013WBi2m3VkxXy1-1TUjVdC0P0XrvM3K~mrifRraEWfJOSQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Avions_légers","translated_slug":"","page_count":180,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":55644483,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55644483/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"avions_legers.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55644483/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Avions_legers.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55644483/avions_legers-libre.pdf?1517019033=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAvions_legers.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=V1U46Q~pkeJji277PntpQqDTtJyWnW8IUfMZXp9lAb1hDEoslJ1PdxI1JYZC~MpweL2oTQ3n9FfSIB~LSEgv1kscxmzZhcZ7a22vCtwLVj609QWVtdVsOHYrRUct0j5ZNK4enIK-ZMXaL7SkpQl9LL8C7ns7kQPP0YA3pxWjp4nKnjDZ2y6kYg6EJGvNtHm3gp77K0BxUbwmULuYKypPRqQn64YzwCZO7qbwwu9BFFIC4oiRekZ1cZrTpYiKYAuegYWswz3Kk18zm5shMlem3KWWDLD~TH5B9NdWBds013WBi2m3VkxXy1-1TUjVdC0P0XrvM3K~mrifRraEWfJOSQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="7937448" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="94102017"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/94102017/Calculs_mecaniques_piping"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Calculs mecaniques piping" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96654205/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/94102017/Calculs_mecaniques_piping">Calculs mecaniques piping</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">La différence vient du facteur W de réduction sur la contrainte en fonction de la température de ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">La différence vient du facteur W de réduction sur la contrainte en fonction de la température de calcul. La table 302.3.5 de l'ASME donne quelques valeurs en fonction du type d'acier. Exemples :</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="187bb2acef70a9af8a2272960f94712a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96654205,"asset_id":94102017,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96654205/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="94102017"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="94102017"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94102017; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94102017]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=94102017]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 94102017; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='94102017']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "187bb2acef70a9af8a2272960f94712a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=94102017]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":94102017,"title":"Calculs mecaniques piping","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"La différence vient du facteur W de réduction sur la contrainte en fonction de la température de calcul. La table 302.3.5 de l'ASME donne quelques valeurs en fonction du type d'acier. Exemples :","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":96654205},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94102017/Calculs_mecaniques_piping","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-01-01T08:43:30.449-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":96654205,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96654205/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96654205/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/96654205/calculs_mecaniques_piping-libre.pdf?1672592060=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809631\u0026Signature=P83NJC~0S0Qp3qdGsPdDHAnqyl7z~a8gMA0rLpD1JVMXVFHUiK5X2V6gssC953sKsOLrklJzzSWgqCB~AWvhnQDzVhTGeC4uyRWnR345fKm1n-XLyYty5MTAMS59ARIRPfN-IOEPLn9zV8IE2EEk2zJSsSzMNDbtnf6wTUubpIrKpdC1u18PMQRul5bhVvPWyxyFhFd3R0HLL1FbuOGMHaa21PpQs3lt6~ea8BPDYEYCzQOVA1XYu-or6n55c1jCsHd8pIl5QclbgFhuZ~7G5wDSg52nl7pAbsrPyBA6fJpkkojP8gB8AiAQbniszCZEq3XSSMztxlN7geTBQLTxxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping","translated_slug":"","page_count":53,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":"La différence vient du facteur W de réduction sur la contrainte en fonction de la température de calcul. La table 302.3.5 de l'ASME donne quelques valeurs en fonction du type d'acier. Exemples :","owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":96654205,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96654205/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96654205/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/96654205/calculs_mecaniques_piping-libre.pdf?1672592060=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809631\u0026Signature=P83NJC~0S0Qp3qdGsPdDHAnqyl7z~a8gMA0rLpD1JVMXVFHUiK5X2V6gssC953sKsOLrklJzzSWgqCB~AWvhnQDzVhTGeC4uyRWnR345fKm1n-XLyYty5MTAMS59ARIRPfN-IOEPLn9zV8IE2EEk2zJSsSzMNDbtnf6wTUubpIrKpdC1u18PMQRul5bhVvPWyxyFhFd3R0HLL1FbuOGMHaa21PpQs3lt6~ea8BPDYEYCzQOVA1XYu-or6n55c1jCsHd8pIl5QclbgFhuZ~7G5wDSg52nl7pAbsrPyBA6fJpkkojP8gB8AiAQbniszCZEq3XSSMztxlN7geTBQLTxxg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="93975173"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/93975173/Calculs_mecaniques_piping"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Calculs mecaniques piping" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96563540/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/93975173/Calculs_mecaniques_piping">Calculs mecaniques piping</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Tuyauterie Industrielle Calculs mécaniques 1-Epaisseur des tuyauteries L'épaisseur des tuyauterie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Tuyauterie Industrielle Calculs mécaniques 1-Epaisseur des tuyauteries L'épaisseur des tuyauteries est calculée d'après les conditions de calcul (pression ou dépression et température) et du type de matériau utilisé (ex : inox, acier Carbone, alu, cuivre, ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bdb3559ab39f2e578d78730751ffdb90" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":96563540,"asset_id":93975173,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96563540/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="93975173"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="93975173"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93975173; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93975173]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=93975173]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 93975173; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='93975173']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bdb3559ab39f2e578d78730751ffdb90" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=93975173]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":93975173,"title":"Calculs mecaniques piping","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Tuyauterie Industrielle Calculs mécaniques 1-Epaisseur des tuyauteries L'épaisseur des tuyauteries est calculée d'après les conditions de calcul (pression ou dépression et température) et du type de matériau utilisé (ex : inox, acier Carbone, alu, cuivre, ...","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":96563540},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93975173/Calculs_mecaniques_piping","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-12-30T00:29:51.674-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":96563540,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96563540/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96563540/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/96563540/calculs_mecaniques_piping-libre.pdf?1672391499=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=ECVT8tUYT3Z4u~4a603Yq~MnseQe1Y6Pj0gmpfOAe7HCzbqF8prPEIXJWZql8neZJ4djzLslydcIX2-0e-h3KhvW2SJkl~NdWhLkZQxlCatFtoU2XYb-p70yvgWG8xTAbYFGMjkRaCG8NQtWTLTJX3DVBKbcl0fwpYBah5xdGEKY2ZiVYroY8kdywgldZQoTgSVU6WwzguQ55F73fAxWx7ftT7PmMqESmSa3iaFrEmiWDV~8kRRxyjZtkIz0wyYhXWHkgU9t59yx-cTdYCKzuvB3kIcfvhG6GyUZiW7FY2lCfH7VZyySlkay4CC3NZJV1Fq7l12m1IHLe5GRQDUD6g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping","translated_slug":"","page_count":53,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":"Tuyauterie Industrielle Calculs mécaniques 1-Epaisseur des tuyauteries L'épaisseur des tuyauteries est calculée d'après les conditions de calcul (pression ou dépression et température) et du type de matériau utilisé (ex : inox, acier Carbone, alu, cuivre, ...","owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":96563540,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/96563540/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/96563540/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Calculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/96563540/calculs_mecaniques_piping-libre.pdf?1672391499=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCalculs_mecaniques_piping.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=ECVT8tUYT3Z4u~4a603Yq~MnseQe1Y6Pj0gmpfOAe7HCzbqF8prPEIXJWZql8neZJ4djzLslydcIX2-0e-h3KhvW2SJkl~NdWhLkZQxlCatFtoU2XYb-p70yvgWG8xTAbYFGMjkRaCG8NQtWTLTJX3DVBKbcl0fwpYBah5xdGEKY2ZiVYroY8kdywgldZQoTgSVU6WwzguQ55F73fAxWx7ftT7PmMqESmSa3iaFrEmiWDV~8kRRxyjZtkIz0wyYhXWHkgU9t59yx-cTdYCKzuvB3kIcfvhG6GyUZiW7FY2lCfH7VZyySlkay4CC3NZJV1Fq7l12m1IHLe5GRQDUD6g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43813919"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43813919/Atlas_VDI_edition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Atlas VDI edition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64132033/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43813919/Atlas_VDI_edition">Atlas VDI edition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2d025f2b2dc291efcbb9806061849e39" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":64132033,"asset_id":43813919,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64132033/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43813919"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43813919"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43813919; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43813919]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43813919]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43813919; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43813919']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2d025f2b2dc291efcbb9806061849e39" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43813919]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43813919,"title":"Atlas VDI edition","translated_title":"","metadata":{},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43813919/Atlas_VDI_edition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-08-09T02:49:45.621-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64132033,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64132033/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Atlas_VDI_edition2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64132033/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Atlas_VDI_edition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64132033/Atlas_VDI_edition2.pdf?1738402573=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAtlas_VDI_edition.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=gUR0ViFpehIqTc4JLlFqBIyGmVqa52lA3EltvWAnsIsJhk2uBi6wQ8aUMQYR8doioWuUJ8lcJ2kgRkylnA~3XOR-PkDi7Q4K3g3xRIT9YhYdCNmGa5cwOalKMoScCWFE0fOaln6O3APQtMuuu01RMTBycCpWbtzHNF4csK5o0pXsFBpu-0UMWU8ETUWPUlfpWp2XD6KCm7wBM6fvP~Zp2K4l7j~3IQ9-d8fT6w~uZ07pdbEEBjuzxWV2b71ZPNFkbm4Hy0OAU-sJEi3qj62cG4gJGP4jiIknMCES7UiEKIHcsp8KjxNkm9kgbXjf4dHQL8JKNLeMsmthq4udz1nWZw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Atlas_VDI_edition","translated_slug":"","page_count":1609,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":64132033,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/64132033/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Atlas_VDI_edition2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64132033/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Atlas_VDI_edition.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/64132033/Atlas_VDI_edition2.pdf?1738402573=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAtlas_VDI_edition.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=gUR0ViFpehIqTc4JLlFqBIyGmVqa52lA3EltvWAnsIsJhk2uBi6wQ8aUMQYR8doioWuUJ8lcJ2kgRkylnA~3XOR-PkDi7Q4K3g3xRIT9YhYdCNmGa5cwOalKMoScCWFE0fOaln6O3APQtMuuu01RMTBycCpWbtzHNF4csK5o0pXsFBpu-0UMWU8ETUWPUlfpWp2XD6KCm7wBM6fvP~Zp2K4l7j~3IQ9-d8fT6w~uZ07pdbEEBjuzxWV2b71ZPNFkbm4Hy0OAU-sJEi3qj62cG4gJGP4jiIknMCES7UiEKIHcsp8KjxNkm9kgbXjf4dHQL8JKNLeMsmthq4udz1nWZw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326681"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326681/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Météorologie Générale PRINCIPES DE BASE" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465849/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326681/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE">Météorologie Générale PRINCIPES DE BASE</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes généraux qui composent le temps ,sans avoir la prétention d'être exhaustive .La deuxième s'attache surtout au codage et à l'utilisation de l'information météorologique dans un cadre d'activité qui est assez commun :l'aéronautique (Voyages ,loisirs). Contenu de la première section</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6379b4b4b24de29b3ed890479cf7829f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465849,"asset_id":39326681,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465849/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326681"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326681"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326681; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326681]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326681]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326681; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326681']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6379b4b4b24de29b3ed890479cf7829f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326681]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326681,"title":"Météorologie Générale PRINCIPES DE BASE","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes généraux qui composent le temps ,sans avoir la prétention d'être exhaustive .La deuxième s'attache surtout au codage et à l'utilisation de l'information météorologique dans un cadre d'activité qui est assez commun :l'aéronautique (Voyages ,loisirs). Contenu de la première section"},"translated_abstract":"PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes généraux qui composent le temps ,sans avoir la prétention d'être exhaustive .La deuxième s'attache surtout au codage et à l'utilisation de l'information météorologique dans un cadre d'activité qui est assez commun :l'aéronautique (Voyages ,loisirs). Contenu de la première section","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326681/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9orologie_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:21:12.526-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465849,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465849/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"meteo20190531-71290-1d4pyq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465849/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Meteorologie_Generale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465849/meteo20190531-71290-1d4pyq-libre.pdf?1559316745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeteorologie_Generale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=HdyugEP8~dL0Cwf~9wxKIhAzHD2u63yVFgdwivHHtYRGn5viH83t2VUX8txGrqdycD3VlvxOlnJBYLiDin-rP40n5sZEgSEVloPibE2M6rZ3Vmj1EPvoG4BVmFGn5KZUlaWKyN4dL6edTzQKiDBTVw-QCJvLzT3GRztys4ks~CdLtwjNDQRpI6t3N50AzP7rJzRtjWAp-hytAMSaXLa7aruQXGX3COYyU3oWwogUYSpNNbYmrNWtI~YHtqKKBE8hEtabLaGTa-LTh3dCRfm0DAZ0yrQ-GDr5w1fdW6iudLLkZS9fqWUzm1IXE8lZkf4GowKDggTizjvZT6r91hk1Eg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Météorologie_Générale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE","translated_slug":"","page_count":35,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":"PRESENTATION GENERALE Ce fascicule est divisé en deux parties : la première décrit les phénomènes généraux qui composent le temps ,sans avoir la prétention d'être exhaustive .La deuxième s'attache surtout au codage et à l'utilisation de l'information météorologique dans un cadre d'activité qui est assez commun :l'aéronautique (Voyages ,loisirs). Contenu de la première section","owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465849,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465849/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"meteo20190531-71290-1d4pyq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465849/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Meteorologie_Generale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465849/meteo20190531-71290-1d4pyq-libre.pdf?1559316745=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMeteorologie_Generale_PRINCIPES_DE_BASE.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=HdyugEP8~dL0Cwf~9wxKIhAzHD2u63yVFgdwivHHtYRGn5viH83t2VUX8txGrqdycD3VlvxOlnJBYLiDin-rP40n5sZEgSEVloPibE2M6rZ3Vmj1EPvoG4BVmFGn5KZUlaWKyN4dL6edTzQKiDBTVw-QCJvLzT3GRztys4ks~CdLtwjNDQRpI6t3N50AzP7rJzRtjWAp-hytAMSaXLa7aruQXGX3COYyU3oWwogUYSpNNbYmrNWtI~YHtqKKBE8hEtabLaGTa-LTh3dCRfm0DAZ0yrQ-GDr5w1fdW6iudLLkZS9fqWUzm1IXE8lZkf4GowKDggTizjvZT6r91hk1Eg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics"},{"id":181995,"name":"Aeronautics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aeronautics"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326664"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326664/les_cadrans_solaires"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of les cadrans solaires" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465827/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326664/les_cadrans_solaires">les cadrans solaires</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c9aca8ecb826c65e6ecbf17feff32469" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465827,"asset_id":39326664,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465827/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326664"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326664"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326664; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326664]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326664]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326664; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326664']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c9aca8ecb826c65e6ecbf17feff32469" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326664]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326664,"title":"les cadrans solaires","translated_title":"","metadata":{},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326664/les_cadrans_solaires","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:17:43.301-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465827,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465827/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cadrans_solaires20190531-2242-kypjtf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465827/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"les_cadrans_solaires.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465827/cadrans_solaires20190531-2242-kypjtf-libre.pdf?1559316746=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dles_cadrans_solaires.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=CT1RwXkfN1~Kndwc-HAQqKyxu-aED7KqwV3mH7eu3jFa1CW1las68oVkTNDnebKNooHxItveaOMzGsPklxybkqZXRRE94RyfmQh2at2YDqZeq~Y7lv7Ubqr7xcaJhKtizqGyvZYtAufMoOHP4uOuchnDkX~LZw~EP6jLEMdGhimdRPqrubUyrRY4MhUdX6Tp2nMSydKCVW-117iK4uACNDf9etyCxt7HyScL47VhN~t-a2MChSvPatG9ixx-E~GzzHjaY~L5Z5g563dao7qHor0dPDkMxWQXXsgMjhKmZv1ox6kgHDfwfPnjS9nII-2b7puhVlIQdPYQzuS3HKIURg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"les_cadrans_solaires","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465827,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465827/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cadrans_solaires20190531-2242-kypjtf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465827/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"les_cadrans_solaires.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465827/cadrans_solaires20190531-2242-kypjtf-libre.pdf?1559316746=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dles_cadrans_solaires.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=CT1RwXkfN1~Kndwc-HAQqKyxu-aED7KqwV3mH7eu3jFa1CW1las68oVkTNDnebKNooHxItveaOMzGsPklxybkqZXRRE94RyfmQh2at2YDqZeq~Y7lv7Ubqr7xcaJhKtizqGyvZYtAufMoOHP4uOuchnDkX~LZw~EP6jLEMdGhimdRPqrubUyrRY4MhUdX6Tp2nMSydKCVW-117iK4uACNDf9etyCxt7HyScL47VhN~t-a2MChSvPatG9ixx-E~GzzHjaY~L5Z5g563dao7qHor0dPDkMxWQXXsgMjhKmZv1ox6kgHDfwfPnjS9nII-2b7puhVlIQdPYQzuS3HKIURg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326600"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326600/Les_cathedrales"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Les cathedrales" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465810/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326600/Les_cathedrales">Les cathedrales</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">1 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES Un bref historique -Introduction Les ba...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">1 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES Un bref historique -Introduction Les bases architecturales dont il est question ici ,ne sont pas uniquement à usage religieux ,de nombreux édifices ,palais ,Hôtels particuliers et autres édifices publics du moyen âge sont bâtis à partir de ces canons .Malgré tout ,le nombre d'édifices religieux bâtis selon ces concepts encore existant de nos jours ,est très important ,d'où ,la base de ce document .La géométrie particulière utilisée remonte à l'antiquité ,en particulier chez les égyptiens ,puis les grecs .Le moyen orient chrétien a hérité ces principes de conception des grecs et des romains ,en particulier ,l'empire byzantin .En Europe occidentale ,le foisonnement des ordres monastiques ,entre les 8 ème et 13 ème siècle, a contribué à répandre cet art .Tout d'abord ,les moines eux-mêmes concevaient le tracé de leurs édifices ,puis ,les architectes et maîtres d'oeuvre laïcs ont pris le relais .Les bases géométriques étaient relativement simples au début ,puis ,au fil du temps ,elles se sont compliquées .De nos jours ,à part Le Corbusier et quelques artistes ,plus personne n'utilise ces bases directement . -L'art roman et l'art gothique En occident ,deux grands styles ont cohabité entre le 8 ème et le 16 ème siècle ,c'est à dire ,jusqu'à l'aube de la renaissance .En occident ,le roman a surtout prospéré dans les régions d'origine latine ,né au début du 8 ème siècle .Caractérisé par des voûtes en plein cintre ,des constructions massives et relativement peu lumineuses ,peu fournies en statuaire et sculptures ,mais il y a des exceptions ,on le retrouve très fréquemment dans les abbayes et les églises et chapelles de villages .Le style roman ,malgré tout ,est l'apanage des abbayes ,bien qu'elles ne datent pas toutes de cette époque . L'art gothique ,lui ,semblerait s'être développé en évolution de l'art roman .A la faveur des pérégrinations des maîtres d'oeuvre qui allaient de chantier en chantier ,il s'est répandu sur le continent et la Grande Bretagne vers les années 1150 .Il constitue la majorité du patrimoine architectural religieux de ces époques .En général ,l'édifice est élancé en hauteur ,fourni en ouvertures et vitraux .Contrairement à l'art roman ,la lumière y est reine .Le premier édifice construit suivant ces canons en France, est la basilique de Saint Denis ,sous Charles VI (12 ème Siècle) ,sous la houlette de l'abbé Suger .La renaissance le fera décliner à partir du début du 16 ème siècle ,pour renaître en force dans la deuxième moitié du 19 ème siècle ,à la faveur du courant romantique ,mais ,cette fois ,surtout dans l' architecture profane .(Château de Neuchwanstein en Bavière ,de 1880 ,par exemple ,la cathédrale Sagrada Familia de Barcelone commencée en 1895 ,toujours pas terminée à ce jour ,1/8 ème construit) . -Les abbayes L'architecture monastique est ,en général assez typée .De toutes façons ,la statuaire y est peu fréquente ,l'aspect tant extérieur qu'intérieur des édifices y est toujours sobre ,les clochers sont ,le plus souvent, situés à la verticale du choeur .La fréquence des constructions de chaque style est directement fonction de l'étendue de l'influence de l'ordre .En Bourgogne ,Deux ordres monacaux se partagent les styles : -Les bénédictins dans le sud (Charolais et brionais) avec ses clochers de style roman à pans octogonaux et à pente de toit assez prononcée ,qu'on retrouve encore dans des églises construites au 19 ème siècle (Montceau les Mines) .L'archétype en est l'abbatiale de Cluny .L'influence intellectuelle et politique de Cluny était très PDF créé avec la version d'essai pdfFactory Pro <a href="http://www.fineprint.fr" rel="nofollow">www.fineprint.fr</a> G. BRECHE Octobre 2006 2 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES considérable à ses débuts ,et l'abbaye était très riche ,tant en terres que dans le domaine intellectuel . La basilique de Paray-le-Monial -Les cisterciens ,dans le reste de la région ,dont la source est l'abbaye de Cîteaux en côte d'or .L'architecture y est tant romane que gothique ,les clochers des abbatiales et églises ,dont la pente du toit est faible ,sont trapus et à pans carrés .L'influence de cet ordre fut très importante dans le monde chrétien ,l'abbé de Cîteaux avait des prérogatives pontificales ,ce qui explique le nombre de constructions dans le pays . Châtillon sur Seine ,l'église St Vorle -Les Cathédrales Du vocable grec Cathèdre ,qui désigne le trône de l'évêque ,ce sont des églises à vocation diocésaine et non seulement paroissiale ,construites au siège de l'évêché .A ces époques ,les cathédrales existaient déjà ,et l'évêque n'avait pas un rôle simplement ecclésiastique ,mais aussi ,seigneurial .Il importait d'afficher sa puissance tant seigneuriale que religieuse ,via la construction d'édifices grandioses .L'abbé Suger ,conseiller particulier du roi Louis VI (dit le gros) fut le premier en France à se lancer dans l'aventure du gothique ,au grand mécontentement de Bernard de Clairvaux ,alors grand Abbé des cisterciens ,et adepte du dépouillement et de la simplicité .Les cathédrales ,au départ ,relativement modestes ,devinrent de plus en plus ambitieuses ,liées aux goûts de puissance de l'évêque commanditaire ,pas sans accidents ,les voûtes trop hardies s'effondraient ,l'argent arrivait à manquer ,la construction s'est étalée sur plusieurs siècles pour la majorité ,d'où ,la présence de plusieurs styles différents dans l'édifice ,allant du roman à la renaissance .Aussi ,un certain nombre de ceux-ci ne furent jamais terminés (Sens ,Auxerre ,Strasbourg .etc..) . La décoration en est fastueuse et très colorée ,via sa statuaire ,entièrement polychrome à l'époque ,et ses vitraux de haute facture .La vocation de ces ornements était ,avant tout ,didactique .Le peuple ,y compris la noblesse ,ne savait pas lire ,Les ouvrages de sculptures et vitraux étaient des 'bandes dessinées' . Ces édifices servaient de lieux de commerces divers et d'affaires ,en dehors des offices religieux .Les chapelles périphériques ,desservies par des chapelains à titré ,étaient dévolues aux messes commandées par les fidèles . Leur mode de construction était toujours le même : on commençait par le choeur et le Narthex (la façade principale) ,pour permettre la célébration des offices ,le reste suivait .Le style architectural se situe</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="21b9c49f2150ba50e519e0aac07c8f06" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465810,"asset_id":39326600,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465810/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326600"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326600"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326600; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326600]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326600]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326600; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326600']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "21b9c49f2150ba50e519e0aac07c8f06" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326600]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326600,"title":"Les cathedrales","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"1 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES Un bref historique -Introduction Les bases architecturales dont il est question ici ,ne sont pas uniquement à usage religieux ,de nombreux édifices ,palais ,Hôtels particuliers et autres édifices publics du moyen âge sont bâtis à partir de ces canons .Malgré tout ,le nombre d'édifices religieux bâtis selon ces concepts encore existant de nos jours ,est très important ,d'où ,la base de ce document .La géométrie particulière utilisée remonte à l'antiquité ,en particulier chez les égyptiens ,puis les grecs .Le moyen orient chrétien a hérité ces principes de conception des grecs et des romains ,en particulier ,l'empire byzantin .En Europe occidentale ,le foisonnement des ordres monastiques ,entre les 8 ème et 13 ème siècle, a contribué à répandre cet art .Tout d'abord ,les moines eux-mêmes concevaient le tracé de leurs édifices ,puis ,les architectes et maîtres d'oeuvre laïcs ont pris le relais .Les bases géométriques étaient relativement simples au début ,puis ,au fil du temps ,elles se sont compliquées .De nos jours ,à part Le Corbusier et quelques artistes ,plus personne n'utilise ces bases directement . -L'art roman et l'art gothique En occident ,deux grands styles ont cohabité entre le 8 ème et le 16 ème siècle ,c'est à dire ,jusqu'à l'aube de la renaissance .En occident ,le roman a surtout prospéré dans les régions d'origine latine ,né au début du 8 ème siècle .Caractérisé par des voûtes en plein cintre ,des constructions massives et relativement peu lumineuses ,peu fournies en statuaire et sculptures ,mais il y a des exceptions ,on le retrouve très fréquemment dans les abbayes et les églises et chapelles de villages .Le style roman ,malgré tout ,est l'apanage des abbayes ,bien qu'elles ne datent pas toutes de cette époque . L'art gothique ,lui ,semblerait s'être développé en évolution de l'art roman .A la faveur des pérégrinations des maîtres d'oeuvre qui allaient de chantier en chantier ,il s'est répandu sur le continent et la Grande Bretagne vers les années 1150 .Il constitue la majorité du patrimoine architectural religieux de ces époques .En général ,l'édifice est élancé en hauteur ,fourni en ouvertures et vitraux .Contrairement à l'art roman ,la lumière y est reine .Le premier édifice construit suivant ces canons en France, est la basilique de Saint Denis ,sous Charles VI (12 ème Siècle) ,sous la houlette de l'abbé Suger .La renaissance le fera décliner à partir du début du 16 ème siècle ,pour renaître en force dans la deuxième moitié du 19 ème siècle ,à la faveur du courant romantique ,mais ,cette fois ,surtout dans l' architecture profane .(Château de Neuchwanstein en Bavière ,de 1880 ,par exemple ,la cathédrale Sagrada Familia de Barcelone commencée en 1895 ,toujours pas terminée à ce jour ,1/8 ème construit) . -Les abbayes L'architecture monastique est ,en général assez typée .De toutes façons ,la statuaire y est peu fréquente ,l'aspect tant extérieur qu'intérieur des édifices y est toujours sobre ,les clochers sont ,le plus souvent, situés à la verticale du choeur .La fréquence des constructions de chaque style est directement fonction de l'étendue de l'influence de l'ordre .En Bourgogne ,Deux ordres monacaux se partagent les styles : -Les bénédictins dans le sud (Charolais et brionais) avec ses clochers de style roman à pans octogonaux et à pente de toit assez prononcée ,qu'on retrouve encore dans des églises construites au 19 ème siècle (Montceau les Mines) .L'archétype en est l'abbatiale de Cluny .L'influence intellectuelle et politique de Cluny était très PDF créé avec la version d'essai pdfFactory Pro www.fineprint.fr G. BRECHE Octobre 2006 2 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES considérable à ses débuts ,et l'abbaye était très riche ,tant en terres que dans le domaine intellectuel . La basilique de Paray-le-Monial -Les cisterciens ,dans le reste de la région ,dont la source est l'abbaye de Cîteaux en côte d'or .L'architecture y est tant romane que gothique ,les clochers des abbatiales et églises ,dont la pente du toit est faible ,sont trapus et à pans carrés .L'influence de cet ordre fut très importante dans le monde chrétien ,l'abbé de Cîteaux avait des prérogatives pontificales ,ce qui explique le nombre de constructions dans le pays . Châtillon sur Seine ,l'église St Vorle -Les Cathédrales Du vocable grec Cathèdre ,qui désigne le trône de l'évêque ,ce sont des églises à vocation diocésaine et non seulement paroissiale ,construites au siège de l'évêché .A ces époques ,les cathédrales existaient déjà ,et l'évêque n'avait pas un rôle simplement ecclésiastique ,mais aussi ,seigneurial .Il importait d'afficher sa puissance tant seigneuriale que religieuse ,via la construction d'édifices grandioses .L'abbé Suger ,conseiller particulier du roi Louis VI (dit le gros) fut le premier en France à se lancer dans l'aventure du gothique ,au grand mécontentement de Bernard de Clairvaux ,alors grand Abbé des cisterciens ,et adepte du dépouillement et de la simplicité .Les cathédrales ,au départ ,relativement modestes ,devinrent de plus en plus ambitieuses ,liées aux goûts de puissance de l'évêque commanditaire ,pas sans accidents ,les voûtes trop hardies s'effondraient ,l'argent arrivait à manquer ,la construction s'est étalée sur plusieurs siècles pour la majorité ,d'où ,la présence de plusieurs styles différents dans l'édifice ,allant du roman à la renaissance .Aussi ,un certain nombre de ceux-ci ne furent jamais terminés (Sens ,Auxerre ,Strasbourg .etc..) . La décoration en est fastueuse et très colorée ,via sa statuaire ,entièrement polychrome à l'époque ,et ses vitraux de haute facture .La vocation de ces ornements était ,avant tout ,didactique .Le peuple ,y compris la noblesse ,ne savait pas lire ,Les ouvrages de sculptures et vitraux étaient des 'bandes dessinées' . Ces édifices servaient de lieux de commerces divers et d'affaires ,en dehors des offices religieux .Les chapelles périphériques ,desservies par des chapelains à titré ,étaient dévolues aux messes commandées par les fidèles . Leur mode de construction était toujours le même : on commençait par le choeur et le Narthex (la façade principale) ,pour permettre la célébration des offices ,le reste suivait .Le style architectural se situe","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":59465810},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326600/Les_cathedrales","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:15:31.051-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465810,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465810/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cathedrales20190531-124398-z45qbk.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465810/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Les_cathedrales.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465810/cathedrales20190531-124398-z45qbk-libre.pdf?1559316293=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLes_cathedrales.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=dMws1o5QROnMsvZmaa-zWOLJYDooG4j~GazCfb38GtWhU5OzhYlYeD0xMhfsPFSDKQ-mYOhSHe3hNdZN9-~isdaVRQgjp~qZOwa0hzm4hZZ41T2-zZSH4xUacb2SDvxBPGowxML13sz5USFHiZR7WvDMSuc1uyak46~-kDDnguPAE-8Xi~jZ-EUrD-zDMWayQJS1MMNYlPKFTaeckBe6KPpXTjDZEw22KDQa4663wJEv0OL6iu52nP7RlsPPU-Vv6dsnDf37xMxd9ppnllZ3z4JzYgdmYyMdh6YQmneKI2WAY3l~i8PAdkNEJMSyEfGc-8hQHiTt3lksmefmRAB7fQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Les_cathedrales","translated_slug":"","page_count":36,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":"1 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES Un bref historique -Introduction Les bases architecturales dont il est question ici ,ne sont pas uniquement à usage religieux ,de nombreux édifices ,palais ,Hôtels particuliers et autres édifices publics du moyen âge sont bâtis à partir de ces canons .Malgré tout ,le nombre d'édifices religieux bâtis selon ces concepts encore existant de nos jours ,est très important ,d'où ,la base de ce document .La géométrie particulière utilisée remonte à l'antiquité ,en particulier chez les égyptiens ,puis les grecs .Le moyen orient chrétien a hérité ces principes de conception des grecs et des romains ,en particulier ,l'empire byzantin .En Europe occidentale ,le foisonnement des ordres monastiques ,entre les 8 ème et 13 ème siècle, a contribué à répandre cet art .Tout d'abord ,les moines eux-mêmes concevaient le tracé de leurs édifices ,puis ,les architectes et maîtres d'oeuvre laïcs ont pris le relais .Les bases géométriques étaient relativement simples au début ,puis ,au fil du temps ,elles se sont compliquées .De nos jours ,à part Le Corbusier et quelques artistes ,plus personne n'utilise ces bases directement . -L'art roman et l'art gothique En occident ,deux grands styles ont cohabité entre le 8 ème et le 16 ème siècle ,c'est à dire ,jusqu'à l'aube de la renaissance .En occident ,le roman a surtout prospéré dans les régions d'origine latine ,né au début du 8 ème siècle .Caractérisé par des voûtes en plein cintre ,des constructions massives et relativement peu lumineuses ,peu fournies en statuaire et sculptures ,mais il y a des exceptions ,on le retrouve très fréquemment dans les abbayes et les églises et chapelles de villages .Le style roman ,malgré tout ,est l'apanage des abbayes ,bien qu'elles ne datent pas toutes de cette époque . L'art gothique ,lui ,semblerait s'être développé en évolution de l'art roman .A la faveur des pérégrinations des maîtres d'oeuvre qui allaient de chantier en chantier ,il s'est répandu sur le continent et la Grande Bretagne vers les années 1150 .Il constitue la majorité du patrimoine architectural religieux de ces époques .En général ,l'édifice est élancé en hauteur ,fourni en ouvertures et vitraux .Contrairement à l'art roman ,la lumière y est reine .Le premier édifice construit suivant ces canons en France, est la basilique de Saint Denis ,sous Charles VI (12 ème Siècle) ,sous la houlette de l'abbé Suger .La renaissance le fera décliner à partir du début du 16 ème siècle ,pour renaître en force dans la deuxième moitié du 19 ème siècle ,à la faveur du courant romantique ,mais ,cette fois ,surtout dans l' architecture profane .(Château de Neuchwanstein en Bavière ,de 1880 ,par exemple ,la cathédrale Sagrada Familia de Barcelone commencée en 1895 ,toujours pas terminée à ce jour ,1/8 ème construit) . -Les abbayes L'architecture monastique est ,en général assez typée .De toutes façons ,la statuaire y est peu fréquente ,l'aspect tant extérieur qu'intérieur des édifices y est toujours sobre ,les clochers sont ,le plus souvent, situés à la verticale du choeur .La fréquence des constructions de chaque style est directement fonction de l'étendue de l'influence de l'ordre .En Bourgogne ,Deux ordres monacaux se partagent les styles : -Les bénédictins dans le sud (Charolais et brionais) avec ses clochers de style roman à pans octogonaux et à pente de toit assez prononcée ,qu'on retrouve encore dans des églises construites au 19 ème siècle (Montceau les Mines) .L'archétype en est l'abbatiale de Cluny .L'influence intellectuelle et politique de Cluny était très PDF créé avec la version d'essai pdfFactory Pro www.fineprint.fr G. BRECHE Octobre 2006 2 Maîtres d'oeuvre des cathédrales ABBAYES ET CATHEDRALES considérable à ses débuts ,et l'abbaye était très riche ,tant en terres que dans le domaine intellectuel . La basilique de Paray-le-Monial -Les cisterciens ,dans le reste de la région ,dont la source est l'abbaye de Cîteaux en côte d'or .L'architecture y est tant romane que gothique ,les clochers des abbatiales et églises ,dont la pente du toit est faible ,sont trapus et à pans carrés .L'influence de cet ordre fut très importante dans le monde chrétien ,l'abbé de Cîteaux avait des prérogatives pontificales ,ce qui explique le nombre de constructions dans le pays . Châtillon sur Seine ,l'église St Vorle -Les Cathédrales Du vocable grec Cathèdre ,qui désigne le trône de l'évêque ,ce sont des églises à vocation diocésaine et non seulement paroissiale ,construites au siège de l'évêché .A ces époques ,les cathédrales existaient déjà ,et l'évêque n'avait pas un rôle simplement ecclésiastique ,mais aussi ,seigneurial .Il importait d'afficher sa puissance tant seigneuriale que religieuse ,via la construction d'édifices grandioses .L'abbé Suger ,conseiller particulier du roi Louis VI (dit le gros) fut le premier en France à se lancer dans l'aventure du gothique ,au grand mécontentement de Bernard de Clairvaux ,alors grand Abbé des cisterciens ,et adepte du dépouillement et de la simplicité .Les cathédrales ,au départ ,relativement modestes ,devinrent de plus en plus ambitieuses ,liées aux goûts de puissance de l'évêque commanditaire ,pas sans accidents ,les voûtes trop hardies s'effondraient ,l'argent arrivait à manquer ,la construction s'est étalée sur plusieurs siècles pour la majorité ,d'où ,la présence de plusieurs styles différents dans l'édifice ,allant du roman à la renaissance .Aussi ,un certain nombre de ceux-ci ne furent jamais terminés (Sens ,Auxerre ,Strasbourg .etc..) . La décoration en est fastueuse et très colorée ,via sa statuaire ,entièrement polychrome à l'époque ,et ses vitraux de haute facture .La vocation de ces ornements était ,avant tout ,didactique .Le peuple ,y compris la noblesse ,ne savait pas lire ,Les ouvrages de sculptures et vitraux étaient des 'bandes dessinées' . Ces édifices servaient de lieux de commerces divers et d'affaires ,en dehors des offices religieux .Les chapelles périphériques ,desservies par des chapelains à titré ,étaient dévolues aux messes commandées par les fidèles . Leur mode de construction était toujours le même : on commençait par le choeur et le Narthex (la façade principale) ,pour permettre la célébration des offices ,le reste suivait .Le style architectural se situe","owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465810,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465810/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cathedrales20190531-124398-z45qbk.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465810/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Les_cathedrales.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465810/cathedrales20190531-124398-z45qbk-libre.pdf?1559316293=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLes_cathedrales.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=dMws1o5QROnMsvZmaa-zWOLJYDooG4j~GazCfb38GtWhU5OzhYlYeD0xMhfsPFSDKQ-mYOhSHe3hNdZN9-~isdaVRQgjp~qZOwa0hzm4hZZ41T2-zZSH4xUacb2SDvxBPGowxML13sz5USFHiZR7WvDMSuc1uyak46~-kDDnguPAE-8Xi~jZ-EUrD-zDMWayQJS1MMNYlPKFTaeckBe6KPpXTjDZEw22KDQa4663wJEv0OL6iu52nP7RlsPPU-Vv6dsnDf37xMxd9ppnllZ3z4JzYgdmYyMdh6YQmneKI2WAY3l~i8PAdkNEJMSyEfGc-8hQHiTt3lksmefmRAB7fQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326180"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326180/Topographie_photogrammetrie"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Topographie/photogrammetrie" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465498/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326180/Topographie_photogrammetrie">Topographie/photogrammetrie</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Topographue/photogrammetrie</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e57a366eacd3bd848c82fa80da235b3b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465498,"asset_id":39326180,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465498/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326180"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326180"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326180; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326180]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326180]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326180; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326180']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e57a366eacd3bd848c82fa80da235b3b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326180]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326180,"title":"Topographie/photogrammetrie","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_name":"Topographue/photogrammetrie"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326180/Topographie_photogrammetrie","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:01:14.794-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465498,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465498/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"topographie20190531-80367-1mz5swf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465498/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Topographie_photogrammetrie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465498/topographie20190531-80367-1mz5swf-libre.pdf?1559315799=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTopographie_photogrammetrie.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=PZVqNSqIq8hI2lv70VB7ipx83Kr7sOXeCxFUxNOGwBQ2mKUkjVDkTaI1LqosKvmkNR0hW76XHX1igb5JRH9V7IyyjMEo~c8BPzNVrK5Jw7T-Cmup2MqXaWWWMKWJynSKtwdbf2wvWVlteftaIrkGqzY42jfyhROi-whCieddg-9iW98GLPrIvODeFZDxkQJjd9iA89MapxkZrwG6gfBXQ7Gcn6sIF0Is3qakRB2hX2WGVBG5Tm3-OUUKzoN9lN9iyi5Vl8531ns47ydcVLZMv1HSOPOXTU7T3PNtCzvkFdWN7duAHHqK4bz~-6bw9Z1I8I5aCUOSfsiiZyob1jfGsQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Topographie_photogrammetrie","translated_slug":"","page_count":205,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465498,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465498/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"topographie20190531-80367-1mz5swf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465498/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Topographie_photogrammetrie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465498/topographie20190531-80367-1mz5swf-libre.pdf?1559315799=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTopographie_photogrammetrie.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=PZVqNSqIq8hI2lv70VB7ipx83Kr7sOXeCxFUxNOGwBQ2mKUkjVDkTaI1LqosKvmkNR0hW76XHX1igb5JRH9V7IyyjMEo~c8BPzNVrK5Jw7T-Cmup2MqXaWWWMKWJynSKtwdbf2wvWVlteftaIrkGqzY42jfyhROi-whCieddg-9iW98GLPrIvODeFZDxkQJjd9iA89MapxkZrwG6gfBXQ7Gcn6sIF0Is3qakRB2hX2WGVBG5Tm3-OUUKzoN9lN9iyi5Vl8531ns47ydcVLZMv1HSOPOXTU7T3PNtCzvkFdWN7duAHHqK4bz~-6bw9Z1I8I5aCUOSfsiiZyob1jfGsQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":333230,"name":"Topografia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Topografia"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326179"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326179/les_turbomachines"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of les turbomachines" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465496/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326179/les_turbomachines">les turbomachines</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>les turbomachines</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="066b1dbcc6caa60bed9d2283281d0cb4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465496,"asset_id":39326179,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465496/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326179"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326179"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326179; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326179]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326179]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326179; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326179']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "066b1dbcc6caa60bed9d2283281d0cb4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326179]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326179,"title":"les turbomachines","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_name":"les turbomachines"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326179/les_turbomachines","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:01:14.710-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465496,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465496/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"turbomachines20190531-80412-1qkjc2v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465496/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"les_turbomachines.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465496/turbomachines20190531-80412-1qkjc2v-libre.pdf?1559315785=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dles_turbomachines.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=ZiKkuYk0m7-v-wPUhp7VyrPW-Ms06urjG5dDQmqBsTskssHjX5YzCHK0cyj2IoClJBor4LFthFONRO4yq4EPMfmE7-Nyp4nUaFnJoWLlsVoxMW5xBPk71m-ZppRLpZ5T7LrXbNh5KC10KA8x0X1~7zROsmfMC-FBDS5QHLVPf9eQfMu~D4PNmJQj7xmAWmcwnu7VvvBIzmNVjPRZVc2knxK04regwzJopackJF4e59GCR81jeVfvbKS7RzT694OWQgj1Ri~ObdFkYQzKA7g2FcmGxGgvqpbFr8keqESbv8o1h9J6MWm7imLGPf062aDxpRhQr~j-jpE-DM41jjUgbQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"les_turbomachines","translated_slug":"","page_count":114,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465496,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465496/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"turbomachines20190531-80412-1qkjc2v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465496/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"les_turbomachines.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465496/turbomachines20190531-80412-1qkjc2v-libre.pdf?1559315785=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dles_turbomachines.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=ZiKkuYk0m7-v-wPUhp7VyrPW-Ms06urjG5dDQmqBsTskssHjX5YzCHK0cyj2IoClJBor4LFthFONRO4yq4EPMfmE7-Nyp4nUaFnJoWLlsVoxMW5xBPk71m-ZppRLpZ5T7LrXbNh5KC10KA8x0X1~7zROsmfMC-FBDS5QHLVPf9eQfMu~D4PNmJQj7xmAWmcwnu7VvvBIzmNVjPRZVc2knxK04regwzJopackJF4e59GCR81jeVfvbKS7RzT694OWQgj1Ri~ObdFkYQzKA7g2FcmGxGgvqpbFr8keqESbv8o1h9J6MWm7imLGPf062aDxpRhQr~j-jpE-DM41jjUgbQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":118070,"name":"Turbomachinery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turbomachinery"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326178"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326178/Navigation_aerienne"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Navigation aerienne" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465497/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326178/Navigation_aerienne">Navigation aerienne</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Navigation aerienne</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c27bf115820ae3e6a7bc9373001e3e3e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465497,"asset_id":39326178,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465497/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326178"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326178"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326178; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326178]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326178]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326178; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326178']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c27bf115820ae3e6a7bc9373001e3e3e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326178]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326178,"title":"Navigation aerienne","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publication_name":"Navigation aerienne"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326178/Navigation_aerienne","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:01:14.721-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465497,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465497/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"navigation20190531-8013-99adbd.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465497/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Navigation_aerienne.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465497/navigation20190531-8013-99adbd-libre.pdf?1559315779=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNavigation_aerienne.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=Oq4p9KVn1zSwbxMv8vVbMjF9YHmQ0QbbzZHjSJDwjyLmiQx0nTbxNpQDqbRRxE-CxJJ4xrd7AZT6KaOgiP9sQ6zido1eMdpsfl4OnnCX4R1fCkqp~ZOcL0vDIevnb0vjCAYckG4rI2yG6cdfBzsM1kjdx98yH5GU893jR8~xEZGsDyFnHmON7XIMqN0-6w6bQwuv0a6u4p2DfYRCQxR6SrDOgW0nsdruJB9Gyq-IbkhbYE2vtZ4La0YeheDWY~jqk3h2llRgCylBldPttvDTvMoXDSrhdc9OQ8ORZl130qLXkvsWWfCOofhBIlGTN3NmCxxuO2FtJJwDZqEtoYvbDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Navigation_aerienne","translated_slug":"","page_count":110,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465497,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465497/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"navigation20190531-8013-99adbd.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465497/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Navigation_aerienne.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465497/navigation20190531-8013-99adbd-libre.pdf?1559315779=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNavigation_aerienne.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=Oq4p9KVn1zSwbxMv8vVbMjF9YHmQ0QbbzZHjSJDwjyLmiQx0nTbxNpQDqbRRxE-CxJJ4xrd7AZT6KaOgiP9sQ6zido1eMdpsfl4OnnCX4R1fCkqp~ZOcL0vDIevnb0vjCAYckG4rI2yG6cdfBzsM1kjdx98yH5GU893jR8~xEZGsDyFnHmON7XIMqN0-6w6bQwuv0a6u4p2DfYRCQxR6SrDOgW0nsdruJB9Gyq-IbkhbYE2vtZ4La0YeheDWY~jqk3h2llRgCylBldPttvDTvMoXDSrhdc9OQ8ORZl130qLXkvsWWfCOofhBIlGTN3NmCxxuO2FtJJwDZqEtoYvbDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":181995,"name":"Aeronautics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aeronautics"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="39326177"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326177/Photogrammetrie"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Photogrammetrie" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465495/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/39326177/Photogrammetrie">Photogrammetrie</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e39a6dfa1918215275829a6b7ef737a9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":59465495,"asset_id":39326177,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465495/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="39326177"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39326177"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326177; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326177]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39326177]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39326177; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='39326177']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e39a6dfa1918215275829a6b7ef737a9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=39326177]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":39326177,"title":"Photogrammetrie","translated_title":"","metadata":{},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39326177/Photogrammetrie","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-05-31T08:01:14.659-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59465495,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465495/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"photogrammetrie20190531-80554-knawfv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465495/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Photogrammetrie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465495/photogrammetrie20190531-80554-knawfv-libre.pdf?1559315764=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhotogrammetrie.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=Yeidvxcq0nPJGpkvchMe5Zyn7MFHFXR2cl4B5pzV1e02QKIWgaENHIRqvbgb5dmyl2wDBoRwxqc93jo5HdNHGOKqVaFuK3MPrMNEvFsGdIIFr2qBZHKTJQiWOqu~cxBAtRRchbbS2SpjX9SaIVhkWYDLFMR9y3IpbxVzN8G3ZmXGBouwBw1lAg0n-7a5ZorOOs9Sqwh-iQuyhEXlAClKXRyftUPpp-7adU2UZwMCACBDX27YfW~QWT7CU7SXbzyMoZnoXGCUaKtSlhE19jH3uZdXjjKOTGxD2WB0M1PRxcXaWk31mfL~RiUycDsGqv6Dubat8ftVdHjmFBD3RAdgvw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Photogrammetrie","translated_slug":"","page_count":18,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":59465495,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/59465495/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"photogrammetrie20190531-80554-knawfv.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59465495/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Photogrammetrie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/59465495/photogrammetrie20190531-80554-knawfv-libre.pdf?1559315764=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPhotogrammetrie.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=Yeidvxcq0nPJGpkvchMe5Zyn7MFHFXR2cl4B5pzV1e02QKIWgaENHIRqvbgb5dmyl2wDBoRwxqc93jo5HdNHGOKqVaFuK3MPrMNEvFsGdIIFr2qBZHKTJQiWOqu~cxBAtRRchbbS2SpjX9SaIVhkWYDLFMR9y3IpbxVzN8G3ZmXGBouwBw1lAg0n-7a5ZorOOs9Sqwh-iQuyhEXlAClKXRyftUPpp-7adU2UZwMCACBDX27YfW~QWT7CU7SXbzyMoZnoXGCUaKtSlhE19jH3uZdXjjKOTGxD2WB0M1PRxcXaWk31mfL~RiUycDsGqv6Dubat8ftVdHjmFBD3RAdgvw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2484909,"name":"Photogammetry and Remote Sensing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photogammetry_and_Remote_Sensing"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35767963"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35767963/Avions_l%C3%A9gers"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Avions légers" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55644483/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35767963/Avions_l%C3%A9gers">Avions légers</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3081427621bd70df75900c05bc5dfbba" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55644483,"asset_id":35767963,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55644483/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35767963"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35767963"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35767963; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35767963]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35767963]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35767963; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35767963']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3081427621bd70df75900c05bc5dfbba" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35767963]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35767963,"title":"Avions légers","translated_title":"","metadata":{},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35767963/Avions_l%C3%A9gers","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:07:45.607-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":75482021,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55644483,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55644483/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"avions_legers.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55644483/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Avions_legers.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55644483/avions_legers-libre.pdf?1517019033=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAvions_legers.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=V1U46Q~pkeJji277PntpQqDTtJyWnW8IUfMZXp9lAb1hDEoslJ1PdxI1JYZC~MpweL2oTQ3n9FfSIB~LSEgv1kscxmzZhcZ7a22vCtwLVj609QWVtdVsOHYrRUct0j5ZNK4enIK-ZMXaL7SkpQl9LL8C7ns7kQPP0YA3pxWjp4nKnjDZ2y6kYg6EJGvNtHm3gp77K0BxUbwmULuYKypPRqQn64YzwCZO7qbwwu9BFFIC4oiRekZ1cZrTpYiKYAuegYWswz3Kk18zm5shMlem3KWWDLD~TH5B9NdWBds013WBi2m3VkxXy1-1TUjVdC0P0XrvM3K~mrifRraEWfJOSQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Avions_légers","translated_slug":"","page_count":180,"language":"fr","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":75482021,"first_name":"Gilles","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Breche","page_name":"BrecheG","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2018-01-26T18:01:22.735-08:00","display_name":"Gilles Breche","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG"},"attachments":[{"id":55644483,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55644483/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"avions_legers.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55644483/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Avions_legers.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55644483/avions_legers-libre.pdf?1517019033=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAvions_legers.pdf\u0026Expires=1741809632\u0026Signature=V1U46Q~pkeJji277PntpQqDTtJyWnW8IUfMZXp9lAb1hDEoslJ1PdxI1JYZC~MpweL2oTQ3n9FfSIB~LSEgv1kscxmzZhcZ7a22vCtwLVj609QWVtdVsOHYrRUct0j5ZNK4enIK-ZMXaL7SkpQl9LL8C7ns7kQPP0YA3pxWjp4nKnjDZ2y6kYg6EJGvNtHm3gp77K0BxUbwmULuYKypPRqQn64YzwCZO7qbwwu9BFFIC4oiRekZ1cZrTpYiKYAuegYWswz3Kk18zm5shMlem3KWWDLD~TH5B9NdWBds013WBi2m3VkxXy1-1TUjVdC0P0XrvM3K~mrifRraEWfJOSQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "ea92a6b01ed24f239ea0e6b674ccd129f8f4b4385567f80506152b00025a04b6", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="7dVYuRjE2SbE5939-Uzgdmxx2jFAyImgu-H3vPcOaK75w0UFd0opmY_KJpJezUBS0zoc7B0JjfGN_Vr-i9NPYA" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://independent.academia.edu/BrecheG" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="qQZTqvoA58iNq4br9ZEosD090__1Ex1r3vIZo9ngGOe9EE4WlY4Xd8aGfYRSEIiUgnYVIqjSGTro7rThpT0_KQ" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>