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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_revitalization_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_revitalization_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Current revitalization efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_revitalization_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Official Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monophthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monophthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Monophthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monophthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Plosives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fricatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fricatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Fricatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fricatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Other consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saterland Frisian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfries" title="Saterfries – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saterfries" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealterisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Sealterisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sealterisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فريزية سيترلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريزية سيترلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fris%C3%B3n_oriental" title="Frisón oriental – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Frisón oriental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Усходнефрызская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходнефрызская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Усходнефрыская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усходнефрыская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сатерландски фризийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сатерландски фризийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frizeg_ar_reter" title="Frizeg ar reter – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frizeg ar reter" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fris%C3%B3_oriental" title="Frisó oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frisó oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sater-fr%C3%AD%C5%A1tina" title="Sater-fríština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sater-fríština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfrisisk" title="Saterfrisisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saterfrisisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfriesische_Sprache" title="Saterfriesische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saterfriesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfrizi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Saterfrizišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Saterfrizišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Φριζική γλώσσα του Σάτερλαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φριζική γλώσσα του Σάτερλαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_fris%C3%B3n_de_Saterland" title="Idioma frisón de Saterland – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma frisón de Saterland" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfrisa_lingvo" title="Saterfrisa lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saterfrisa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_frisiera" title="Ekialdeko frisiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko frisiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="زبان فریسی ساترلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فریسی ساترلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_bhasa" title="Saterland Frisian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Saterland Frisian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfr%C3%ADsiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Saterfrísiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Saterfrísiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frison_oriental" title="Frison oriental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frison oriental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealterfrysk" title="Sealterfrysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sealterfrysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeshlannish_Hiar" title="Freeshlannish Hiar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Freeshlannish Hiar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_frisoa_oriental" title="Lingua frisoa oriental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua frisoa oriental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterland_Frisia-ng%C3%AE" title="Saterland Frisia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Saterland Frisia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%80%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="동프리슬란트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동프리슬란트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D6%86%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Զաթերլանդ ֆրիզերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զաթերլանդ ֆրիզերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfrizi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Saterfrizišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Saterfrizišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterlandski_frizijski_jezik" title="Saterlandski frizijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saterlandski frizijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Frisia_Saterland" title="Bahasa Frisia Saterland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Frisia Saterland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_frisone_di_Saterland" title="Lingua frisone di Saterland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua frisone di Saterland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C5%B3_fryz%C5%B3_kalba" title="Rytų fryzų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rytų fryzų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfries" title="Saterfries – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Saterfries" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seelterskan_kieli" title="Seelterskan kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Seelterskan kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Затерландски фризиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Затерландски фризиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="സതർലാന്റ് ഫ്രീസിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സതർലാന്റ് ഫ്രീസിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfries" title="Saterfries – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saterfries" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selterfrais" title="Selterfrais – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Selterfrais" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="東フリジア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東フリジア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saaterfrasch" title="Saaterfrasch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Saaterfrasch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfrisisk" title="Saterfrisisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saterfrisisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C" title="ساترلینڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساترلینڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_saterfriesisch" title="Lenga saterfriesisch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga saterfriesisch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfreesche_Spraak" title="Saterfreesche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Saterfreesche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_wschodniofryzyjski" title="Język wschodniofryzyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język wschodniofryzyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%ADsio_Oriental" title="Frísio Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frísio Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Затерландский фризский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Затерландский фризский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱟᱴᱮᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱴᱮᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱯᱷᱨᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeltersk" title="Seeltersk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Seeltersk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saterland Frisian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4friisi" title="Itäfriisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itäfriisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfrisiska" title="Saterfrisiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saterfrisiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சாதேர்லாந்து விரிசிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாதேர்லாந்து விரிசிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาฟรีเชียซาเทอร์ลันท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฟรีเชียซาเทอร์ลันท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Східнофризька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східнофризька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4ivnouzfrizan_kel%27" title="Päivnouzfrizan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Päivnouzfrizan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="萨特弗里斯兰语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨特弗里斯兰语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E8%8F%B2%E5%A3%AB%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87" title="沙特菲士蘭文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙特菲士蘭文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterfries" title="Saterfries – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Saterfries" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dialect of East Frisian</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Saterland Frisian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Seeltersk</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈseːltɐsk]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisians" title="Saterland Frisians">Saterland Frisians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2,000 (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-e21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Ems<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Saterland Frisian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;">Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Seelter Buund in Saterland/Seelterlound (unofficial)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/stq" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:stq">stq</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sate1242">sate1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3052">Saterfriesisch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">52-ACA-ca<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg/320px-Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg/480px-Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg/640px-Frisian_languages_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Present-day distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a> in Europe: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000066; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3366CC; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66CCFF; color:black;"> </span> <b>Saterland Frisian</b></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Saterland Frisian</b>, also known as <b>Sater Frisian</b>, <b>Saterfrisian</b> or <b>Saterlandic</b> (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Seeltersk</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="stq-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈseːltɐsk]</a></span>), spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a> municipality of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> in Germany, is the last living dialect of the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian language</a>. It is closely related to the other <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a>: <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a>, spoken in Germany as well, and <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a>, spoken in the Dutch province of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a diachronical perspective, Saterland Frisian is an <i>Emsfrisian</i> dialect of the <a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian language</a>. Emsfrisian used to be spoken in the western half of the East Frisian peninsula and in the <a href="/wiki/Ommelanden" title="Ommelanden">Ommelanden</a>. The other East Frisian dialect group was the <i>Weserfrisian</i>, formerly spoken from the eastern half of the East Frisian peninsula to beyond the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>. </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> it belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian branch</a> of the Germanic languages. The three Frisian languages evolved from <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>. Among the living Frisian dialects, the one spoken in Heligoland (called <a href="/wiki/Halunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Halunder">Halunder</a>) is the closest to Saterland Frisian.<sup id="cite_ref-F2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 418">: 418 </span></sup> The closest language other than Frisian dialects is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. </p><p>Frisian and English are often grouped together as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a>. Today, English, Frisian and <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Lower German</a>, sometimes also <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, are grouped together under the label <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a>. Low German, which is closely related to Saterland Frisian, lacks many North Sea Germanic features already from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> period onward.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, Saterland Frisian has had prolonged close contact with Low German.<sup id="cite_ref-Klöver_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klöver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Settlers from <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>, who left their homelands around 1100 A.D. due to natural disasters, established the Frisian language in the <a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a>. Since the sparse population at the time of their arrival spoke Old Saxon, the Frisian language of the settlers came into close contact with Low German.<sup id="cite_ref-Klöver_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klöver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 30-32">: 30-32 </span></sup> </p><p>In East Frisia, the assimilation of Frisian speakers into the Low German speaking population was well under way in the early 16th century. The dialect of the Saterland persisted mostly due to geography: As the Saterland is surrounded by bogland, its inhabitants had few contacts with adjacent regions. The villages built on sandy hills were basically like islands. Until the 19th century, the settlement area was almost exclusively reachable by boat via the river <a href="/wiki/Sagter_Ems" title="Sagter Ems">Sagter Ems</a> (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Seelter Äi</i></span>), the exception being walking on frozen or dried out bogland during times of extreme weather.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters2020_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, the land did not belong to the <a href="/wiki/County_of_East_Frisia" title="County of East Frisia">County of East Frisia</a>, which came into existence in the 15th century, but changed hands frequently until it became part of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Oldenburg" title="County of Oldenburg">County of Oldenburg</a>. The resulting border was not merely political, but also denominational, as the Saterland was recatholicized.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters2020_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saterland was linguistically and culturally different from Oldenburg, too. This led to further isolation. </p><p>Colonialization of the bogland, the construction of roads and railways led to the Saterland being less isolated. Still, Saterfrisian managed, because most of the community living in the Saterland continued to use the language. This common linguistic area was disturbed following World War II. German repatriates from Eastern Europe were settled in the Saterland, leading to Standard German gradually replacing Saterfrisian. While the predicted language death in the late 20th century did not happen, and the number of speakers being stable, the Saterfrisian speaking community nowadays make up only a minority of those living in the Saterland.<sup id="cite_ref-FDictionary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDictionary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 46">: 46 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stellmacher_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stellmacher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSCHADDE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PSCHADDE.jpg/220px-PSCHADDE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PSCHADDE.jpg/330px-PSCHADDE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/PSCHADDE.jpg/440px-PSCHADDE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_sign" title="Bilingual sign">bilingual sign</a>, with the second line showing the place name in Saterland Frisian</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, estimates of the number of speakers vary slightly. Saterland Frisian is spoken by about 2,250 people, out of a total population in Saterland of some 10,000; an estimated 2,000 people speak the language well, slightly fewer than half of those being native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-speakers_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great majority of native speakers belong to the older generation; Saterland Frisian is thus a seriously <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered language</a>. It might, however, no longer be <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a>, as several reports suggest that the number of speakers is rising among the younger generation, some of whom raise their children in Saterlandic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seelterlound.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seelterlound.png/220px-Seelterlound.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seelterlound.png/330px-Seelterlound.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Seelterlound.png/440px-Seelterlound.png 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="3561" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a> with names in Sater Frisian</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_revitalization_efforts">Current revitalization efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current revitalization efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since about 1800, Sater Frisian has attracted the interest of a growing number of linguists. Media coverage sometimes argues that this linguistic interest, particularly the work of <a href="/wiki/Marron_Curtis_Fort" title="Marron Curtis Fort">Marron Curtis Fort</a>, helped preserve the language and revive interest among speakers in transmitting it to the next generation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the last century, a small literature developed in it. Also, the New Testament of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was translated into Sater Frisian by Fort, who was himself a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Children's books in Saterlandic are few, compared to those in German. Margaretha (Gretchen) Grosser, a retired member of the community of Saterland, has translated many children's books from German into Saterlandic.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters2020_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A full list of the books and the time of their publication can be seen on the German Wikipedia page of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaretha_Grosser" class="extiw" title="de:Margaretha Grosser">Margaretha Grosser</a>. </p><p>Recent efforts to revitalize Saterlandic include the creation of an app called "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleine Saterfriesen</i></span>" (Little Sater Frisians) on <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a>. According to the app's description, it aims at making the language fun for children to learn, as it teaches them Saterlandic vocabulary in many different domains (the supermarket, the farm, the church). There have been more than 500 downloads of the app since its release in December 2016, according to statistics on Google Play Store.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language remains capable of producing <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a> as evidenced by a competition during the <a href="/wiki/Covid-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Covid-19 pandemic">Covid-19 pandemic</a> to create a Saterfrisian word for <a href="/wiki/Facemasks_during_the_Covid-19_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Facemasks during the Covid-19 pandemic">anti-Covid face masks</a> held in late 2020 / early 2021<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in the term "<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Sküüldouk</i></span>" being adopted with face masks having the Saterfrisian sentence "<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Bäte dusse Sküüldouk wädt Seeltersk boald!</i></span>" ("Under this face mask, Saterfrisian is spoken") written on them gaining some local popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_Status">Official Status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Official Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German government has not committed significant resources to the preservation of Sater Frisian. Most of the work to secure the endurance of this language is therefore done by the <i>Seelter Buund</i> ("Saterlandic Alliance"). Along with <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> and five other languages, Sater Frisian was included in Part III of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> by Germany in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three fully mutually intelligible dialects, corresponding to the three main villages of the municipality of Saterland: Ramsloh (Saterlandic: <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><span lang="stq" style="font-style: normal;">Roomelse</span></span>), Scharrel (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><span lang="stq" style="font-style: normal;">Schäddel</span></span>), and Strücklingen (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><span lang="stq" style="font-style: normal;">Strukelje</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-F2001_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 419">: 419 </span></sup> The Ramsloh dialect now somewhat enjoys a status as a standard language, since a grammar and a word list were based on it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonology of Saterland Frisian is regarded as very conservative linguistically, as the entire East Frisian language group was conservative with regards to <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following tables are based on studies by <a href="/wiki/Marron_Curtis_Fort" title="Marron Curtis Fort">Marron C. Fort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F2001_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 411–412">: 411–412 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDictionary_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDictionary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 64–65">: 64–65 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saterland_Frisian_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Saterland_Frisian_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Saterland_Frisian_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Saterland_Frisian_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Saterland_Frisian_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Saterland_Frisian_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Saterland_Frisian_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Chart of Saterland Frisian monophthongs, from <sup id="cite_ref-Peters_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saterland_Frisian_diphthong_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Saterland_Frisian_diphthong_chart.svg/250px-Saterland_Frisian_diphthong_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Saterland_Frisian_diphthong_chart.svg/375px-Saterland_Frisian_diphthong_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Saterland_Frisian_diphthong_chart.svg/500px-Saterland_Frisian_diphthong_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>Chart of Saterland Frisian diphthongs, from <sup id="cite_ref-Peters_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Monophthongs">Monophthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monophthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is often realised as a vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ̯<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐ]</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a> depending on its syllable structure. </p><p><b>Short vowels:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#FFDEAD;" align="center"> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></td> <td>f<b>a</b>t (<i>fat</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ä</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span></td> <td>S<b>ä</b>t (<i>a while</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>e</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span></td> <td>z<b>e</b> (<i>they</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>i</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪ/</span></td> <td>L<b>i</b>d (<i>limb</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span></td> <td>D<b>o</b>t (<i>toddler</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ö</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œ/</span></td> <td>b<b>ö</b>lkje (<i>to shout</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊ/</span></td> <td>B<b>u</b>k (<i>book</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ü</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʏ/</span></td> <td>Dj<b>ü</b>pte (<i>depth</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Semi-long vowels:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#FFDEAD;" align="center"> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>ie</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iˑ/</span></td> <td>P<b>ie</b>ne (<i>pain</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>uu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uˑ/</span></td> <td>k<b>uu</b>t (<i>short</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Long vowels:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#FFDEAD;" align="center"> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>aa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span></td> <td>P<b>aa</b>d (<i>path</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ää</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span></td> <td>t<b>ää</b>n (<i>thin</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ee</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span></td> <td>D<b>ee</b> (<i>dough</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>íe</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span></td> <td>W<b>íe</b>k (<i>week</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>oa</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span></td> <td>d<b>oa</b>lje (<i>to calm</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>oo</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span></td> <td>R<b>oo</b>p (<i>rope</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>öö </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/øː/</span> </td> <td>r<b>öö</b>gje (rain) </td></tr> <tr> <td>öä</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œː/</span></td> <td>G<b>öä</b>te (<i>gutter</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>üü</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yː/</span></td> <td>D<b>ü</b>wel (<i>devil</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>úu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uː/</span></td> <td>M<b>úu</b>s (<i>mouse</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#FFDEAD;" align="center"> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td>ai</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːi/</span></td> <td>B<b>ai</b>l (<i>bail</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>au</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aːu/</span></td> <td>D<b>au</b> (<i>dew</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ääu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛːu/</span></td> <td>s<b>ääu</b>wen (<i>self</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>äi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛɪ/</span></td> <td>w<b>äi</b>t (<i>wet</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>äu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛu/</span></td> <td>h<b>äu</b>w (<i>hit, thrust</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>eeu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eːu/</span></td> <td>sk<b>eeu</b>w (<i>skew</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ieu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iˑu/</span></td> <td>Gr<b>ieu</b>w (<i>advantage</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>íeu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iːu/</span></td> <td><b>íeu</b>wen (<i>even, plain</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>iu</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪu/</span></td> <td>K<b>iu</b>we (<i>chin</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>oai</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔːɪ/</span></td> <td>t<b>oai</b> (<i>tough</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>oi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔy/</span></td> <td>fl<b>oi</b>tje (<i>to pipe</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ooi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oːɪ/</span></td> <td>sw<b>ooi</b>je (<i>to swing</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ou</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oːu/</span></td> <td>Bl<b>ou</b>d (<i>blood</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>öi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/œːi/</span></td> <td>B<b>öi</b>je (<i>gust of wind</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>uui</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uːɪ/</span></td> <td>tr<b>uui</b>je (<i>to threaten</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>üüi</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yːi/</span></td> <td>Sk<b>üüi</b> (<i>gravy</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Today, voiced <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> in the syllable coda are usually <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">terminally devoiced</a>. Older speakers and a few others may use voiced codas.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plosives">Plosives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plosives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#FFDEAD;" align="center"> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></td> <td><b>P</b>ik (<i>pitch</i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></td> <td><b>T</b>oom (<i>bridle</i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></td> <td><b>k</b>oold (<i>cold</i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></td> <td><b>B</b>abe (<i>father</i>)</td> <td>Occasionally voiced in syllable coda </td></tr> <tr> <td>d</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></td> <td><b>D</b>ai (<i>day</i>)</td> <td>May be voiced in syllable coda by older speakers </td></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></td> <td><b>G</b>äize (<i>goose</i>)</td> <td>A realization especially used by younger speakers instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fricatives">Fricatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fricatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#FFDEAD;" align="center"> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phoneme(s) </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>g</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ,<span class="wrap"> </span>x/</span></td> <td><b>G</b>äize (<i>goose</i>), Plou<b>g</b> (<i>plough</i>)</td> <td>Voiced velar fricative, unvoiced in the syllable coda and before an unvoiced consonant. Younger speakers show a tendency towards using the plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span>, as in German, but that development has not yet been reported in most scientific studies. </td></tr> <tr> <td>f</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f,<span class="wrap"> </span>v/</span></td> <td><b>F</b>júur (<i>fire</i>)</td> <td>Realised voicedly by a suffix: ljoo<b>f</b> - ljo<b>w</b>e (<i>dear</i> - <i>love</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span></td> <td><b>W</b>oater (<i>water</i>)</td> <td>Normally a voiced labio-dental fricative like in German, after <i>u</i> it is however realised as bilabial semi-vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> (see below). </td></tr> <tr> <td>v</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v,<span class="wrap"> </span>f/</span></td> <td>iek skräi<b>v</b>e (<i>I scream</i>)</td> <td>Realised voicelessly before voiceless consonants: du skräi<b>f</b>st (<i>you scream</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s,<span class="wrap"> </span>z/</span></td> <td><b>s</b>äike (<i>to seek</i>), <b>z</b>uuzje (<i>to sough</i>)</td> <td>Voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> in the syllable onset is unusual for Frisian dialects and also rare in Saterlandic. There is no known <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pair</a> <i>s - z</i> so /z/ is probably not a phoneme. Younger speakers tend to use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> more, for the combination of /s/ + another consonant: in <i>fräisk</i> (<i>Frisian</i>) not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[frɛɪsk]</span> but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fʀɛɪʃk]</span>. That development, however, has not yet been reported in most scientific studies. </td></tr> <tr> <td>ch</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span></td> <td>tru<b>ch</b> (<i>through</i>)</td> <td>Only in syllable nucleus and coda. </td></tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span></td> <td><b>h</b>oopje (<i>to hope</i>)</td> <td>Only in onset. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_consonants">Other consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#FFDEAD;" align="center"> <th>Grapheme </th> <th>Phoneme </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></td> <td><b>M</b>oud (<i>courage</i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></td> <td><b>n</b>äi (<i>new</i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ng</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></td> <td>sju<b>ng</b>e (<i>to sing</i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span></td> <td><b>J</b>ader (<i><a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a></i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></td> <td><b>L</b>ound (<i>land</i>)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʀ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐ̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐ]</span></td> <td><b>R</b>oage (<i>rye</i>)</td> <td>Traditionally, a rolled or simple <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> in onsets and between vowels. After vowels or in codas, it becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɐ]</span>. Younger speakers tend to use a <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span> instead. That development, however, has not yet been reported in most scientific studies. </td></tr> <tr> <td>w</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span></td> <td>Kiu<b>w</b>e (<i>chin</i>)</td> <td>As in English, it is realised as a bilabial semivowel only after <i>u</i>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The subject pronouns of Saterland Frisian are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">first person </th> <td><i>iek</i></td> <td><i>wie</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">second person </th> <td><i>du</i></td> <td><i>jie</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">third person</th> <th>masculine </th> <td><i>hie</i>, <i>er</i></td> <td rowspan="3"><i>jo</i>, <i>ze (unstr.)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>feminine </th> <td><i>ju</i>, <i>ze (unstr.)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>neuter </th> <td><i>dät</i>, <i>et</i>, <i>t</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The numbers 1–10 in Saterland Frisian are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-F2001_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 417">: 417 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Saterland Frisian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>aan (m.) <p>een (f., n.) </p> </td> <td>one </td></tr> <tr> <td>twäin (m.) <p>two (f., n.) </p> </td> <td>two </td></tr> <tr> <td>träi (m.) <p>trjo (f., n.) </p> </td> <td>three </td></tr> <tr> <td>fjauer </td> <td>four </td></tr> <tr> <td>fieuw </td> <td>five </td></tr> <tr> <td>säks </td> <td>six </td></tr> <tr> <td>sogen </td> <td>seven </td></tr> <tr> <td>oachte </td> <td>eight </td></tr> <tr> <td>njúgen </td> <td>nine </td></tr> <tr> <td>tjoon </td> <td>ten </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Numbers one through three in Saterland Frisian vary in form based on the gender of the noun they occur with.<sup id="cite_ref-F2001_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 417">: 417 </span></sup> In the table, "m." stands for masculine, "f." for feminine, and "n." for neuter. </p><p>For the purposes of comparison, here is a table with numbers 1–10 in 4 West Germanic languages: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Saterland Frisian </th> <th>Low German </th> <th>German </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>aan (m.) <p>een (f., n.) </p> </td> <td>een </td> <td>eins </td> <td>one </td></tr> <tr> <td>twäin (m.) <p>two (f., n.) </p> </td> <td>twee </td> <td>zwei </td> <td>two (and the old masculine 'twain') </td></tr> <tr> <td>träi (m.) <p>trjo (f., n.) </p> </td> <td>dree </td> <td>drei </td> <td>three </td></tr> <tr> <td>fjauer </td> <td>veer </td> <td>vier </td> <td>four </td></tr> <tr> <td>fieuw </td> <td>fief </td> <td>fünf </td> <td>five </td></tr> <tr> <td>säks </td> <td>söss </td> <td>sechs </td> <td>six </td></tr> <tr> <td>sogen </td> <td>söben </td> <td>sieben </td> <td>seven </td></tr> <tr> <td>oachte </td> <td>acht </td> <td>acht </td> <td>eight </td></tr> <tr> <td>njúgen </td> <td>negen </td> <td>neun </td> <td>nine </td></tr> <tr> <td>tjoon </td> <td>teihn </td> <td>zehn </td> <td>ten </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Saterlfrisian language preserved some lexical peculiarities of East Frisian, such as the verb <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">reke</i></span> replacing the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">geben</i> in all contexts (e.g. <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Daach rakt et Ljude, doo deer baale …</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German: Doch gibt es Leute, die da sprechen; 'Yet there are people, who speak') or <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">kwede</i></span> ('to say') compare English 'quoth'. In Old Frisian, <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">quetha</i></span> and <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">sedza</i></span> existed (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Augustinus seith ande queth …</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Augustinus said and said'). Another word, common in earlier forms of Western Germanic, but survived only in East Frisian is <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Soaks</i></span> meaning 'knife' (comp. <a href="/wiki/Seax" title="Seax">Seax</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Saterland Frisian became a <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> relatively recently. German orthography cannot adequately represent the vowel rich Frisian language. Until the mid-20th century, scholars researching it developed their own orthography. The poet Gesina Lechte-Siemer, who published poems in Saterfrisian since the 1930s, adopted a proposal by the cultural historian Julius Bröring.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s Jelle Brouwer, professor in Groningen, an orthography based on the Dutch one, which failed to gain widespread acceptance. The West Frisian Pyt Kramer, who did research in Saterfrisian, developed a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic orthography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American linguist <a href="/wiki/Marron_Curtis_Fort" title="Marron Curtis Fort">Marron Curtis Fort</a> used Brouwer's Dutch-based orthography as a basis for his own proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Testament_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Testament-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable difference between the two orthographies is the way long vowels are represented. Kramer proposes that long vowels always be spelled with a double vowels (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">baale</i></span> 'to speak'), while Fort maintains, that long vowels in open syllables be spelled with a single vowels, as Frisian vowels in open syllables are always long (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">bale</i></span> 'to speak'). Both proposals use almost no diacritics, apart from Fort's use of <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acutes</a> to differentiate long vowels from semi-long ones. </p><p>So far, no standard has evolved. Those projects tutored by Kramer use his orthography while Fort published his works in his orthography, which is also recognized by the German authorities. Others use a compromise.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lack of standards leads to the village <a href="/wiki/Scharrel" title="Scharrel">Scharrel</a> being spelled <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Schäddel</i></span> on its town sign instead of the currently used <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Skäddel</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordwest-Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordwest-Zeitung (page does not exist)">Nordwest-Zeitung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordwest-Zeitung" class="extiw" title="de:Nordwest-Zeitung">de</a>]</span>, a German-language regional daily newspaper based in <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg, Germany</a>, publishes occasional articles in Saterland Frisian. The articles are also made available on the newspaper's Internet page, under the headline <span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Seeltersk</i></span>. </p><p>As of 2004, the regional radio station <i>Ems-Vechte-Welle</i> broadcasts a 2-hour program in Saterland Frisian and <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> entitled <i>Middeeges</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters2020_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program is aired every other Sunday from 11:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. The first hour of the program is usually reserved for Saterland Frisian. The program usually consists of interviews about local issues between music. The station can be streamed live though the station's Internet page. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages#Comparative_sentences" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages § Comparative sentences</a></div> <p>Below is a snippet of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">the New Testament</a> in Saterland Frisian, published in 2000 and translated by <a href="/wiki/Marron_Curtis_Fort" title="Marron Curtis Fort">Marron Curtis Fort</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-New_Testament_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Testament-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="stq" class="poem"> <p>Dut aal is geskäin, dät dät uutkume skuul, wät die Here truch dän Profeet kweden häd; </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>This all has happened, so that it would come true, what the Lord through the prophet has said; </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-New_Testament_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Testament-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="stq" class="poem"> <p>Uus Foar in dän Hemel, din Nome wäide heliged, <br /> läit dien Riek boalde kume, läit din Wille geskjo so in dän Hemel as ap ju Äide. <br /> Dou uus dälig dät Brood, dät wie bruke. <br /> Un ferreke uus uus Skeelden, so as wie ze uus Skeeldlju-dene ferroat häbe. <br /> Un lede uus nit in<br /> Fersäikenge, man rädde uus fóar dät Kwode. Dan dienen is dät Riek un ju Krääft un ju Heerdelkaid bit in alle Eeuwigaid.<br /> Amen. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A preview of the first stanza of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterlied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saterlied (page does not exist)">Saterlied</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterlied" class="extiw" title="de:Saterlied">de</a>]</span> (<span title="Saterland Frisian-language text"><i lang="stq">Seelter Läid</i></span>), which is considered to be the regional anthem of Saterland:<sup id="cite_ref-Klöver_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klöver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="stq" class="poem"> <p>Ljude rakt et fuul un Lounde,<br /> Do ap Goddes Wareld stounde.<br /> Man wät gungt deer wäil uur Seelter,<br /> Un uur’t litje Seelterlound? </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>There are many people and countries<br /> who stand on God's earth,<br /> But what goes well over Sater,<br /> About the small Saterland? </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="stq:"> Saterland Frisian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Islands" title="Frisian Islands">Frisian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisians" title="Saterland Frisians">Saterland Frisians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-speakers-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speakers_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A number of 6,370 speakers is cited by Fort,<sup id="cite_ref-F2001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 410">: 410 </span></sup> a 1995 poll counted 2,225 speakers; <sup id="cite_ref-Stellmacher_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stellmacher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> refers to a monolingual population of 5,000, but this number originally was not of speakers but of persons who counted themselves ethnically Saterland Frisian.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e21_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/stq">Saterland Frisian</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827103454/http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/index/LS_index_r-s.pdf">"r-s"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Linguasphere Register</i>. p. 252. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguasphere.info/lcontao/tl_files/pdf/index/LS_index_r-s.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linguasphere+Register&rft.atitle=r-s&rft.pages=252&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguasphere.info%2Flcontao%2Ftl_files%2Fpdf%2Findex%2FLS_index_r-s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F2001_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F2001_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F2001_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F2001_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F2001_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F2001_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFort2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marron_Curtis_Fort" title="Marron Curtis Fort">Fort, Marron Curtis</a> (2001). "Das Saterfriesische" [The Saterland Frisian language]. In Munske, Horst (ed.). <i>Handbuch des Friesischen</i> [<i>Handbook of the Frisian language</i>] (in German). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X"><bdi>3-484-73048-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Saterfriesische&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Friesischen&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-484-73048-X&rft.aulast=Fort&rft.aufirst=Marron+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2001" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Hans Frede (2001). "Frisian and the Grouping of the Older Germanic Languages". In Munske, Horst (ed.). <i>Handbuch des Friesischen</i> [<i>Handbook of the Frisian language</i>]. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X"><bdi>3-484-73048-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frisian+and+the+Grouping+of+the+Older+Germanic+Languages&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Friesischen&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-484-73048-X&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Frede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klöver-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klöver_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klöver_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klöver_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlöver1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klöver, Hanne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246014591"><i>Spurensuche im Saterland: Ein Lesebuch zur Geschichte einer Gemeinde friesischen Ursprungs im Oldenburger Münsterland</i></a> (in German). Norden: Soltau-Kurier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-928327-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-928327-31-3"><bdi>3-928327-31-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/246014591">246014591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spurensuche+im+Saterland%3A+Ein+Lesebuch+zur+Geschichte+einer+Gemeinde+friesischen+Ursprungs+im+Oldenburger+M%C3%BCnsterland&rft.place=Norden&rft.pub=Soltau-Kurier&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F246014591&rft.isbn=3-928327-31-3&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%B6ver&rft.aufirst=Hanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F246014591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters2020_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters2020_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters2020_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters2020_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters2020_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Peters, Jörg (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345455194">"Saterfriesisch"</a> [Saterland Frisian language]. In Beyer, Rahel; Plewnia, Albrecht (eds.). <i>Handbuch der Sprachminderheiten in Deutschland</i> [<i>Handbook of linguistic minorities in Germany</i>] (in German) (1 ed.). Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. pp. 139–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-8261-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8233-8261-4"><bdi>978-3-8233-8261-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saterfriesisch&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Sprachminderheiten+in+Deutschland&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=139-171&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Gunter+Narr+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-8233-8261-4&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F345455194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoche1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoche, Johann Gottfried (1977) [1800]. <i>Reise durch Osnabrück und Niedermünster in das Saterland, Ostfriesland und Groeningen</i> [<i>Voyage through Osnabrück and Neumünster into the Saterland, East Frisia and Groeningen</i>] (in German) (reprint ed.). Leer: Theodor Schuster. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7963-0137-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7963-0137-1"><bdi>3-7963-0137-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reise+durch+Osnabr%C3%BCck+und+Niederm%C3%BCnster+in+das+Saterland%2C+Ostfriesland+und+Groeningen&rft.place=Leer&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Theodor+Schuster&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=3-7963-0137-1&rft.aulast=Hoche&rft.aufirst=Johann+Gottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDictionary-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDictionary_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDictionary_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFort1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Marron_Curtis_Fort" title="Marron Curtis Fort">Fort, Marron Curtis</a> (1980). <i>Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch</i> [<i>Dictionary of the Saterland Frisian language</i>] (in German). Hamburg: Buske.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saterfriesisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Buske&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Fort&rft.aufirst=Marron+Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stellmacher-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stellmacher_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stellmacher_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStellmacher1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stellmacher, Dieter (1998). <i>Das Saterland und das Saterländische</i> [<i>The Saterland and Saterlandic</i>] (in German). Oldenburg: Oldenburgische Landschaft Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89598-567-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89598-567-6"><bdi>978-3-89598-567-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Saterland+und+das+Saterl%C3%A4ndische&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.pub=Oldenburgische+Landschaft+Verlag&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-89598-567-6&rft.aulast=Stellmacher&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/stq">"Saterfriesisch"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Alles verstanden?"</a> [Bäte dusse Sküüldouk wädt Seeltersk boald! Got it?]. <i>NDR</i> (in German). 21 February 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndr.de/nachrichten/niedersachsen/Baete-dusse-Skueueldouk-waedt-Seeltersk-boald-Alles-verstanden,muttersprache106.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NDR&rft.atitle=B%C3%A4te+dusse+Sk%C3%BC%C3%BCldouk+w%C3%A4dt+Seeltersk+boald%21+Alles+verstanden%3F&rft.date=2021-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndr.de%2Fnachrichten%2Fniedersachsen%2FBaete-dusse-Skueueldouk-waedt-Seeltersk-boald-Alles-verstanden%2Cmuttersprache106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/downloads/DE/publikationen/themen/heimat-integration/nationale-minderheiten/minderheiten-und-regionalsprachen-vierte-auflage.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=10"><i>Nationale Minderheiten, Minderheitensprachen und die Regionalsprache Niederdeutsch in Deutschland</i></a> [<i>National minorities, minority languages and the regional language Lower German in Germany</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German) (4 ed.), Berlin: Bundesministerium für Inneres, Bau und Sicherheit, November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationale+Minderheiten%2C+Minderheitensprachen+und+die+Regionalsprache+Niederdeutsch+in+Deutschland&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+f%C3%BCr+Inneres%2C+Bau+und+Sicherheit&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmi.bund.de%2FSharedDocs%2Fdownloads%2FDE%2Fpublikationen%2Fthemen%2Fheimat-integration%2Fnationale-minderheiten%2Fminderheiten-und-regionalsprachen-vierte-auflage.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile%26v%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersloot2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Versloot, Arjen (2001). 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Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-484-73048-X"><bdi>3-484-73048-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grundz%C3%BCge+Ostfriesischer+Sprachgeschichte&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Friesischen&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-484-73048-X&rft.aulast=Versloot&rft.aufirst=Arjen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2017" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Jörg (2017). "Saterland Frisian". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 223–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100317000226">10.1017/S0025100317000226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232348873">232348873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Saterland+Frisian&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-230&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100317000226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232348873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1996" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVgkqcRgQswC&q=saterland+frisian+iek+du&pg=PA192"><i>The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages</i></a> (1 ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110819205" title="Special:BookSources/9783110819205"><bdi>9783110819205</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Personal+Pronouns+in+the+Germanic+Languages&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9783110819205&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVgkqcRgQswC%26q%3Dsaterland%2Bfrisian%2Biek%2Bdu%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechte-Siemer1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Lechte-Siemer, Gesina (1977). <i>Ju Seelter Kroune</i> (in Saterland Frisian). Rhauderfehn: Ostendorp Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ju+Seelter+Kroune&rft.place=Rhauderfehn&rft.pub=Ostendorp+Verlag&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lechte-Siemer&rft.aufirst=Gesina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumaEbel1967" class="citation book cs1">Buma, Jan Wybren; Ebel, Wilhelm, eds. (1967). <i>Emsiger Recht</i>. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emsiger+Recht&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBröring1897" class="citation book cs1">Bröring, Julius (1897). <i>Das Saterland: Eine Darstellung von Land, Leben, Leuten in Wort und Bild</i> [<i>The Saterland: A depiction of the land, customes and people</i>]. Vol. 1. Oldenburg: Stalling.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Saterland%3A+Eine+Darstellung+von+Land%2C+Leben%2C+Leuten+in+Wort+und+Bild&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.pub=Stalling&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Br%C3%B6ring&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBröring1901" class="citation book cs1">Bröring, Julius (1901). <i>Das Saterland: Eine Darstellung von Land, Leben, Leuten in Wort und Bild</i>. Vol. 2. Oldenburg: Stalling.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Saterland%3A+Eine+Darstellung+von+Land%2C+Leben%2C+Leuten+in+Wort+und+Bild&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.pub=Stalling&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Br%C3%B6ring&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kramer, Pyt (1982). <i>Kute Seelter Sproakleere = Kurze Grammatik des Saterfriesischen</i> [<i>A short Grammar of Saterfrisian</i>] (in German). Rhauderfehn: Ostendorp Verlag. pp. 5–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-921516-35-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-921516-35-5"><bdi>978-3-921516-35-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kute+Seelter+Sproakleere+%3D+Kurze+Grammatik+des+Saterfriesischen&rft.place=Rhauderfehn&rft.pages=5-8&rft.pub=Ostendorp+Verlag&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-921516-35-5&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Pyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Testament-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Testament_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFort2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Fort, Marron Curtis (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174542094"><i>Dät Näie Tästamänt un do Psoolme in ju aasterlauwersfräiske Uurtoal fon dät Seelterlound, Fräislound, Butjoarlound, Aastfräislound un do Groninger Umelounde</i></a> [<i>The New Testament and the Psalms in the East Low Franconian language of Saterland, Frisia, Butjadingen, East Frisia and Ommelande</i>] (in Saterland Frisian). Oldenburg: Bis-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8142-0692-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8142-0692-4"><bdi>3-8142-0692-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174542094">174542094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A4t+N%C3%A4ie+T%C3%A4stam%C3%A4nt+un+do+Psoolme+in+ju+aasterlauwersfr%C3%A4iske+Uurtoal+fon+d%C3%A4t+Seelterlound%2C+Fr%C3%A4islound%2C+Butjoarlound%2C+Aastfr%C3%A4islound+un+do+Groninger+Umelounde&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.pub=Bis-Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174542094&rft.isbn=3-8142-0692-4&rft.aulast=Fort&rft.aufirst=Marron+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F174542094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlofstraHoekstraLeppers2021" class="citation book cs1">Slofstra, Bouke; Hoekstra, Eric; Leppers, Tessa (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seeltersk.de/wp-content/uploads/GRAMMATIK-DES-SATERFRIESISCHEN-VERSION-DEZ-2021.pdf"><i>Grammatik des Saterfriesischen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fryske Akademie. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatik+des+Saterfriesischen&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Fryske+Akademie&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Slofstra&rft.aufirst=Bouke&rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+Eric&rft.au=Leppers%2C+Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seeltersk.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FGRAMMATIK-DES-SATERFRIESISCHEN-VERSION-DEZ-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fort, Marron C. (1980): <i>Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch</i>. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.</li> <li>Fort, Marron C. (2001) Das Saterfrisische. In Munske, Horst Haider (ed.), Handbuch des Friesischen, 409–422. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton</li> <li>Kramer, Pyt (1982): <i>Kute Seelter Sproakleere - Kurze Grammatik des Saterfriesischen</i>. Rhauderfehn: Ostendorp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2017" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Jörg (2017). "Saterland Frisian". <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 223–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100317000226">10.1017/S0025100317000226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232348873">232348873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Saterland+Frisian&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-230&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100317000226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232348873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlofstraHoekstra2022" class="citation book cs1">Slofstra, Bouke; Hoekstra, Eric (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fryske-akademy.nl/fileadmin/inhoud/beelden/homepage/Kennis/Utjeften/Downloads/SPRACHLEHRE-DES-SATERFRIESISCHEN-2022.pdf"><i>Sprachlehre des Saterfriesischen</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fryske Akademy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sprachlehre+des+Saterfriesischen&rft.pub=Fryske+Akademy&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Slofstra&rft.aufirst=Bouke&rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fryske-akademy.nl%2Ffileadmin%2Finhoud%2Fbeelden%2Fhomepage%2FKennis%2FUtjeften%2FDownloads%2FSPRACHLEHRE-DES-SATERFRIESISCHEN-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaterland+Frisian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stellmacher, Dieter (1998): <i>Das Saterland und das Saterländische</i>. Oldenburg.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saterland_Frisian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saterfriesisches-wörterbuch.de">Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch</a> (German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617215157/http://seelter.16mb.com/">Näie Seelter Siede</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seeltersk.de">Seeltersk Kontoor</a> (German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seelterbuund.de">Seelter Buund</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Frisian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Frisian_languages" title="Template:Frisian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Frisian_languages" title="Template talk:Frisian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Frisian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Frisian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Frisian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Frisian language">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoogs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Westlauwers–Terschellings" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Westlauwers–<br />Terschellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Ems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saterland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upgant_Frisian" title="Upgant Frisian">Upgant</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Weser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Mainland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde (Mooring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.25em;font-weight:normal;">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Föhr Frisian">Föhr</a>–<a href="/wiki/Amrum_Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrum Frisian">Amrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substratum dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li>Midslands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_Dutch" title="West Frisian Dutch">West Frisian Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Germany" title="Template:Languages of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Languages of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German</a>) <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional/minority<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saterland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sorbian_language" title="Upper Sorbian language">Upper Sorbian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian language</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saterland Frisian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upgant_Frisian" title="Upgant Frisian">Upgant Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths#Gothic_language" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a></i></li> <li><i>Visigoth</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gepids#Language" title="Gepids">Gepid</a></i> ?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heruli#Language" title="Heruli">Herulian</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciri#Language" title="Sciri">Skirian</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27154#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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(de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)">CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Saterland_Frisian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Saterland Frisian-language text">Articles containing Saterland Frisian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language 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