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href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suprasegmentals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suprasegmentals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Suprasegmentals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suprasegmentals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reduplication_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduplication_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reduplication verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduplication_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afaa:_weakest_doubling_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afaa:_weakest_doubling_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span><span><i>Afaa</i></span>: weakest doubling effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afaa:_weakest_doubling_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laa_and_optionality_of_reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laa_and_optionality_of_reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span><span><i>Laa</i></span> and optionality of reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laa_and_optionality_of_reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaa_and_choo:_stronger_reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaa_and_choo:_stronger_reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span><span><i>Gaa</i></span> and <span><i>choo</i></span>: stronger reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaa_and_choo:_stronger_reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperative_mood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperative_mood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Imperative mood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperative_mood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cross-doubling_with_choo_and_gaa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-doubling_with_choo_and_gaa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>Cross-doubling with <span><i>choo</i></span> and <span><i>gaa</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-doubling_with_choo_and_gaa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple_reduplication_with_gaa_and_choo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_reduplication_with_gaa_and_choo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8</span> <span>Multiple reduplication with <span><i>gaa</i></span> and <span><i>choo</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_reduplication_with_gaa_and_choo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sample_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sample phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cinema and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Swiss German</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerdeutsch" title="Schweizerdeutsch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schweizerdeutsch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألمانية سويسرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانية سويسرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_suizo" title="Alemán suizo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemán suizo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuche_suisso" title="Tuche suisso – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tuche suisso" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_de_Suiza" title="Alemán de Suiza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemán de Suiza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7r%C9%99_alman_dili" title="İsveçrə alman dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveçrə alman dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সুইস জার্মান ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুইস জার্মান ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABi-se_Tek-g%C3%AD" title="Sūi-se Tek-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sūi-se Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Швейцарски немски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Швейцарски немски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerdeutsch" title="Schweizerdeutsch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schweizerdeutsch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemany_su%C3%ADs" title="Alemany suís – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemany suís" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarsk%C3%A1_n%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Švýcarská němčina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Švýcarská němčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizertysk" title="Schweizertysk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Schweizertysk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerdeutsch" title="Schweizerdeutsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweizerdeutsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Ελβετικά γερμανικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελβετικά γερμανικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1n_de_Suiza" title="Alemán de Suiza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemán de Suiza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svisgermana_lingvo" title="Svisgermana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Svisgermana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آلمانی سوئیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمانی سوئیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suisse_allemand" title="Suisse allemand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suisse allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_alem%C3%A1_de_Su%C3%ADza" title="Lingua alemá de Suíza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua alemá de Suíza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="스위스 독일어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스위스 독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Swiss" title="Bahasa Jerman Swiss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman Swiss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_svizzero-tedesca" title="Lingua svizzero-tedesca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua svizzero-tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמנית שווייצרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמנית שווייצרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_sw%C3%AEsr%C3%AE" title="Almaniya swîsrî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almaniya swîsrî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veices_v%C4%81cu_valoda" 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href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89" title="المانى سويسرى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانى سويسرى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwitserduits" title="Zwitserduits – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwitserduits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="スイスドイツ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スイスドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of Switzerland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the closely related languages that are mainly spoken in German speaking Switzerland. For the Swiss variety of written Standard German, see <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Swiss_German" title="Special:EditPage/Swiss German">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Swiss+German%22">"Swiss German"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Swiss+German%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Swiss+German%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Swiss+German%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Swiss+German%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Swiss+German%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Swiss German</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><i>Schwiizerdütsch</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gsw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">[ˈʃʋitsərˌd̥ytʃ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Switzerland (as <i>German</i>), <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> (Austria), <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> & <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Aosta Valley</a> (Italy)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4.93 million in Switzerland (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Unknown number in Germany and Austria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Swiss German</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=177">gsw</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/gsw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:gsw">gsw</a></code> (with <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/swis1247">swis1247</a></code><br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wals1238">wals1238</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ACB-f">(45 varieties: 52-ACB-faa to -fkb) 52-ACB-f (45 varieties: 52-ACB-faa to -fkb)</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>gsw<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-f88818501e51a28916c7ba1387f006c5561ad5a0-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-f88818501e51a28916c7ba1387f006c5561ad5a0-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Swiss German is classified as Potentially Vulnerable by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="72" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Fabia_speaking_Swiss_German.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Swiss German speaker</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Swiss German</b> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schweizerdeutsch</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannic German language">Alemannic German</a>: <i lang="gsw">Schwiizerdütsch, Schwyzerdütsch, Schwiizertüütsch, Schwizertitsch Mundart</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others) is any of the <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> dialects spoken in the <a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland" title="German-speaking Switzerland">German-speaking part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and in some <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alpine</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> bordering Switzerland. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are grouped together with Swiss German as well, especially the dialects of <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and Austrian <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, which are closely associated to Switzerland's.<sup id="cite_ref-AsherMoseley2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsherMoseley2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GorterMarten2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GorterMarten2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguistically, Alemannic is divided into <a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a>, varieties all of which are spoken both inside and outside Switzerland. The only exception within German-speaking Switzerland is the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Samnaun" title="Samnaun">Samnaun</a>, where a <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian dialect</a> is spoken. The reason Swiss German dialects constitute a special group is their almost unrestricted use as a spoken language in practically all situations of daily life, whereas the use of the Alemannic dialects in other countries is restricted or even endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dialects that comprise Swiss German must not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a>, the variety of <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> used in Switzerland. Swiss Standard German is fully understandable to all speakers of Standard German, while many people in Germany – especially in the north – do not understand Swiss German. An interview with a Swiss German speaker, when shown on television in Germany, will require subtitles.<sup id="cite_ref-3sat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3sat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Swiss German is the native language in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, Swiss school students are taught Swiss Standard German from the age of six. They are thus capable of understanding, writing and speaking Standard German, with varying abilities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most regional languages in modern Europe, Swiss German is the everyday spoken language for the majority of the population, in all social strata, from urban centers to the countryside. Using Swiss German conveys neither social nor educational inferiority and is done with pride.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a few settings where speaking Standard German is demanded or polite, e.g., in education (but not during breaks in school lessons, where the teachers will speak with students in Swiss German), in multilingual parliaments (the federal parliaments and a few cantonal and municipal ones), in the main news broadcast or in the presence of non-<a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> speakers. This situation has been called a "medial <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>", since the <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> is mainly Swiss German, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a> is mainly <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">(the Swiss variety of) Standard German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, about 87% of the people living in the German-speaking portion of Switzerland were using Swiss German in their everyday lives.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swiss German is intelligible to speakers of other <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> dialects, but largely unintelligible to speakers of Standard German who lack adequate prior exposure. This is also a challenge for French- or Italian-speaking Swiss who learn Standard German at school. In the rare cases that Swiss German is heard on TV in Germany and Austria, the speaker is most likely to be dubbed or subtitled. More commonly, a Swiss speaker will speak Standard German on non-Swiss media. </p><p>"Dialect rock" is a music genre using the language;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many <a href="/wiki/Swiss_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss rock">Swiss rock</a> bands, however, sing in English instead. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Amish" title="Swiss Amish">Swiss Amish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Indiana" title="Adams County, Indiana">Adams County, Indiana</a>, and their daughter settlements also use a form of Swiss German.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation_and_distribution">Variation and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variation and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swiss German is a regional or political <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a>, not a linguistic unity. For all Swiss-German dialects, there are idioms spoken outside Switzerland that are more closely related to them than to some other Swiss-German dialects. The main linguistic divisions within Swiss German are those of <a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest</a> Alemannic, and mutual intelligibility across those groups is almost fully seamless, despite some differences in vocabulary. Low Alemannic is only spoken in the northernmost parts of Switzerland, in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> and around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Constance" title="Lake Constance">Lake Constance</a>. High Alemannic is spoken in most of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a>, and is divided into an eastern and a western group. Highest Alemannic is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Alps</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_languages_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Swiss_languages_1.png/220px-Swiss_languages_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Swiss_languages_1.png/330px-Swiss_languages_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Swiss_languages_1.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Language distribution in Switzerland <hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c6f; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romandy" title="Romandy">Romandy</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8f4; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f66; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Low Alemannic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_German" title="Basel German">Basel German</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a> (BS), closely related to <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="High Alemannic">High Alemannic</a>: <ul><li>Western: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a> parts of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a> (BE)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft</a> (BL)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a> (SO)</li> <li>Dialects of the western part of <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a> (AG)</li></ul></li> <li>In a middle position between eastern and western: <ul><li>Dialects in the eastern part of <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a> (AG)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a> (LU)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a> (ZG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich German">Zürich German</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a> (ZH)</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern: <ul><li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> (SG)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a> (AR & AI)</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Thurgovian"></span>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a> (TG)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a> (SH)</li> <li>Dialects in parts of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> (GR)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic" class="mw-redirect" title="Highest Alemannic">Highest Alemannic</a>: <ul><li>Dialects in parts of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Canton of Fribourg</a> (FR)</li> <li>Dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Bernese_Oberland" title="Bernese Oberland">Bernese Oberland</a> (BE)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a> (OW & NW) and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a> (UR)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a> (SZ)</li> <li>Dialects of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a> (GL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walliser_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Walliser German">Walliser German</a> in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Valais" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Valais">Valais</a> (VS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a>: due to the medieval migration of the <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a>, Highest Alemannic spread to pockets of what are now parts of northern Italy (Piedmont), the north-west of <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> (TI), parts of <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> (GR), <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>One can separate each dialect into numerous local subdialects, sometimes down to a resolution of individual villages. Speaking the dialect is an important part of regional, <a href="/wiki/Cantonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonal">cantonal</a> and national identities. In the more urban areas of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss plateau">Swiss plateau</a>, regional differences are fading due to increasing mobility and to a growing population of non-Alemannic background. Despite the varied dialects, the Swiss can still understand one another, but may particularly have trouble understanding <a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walliser</a> dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Swiss German dialects have completed the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>, which has only shifted <i>t</i> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> and <i>p</i> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p͡f]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span>, they have also shifted <i>k</i> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͡x]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>. The dialects of <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> are exceptions to this. Basel German is a <i>Low Alemannic</i> dialect (mostly spoken in Germany near the Swiss border), and Chur German is basically <i>High Alemannic</i> without initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͡x]</span>. </p><p>Examples: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>High Alemannic </th> <th>Low Alemannic </th> <th>Standard German </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈxaʃtə]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkʰaʃtə]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkastn]</span> </td> <td>'Kasten' </td> <td>'box' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͡xaˈri(ː)b̥ik͡x]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰaˈriːbikʰ]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaˈriːbɪk]</span> </td> <td>'Karibik' </td> <td>'Caribbean' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The High German consonant shift occurred between the 4th and 9th centuries south of the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath line</a>, separating High German from Low German (where <i>high</i> refers to areas of greater altitude). It combines <a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> varieties - also referring to their geographical locations. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a> migration, which took place in the 12th and 13th centuries, spread varieties from upper <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> to the east and south, into <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a> and to modern western Austria and northern Italy. Informally, a distinction is made between the German-speaking people living in Valais, the <i>Walliser</i>, and those who have migrated, the <i><a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walsers</a></i>. The latter can mainly be found in Grisons and <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> in Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a> in Austria, south of the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Rosa" title="Monte Rosa">Monte Rosa</a> mountain chain in Italy (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Issime" title="Issime">Issime</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aosta_Valley" title="Aosta Valley">Valle d'Aosta</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> in northern Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u" title="Allgäu">Allgäu</a> in Bavaria). </p><p>Generally, the Walser communities were situated on higher alpine regions, so were able to stay independent of the ruling forces of those days, who did not or were not able to oversee them all the time in these hostile environments. Hence the Walsers were pioneers of the liberation from <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. In addition, Walser villages are easily distinguishable from Grisonian ones, as Walser houses are made of wood rather than stone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The paragraph near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (April 2019)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Bernese German consonant system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>  </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">mː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">nː</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">b̥</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">d̥</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">ɡ̊</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p͡f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">k͡x</a></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">v̥</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">z̥</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʒ̊</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">ɣ̊</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> – <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">lː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Like most other Southern German dialects, Swiss German dialects have no voiced <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a>. The voiceless lenis obstruents are often marked with the IPA diacritic for voicelessness as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b̥<span class="wrap"> </span>d̥<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ̊<span class="wrap"> </span>v̥<span class="wrap"> </span>z̥<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ̊<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ̊/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swiss German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> are not aspirated. Nonetheless, there is an opposition of consonant pairs such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span>. Traditionally, it has been described as a distinction of <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis and lenis</a> in the original sense, that is, distinguished by articulatory strength or <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tenseness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, it has been claimed to be a distinction of quantity.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ]</span> have secondarily developed by combinations of prefixes with word-initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> or by borrowings from other languages (mainly Standard German): <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈphaltə/</span> 'keep' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">behalten</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bəˈhaltn̩]</span>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtheː/</span> 'tea' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Tee</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈtʰeː]</span>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkhalt/</span> 'salary' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gehalt</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡəˈhalt]</span>). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, aspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰ/</span> is also present in native words, corresponding to the affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kx/</span> of the other dialects, which does not occur in Basel or Chur. </p><p>Swiss German keeps the fortis–lenis opposition at the end of words. There can be minimal pairs such as <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">graad</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ̊raːd̥]</span> 'straight' and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Graat</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ̊raːt]</span> '<a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">arête</a>' or <i>bis</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b̥ɪz̥]</span> 'be (<a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imp.</a>)' and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Biss</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b̥ɪs]</span> 'bite'. That distinguishes Swiss German and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a> from <a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutralization (linguistics)">neutralizes</a> the fortis–lenis opposition at the ends of words. The phenomenon is usually called <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a> even though, in the case of German, <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">phonetic voice</a> may not be involved. </p><p>Unlike Standard German, Swiss German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> does not have the allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç]</span> but is typically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, with allophones <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʁ̥<span class="wrap"> </span>–<span class="wrap"> </span>χ]</span>. The typical Swiss <a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">shibboleth</a> features this sound: <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Chuchichäschtli</i></span> ('kitchen cupboard'), pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈχuχːiˌχæʃtli]</span>. </p><p>Most Swiss German dialects have gone through the Alemannic <i>n</i>-<a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocope</a>, which has led to the loss of final <i>-n</i> in words such as <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Garte</i></span> 'garden' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Garten</i></span>) or <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">mache</i></span> 'to make' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">machen</i></span>). In some Highest Alemannic dialects, the <i>n</i>-apocope has also been effective in consonant clusters, for instance in <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Hore</i></span> 'horn' (High Alemannic <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Horn</i></span>) or <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">däiche</i></span> 'to think' (High Alemannic <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">dänke</i></span>). Only the Highest Alemannic dialects of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6tschental" title="Lötschental">Lötschental</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Haslital" class="mw-redirect" title="Haslital">Haslital</a> have preserved the -<i>n</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is pronounced as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> in many dialects, but some dialects, especially in the Northeast or in the <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> region, have a <a href="/wiki/Uvular_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Uvular trill">uvular trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʀ]</span>, and other allophones resulting in fricatives and an approximant as [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ̥<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁ̞</span>] like in many German varieties of Germany. </p><p>In many varieties of Bernese German and adjacent dialects, an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> at the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">syllable coda</a> and intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lː/</span> are pronounced as a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wː]</span> respectively. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental approximant">labiodental approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span> is used instead of the Northern Standard German fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> as the reflex of Middle High German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>. In Walser German, the fricative is used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Zürich & Bernese dialect vowel system </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness"><small>unrounded</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness"><small>rounded</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrich_German_monophthongs_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Z%C3%BCrich_German_monophthongs_chart.svg/200px-Z%C3%BCrich_German_monophthongs_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Z%C3%BCrich_German_monophthongs_chart.svg/300px-Z%C3%BCrich_German_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Z%C3%BCrich_German_monophthongs_chart.svg/400px-Z%C3%BCrich_German_monophthongs_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Monophthongs of the Zürich dialect, from <a href="#CITEREFFleischerSchmid2006">Fleischer & Schmid (2006</a>:246)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, unlike other High German dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in Low Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding is being reintroduced because of the influence of other Swiss German dialects. </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> dialects, Swiss German dialects have preserved the opening <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>uə̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>yə̯/</span>: in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/liə̯b̥/</span> 'lovely' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">lieb</i></span> but pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/liːp/</span>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/huə̯t/</span> 'hat' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hut</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/huːt/</span>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xyə̯l/</span> 'cool' (Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kühl</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kyːl/</span>). Some diphthongs have become unrounded in several dialects. In the Zürich dialect, short pronunciations of /<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i<span class="wrap"> </span>y<span class="wrap"> </span>u</span>/ are realized as [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʏ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ</span>]. Sounds like the monophthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɒ]</span> can frequently become unrounded to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑ]</span> among many speakers of the Zürich dialect. Vowels such as a centralized [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span>] and an open-mid [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span>] only occur in the Bernese dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like in <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, most Swiss German dialects have preserved the old West-Germanic monophthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː,<span class="wrap"> </span>yː/</span>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pfiːl/</span> 'arrow' (Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Pfeil</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pfaɪ̯l/</span>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b̥uːx/</span> 'belly' (Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bauch</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/baʊ̯x/</span>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z̥yːlə/</span> 'pillar' (Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Säule</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zɔʏ̯lə/</span>). A few Alpine dialects show diphthongization, like in Standard German, especially some dialects of Unterwalden and Schanfigg (Graubünden) and the dialect of Issime (Piedmont). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Diphthongization in some dialects </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Middle High German/many Swiss German dialects </th> <th>Unterwalden dialect </th> <th>Schanfigg and Issime dialects </th> <th>Standard German </th> <th>translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[huːs]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[huis]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hous]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[haʊ̯s]</span> </td> <td>'house' </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsiːt]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tseit]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tseit]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsaɪ̯t]</span> </td> <td>'time' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some Western Swiss German dialects like Bernese German have preserved the old diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>ou̯/</span>, but the other dialects have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>au̯/</span> like Standard German or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æi̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>æu̯/</span>. <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich German">Zürich German</a>, and some other dialects distinguish primary diphthongs from secondary ones that arose in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>: Zürich German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>au̯/</span> from Middle High German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>ou̯/</span> versus Zürich German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>ou̯/</span> from Middle High German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː/</span>; Zürich German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bai̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>frau̯/</span> 'leg, woman' from Middle High German <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">bein</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">vrouwe</i></span> versus Zürich German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/frei̯,<span class="wrap"> </span>bou̯/</span> 'free, building' from Middle High German <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">frī</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">būw</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suprasegmentals">Suprasegmentals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Suprasegmentals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many Swiss German dialects, <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">consonant length</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> are independent from each other, unlike other modern Germanic languages. Here are examples from Bernese German: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th>short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> </th> <th>long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hafə/</span> 'bowl' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̥i<span class="wrap"> </span>b̥raːfə/</span> 'the honest ones' </td></tr> <tr> <th>long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fː/</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/afːə/</span> 'apes' </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃlaːfːə/</span> 'to sleep' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Lexical_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical stress">Lexical stress</a> is more often on the first syllable than in Standard German, even in French loans like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɛrsːi]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmersːi]</span> 'thanks' (despite stress falling on the final syllable <a href="/wiki/French_phonology#Stress" title="French phonology">in French</a>). However, there are many different stress patterns, even within dialects. Bernese German has many words that are stressed on the first syllable: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkaz̥inɔ]</span> 'casino' while Standard German has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰaˈziːno]</span>. However, no Swiss German dialect is as consistent as <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> in that respect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grammar of Swiss dialects has some idiosyncratic features in comparison to Standard German: </p> <ul><li>There is no <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a> (yet there is a <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a> is replaced by perfect constructs (this also happens in spoken Standard German, particularly in Southern Germany and Austria).</li> <li>It is still possible to form <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a> phrases, by applying the perfect construct twice to the same sentence.</li> <li>There is no <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>, though certain dialects have preserved a <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possessive</a> genitive (for instance in rural <a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> is replaced by two constructions: The first of these is often acceptable in Standard German as well: possession + Prp. <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">vo</i></span> (Std. German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">von</i></span>) + possessor: <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">es Buech vomene Profässer</i></span> vs. Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">ein Buch von einem Professor</i></span> ('a book of a professor'), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">s Buech vom Profässer</i></span> vs. Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das Buch des Professors</i></span> ('the professor's book'). The second is still frowned on where it appears in Standard German (from dialects and spoken language): dative of the possessor + the possessive pronoun referring to the possessor + possession: <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">em Profässer sis Buech</i></span> ('the professor his book').<sup id="cite_ref-AL_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The order within verb groups may vary, e.g. <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">wo du bisch cho/wo du cho bisch</i></span> vs. Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">als du gekommen bist</i></span> 'when you have come/came'.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, dependencies can be arbitrarily <a href="/wiki/Cross-serial_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-serial dependency">cross-serial</a>, making Swiss German one of the few known non-<a href="/wiki/Context-free_language" title="Context-free language">context-free</a> natural languages.<sup id="cite_ref-shieber1985_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shieber1985-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a> are introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Relativizer" title="Relativizer">relative particle</a> <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">wo</i></span> ('where'), never by the <a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">relative pronouns</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">der, die, das, welcher, welches</i></span> as in Standard German, e.g. <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">ds Bispil, wo si schrybt</i></span> vs. Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das Beispiel, das sie schreibt</i></span> ('the example that she writes'); <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">ds Bispil, wo si dra dänkt</i></span> vs. Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">das Beispiel, woran sie denkt</i></span> ('the example that she thinks of'). Whereas the relative particle <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">wo</i></span> replaces the Standard German relative pronouns in the Nom. (subject) and Acc. (direct object) without further complications, in phrases where <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">wo</i></span> plays the role of an indirect object, a prepositional object, a possessor or an adverbial adjunct it has to be taken up later in the relative clause by reference of (prp. +) the <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronoun</a> (if <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">wo</i></span></i> refers to a person) or the <a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">pronominal adverb</a> (if <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">wo</i></span></i> refers to a thing). E.g. <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">de Profässer won i der s Buech von em zeiget ha</i></span> ('the professor whose book I showed you'), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">de Bärg wo mer druf obe gsii sind</i></span> ('the mountain that we were upon').<sup id="cite_ref-AL_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduplication_verbs">Reduplication verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reduplication verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Swiss German, a small number of verbs reduplicate in a reduced infinitival form, i.e. unstressed shorter form, when used in their <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite form</a> governing the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> of another verb. The reduced and reduplicated part of the verb in question is normally put in front of the infinitive of the second verb.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case for the motion verbs <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> 'to go' and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> 'to come' when used in the meaning of 'go (to) do something', 'come (to) do something', as well as the verbs <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span> 'to let' and in certain dialects <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span> 'to start, to begin' when used in the meaning of 'let do something', or 'start doing something'.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most affected by this phenomenon is the verb <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span>, followed by <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span></i>. Both <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i> are less affected and only when used in <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">declarative main clauses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Declarative sentence examples: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Swiss German</b> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Ich</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gang</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">jetzt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">go</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">ässe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gloss</b> </td> <td>I </td> <td>go-1<sub>SG</sub> </td> <td>now </td> <td>go </td> <td>eat-INF </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Standard German</b> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ich</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">gehe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">jetzt</i></span> </td> <td>Ø </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">essen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>English</b> </td> <td colspan="5">I'm going to eat now. / I'll go eat now. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Swiss German</b> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Er</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">chunnt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">jetzt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">cho</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">ässe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gloss</b> </td> <td>He </td> <td>comes </td> <td>now </td> <td>come </td> <td>eat-INF </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Standard German</b> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Er</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">kommt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">jetzt</i></span> </td> <td>Ø </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">essen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>English</b> </td> <td colspan="5">He's coming to eat now. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Swiss German</b> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Du</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">lahsch</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">la</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">ässe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gloss</b> </td> <td>You </td> <td>let-2<sub>SG</sub> </td> <td>me-ACC </td> <td>let </td> <td>eat-INF </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Standard German</b> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Du</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">lässt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">mich</i></span> </td> <td>Ø </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">essen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>English</b> </td> <td colspan="5">You're letting me eat. / You let me eat. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Swiss German</b> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Mier</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">fanged</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">jetzt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">a</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">fa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">ässe</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gloss</b> </td> <td>We </td> <td>start-1<sub>PL</sub> </td> <td>now </td> <td>start-PREF </td> <td>start </td> <td>eat-INF </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Standard German</b> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wir</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">fangen</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">jetzt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">an</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">essen</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>English</b> </td> <td colspan="6">We're starting to eat now. / We start eating now. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As the examples show, all verbs are reduplicated with a reduced infinitival form when used in a declarative main clause. This is especially interesting as it stands in contrast to the standard variety of German and other varieties of the same, where such doubling effects are not found as outlined in the examples.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afaa:_weakest_doubling_effects"><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Afaa</i></span>: weakest doubling effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Afaa: weakest doubling effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a> effects are weaker in the verbs <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span> 'to let' and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span> 'to start, to begin' than they are in <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> 'to go' and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> 'to come'. This means that <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i> is most likely to be used without its reduplicated and reduced form while retaining grammaticality, whereas utterances with <i>goo</i> are least likely to remain grammatical without the reduplicated part. </p><p>Between <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i>, these effects are weakest in <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i>. This means that while reduplication is mandatory for <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span></i> in declarative main clauses almost everywhere in the country, this is the case for fewer varieties of Swiss German with <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for this is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that the fact that <i>afaa</i> has <a href="/wiki/German_verbs#Separable_prefixes" title="German verbs">a separable prefix</a> (<i>a</i>-) might weaken its doubling capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of this separable prefix also makes the boundaries between the reduced infinitival reduplication form and the prefix hard if not impossible to determine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in the example above for <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i>, an argument could be made that the prefix a- is left off, while the full reduplicated form is used: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mier</p><p style="margin: 0px;">We</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fanged</p><p style="margin: 0px;">start-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jetzt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">now</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">afa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">start</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Mier fanged jetzt afa ässe</p><p style="display: none;">We start-1PL now start eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">We're starting to eat now. / We start eating now.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In this case, the prefix would be omitted, which is normally not permissible for separable prefixes, and in its place, the reduplication form is used. </p><p>Meanwhile, <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i> is not reduplicated when used in a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_clause" title="Dependent clause">subordinate clause</a> or in the past tense. In such instances, doubling would result in ungrammaticality: </p><p>Past tense example with <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">They</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">händ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">have-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aagfange</p><p style="margin: 0px;">started-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*afa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">*start</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Sie händ aagfange *afa ässe</p><p style="display: none;">They have-3PL started-PTCP *start eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">They started to eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The same is true for subordinate clauses and the verb <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i>: </p><p>Subordinate clause examples with <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ich</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">weiss</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dass</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">she</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jetzt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">now</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">afaat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">starts</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">*afa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">*start</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ich weiss dass sie jetzt afaat *afa ässe</p><p style="display: none;">I know-1SG that she now starts *start eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">I know that she's starting to eat now. / I know that she starts eating now.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In order to achieve grammaticality in both instances, the reduced doubling part <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afa</i></span> would have to be taken out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laa_and_optionality_of_reduplication"><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Laa</i></span> and optionality of reduplication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Laa and optionality of reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i> 'to start, to begin' is quite restricted when it comes to <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> effects, the phenomenon is more permissive, but not mandatory in the verb <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span> 'to let'. While present tense declarative sentences are generally ungrammatical when <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span></i> remains unduplicated, this is not true for <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> and subordinate clauses, where doubling effects are optional at best: </p><p>Past tense example with <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">het</p><p style="margin: 0px;">has</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">me-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;">let</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(laa)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(let-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>)</p></div><p style="display: none;">Er het mi la ässe (laa)</p><p style="display: none;">He has me-ACC let eat-INF (let-PTCP)</p><p style="clear: left;">He has let me eat. / He let me eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Subordinate clause example with <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ich</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">weiss</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dass</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">me-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">laat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lets</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(la)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(let)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ich weiss dass er mi laat (la) ässe</p><p style="display: none;">I know-1SG that he me-ACC lets (let) eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">I know that he lets me eat. / I know that he's letting me eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In the use of this form, there are both geographical and age differences. <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a> is found more often in the western part of Switzerland than in the eastern part, while younger generations are much more inclined to leave out reduplication, which means that the phenomenon is more widespread in older generations.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaa_and_choo:_stronger_reduplication"><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Gaa</i></span> and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span>: stronger reduplication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gaa and choo: stronger reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ungrammaticality in reduplication of <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span> 'to start, to begin' in the past tense and in subordinate clauses as well as the somewhat more lenient use of reduplication with <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span></i> 'to let' stand in contrast to doubling effects of the motion verbs <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span></i> 'to go' and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> 'to come'. When the latter two verbs are used in other utterances other than a declarative main clause, where the finite verb traditionally is in second position, their use might not be mandatory; however, it is correct and grammatical to double them both in the past tense and in subordinate clauses: </p><p>Past tense example with <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">isch</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(g'gange)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(gone)</p></div><p style="display: none;">Er isch go ässe (g'gange)</p><p style="display: none;">He is go eat-INF (gone)</p><p style="clear: left;">He has gone to eat. / He went to eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">She</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">isch</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(cho)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(come-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr>)</p></div><p style="display: none;">Sie isch cho ässe (cho)</p><p style="display: none;">She is come eat-INF (come-PTCP)</p><p style="clear: left;">She has come to eat. / She came to eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>As outlined in both examples, the reduplicated form of both <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> can but does not have to be used in order for the past tense sentences to be grammatical.Notably, it is the reduced form of both verbs that is necessary, not the full <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle form</a>. </p><p>Subordinate clause examples for <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ich</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">weiss</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dass</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">she</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gaat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">goes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ich weiss dass sie gaat go ässe</p><p style="display: none;">I know-1SG that she goes go eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">I know that she'll go eat. / I know that she's going to eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ich</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">weiss</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dass</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">she</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chunnt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">comes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ich weiss dass sie chunnt cho ässe</p><p style="display: none;">I know-1SG that she comes come eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">I know that she'll come to eat. / I know that she's coming to eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In subordinate clauses, the reduplicated part is needed as the sentence would otherwise be ungrammatical in both <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same is true for the past tense. Since there is only one past tense in Swiss German and since this is formed using an auxiliary verb – <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">sii</i></span> 'to be' or <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">haa</i></span> 'to have', depending on the main verb – reduplication seems to be affected and therefore, less strictly enforced for <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span></i>, while it is completely ungrammatical for <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span> and optional for <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Questions">Questions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions behave a lot like their declarative counterparts, and reduplication is therefore mandatory for both motion verbs <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span></i> 'to go' and <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span></i> 'to come', while <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span></i> 'to let' and <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i> 'to start, to begin' show weaker doubling effects and more optionality. Furthermore, this is the case for both open and close (yes/no) questions. Consider the following examples: </p><p><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Afaa</i></span> in open and close questions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Fangt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Starts</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">start-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PREF: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PREF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(fa)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(start)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Fangt er a (fa) ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Starts he start-PREF (start) eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Does he start eating? / Is he starting to eat?<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Wenn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">When</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fangt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">starts</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">start-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PREF: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PREF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(fa)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(start)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Wenn fangt er a (fa) ässe</p><p style="display: none;">When starts he start-PREF (start) eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">When does he start eating? / When is he starting to eat?<span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Just like in declarative forms, <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span> could be reduced to <i>a-</i> and thus be considered the detachable prefix. In this case, <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span></i> would no longer be a reduplicated verb, and that is where the language development seems to move towards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Laa</i></span> in open and close questions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Laat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Lets</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">her-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(la)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(let)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Laat er sie (la) ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Lets he her-ACC (let) eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Does he let her eat? / Is he letting her eat?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Wenn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">When</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">laat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">lets</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">her-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(la)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(let)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Wenn laat er sie (la) ässe</p><p style="display: none;">When lets he her-ACC (let) eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">When does he let her eat? / When is he letting her eat?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Choo</i></span> and especially <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span>, however, do not allow for their reduced doubling part to be left out in questions, irrespective of the fact whether they are open or close: </p><p><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Choo</i></span> in open and close questions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Chunnt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Comes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Chunnt er cho ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Comes he come eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Does he come to eat? / Is he coming to eat?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Wenn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">When</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chunnt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Wenn chunnt er cho ässe</p><p style="display: none;">When come he come eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">When does he come to eat? / When is he coming to eat?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Gaa</i></span> in open and close questions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Gaat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Goes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Gaat er go ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Goes he go eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Does he go eat? / Is he going to eat?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Wenn</p><p style="margin: 0px;">When</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gaat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">goes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Wenn gaat er go ässe</p><p style="display: none;">When goes he go eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">When does he go eat? / When is he going to eat?</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperative_mood">Imperative mood</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Imperative mood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative mood</a>, just like in questions, <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> 'to go' and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> 'come' are very strict in their demand for doubling. The same is true for <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span> 'to let'; it is ungrammatical to use it in imperative mood undoubled. On the other hand, <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span> leaves a lot more room for the speaker to play with. Speakers accept both sentences with only the detachable prefix and no doubling, and sentences with the full doubled form. </p><p>Imperative mood: <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Gang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Go-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Gang go ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Go-2SG.IMP go eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Go eat!</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Imperative mood: <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Chum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Come-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Chum cho ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Come-2SG.IMP come eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Come eat!</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Imperative mood: <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">laa</i></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Laa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Let-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi</p><p style="margin: 0px;">me-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p><p style="margin: 0px;">let</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Laa mi la ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Let-2SG.IMP me-ACC let eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Let me eat!</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Imperative mood: <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">afaa</i></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Fang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Start-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">start-<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-error error" title="PREF: glossing abbreviation not found" style="font-size: inherit">PREF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Fang a ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Start-2SG.IMP start-PREF eat-INF</p><p><span class="error" style="font-size: inherit"> Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Interlinear#gloss_abbr" title="Template:Interlinear">help</a>);</span></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Fang</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Start-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">afa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">start</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Fang afa ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Start-2SG.IMP start eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Start eating!</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cross-doubling_with_choo_and_gaa">Cross-doubling with <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cross-doubling with choo and gaa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of the verb <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> 'to come', there are situations when instead of it being reduplicated with its reduced form <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">cho</i></span>, the doubled short form of <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> 'to go', <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">go</i></span>, is used instead. This is possible in almost all instances of <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span></i>, regardless of mood or tense.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaengold1999_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaengold1999-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The examples below outline <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span></i> reduplicated with both its reduced form <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">cho</i></span></i> and the reduced form of <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">go</i></span></i>, in different sentence forms. </p><p>Declarative main clause, present tense </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chunnt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">comes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho/go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come/go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Er chunnt cho/go ässe</p><p style="display: none;">He comes come/go eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">He comes to eat. / He's coming to eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Declarative main clause past tense </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">He</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">isch</p><p style="margin: 0px;">is</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho/go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come/go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="participle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PTCP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Er isch cho/go ässe cho</p><p style="display: none;">He is come/go eat-INF come-PTCP</p><p style="clear: left;">He came to eat. / He has come to eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Subordinate clause </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ich</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">weiss</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dass</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">er</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">chunnt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">comes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho/go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come/go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Ich weiss dass er chunnt cho/go ässe</p><p style="display: none;">I know-1SG that he comes come/go eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">I know that he's coming to eat. / I know that he comes to eat.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Imperative mood </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Chum</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Come-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="imperative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">cho/go</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come/go</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="gsw" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ässe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="infinitive" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INF</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Chum cho/go ässe</p><p style="display: none;">Come-2SG.IMP come/go eat-INF</p><p style="clear: left;">Come eat!</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_reduplication_with_gaa_and_choo">Multiple reduplication with <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Multiple reduplication with gaa and choo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the motion verbs <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span> 'to go' and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> 'to come', where reduplication effects are strongest, there is some variation regarding their reduplicated or reduced forms. Thus, in some Swiss German dialects, <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">gaa</i></span></i> will be doubled as <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">goge</i></span>, while <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choo</i></span> will be doubled as <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choge</i></span>. In some analyses, this is described as a multiple reduplication phenomenon in that the reduced infinitives <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">go</i></span> or <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">cho</i></span> part is repeated as <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">ge</i></span>, providing the forms <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">goge</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">choge</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these forms are used less frequently than their shorter counterparts and seem to be concentrated into a small geographic area of Switzerland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vocabulary is varied, especially in rural areas: many specialized terms have been retained, e.g., regarding cattle or weather. In the cities, much of the rural vocabulary has been lost. A Swiss German greeting is <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Grüezi</i></span>, from <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Gott grüez-i</i></span> (Standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gott</i></span> <i><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gr%C3%BC%C3%9Fen#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:grüßen">grüsse</a></i></i> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Euch</i></span>), loosely meaning 'God bless you'.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most word adoptions come from Standard German. Many of these are now so common that they have totally replaced the original Swiss German words, e.g. the words <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Hügel</i></span> 'hill' (instead of <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Egg</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Bühl</i></span>), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Lippe</i></span> 'lip' (instead of <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Lëfzge</i></span>). Others have replaced the original words only in parts of Switzerland, e.g., <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Butter</i></span> 'butter' (originally called <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Anke</i></span> in most of Switzerland). Virtually any Swiss Standard German word can be borrowed into Swiss German, always adapted to Swiss German phonology. However, certain Standard German words are never used in Swiss German, for instance <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Frühstück</i></span> 'breakfast', <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">niedlich</i></span> 'cute' or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">zu hause</i></span> 'at home'; instead, the native words <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Zmorge</i></span>, <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">härzig</i></span> and <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">dehei</i></span> are used. </p><p>Swiss dialects have quite a few words from French and Italian, which are perfectly assimilated. <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Glace</i></span> (ice cream) for example is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡlas/</span> in French but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡ̊lasːeː]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈɡ̊lasːə]</span> in many Swiss German dialects. The French word for 'thank you', <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">merci</i></span>, is also used as in <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">merci vilmal</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">thanks many times</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, cf. Standard German's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">danke vielmals</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">vielen Dank</i></span>). Possibly, these words are not direct adoptions from French but survivors of the once more numerous <a href="/wiki/French_loanwords_in_Standard_German" class="mw-redirect" title="French loanwords in Standard German">French loanwords in Standard German</a>, many of which have fallen out of use in Germany. </p><p>In recent years, Swiss dialects have also taken some English words which already sound very Swiss, e.g., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈfuːd̥ə]</span> ('to eat', from 'food'), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ̊ei̯mə]</span> ('to play computer games', from <i>game</i>) or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈz̥nœːb̥ə]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈb̥oːrd̥ə]</span> – ('to snowboard', from <i>snowboard</i>). These words are probably not direct loanwords from English but have been adopted through standard German intermediation. While most of those loanwords are of recent origin, some have been in use for decades, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈ(t)ʃutːə]</span> ('to play <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>', from <i>shoot</i>). </p><p>There are also a few English words which are modern adoptions from Swiss German. The dishes <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCesli" class="mw-redirect" title="Müesli">müesli</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6sti" title="Rösti">rösti</a></i> have become English words, as did <i><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a></i> (fine grain), <i><a href="/wiki/Flysch" title="Flysch">flysch</a></i> (sandstone formation), <i><a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">kepi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Landammann" title="Landammann">landammann</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kilch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kilch (disambiguation)">kilch</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schiffli" class="extiw" title="wikt:schiffli">schiffli</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Putsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Putsch">putsch</a></i> in a political sense. The term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bivouac" class="extiw" title="wikt:bivouac">bivouac</a></i> is sometimes explained as originating from Swiss German,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while printed etymological dictionaries (e.g. the German <i><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kluge" title="Friedrich Kluge">Kluge</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Droemer_Knaur" title="Droemer Knaur">Knaurs</a> Etymological Dictionary</i>) derive it from <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sample_phrases">Sample phrases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sample phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Swiss German (Bernese) </th> <th>Swiss Standard German </th></tr> <tr> <td>Hello </td> <td>Grüessech </td> <td>Hallo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good morning. </td> <td>Guete Morge! </td> <td>Guten Morgen! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening. </td> <td>Gueten Aabe! </td> <td>Guten Abend! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome! </td> <td>Härzlech wiukomme! </td> <td>Willkommen! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye. </td> <td>Tschüss! </td> <td>Auf Wiedersehen! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good night. </td> <td>Guet Nacht! </td> <td>Gute Nacht! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes </td> <td>Ja </td> <td>Ja </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes, please </td> <td>Ja, gärn </td> <td>Ja, bitte </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please </td> <td>Bitte </td> <td>Bitte </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you </td> <td>Merci </td> <td>Merci </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you very much </td> <td>Merci viu Mau </td> <td>Merci vielmal </td></tr> <tr> <td>You're welcome </td> <td>Gärn gscheh </td> <td>Gern geschehen </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td>Nei </td> <td>Nein </td></tr> <tr> <td>No thank you/no thanks </td> <td>Nei merci </td> <td>Nein merci </td></tr> <tr> <td>Excuse me </td> <td>Exgüsee </td> <td>Entschuldigung </td></tr> <tr> <td>What time is it? </td> <td>Was isch für Ziit? </td> <td>Wie spät ist es?/Wie viel Uhr ist es? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Can you repeat that, please? </td> <td>Chöiter das bitte wyderhole? </td> <td>Kannst du das bitte wiederholen? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please speak more slowly </td> <td>Red chli langsamer, bitte </td> <td>Sprechen Sie langsamer, bitte </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't understand </td> <td>Das verschtaani nid </td> <td>Ich verstehe nicht </td></tr> <tr> <td>I'm sorry </td> <td>I'm sorry </td> <td>Es tut mir leid </td></tr> <tr> <td>I'd like a coffee, please </td> <td>I hätti gärn es Kaffi </td> <td>Ich hätte gern einen Kaffee </td></tr> <tr> <td>Two beers, please </td> <td>Zwöi Bier, bitte </td> <td>Zwei Bier, bitte </td></tr> <tr> <td>How much does this cost? </td> <td>Was choschtet das? </td> <td>Wie viel kostet das? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where are the toilets? </td> <td>Wo isch d'Tualette? </td> <td>Wo sind die Toiletten? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Written forms that were mostly based on the local Alemannic varieties, thus similar to <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>, were only gradually replaced by the forms of <a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a>. This replacement took from the 15th to 18th centuries to complete. In the 16th century, the Alemannic forms of writing were considered the original, truly Swiss forms, whereas the New High German forms were perceived as foreign innovations. The innovations were brought about by the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> and were also associated with <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. An example of the language shift is the <a href="/wiki/Froschauer_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Froschauer Bible">Froschauer Bible</a>: Its first impressions after 1524 were largely written in an Alemannic language, but since 1527, the New High German forms were gradually adopted. The Alemannic forms were longest preserved in the chancelleries, with the chancellery of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> being the last to adopt New High German in the second half of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today all formal writing, newspapers, books and much informal writing is done in <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a>, which is usually called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schriftdeutsch</i></span> (written German). Certain dialectal words are accepted regionalisms in Swiss Standard German and are also sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Duden" title="Duden">Duden</a>, e.g., <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Zvieri</i></span> (afternoon snack). Swiss Standard German is virtually identical to Standard German as used in Germany, with most differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and orthography. For example, Swiss Standard German always uses a double s (<i>ss</i>) instead of the <a href="/wiki/Eszett" class="mw-redirect" title="Eszett">eszett</a> (<i>ß</i>). </p><p>There are no official rules of Swiss German orthography. The orthographies used in the Swiss-German literature can be roughly divided into two systems: Those that try to stay as close to standard German spelling as possible and those that try to represent the sounds as well as possible. The so-called <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift</i></span> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Dieth" title="Eugen Dieth">Eugen Dieth</a>, but knowledge of these guidelines is limited mostly to language experts. Furthermore, the spellings originally proposed by Dieth included some special signs not found on a normal <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric keyboard">keyboard</a>, such as <span class="nowrap">⟨ʃ⟩</span> instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨sch⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨ǜ⟩</span> instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʏ]</span>. In 1986, a revised version of the <i>Dieth-Schreibung</i> was published, designed to be typed with a regular typewriter.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventions">Conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few letters are used differently from the Standard German rules: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> (and <span class="nowrap">⟨ck⟩</span>) are used for the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kx/</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨gg⟩</span> is used for the <a href="/wiki/Unaspirated" class="mw-redirect" title="Unaspirated">unaspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Fortis_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortis (phonetics)">fortis</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> (and sometimes <span class="nowrap">⟨yy⟩</span>) traditionally stands for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> (in many dialects shortened to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, but still with closed quality) that corresponds to Standard German <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aɪ̯/</span>, e.g. in <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Rys</i></span> 'rice' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reis</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/raɪ̯s/</span>) vs. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ris</i></span> 'giant' (standard German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Riese</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/riːzə/</span>). This usage goes back to an old <a href="/wiki/IJ_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="IJ (letter)">ij-ligature</a>. Many writers, however, do not use <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>, but <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>/<span class="nowrap">⟨ii⟩</span>, especially in the dialects that have lost distinction between these sounds, compare <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich German">Zürich German</a> <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Riis</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/riːz̥/</span> 'rice' or 'giant' to <a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a> <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Rys</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/riːz̥/</span> 'rice' vs. <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Ris</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rɪːz̥/</span> ('giant'). Some use even <span class="nowrap">⟨ie⟩</span>, influenced by Standard German spelling, which leads to confusion with <span class="nowrap">⟨ie⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iə̯/</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span>, slightly different from Standard German as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ä⟩</span> usually represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span>, and can also represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨ph⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨th⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> represents <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span>.</li> <li>Since <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ei]</span> is written as <span class="nowrap">⟨ei⟩</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ai]</span> is written as <span class="nowrap">⟨äi⟩</span>, though in eastern Switzerland <span class="nowrap">⟨ei⟩</span> is often used for both of these phonemes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 19th century, a considerable body of Swiss German literature has accumulated. The earliest works were in Lucerne German (Jost Bernhard Häfliger, Josef Felix Ineichen), in <a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a> (Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn), in Glarus German (Cosimus Freuler) and in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich German">Zürich German</a> (Johann Martin Usteri, Jakob Stutz); the works of <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a> which were published at the same time are in Swiss Standard German, but use many expressions of Bernese German. Some of the more important dialect writing authors and their works are: </p> <ul><li>Anna Maria Bacher (born 1947), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Z Kschpel fam Tzit; Litteri un Schattä; Z Tzit fam Schnee</i></span> (South Walser German of Formazza/Pomatt)</li> <li>Albert Bächtold (1891–1981), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">De goldig Schmid; Wält uhni Liecht; De Studänt Räbme; Pjotr Ivanowitsch</i></span> (Schaffhausen dialect of Klettgau)</li> <li>Ernst Burren (born 1944), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Dr Schtammgascht; Näschtwermi</i></span> (Solothurn dialect)</li> <li>August Corrodi (1826–1885), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">De Herr Professer; De Herr Vikari; De Herr Dokter</i></span> (Zurich dialect)</li> <li>Barbara Egli (1918–2005), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Wildi Chriesi</i></span> (Zurich Oberland dialect)</li> <li>Fritz Enderlin (1883–1971), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">De Sonderbunds-Chrieg</i></span><i>,</i> translated from C. F. Ramuz's French poem "<span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">La Grande Guerre du Sondrebond</span></span>" (Upper Thurgovian dialect)</li> <li>Martin Frank (born 1950), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Ter Fögi ische Souhung; La Mort de Chevrolet</i></span> (Bernese dialect with Zurich interferences)</li> <li>Simon Gfeller (1868–1943), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Ämmegrund; Drätti, Müetti u der Chlyn; Seminarzyt</i></span> (Bernese dialect of Emmental)</li> <li>Georg Fient (1845–1915), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Lustig G'schichtenä</i></span> (Graubünden Walser dialect of Prättigau)</li> <li>Paul Haller (1882–1920), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Maria und Robert</i></span> (Western Aargau dialect)</li> <li>Frida Hilty-Gröbli (1893–1957), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Am aalte Maartplatz z Sant Galle; De hölzig Matroos</i></span> (St Gall dialect)</li> <li>Josef Hug (1903–1985), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">S Gmaiguet; Dunggli Wolgga ob Salaz</i></span> (Graubünden Rhine Valley dialect)</li> <li>Guy Krneta (born 1964), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Furnier</i></span> (collection of short stories), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Zmittst im Gjätt uss</i></span> (prose), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Ursle</i></span> (Bernese dialect)</li> <li>Michael Kuoni (1838–1891), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Bilder aus dem Volksleben des Vorder-Prättigau's</i></span> (Graubünden Walser dialect of Prättigau)</li> <li>Maria Lauber (1891–1973), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Chüngold; Bletter im Luft; Der jung Schuelmiischter</i></span> (Bernese Oberland dialect)</li> <li>Pedro Lenz (born 1965), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Plötzlech hets di am Füdle; Der Goalie bin ig</i></span> (Bernese Dialect)</li> <li>Meinrad Lienert (1865–1933), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Flüehblüemli; 's Mirli; Der Waldvogel</i></span> (Schwyz dialect of Einsiedeln)</li> <li>Carl Albert Loosli (1877–1959), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Mys Dörfli; Mys Ämmitaw; Wi's öppe geit!</i></span> (Bernese dialect of Emmental)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Marti" title="Kurt Marti">Kurt Marti</a> (born 1921), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Vierzg Gedicht ir Bärner Umgangssprache; Rosa Loui</i></span> (Bernese dialect)</li> <li>Werner Marti (1920–2013), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Niklaus und Anna; Dä nid weis, was Liebi heisst</i></span> (Bernese dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Matter" title="Mani Matter">Mani Matter</a> (1936–1972), songwriter (Bernese dialect)</li> <li>Traugott Meyer (1895–1959), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">'s Tunnälldorf; Der Gänneral Sutter</i></span> (Basel-Landschaft dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gall_Morel" title="Gall Morel">Gall Morel</a> (1803–1872), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Dr Franzos im Ybrig</i></span> (Schwyz German of Iberg)</li> <li>Viktor Schobinger (born 1934), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Der Ääschme trifft simpatisch lüüt</i></span> and a lot of other <i>Züri Krimi</i> (Zurich dialect)</li> <li>Caspar Streiff (1853–1917), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Der Heiri Jenni im Sunnebärg</i></span> (Glarus dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Stutz" title="Jakob Stutz">Jakob Stutz</a> (1801–1877), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Gemälde aus dem Volksleben; Ernste und heitere Bilder aus dem Leben unseres Volkes</i></span> (Zurich Oberland dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Tavel" title="Rudolf von Tavel">Rudolf von Tavel</a> (1866–1934), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Ring i der Chetti; Gueti Gschpane; Meischter und Ritter; Der Stärn vo Buebebärg; D'Frou Kätheli und ihri Buebe; Der Frondeur; Ds velorene Lied; D'Haselmuus; Unspunne; Jä gäl, so geit's!; Der Houpme Lombach; Götti und Gotteli; Der Donnergueg; Veteranezyt; Heinz Tillman; Die heilige Flamme; Am Kaminfüür; Bernbiet; Schweizer daheim und draußen; Simeon und Eisi; Geschichten aus dem Bernerland</i></span> (Bernese dialect)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alfred Tobler (1845–1923), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Näbes oß mine Buebejohre</i></span> (Appenzell dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Usteri" title="Johann Martin Usteri">Johann Martin Usteri</a> (1763–1827), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Dichtungen in Versen und Prosa</i></span> (Zurich German)</li> <li>Hans Valär (1871–1947), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Dr Türligiiger</i></span> (Graubünden Walser dialect of Davos)</li> <li>Bernhard Wyss (1833–1889), <span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Schwizerdütsch. Bilder aus dem Stilleben unseres Volkes</i></span> (Solothurn dialect)</li></ul> <p>Parts of the Bible were translated in different Swiss German dialects, e.g.:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Ds Nöie Teschtamänt bärndütsch</i></span> (Bernese New Testament, translated by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bietenhard" title="Hans Bietenhard">Hans</a> and Ruth Bietenhard, 1989)</li> <li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Ds Alte Teschtamänt bärndütsch</i></span> (parts of the Old Testament in Bernese dialect, translated by Hans and Ruth Bietenhard, 1990)</li> <li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">D Psalme bärndütsch</i></span> (Psalms in Bernese dialect, translated by Hans, Ruth and Benedikt Bietenhard, 1994)</li> <li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">S Nöi Teschtamänt Züritüütsch</i></span> (Zurich German New Testament, translated by Emil Weber, 1997)</li> <li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">D Psalme Züritüütsch</i></span> (Psalms in Zurich German, translated by Josua Boesch, 1990)</li> <li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Der guet Bricht us der Bible uf Baselbieterdütsch</i></span> (parts of the Old and the New Testament in Basel dialect, 1981)</li> <li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">S Markus Evangelium Luzärntüütsch</i></span> (Gospel of Mark in Lucerne dialect, translated by Walter Haas, 1988)</li> <li><span title="Alemannic German-language text"><i lang="gsw">Markusevangeeli Obwaldnerdytsch</i></span> (Gospel of Mark in the <a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden</a> dialect, translated by Karl Imfeld, 1979)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema_and_television">Cinema and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cinema and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_German-language_films" title="Category:Swiss German-language films">Category:Swiss German-language films</a></div> <p>Many films and TV series produced in German-speaking Switzerland are filmed in Swiss German, although these are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing">re-dubbed</a> into Standard German for broadcast or when shown in cinemas.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tatort_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tatort-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/Tatort" title="Tatort">Tatort</a></i> are re-recorded with dialogue in Standard German spoken with a Swiss accent to preserve the local colour of the setting.<sup id="cite_ref-tatort_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tatort-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentinien-schwyzert%C3%BCtsch_dialect" title="Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect">Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_geography_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic geography of Switzerland">Linguistic geography of Switzerland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because of the many different dialects, and because there is no <a href="#Conventions">defined orthography</a> for any of them, many different spellings can be found.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114180444/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html">"Sprachen, Religionen – Daten, Indikatoren: Sprachen – Üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochene Sprachen"</a> [Languages, Religions - Data, Indicators: Languages - Languages commonly spoken at home] (official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>. <q>Zu Hause oder mit den Angehörigen sprechen 60,1% der betrachteten Bevölkerung hauptsächlich Schweizerdeutsch</q> [At home or with relatives, 60.1% of the population considered mainly speak Swiss German]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sprachen%2C+Religionen+%E2%80%93+Daten%2C+Indikatoren%3A+Sprachen+%E2%80%93+%C3%9Cblicherweise+zu+Hause+gesprochene+Sprachen&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fthemen%2F01%2F05%2Fblank%2Fkey%2Fsprachen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-f88818501e51a28916c7ba1387f006c5561ad5a0-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-f88818501e51a28916c7ba1387f006c5561ad5a0-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/gsw.txt">"Swiss German"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=Swiss+German&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flang-subtags-templates%2Fgsw.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/central-alemannic">"Central Alemannic | UNESCO WAL"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129223336/https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/central-alemannic">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Alemannic+%26%23124%3B+UNESCO+WAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fcentral-alemannic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsherMoseley2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AsherMoseley2018_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.E._AsherChristopher_Moseley2018" class="citation book cs1">R.E. Asher; Christopher Moseley (19 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR309"><i>Atlas of the World's Languages</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 309–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-85108-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-85108-0"><bdi>978-1-317-85108-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814213105/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR309">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=309-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-85108-0&rft.au=R.E.+Asher&rft.au=Christopher+Moseley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR0xWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GorterMarten2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GorterMarten2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._GorterH._F._MartenL._Van_Mensel2011" class="citation book cs1">D. Gorter; H. F. Marten; L. Van Mensel (13 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3Lvycoqtt0C&pg=PT161"><i>Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 161–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36023-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36023-5"><bdi>978-0-230-36023-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520095230/https://books.google.com/books?id=s3Lvycoqtt0C&pg=PT161">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Languages+in+the+Linguistic+Landscape&rft.pages=161-&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2011-12-13&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36023-5&rft.au=D.+Gorter&rft.au=H.+F.+Marten&rft.au=L.+Van+Mensel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3Lvycoqtt0C%26pg%3DPT161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/alem1243">"Family: Alemannic"</a>. Glottolog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811213511/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/alem1243">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family%3A+Alemannic&rft.pub=Glottolog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Falem1243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3sat-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3sat_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/sfdrs/176772/index.html">"10vor10 – Nachrichtenmagazin von Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen"</a> (in German). 3sat – ZDF ORF SRG ARD, the television channel collectively produced by four channels from three countries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927101545/http://www.3sat.de/page/?source=/sfdrs/176772/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>Swiss German talks and interviews on the daily night news show 10vor10 by the major German Swiss channel SRF1 is consistently subtitled in German on 3sat</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10vor10+%E2%80%93+Nachrichtenmagazin+von+Schweizer+Radio+und+Fernsehen&rft.pub=3sat+%E2%80%93+ZDF+ORF+SRG+ARD%2C+the+television+channel+collectively+produced+by+four+channels+from+three+countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3sat.de%2Fpage%2F%3Fsource%3D%2Fsfdrs%2F176772%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThuleen1991" class="citation web cs1">Thuleen, Nancy (20 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nthuleen.com/papers/130paper2.html">"An Examination of Swiss German in and around Zürich"</a>. <i>Nancy Thuleen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060514124652id_/http://www.nthuleen.com/papers/130paper2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nancy+Thuleen&rft.atitle=An+Examination+of+Swiss+German+in+and+around+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.date=1991-12-20&rft.aulast=Thuleen&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nthuleen.com%2Fpapers%2F130paper2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerlen2001" class="citation cs2">Werlen, Iwar (25 January 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110917437.415">"Die Konstruktion der Deutschschweizer Diglossie in der Schule"</a>, <i>Sprachkontakt, Sprachvergleich, Sprachvariation</i>, DE GRUYTER, pp. 415–436, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110917437.415">10.1515/9783110917437.415</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-484-73055-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-484-73055-7"><bdi>978-3-484-73055-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sprachkontakt%2C+Sprachvergleich%2C+Sprachvariation&rft.atitle=Die+Konstruktion+der+Deutschschweizer+Diglossie+in+der+Schule&rft.pages=415-436&rft.date=2001-01-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110917437.415&rft.isbn=978-3-484-73055-7&rft.aulast=Werlen&rft.aufirst=Iwar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110917437.415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistik" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Statistik, Bundesamt für. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/publikationen.assetdetail.3543997.html">"Schweizerdeutsch und Hochdeutsch in der Schweiz - Analyse von Daten aus der Erhebung zur Sprache, Religion und Kultur 2014 | Publikation"</a>. <i>Bundesamt für Statistik</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102183319/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/kataloge-datenbanken/publikationen.assetdetail.3543997.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr+Statistik&rft.atitle=Schweizerdeutsch+und+Hochdeutsch+in+der+Schweiz+-+Analyse+von+Daten+aus+der+Erhebung+zur+Sprache%2C+Religion+und+Kultur+2014+%7C+Publikation&rft.aulast=Statistik&rft.aufirst=Bundesamt+f%C3%BCr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fstatistiken%2Fkataloge-datenbanken%2Fpublikationen.assetdetail.3543997.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/swiss-pop-rock-anthology-mundart-swiss-dialect-rock-vol-5/121968">"Swiss Pop & Rock Anthology – MUNDART-SWISS DIALECT ROCK (Vol. 5)"</a>. <i>Swiss Info</i>. 30 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240427092224/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/swiss-pop-rock-anthology-mundart-swiss-dialect-rock-vol-5/121968">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Info&rft.atitle=Swiss+Pop+%26+Rock+Anthology+%E2%80%93+MUNDART-SWISS+DIALECT+ROCK+%28Vol.+5%29&rft.date=2002-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fculture%2Fswiss-pop-rock-anthology-mundart-swiss-dialect-rock-vol-5%2F121968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Chad (1994). "The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>36</b> (1). Spring: 69–91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028275">30028275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Languages+of+the+Amish+of+Allen+County%2C+Indiana%3A+Multilingualism+and+Convergence&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-91&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30028275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleischerSchmid2006">Fleischer & Schmid (2006</a>:245)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleischerSchmid2006">Fleischer & Schmid (2006</a>:244s.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astrid Krähenmann: Quantity and prosodic asymmetries in Alemannic. Synchronic and diachronic perspectives. de Gruyter, Berlin 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017680-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017680-7">3-11-017680-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuss1990" class="citation book cs1">Russ, Charles V. J. (1990). <i>High Alemmanic</i>. The Dialects of Modern German: a Linguistic Survey: Routledge. pp. 364–393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Alemmanic&rft.place=The+Dialects+of+Modern+German%3A+a+Linguistic+Survey&rft.pages=364-393&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Russ&rft.aufirst=Charles+V.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner König: dtv-Atlas zur deutschen Sprache. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-423-03025-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-423-03025-9">3-423-03025-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marti, Werner (1985), <i>Berndeutsch-Grammatik</i>, Bern: Francke</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AL-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AL_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Lötscher: Schweizerdeutsch – Geschichte, Dialekte, Gebrauch. Huber, Frauenfeld/Stuttgart 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7193-0861-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7193-0861-8">3-7193-0861-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Rudolf Hotzenköcherle, Rudolf Trüb (eds.) (1975): <i>Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz</i> II 261s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shieber1985-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shieber1985_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShieber1985" class="citation cs2">Shieber, Stuart (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shieber/Biblio/Papers/shieber85.pdf">"Evidence against the context-freeness of natural language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Linguistics and Philosophy</i>, <b>8</b> (3): 333–343, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00630917">10.1007/BF00630917</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222277837">222277837</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040415200116/http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~shieber/Biblio/Papers/shieber85.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Evidence+against+the+context-freeness+of+natural+language&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-343&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00630917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222277837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shieber&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eecs.harvard.edu%2F~shieber%2FBiblio%2FPapers%2Fshieber85.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaserFrey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Glaser, Elvira; Frey, Natascha (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistik-online.com/45_11/editorial.pdf">"Empirische Studien zur Verbverdoppelung in schweizerdeutschen Dialekten"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistik Online</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 3–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5167%2Fuzh-52463">10.5167/uzh-52463</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1615-3014">1615-3014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189169085">189169085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistik+Online&rft.atitle=Empirische+Studien+zur+Verbverdoppelung+in+schweizerdeutschen+Dialekten&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189169085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1615-3014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5167%2Fuzh-52463&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.aufirst=Elvira&rft.au=Frey%2C+Natascha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistik-online.com%2F45_11%2Feditorial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandnerSalzmann2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brandner, Ellen; Salzmann, Martin (2012). Ackema, Peter; Alcorn, Rhona; Heycock, Caroline; Jaspers, Dany; van Craenenbroeck, Jeroen; Vanden Wyngaerd, Guido (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.191.03bra">"Crossing the lake: Motion verb constructions in Bodensee-Alemannic and Swiss German"</a>. <i>Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today</i>. <b>191</b>. John Benjamins Publishing Company: 67–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fla.191.03bra">10.1075/la.191.03bra</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126030234/https://benjamins.com/catalog/la.191.03bra">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistik+Aktuell%2FLinguistics+Today&rft.atitle=Crossing+the+lake%3A+Motion+verb+constructions+in+Bodensee-Alemannic+and+Swiss+German&rft.volume=191&rft.pages=67-98&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fla.191.03bra&rft.aulast=Brandner&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Salzmann%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Fla.191.03bra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLötscher1993" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lötscher, Andreas (1993), Abraham, Werner; Bayer, Josef (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-97032-9_9">"Zur Genese der Verbverdopplung bei gaa, choo, laa, aafaa ("gehen", "kommen", "lassen", "anfangen") im Schweizerdeutschen"</a>, <i>Dialektsyntax</i>, Linguistische Berichte Sonderheft (in German), Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 180–200, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-322-97032-9_9">10.1007/978-3-322-97032-9_9</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-322-97032-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-322-97032-9"><bdi>978-3-322-97032-9</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129223337/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-322-97032-9_9">archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialektsyntax&rft.atitle=Zur+Genese+der+Verbverdopplung+bei+gaa%2C+choo%2C+laa%2C+aafaa+%28%22gehen%22%2C+%22kommen%22%2C+%22lassen%22%2C+%22anfangen%22%29+im+Schweizerdeutschen&rft.pages=180-200&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-322-97032-9_9&rft.isbn=978-3-322-97032-9&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6tscher&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-322-97032-9_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandnerSalzmann2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brandner, Ellen; Salzmann, Martin (2011). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gr%C3%BCezi+-+Schweizerisches+Idiotikon&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.idiotikon.ch%2Fwortgeschichten%2Fgrueezi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper DR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/bivouac">"bivouac (noun)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Etymonline</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501172157/https://www.etymonline.com/word/bivouac">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymonline&rft.atitle=bivouac+%28noun%29&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fbivouac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utalk.com/en/store/german-swiss">"Learn Swiss German with uTalk"</a>. <i>utalk.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190055/https://utalk.com/en/store/german-swiss">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=utalk.com&rft.atitle=Learn+Swiss+German+with+uTalk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futalk.com%2Fen%2Fstore%2Fgerman-swiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonderegger1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sonderegger, Stefan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109140021id_/http://hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D11194-3-3.php">"2.3 - Frühneuhochdeutsch und älteres Neuhochdeutsch in der Schweiz"</a> [2.3 - Early New High German and older Modern High German in Switzerland]. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"><i>Historischen Lexikon der Schweiz</i></a> [<i>Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Schweiz</a> [Switzerland]: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences">Akademien der Wissenschaften Schweiz</a> [Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.3+-+Fr%C3%BChneuhochdeutsch+und+%C3%A4lteres+Neuhochdeutsch+in+der+Schweiz&rft.btitle=Historischen+Lexikon+der+Schweiz&rft.place=Schweiz+%5BSwitzerland%5D&rft.pub=Akademien+der+Wissenschaften+Schweiz+%5BSwiss+Academies+of+Arts+and+Sciences%5D&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sonderegger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071109140021id_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Ftextes%2Fd%2FD11194-3-3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGsteiger2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gsteiger, Manfred (11 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728195631id_/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/011206/2016-07-11/">"Dialektliteratur"</a> [Dialect literature]. <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"><i>Historische Lexikon der Schweiz</i></a> [<i>Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</i>] (in German). Translated by Neuenschwander, Christoph. <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Schweiz</a> [Switzerland]: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Academies_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences">Akademien der Wissenschaften Schweiz</a> [Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialektliteratur&rft.btitle=Historische+Lexikon+der+Schweiz&rft.place=Schweiz+%5BSwitzerland%5D&rft.pub=Akademien+der+Wissenschaften+Schweiz+%5BSwiss+Academies+of+Arts+and+Sciences%5D&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.aulast=Gsteiger&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20190728195631id_%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Fde%2Farticles%2F011206%2F2016-07-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Haas: <i>Dialekt als Sprache literarischer Werke.</i> In: <i>Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung.</i> Ed. by Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand. 2nd half-volume. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1983, pp. 1637–1651.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dieth, Eugen: <i>Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift. Dieth-Schreibung</i>. 2nd ed. revised and edited by Christian Schmid-Cadalbert, Aarau: Sauerländer, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7941-2832-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-7941-2832-X">3-7941-2832-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060808225543/http://www.iwaynet.net/~watts/deutsch/dstimm.html">"Dstimm Vo De Schwiiz: Publication for Swiss German Dialects in North America"</a>. <i>Iwaynet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwaynet.net/~watts/deutsch/dstimm.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iwaynet&rft.atitle=Dstimm+Vo+De+Schwiiz%3A+Publication+for+Swiss+German+Dialects+in+North+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwaynet.net%2F~watts%2Fdeutsch%2Fdstimm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibel-gesangbuch.de/bibel/mundartuebersetzungen/">"Mundartübersetzungen – Bibel und Gesangbuch"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129020831/https://bibel-gesangbuch.de/bibel/mundartuebersetzungen/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mundart%C3%BCbersetzungen+%E2%80%93+Bibel+und+Gesangbuch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibel-gesangbuch.de%2Fbibel%2Fmundartuebersetzungen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichwein2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reichwein, Marc (2 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/kultur/kino/article167229313/Ich-habe-einen-Tiger-zwischen-den-Beinen.html">"Kino: Kritik "Die göttliche Ordnung" von Petra Volpe"</a> [Cinema: Review "The Divine Order" by Petra Volpe]. <i>Die Welt</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160826/https://www.welt.de/kultur/kino/article167229313/Ich-habe-einen-Tiger-zwischen-den-Beinen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Kino%3A+Kritik+%22Die+g%C3%B6ttliche+Ordnung%22+von+Petra+Volpe&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft.aulast=Reichwein&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fkultur%2Fkino%2Farticle167229313%2FIch-habe-einen-Tiger-zwischen-den-Beinen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tatort-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tatort_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tatort_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimus2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Primus, Yannik (18 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/der-schweizer-tatort-und-die-synchronisation-14436996.html">"Der Schweizer Tatort und die Synchronisation"</a> [The Swiss <i>Tatort</i> and Dubbing]. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301130839/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/gesellschaft/menschen/der-schweizer-tatort-und-die-synchronisation-14436996.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Der+Schweizer+Tatort+und+die+Synchronisation&rft.date=2016-09-18&rft.aulast=Primus&rft.aufirst=Yannik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fgesellschaft%2Fmenschen%2Fder-schweizer-tatort-und-die-synchronisation-14436996.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Albert Bachmann (ed.), <i>Beiträge zur schweizerdeutschen Grammatik</i> (BSG), 20 vols., Frauenfeld: Huber, 1919–1941.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischerSchmid2006" class="citation cs2">Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German", <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>, <b>36</b> (2): 243–253, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002441">10.1017/S0025100306002441</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232347372">232347372</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Zurich+German&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-253&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100306002441&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232347372%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fleischer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrg&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASwiss+German" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rudolf Hotzenköcherle (ed.), <i>Beiträge zur schweizerdeutschen Mundartforschung</i> (BSM), 24 vols., Frauenfeld: Huber, 1949–1982.</li> <li>Rudolf Hotzenköcherle, Robert Schläpfer, Rudolf Trüb (ed.), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sprachatlas_der_deutschen_Schweiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz (page does not exist)">Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz</a>.</i> Bern/Tübingen: Francke, 1962–1997, vol. 1–8. – Helen Christen, Elvira Glaser, Matthias Friedli (ed.), <i>Kleiner Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz.</i> Frauenfeld: Huber, 2010 (and later editions), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7193-1524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7193-1524-5">978-3-7193-1524-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sprachatlas.ch">[1]</a></li> <li>Verein für das Schweizerdeutsche Wörterbuch (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Schweizerisches_Idiotikon" title="Schweizerisches Idiotikon">Schweizerisches Idiotikon</a>: Wörterbuch der schweizerdeutschen Sprache</i>. Frauenfeld: Huber; Basel: Schwabe, 17 vols. (16 complete), 1881–, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7193-0413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7193-0413-3">978-3-7193-0413-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.idiotikon.ch">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="als:"> Alemannic edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialects.from.ch/">Chochichästli-Orakel</a> – choose the Swiss German words you would normally use and see how well this matches the dialect of your area. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dialekt.ch/">Dialekt.ch</a> a site with sound samples from different dialects. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idiotikon.ch/">Schweizerisches Idiotikon</a> The homepage of the Swiss national dictionary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forums9.ch/sprachen/Rosetta.htm">One poem in 29 Swiss dialects</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German and English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nthuleen.com/papers/130paper2.html">Zürich's Swiss German morphology and lexicon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Switzerland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Switzerland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major dialect groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Romand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Sinte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swiss German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_languages" title="Template talk:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>According to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">philology</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="West" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of English">dialects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Irish Middle English</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fingallian" title="Fingallian">Fingallian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kildare_Poems#Linguistic_features" title="Kildare Poems">Kildare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yola_dialect" title="Yola dialect">Yola</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Scots" title="Early Scots">Early Scots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Frisian" title="Middle Frisian">Middle Frisian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_language" title="East Frisian language">East Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Weser</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wangerooge_Frisian" title="Wangerooge Frisian">Wangerooge Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wursten_Frisian" title="Wursten Frisian">Wursten Frisian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlingerland_Frisian" title="Harlingerland Frisian">Harlingerland Frisian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Insular <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eiderstedt_Frisian" title="Eiderstedt Frisian">Eiderstedt</a></i></li> <li>Föhr–Amrum <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6hr_North_Frisian" title="Föhr North Frisian">Föhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrum_North_Frisian" title="Amrum North Frisian">Amrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland_Frisian" title="Heligoland Frisian">Heligolandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylt_North_Frisian" title="Sylt North Frisian">Sylt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mainland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6kingharde_North_Frisian" title="Bökingharde North Frisian">Bökingharde</a> <ul><li>Mooring</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halligen_Frisian" title="Halligen Frisian">Halligen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goesharde_Frisian" title="Goesharde Frisian">Goesharde</a> <ul><li>Northern</li> <li>Central</li> <li><i>Southern</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrharde_Frisian" title="Karrharde Frisian">Karrharde</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strand_Frisian" title="Strand Frisian">Strand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde_Frisian" title="Wiedingharde Frisian">Wiedingharde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_languages" title="West Frisian languages">West Frisian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen_Frisian" title="Hindeloopen Frisian">Hindeloopen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiermonnikoog_Frisian" title="Schiermonnikoog Frisian">Schiermonnikoog</a></li> <li>Westlauwers–Terschellings <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Mainland West Frisian</a> <ul><li>Clay Frisian</li> <li>Wood Frisian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westereendersk" title="Westereendersk">Westereendersk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terschelling_Frisian" title="Terschelling Frisian">Terschelling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs_dialect" title="Stellingwarfs dialect">Stellingwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings_dialect" title="Gronings dialect">Gronings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A8ents_dialects" title="Drèents dialects">Drèents</a></li> <li>Gelders-Overijssels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhooks" title="Achterhooks">Achterhooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallaans_dialect" title="Sallaans dialect">Sallaans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers_dialect" title="Urkers dialect">Urkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws_dialect" title="Veluws dialect">Veluws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch dialect">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Pomeranian (page does not exist)">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Low Franconian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Dutch_dialects" title="Central Dutch dialects">Central Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollandic dialect">Hollandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeelandic" title="Zeelandic">Zeelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleverlandish" title="Kleverlandish">Kleverlandish</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch" title="Surinamese Dutch">Surinamese Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Dutch" title="Mohawk Dutch">Mohawk Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadsfries_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadsfries dialects">Stadsfries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bildts" title="Bildts">Bildts</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amelands" title="Amelands">Amelands</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midslands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midslands (page does not exist)">Midslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Low_Franconian" title="South Low Franconian">East Low Franconian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cover groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergish_dialects" title="Bergish dialects">Bergish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_High_German" title="New High German">New High German</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Standard_German" title="German Standard German">German Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian Standard German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">Swiss Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard variants</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian German">Namibian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_German" title="Berlin German">Berlinerisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unserdeutsch" title="Unserdeutsch">Unserdeutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barossa_German" title="Barossa German">Barossa German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotwelsch" title="Rotwelsch">Rotwelsch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Eastern_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects#Western_Yiddish" title="Yiddish dialects">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland#"Scots-Yiddish"" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scots Yiddish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Central_German" title="West Central German">West Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Franconian_languages" title="Central Franconian languages">Central Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_language" title="Ripuarian language">Ripuarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Limburgish_dialect" title="Southeast Limburgish dialect">Southeast Limburgish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Franconian_language" title="Moselle Franconian language">Moselle Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_dialect" title="Transylvanian Saxon dialect">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunsrückisch dialect">Hunsrückisch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunsrik" title="Hunsrik">Hunsrik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish Franconian languages">Rhine Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans#Language" title="Volga Germans">Volga German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_dialects" title="Hessian dialects">Hessian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hessian" title="Central Hessian">Central Hessian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amana_German" title="Amana German">Amana German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thuringian_dialect" title="Thuringian dialect">Thuringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_German" title="Upper Saxon German">Upper Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzgebirgisch" title="Erzgebirgisch">Erzgebirgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_dialects" title="Lusatian dialects">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Prussian_dialect" title="High Prussian dialect">High Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wymysorys_language" title="Wymysorys language">Wymysorys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzenau_dialect" title="Alzenau dialect">Halcnovian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_German" title="Upper German">Upper German</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> in the broad sense <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar_dialect" title="Colonia Tovar dialect">Coloniero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Alemannic_German" title="High Alemannic German">High Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Swiss German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_Alemannic_German" title="Highest Alemannic German">Highest Alemannic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bavarian" title="Northern Bavarian">Northern Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bavarian" title="Central Bavarian">Central Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_German" title="Viennese German">Viennese German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheerish" title="Gottscheerish">Gottscheerish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Franconian_German" title="South Franconian German">South Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vogtlandian" title="Vogtlandian">Vogtlandian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lombardic_language" title="Lombardic language">Langobardic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_and_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></i> <ul><li><i>Old West Norse</i></li> <li><i>Old East Norse</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergensk" title="Bergensk">Bergensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebabnorsk" title="Kebabnorsk">Kebabnorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sognam%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Sognamål dialect">Sognamål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallingm%C3%A5l-Valdris" title="Hallingmål-Valdris">Valdris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestlandsk" title="Vestlandsk">Vestlandsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikv%C3%A6rsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikværsk">Vikværsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> (written)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> (written)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norwegian" title="Old Norwegian">Old Norwegian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Norwegian" title="Middle Norwegian">Middle Norwegian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse#Old_Icelandic" title="Old Norse">Old Icelandic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic#Middle_Icelandic_(1350–1550)" title="History of Icelandic">Middle Icelandic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse" title="Greenlandic Norse">Greenlandic Norse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinkeby_Swedish" title="Rinkeby Swedish">Rinkebysvenska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Danish" title="Insular Danish">Insular Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutlandic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jutlandic dialect">Jutlandic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Jutlandic" title="South Jutlandic">South Jutlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Danish" title="East Danish">East Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornholm_dialect" title="Bornholm dialect">Bornholmsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a> (historically)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Schleswig_Danish" title="Southern Schleswig Danish">Southern Schleswig Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8tudanskt_accent" title="Gøtudanskt accent">Gøtudanskt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkerdansk" title="Perkerdansk">Perkerdansk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Old Danish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Middle Danish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian language">Dalecarlian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfdalian" title="Elfdalian">Elfdalian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gutnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutnish language">Mainland Gutnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r%C3%B6m%C3%A5l_dialect" title="Fårömål dialect">Fårö Gutnish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burgundians#Language" title="Burgundians">Burgundian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vandalic_language" title="Vandalic language">Vandalic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Philology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Maurer_(linguist)" title="Friedrich Maurer (linguist)">Language subgroups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbe_Germanic" title="Elbe Germanic">Elbe (Irminonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weser-Rhine_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser-Rhine Germanic">Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea (Ingvaeonic)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germanic" title="Northwest Germanic">Northwest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotho-Nordic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotho-Nordic">Gotho-Nordic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Germanic" title="South Germanic">South</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_grammar" title="Proto-Germanic grammar">Proto-Germanic grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diachronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimm%27s_law" title="Grimm's law">Grimm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner%27s_law" title="Verner's law">Verner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holtzmann%27s_law" title="Holtzmann's law">Holtzmann's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sievers%27s_law" title="Sievers's law">Sievers's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluge%27s_law" title="Kluge's law">Kluge's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Germanic substrate hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_gemination" title="West Germanic gemination">West Germanic gemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_a-mutation" title="Germanic a-mutation">Germanic a-mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_umlaut" title="Germanic umlaut">Germanic umlaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_spirant_law" title="Germanic spirant law">Germanic spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synchronic features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Germanic verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatischer_Wechsel" title="Grammatischer Wechsel">Grammatischer Wechsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Indo-European ablaut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387066#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387066#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387066#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4116442-8">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/024595">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&oldid=1254169871">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_German&oldid=1254169871</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_German_language" title="Category:Swiss German language">Swiss German language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alemannic_German_language" title="Category:Alemannic German language">Alemannic German language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Upper_German_languages" title="Category:Upper German languages">Upper German languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_dialects" title="Category:German dialects">German dialects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diglossia" title="Category:Diglossia">Diglossia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2007" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2007">Articles needing additional references from November 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2014" title="Category:Use British English from July 2014">Use British English from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Alemannic_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Alemannic German IPA">Pages with Alemannic German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_IETF_language_tag" title="Category:Language articles with IETF language tag">Language articles with IETF language tag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Alemannic_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Alemannic German-language text">Articles containing Alemannic German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections" title="Category:All articles that may have off-topic sections">All articles that may have off-topic sections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_may_have_off-topic_sections_from_April_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from April 2019">Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Middle_High_German_(ca._1050-1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text">Articles containing Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_errors_in_interlinear_text" title="Category:Pages with errors in interlinear text">Pages with errors in interlinear text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 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