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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The mechanical equivalent of heat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_mechanical_equivalent_of_heat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_priority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_priority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception and priority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_priority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinetic_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinetic_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kinetic theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinetic_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Published work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Prescott Joule</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%81%E1%88%8D" title="ጄምስ ጁል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄምስ ጁል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="جيمس بريسكوت جول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس بريسكوت جول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Preskott_Coul" title="Ceyms Preskott Coul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Preskott Coul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%84" title="جئیمز ژول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جئیمز ژول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="জেমস প্রেসকট জুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস প্রেসকট জুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джеймс Прескотт Джоуль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джеймс Прескотт Джоуль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джэймс Прэскат Джоўль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Прэскат Джоўль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джэймз Прэскат Джоўль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Прэскат Джоўль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Джеймс Джаул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Джаул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB" title="Τζέιμς Πρέσκοτ Τζάουλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Πρέσκοτ Τζάουλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="جیمز جول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز جول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joule" title="James Joule – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James Joule" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B2" title="જેમ્સ પ્રિસ્કોટ જૂલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જેમ્સ પ્રિસ્કોટ જૂલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7_%EC%A4%84" title="제임스 프레스콧 줄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 프레스콧 줄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Ջեյմս Ջոուլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Ջոուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="जेम्स प्रेस्कॉट जूल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स प्रेस्कॉट जूल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9C" title="ג'יימס ג'ול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס ג'ול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಪ್ರೆಸ್ಕಾಟ್ ಜೂಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಪ್ರೆಸ್ಕಾಟ್ ಜೂಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ პრესკოტ ჯოული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ პრესკოტ ჯოული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джеймс Джоуль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Джоуль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joule" title="James Joule – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="James Joule" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жеймс Прескотт Жоуль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жеймс Прескотт Жоуль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Prescott_Joule" title="Iacobus Prescott Joule – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_Preskots_D%C5%BEouls" title="Džeimss Preskots Džouls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Preskots Džouls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%8F%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Џејмс Џул – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Џул" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B5%BE" title="ജെയിംസ് പ്രെസ്കോട്ട് ജൂൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെയിംസ് പ്രെസ്കോട്ട് ജൂൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="जेम्स प्रेस्कॉट जूल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स प्रेस्कॉट जूल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ პრესკოტ ჯოული – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ პრესკოტ ჯოული" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="جيمس بريسكوت جول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس بريسكوت جول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жэймс Прэскотт Жоуль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жэймс Прэскотт Жоуль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျိမ်းစ် ပရက်စကော့ ဂျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိမ်းစ် ပရက်စကော့ ဂျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2" title="जेम्स प्रेस्कट जुल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेम्स प्रेस्कट जुल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ジェームズ・プレスコット・ジュール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・プレスコット・ジュール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джоуль, Джеймс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джоуль, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2" title="ਜੇਮਸ ਪ੍ਰਿਸਕੌਟ ਜੂਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਸ ਪ੍ਰਿਸਕੌਟ ਜੂਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84" title="جیمز پریسکاٹ جاؤل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز پریسکاٹ جاؤل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joule" title="James Joule – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Joule" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джеймс Прескотт Джоуль – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джеймс Прескотт Джоуль" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Джоуль, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джоуль, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱮᱢᱥ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱠᱚᱴ ᱡᱩᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%88%DA%B5" title="جەیمز پرێسکۆت جووڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمز پرێسکۆت جووڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%8F%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Џејмс Џул – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Џул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜேம்ஸ் பிரிஸ்காட் ஜூல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜேம்ஸ் பிரிஸ்காட் ஜூல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Coul" title="Ceyms Coul – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ceyms Coul" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5" title="เจมส์ จูล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ จูล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Джеймс Прескотт Джоуль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеймс Прескотт Джоуль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="جیمز پریسکوٹ جول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیمز پریسکوٹ جول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEoul%27_D%C5%BEeims_Preskott" title="Džoul' Džeims Preskott – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Džoul' Džeims Preskott" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C" title="דזשיימס פרעסקאט דזשול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשיימס פרעסקאט דזשול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%A3%AB%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="占士焦耳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="占士焦耳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimsos_Preskuots_D%C5%BEaul%C4%97s" title="Džeimsos Preskuots Džaulės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džeimsos Preskuots Džaulės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·焦耳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="James Prescott Joule" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8962#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English physicist and brewer (1818–1889)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22James+Prescott+Joule%22">"James Prescott Joule"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22James+Prescott+Joule%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22James+Prescott+Joule%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22James+Prescott+Joule%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22James+Prescott+Joule%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22James+Prescott+Joule%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James Prescott Joule</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Joule_James_sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joule_James_sitting.jpg/220px-Joule_James_sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joule_James_sitting.jpg/330px-Joule_James_sitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joule_James_sitting.jpg/440px-Joule_James_sitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="2524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1818-12-24</span>)</span>24 December 1818<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Salford" title="Salford">Salford</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 October 1889<span style="display:none">(1889-10-11)</span> (aged 70)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>, England<br />(now (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Disproving <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joule_expansion" title="Joule expansion">Joule expansion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gough%E2%80%93Joule_effect" title="Gough–Joule effect">Gough–Joule effect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson_effect" title="Joule–Thomson effect">Joule–Thomson effect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics">First law of thermodynamics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Magnetostriction" title="Magnetostriction">Magnetostriction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Mechanical equivalent of heat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">Joule</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Amelia Grimes</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1847; died 1854)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1852)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1870)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1880)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842,_Hunterian_Museum,_Glasgow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/260px-An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/390px-An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg/520px-An_electric_motor_presented_to_Kelvin_by_James_Joule_in_1842%2C_Hunterian_Museum%2C_Glasgow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>An electric motor presented to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a> by James Joule in 1842. <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunterian Museum">Hunterian Museum</a>, Glasgow.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Articles about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Solenoid"><img alt="Solenoid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/190px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/285px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg/380px-VFPt_Solenoid_correct2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">Optics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electromagnetic_theory" title="History of electromagnetic theory">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_electromagnetics" title="Computational electromagnetics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_in_electromagnetism" title="List of textbooks in electromagnetism">Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electrical_phenomena" title="List of electrical phenomena">Phenomena</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">Electrostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge_density" title="Charge density">Charge density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">Coulomb law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electret" title="Electret">Electret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment" title="Electric dipole moment">Electric dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">Electric field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_flux" title="Electric flux">Electric flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential" title="Electric potential">Electric potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">Electrostatic discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">Electrostatic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law" title="Gauss's law">Gauss law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">Insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">Permittivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization_density" title="Polarization density">Polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_potential_energy" title="Electric potential energy">Potential energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">Static electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">Triboelectricity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetostatics" title="Magnetostatics">Magnetostatics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amp%C3%A8re%27s_circuital_law" title="Ampère's circuital law">Ampère law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biot%E2%80%93Savart_law" title="Biot–Savart law">Biot–Savart law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_law_for_magnetism" title="Gauss's law for magnetism">Gauss magnetic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">Magnetic dipole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">Magnetic flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_scalar_potential" title="Magnetic scalar potential">Magnetic scalar potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_vector_potential" title="Magnetic vector potential">Magnetic vector potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetization" title="Magnetization">Magnetization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule#Electromagnetism" title="Right-hand rule">Right-hand rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Electrodynamics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">Cyclotron radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_current" title="Displacement current">Displacement current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">Eddy current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">Electromagnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">Electromagnetic induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">Electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefimenko%27s_equations" title="Jefimenko's equations">Jefimenko equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larmor_formula" title="Larmor formula">Larmor formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenz%27s_law" title="Lenz's law">Lenz law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A9nard%E2%80%93Wiechert_potential" title="Liénard–Wiechert potential">Liénard–Wiechert potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_equations" title="London equations">London equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_force" title="Lorentz force">Lorentz force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_stress_tensor" title="Maxwell stress tensor">Maxwell tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poynting_vector" title="Poynting vector">Poynting vector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation" title="Synchrotron radiation">Synchrotron radiation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">Electrical network</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">Capacitance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_density" title="Current density">Current density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">Electric current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">Electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">Electromotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">Impedance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductance" title="Inductance">Inductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joule_heating" title="Joule heating">Joule heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchhoff%27s_circuit_laws" title="Kirchhoff's circuit laws">Kirchhoff laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_analysis_(electrical_circuits)" title="Network analysis (electrical circuits)">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohm%27s_law" title="Ohm's law">Ohm law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Parallel_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Parallel circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetics" title="Resonator">Resonant cavities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits#Series_circuits" title="Series and parallel circuits">Series circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">Voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(radio_frequency)" title="Waveguide (radio frequency)">Waveguides</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_circuit" title="Magnetic circuit">Magnetic circuit</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrator%E2%80%93capacitor_model" title="Gyrator–capacitor model">Gyrator–capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">Linear motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetomotive_force" title="Magnetomotive force">Magnetomotive force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeance" title="Permeance">Permeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_complex_reluctance" title="Magnetic complex reluctance">Reluctance (complex)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_reluctance" title="Magnetic reluctance">Reluctance (real)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Covariant_formulation_of_classical_electromagnetism" title="Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism">Covariant formulation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_tensor" title="Electromagnetic tensor">Electromagnetic tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism_and_special_relativity" title="Classical electromagnetism and special relativity">Electromagnetism and special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-current" title="Four-current">Four-current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_four-potential" title="Electromagnetic four-potential">Four-potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_descriptions_of_the_electromagnetic_field" title="Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field">Mathematical descriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations_in_curved_spacetime" title="Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime">Maxwell equations in curved spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_electromagnetism" title="Relativistic electromagnetism">Relativistic electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_stress%E2%80%93energy_tensor" title="Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor">Stress–energy tensor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">Ampère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Biot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Fizeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopkinson" title="John Hopkinson">Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_D._Jefimenko" title="Oleg D. Jefimenko">Jefimenko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kirchhoff" title="Gustav Kirchhoff">Kirchhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Larmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Lenz" title="Emil Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Marie_Li%C3%A9nard" title="Alfred-Marie Liénard">Liénard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Ohm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Poynting" title="John Henry Poynting">Poynting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_(physicist)" title="William Ritchie (physicist)">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart" title="Félix Savart">Savart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Singer" title="George Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Proteus_Steinmetz" title="Charles Proteus Steinmetz">Steinmetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Wiechert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electromagnetism" title="Template talk:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electromagnetism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Prescott Joule</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1901606_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1901606-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1943354_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1943354-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 24 December 1818 –  11 October 1889) was an English <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. Joule studied the nature of heat and discovered its relationship to <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">mechanical work</a>. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_conservation_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of conservation of energy">law of conservation of energy</a>, which in turn led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamics" title="First law of thermodynamics">first law of thermodynamics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> unit of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a> (J), is named after him. </p><p>He worked with <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> to develop an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale, which came to be called the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a> scale. Joule also made observations of <a href="/wiki/Magnetostriction" title="Magnetostriction">magnetostriction</a>, and he found the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> and the heat <a href="/wiki/Dissipation" title="Dissipation">dissipated</a>, which is also called <a href="/wiki/Joule%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule's first law">Joule's first law</a>. His experiments about energy transformations were first published in 1843. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Joule was born in 1818, the son of Benjamin Joule (1784–1858), a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewer">brewer</a>, and his wife, Alice Prescott, on New Bailey Street in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Index2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Index2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joule was tutored as a young man by the famous scientist <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> and was strongly influenced by chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_(chemist)" title="William Henry (chemist)">William Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> engineers <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ewart" title="Peter Ewart">Peter Ewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson" title="Eaton Hodgkinson">Eaton Hodgkinson</a>. He was fascinated by electricity, and he and his brother experimented by giving electric shocks to each other and to the family's servants.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an adult, Joule managed the brewery. Science was merely a serious hobby. Sometime around 1840, he started to investigate the feasibility of replacing the brewery's <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> with the newly invented <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>. His first <a href="/wiki/Scientific_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific paper">scientific papers</a> on the subject were contributed to <a href="/wiki/William_Sturgeon" title="William Sturgeon">William Sturgeon</a>'s <i>Annals of Electricity</i>. Joule was a member of the <a href="/wiki/London_Electrical_Society" title="London Electrical Society">London Electrical Society</a>, established by Sturgeon and others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Motivated in part by a businessman's desire to quantify the economics of the choice, and in part by his scientific inquisitiveness, he set out to determine which prime mover was more efficient. He discovered <a href="/wiki/Joule%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Joule's first law">Joule's first law</a> in 1841, that "the heat which is evolved by the proper action of any <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic current</a> is proportional to the square of the intensity of that current, multiplied by the resistance to <a href="/wiki/Conduction_(heat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction (heat)">conduction</a> which it experiences".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1841260_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1841260-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to realize that burning a <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> of coal in a steam engine was more economical than a costly pound of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> consumed in an electric <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">battery</a>. Joule captured the output of the alternative methods in terms of a common standard, the ability to raise a mass weighing one pound to a height of one foot, the <i>foot-pound</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, Joule's interest diverted from the narrow financial question to that of how much work could be extracted from a given source, leading him to speculate about the convertibility of energy. In 1843 he published results of experiments showing that the heating effect he had quantified in 1841 was due to generation of heat in the <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (material)">conductor</a> and not its transfer from another part of the equipment. This was a direct challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric theory</a> which held that heat could neither be created nor destroyed. Caloric theory had dominated thinking in the science of heat since introduced by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> in 1783. Lavoisier's prestige and the practical success of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a>'s caloric theory of the <a href="/wiki/Heat_engine" title="Heat engine">heat engine</a> since 1824 ensured that the young Joule, working outside either <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">academia</a> or the engineering profession, had a difficult road ahead. Supporters of the caloric theory readily pointed to the symmetry of the <a href="/wiki/Peltier%E2%80%93Seebeck_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Peltier–Seebeck effect">Peltier–Seebeck effect</a> to claim that heat and current were convertible in an, at least approximately, <a href="/wiki/Reversible_process_(thermodynamics)" title="Reversible process (thermodynamics)">reversible process</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_mechanical_equivalent_of_heat">The mechanical equivalent of heat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The mechanical equivalent of heat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further experiments and measurements with his electric motor led Joule to estimate the <i><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">mechanical equivalent of heat</a></i> as 4.1868 <a href="/wiki/Joules" class="mw-redirect" title="Joules">joules</a> per <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calorie</a> of work to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one kelvin.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He announced his results at a meeting of the chemical section of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> in August 1843 and was met by silence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1843263,_347_&_435_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1843263,_347_&_435-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joule was undaunted and started to seek a purely mechanical demonstration of the conversion of work into heat. By forcing water through a perforated cylinder, he could measure the slight <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> heating of the fluid. He obtained a mechanical equivalent of 770 foot-pounds force per British thermal unit (4,140 J/Cal). The fact that the values obtained both by electrical and purely mechanical means were in agreement to at least two <a href="/wiki/Significant_digits" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant digits">significant digits</a> was, to Joule, compelling evidence of the reality of the convertibility of work into heat. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wherever mechanical force is expended, an exact equivalent of heat is always obtained.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J.P. Joule, August, 1843</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Joule now tried a third route. He measured the heat generated against the work done in compressing a gas. He obtained a mechanical equivalent of 798 foot-pounds force per British thermal unit (4,290 J/Cal). In many ways, this experiment offered the easiest target for Joule's critics but Joule disposed of the anticipated objections by clever experimentation. Joule read his paper to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> on 20 June 1844,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1844_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1844-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1884171_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1884171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his paper was rejected for publication by the Royal Society and he had to be content with publishing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine" title="Philosophical Magazine">Philosophical Magazine</a></i> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1845369–383_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1845369–383-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the paper he was forthright in his rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric</a> reasoning of Carnot and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Clapeyron" title="Émile Clapeyron">Émile Clapeyron</a>, a rejection partly <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologically</a> driven:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I conceive that this theory ... is opposed to the recognised principles of philosophy because it leads to the conclusion that <i><a href="/wiki/Vis_viva" title="Vis viva">vis viva</a></i> may be destroyed by an improper disposition of the apparatus: Thus Mr Clapeyron draws the inference that 'the temperature of the fire being 1000 °C to 2000 °C higher than that of the boiler there is an enormous loss of <i>vis viva</i> in the passage of the heat from the furnace to the boiler.' Believing that the power to destroy belongs to the Creator alone I affirm ... that any theory which, when carried out, demands the annihilation of force, is necessarily erroneous.</p></blockquote> <p>Joule here adopts the language of <i>vis viva</i> (energy), possibly because Hodgkinson had read a review of Ewart's <i>On the measure of moving force</i> to the Literary and Philosophical Society in April 1844.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 1845, Joule read his paper <i>On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat</i> to the British Association meeting in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1845b31_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1845b31-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, he reported his best-known experiment, involving the use of a falling weight, in which gravity does the mechanical work, to spin a <a href="/wiki/Paddle_wheel" title="Paddle wheel">paddle wheel</a> in an insulated barrel of water which increased the temperature. He now estimated a mechanical equivalent of 819 foot-pounds force per British thermal unit (4,404 J/Cal). He wrote a letter to the Philosophical Magazine, published in September 1845 describing his experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1845c205–207_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1845c205–207-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG/170px-Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG/255px-Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG/340px-Joule%27s_heat_apparatus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Joule's Heat Apparatus, 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1850, Joule published a refined measurement of 772.692 foot-pounds force per British thermal unit (4,150 J/Cal), closer to twentieth century estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule185061–82_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule185061–82-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_priority">Reception and priority</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception and priority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the controversy over priority with Mayer, see <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat#Priority" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Mechanical equivalent of heat § Priority</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joule%27s_Apparatus_(Harper%27s_Scan).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png/220px-Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png/330px-Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png/440px-Joule%27s_Apparatus_%28Harper%27s_Scan%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Joule's apparatus for measuring the mechanical equivalent of heat</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the initial resistance to Joule's work stemmed from its dependence upon extremely <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">precise</a> <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurements</a>. He claimed to be able to measure temperatures to within <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">200</span></span> of a degree Fahrenheit (3 mK). Such precision was certainly uncommon in contemporary experimental physics but his doubters may have neglected his experience in the art of brewing and his access to its practical technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESibum1995_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESibum1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also ably supported by <a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">scientific instrument</a>-maker <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamin_Dancer" title="John Benjamin Dancer">John Benjamin Dancer</a>. Joule's experiments complemented the theoretical work of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a>, who is considered by some to be the coinventor of the energy concept.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Joule was proposing a kinetic theory of heat (he believed it to be a form of rotational, rather than translational, <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a>), and this required a conceptual leap: if heat was a form of molecular motion, why did the motion of the molecules not gradually die out? Joule's ideas required one to believe that the collisions of molecules were perfectly elastic. Importantly, the very existence of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> was not widely accepted for another 50 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although it may be hard today to understand the allure of the <a href="/wiki/Caloric_theory" title="Caloric theory">caloric theory</a>, at the time it seemed to have some clear advantages. <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a>'s successful theory of heat engines had also been based on the caloric assumption, and only later was it proved by <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> that Carnot's mathematics were equally valid without assuming a caloric fluid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Helmholtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Helmholtz">Hermann Helmholtz</a> became aware both of Joule's work and the similar 1842 work of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Robert_von_Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Robert von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a>. Though both men had been neglected since their respective publications, Helmholtz's definitive 1847 declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_energy" title="Conservation of energy">conservation of energy</a> credited them both.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also in 1847, another of Joule's presentations at the British Association in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> was attended by <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Gabriel Stokes">George Gabriel Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, and the precocious and maverick <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a>, later to become Lord Kelvin, who had just been appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a>. Stokes was "inclined to be a Joulite" and Faraday was "much struck with it" though he harboured doubts. Thomson was intrigued but sceptical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unanticipated, Thomson and Joule met later that year in <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a>. Joule married Amelia Grimes on 18 August and the couple went on honeymoon. Marital enthusiasm notwithstanding, Joule and Thomson arranged to attempt an experiment a few days later to measure the temperature difference between the top and bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_de_Sallanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascade de Sallanches">Cascade de Sallanches</a> waterfall, though this subsequently proved impractical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Though Thomson felt that Joule's results demanded theoretical explanation, he retreated into a spirited defence of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a>–<a href="/wiki/Clapeyron" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapeyron">Clapeyron</a> school. In his 1848 account of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute temperature">absolute temperature</a>, Thomson wrote that "the conversion of heat (or caloric) into mechanical effect is probably impossible, certainly undiscovered"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1848_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1848-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1882100–106_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1882100–106-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – but a footnote signalled his first doubts about the caloric theory, referring to Joule's "very remarkable discoveries". Surprisingly, Thomson did not send Joule a copy of his paper but when Joule eventually read it he wrote to Thomson on 6 October, claiming that his studies had demonstrated conversion of heat into work but that he was planning further experiments. Thomson replied on the 27th, revealing that he was planning his own experiments and hoping for a reconciliation of their two views. Though Thomson conducted no new experiments, over the next two years he became increasingly dissatisfied with Carnot's theory and convinced of Joule's. In his 1851 paper, Thomson was willing to go no further than a compromise and declared "the whole theory of the motive power of heat is founded on two propositions, due respectively to Joule, and to Carnot and Clausius".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As soon as Joule read the paper he wrote to Thomson with his comments and questions. Thus began a fruitful, though largely epistolary, collaboration between the two men, Joule conducting experiments, Thomson analysing the results and suggesting further experiments. The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856, its discoveries including the <a href="/wiki/Joule%E2%80%93Thomson_effect" title="Joule–Thomson effect">Joule–Thomson effect</a>, and the published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">kinetic theory</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinetic_theory">Kinetic theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kinetic theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joule_James_Jeens_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Joule_James_Jeens_engraving.jpg/170px-Joule_James_Jeens_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Joule_James_Jeens_engraving.jpg/255px-Joule_James_Jeens_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Joule_James_Jeens_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>James Prescott Joule</figcaption></figure> <p>Kinetics is the science of motion. Joule was a pupil of Dalton and it is no surprise that he had learned a firm belief in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>, even though there were many scientists of his time who were still skeptical. He had also been one of the few people receptive to the neglected work of <a href="/wiki/John_Herapath" title="John Herapath">John Herapath</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">kinetic theory of gases</a>. He was further profoundly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ewart" title="Peter Ewart">Peter Ewart</a>'s 1813 paper "On the measure of moving force".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Joule perceived the relationship between his discoveries and the kinetic theory of heat. His laboratory notebooks reveal that he believed heat to be a form of rotational, rather than translational motion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Joule could not resist finding antecedents of his views in <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson" title="Benjamin Thompson">Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford)</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>. Though such views are justified, Joule went on to estimate a value for the mechanical equivalent of heat of 1,034 foot-pound from Rumford's publications. Some modern writers have criticised this approach on the grounds that Rumford's experiments in no way represented systematic quantitative measurements. In one of his personal notes, Joule contends that Mayer's measurement was no more <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accurate</a> than Rumford's, perhaps in the hope that Mayer had not anticipated his own work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Joule has been attributed with explaining the sunset <a href="/wiki/Green_flash" title="Green flash">green flash</a> phenomenon in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> in 1869; actually, he merely noted (with a sketch) the last glimpse as bluish green, without attempting to explain the cause of the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1884[httpsarchiveorgstreamscientificpapers01joulpage606_606]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1884[httpsarchiveorgstreamscientificpapers01joulpage606_606]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_work">Published work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Published work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoule1841" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hJEOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA260">"On the Heat evolved by Metallic Conductors of Electricity, and in the Cells of a Battery during Electrolysis"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>19</b> (124): 260. 1841. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786444108650416">10.1080/14786444108650416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Heat+evolved+by+Metallic+Conductors+of+Electricity%2C+and+in+the+Cells+of+a+Battery+during+Electrolysis&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=124&rft.pages=260&rft.date=1841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786444108650416&rft.aulast=Joule&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhJEOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoule1843" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20095#page/279/mode/1up">"On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity, and on the Mechanical Value of Heat"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 3. <b>23</b> (154): 435–443. 1843. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786444308644766">10.1080/14786444308644766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Calorific+Effects+of+Magneto-Electricity%2C+and+on+the+Mechanical+Value+of+Heat&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=154&rft.pages=435-443&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786444308644766&rft.aulast=Joule&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F20095%23page%2F279%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoule1844" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MfYrAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA517">"On the Changes of Temperature Produced by the Rarefaction and Condensation of Air"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society">Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</a></i>. <b>5</b>: 517–518. 1844. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1843.0031">10.1098/rspl.1843.0031</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+Changes+of+Temperature+Produced+by+the+Rarefaction+and+Condensation+of+Air&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=517-518&rft.date=1844&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1843.0031&rft.aulast=Joule&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMfYrAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoule1845" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20067#page/382/mode/2up">"On the Changes of Temperature Produced by the Rarefaction and Condensation of Air"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 3. <b>26</b> (174): 369–383. 1845. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786444508645153">10.1080/14786444508645153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Changes+of+Temperature+Produced+by+the+Rarefaction+and+Condensation+of+Air&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=174&rft.pages=369-383&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786444508645153&rft.aulast=Joule&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F20067%23page%2F382%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoule1845b" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46638#page/429/mode/1up">"On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat"</a>. <i>Notices and Abstracts of Communications to the British Association for the Advancement of Science</i>. <b>15</b>. 1845b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notices+and+Abstracts+of+Communications+to+the+British+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+Mechanical+Equivalent+of+Heat&rft.volume=15&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Joule&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F46638%23page%2F429%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span> Read before the British Association at Cambridge, June 1845.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoule1845c" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19987#page/219/mode/1up">"On the Existence of an Equivalent Relation between Heat and the ordinary Forms of Mechanical Power"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 3. <b>27</b> (179): 205–207. 1845c. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786444508645256">10.1080/14786444508645256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Existence+of+an+Equivalent+Relation+between+Heat+and+the+ordinary+Forms+of+Mechanical+Power&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=179&rft.pages=205-207&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786444508645256&rft.aulast=Joule&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F19987%23page%2F219%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoule1850" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philtrans00608634/00608634#page/n0/mode/2up">"On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>140</b>: 61–82. 1850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1850.0004">10.1098/rstl.1850.0004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+the+Mechanical+Equivalent+of+Heat&rft.volume=140&rft.pages=61-82&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1850.0004&rft.aulast=Joule&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fphiltrans00608634%2F00608634%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoule1884" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scientificpapers01joul#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule</i></a>. London: Physical Society. 1884. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL239730M">239730M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Papers+of+James+Prescott+Joule&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Physical+Society&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL239730M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Joule&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fscientificpapers01joul%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=11939368"><i>Joint scientific papers</i></a>. London: Taylor and Francis. 1887.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joint+scientific+papers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D11939368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joule-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Volumes I and II of "The Scientific Papers""><img alt="Volumes I and II of "The Scientific Papers"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Joule-1.jpg/99px-Joule-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Joule-1.jpg/149px-Joule-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Joule-1.jpg/199px-Joule-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3730" data-file-height="4505" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Volumes I and II of "The Scientific Papers"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joule-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page of volume I of "The Scientific Papers""><img alt="Title page of volume I of "The Scientific Papers"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joule-3.jpg/71px-Joule-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joule-3.jpg/106px-Joule-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Joule-3.jpg/142px-Joule-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2696" data-file-height="4558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page of volume I of "The Scientific Papers"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joule-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Preface to volume I of "The Scientific Papers""><img alt="Preface to volume I of "The Scientific Papers"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Joule-4.jpg/82px-Joule-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Joule-4.jpg/123px-Joule-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Joule-4.jpg/164px-Joule-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="3908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Preface to volume I of "The Scientific Papers"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joule-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Figure from volume I of "The Scientific Papers""><img alt="Figure from volume I of "The Scientific Papers"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joule-5.jpg/73px-Joule-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joule-5.jpg/109px-Joule-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Joule-5.jpg/146px-Joule-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2843" data-file-height="4670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Figure from volume I of "The Scientific Papers"</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Joule_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/James_Joule_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg/170px-James_Joule_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/James_Joule_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg/255px-James_Joule_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/James_Joule_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg/340px-James_Joule_statue_Manchester_City_Hall_20051020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>A statue of Joule in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Prescott_Joule_gravestone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/James_Prescott_Joule_gravestone.JPG/170px-James_Prescott_Joule_gravestone.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/James_Prescott_Joule_gravestone.JPG/255px-James_Prescott_Joule_gravestone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/James_Prescott_Joule_gravestone.JPG/340px-James_Prescott_Joule_gravestone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Joule's gravestone in <a href="/wiki/Brooklands,_Sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklands, Sale">Brooklands</a> cemetery, <a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Joule died at home in <a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRO_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRO-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Brooklands,_Sale" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklands, Sale">Brooklands</a> cemetery there. His gravestone is inscribed with the number "772.55", his climacteric 1878 measurement of the mechanical equivalent of heat, in which he found that this amount of <a href="/wiki/Foot-pounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot-pounds">foot-pounds</a> of work must be expended at sea level to raise the temperature of one <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a> of water from <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002288705555555555♠"></span>60 °F</span> to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002289261111111111♠"></span>61 °F</span>. There is also a quotation from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>: "I must work the work of him that sent me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wetherspoon's <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Sale, Greater Manchester">Sale</a>, the town of his death, is named "The J. P. Joule" after him. </p><p>Joule's many honours and commendations include: </p> <ul><li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (1850) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1852), 'For his paper on the mechanical equivalent of heat, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1870), 'For his experimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat'</li></ul></li> <li>President of <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> (1860)</li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (1872, 1887)</li> <li>Honorary Membership of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineers_and_Shipbuilders_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland">Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-iesis.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iesis.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1857)</li> <li>Honorary degrees: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">LL.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College, Dublin">Trinity College, Dublin</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">DCL</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (1860)</li> <li>LL.D., <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> (1871)</li></ul></li> <li>Joule received a <a href="/wiki/Civil_list" title="Civil list">civil list</a> pension of <a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">£</a>200 <i>per annum</i> in 1878 for services to science</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(RSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Medal (RSA)">Albert Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a> (1880), 'for having established, after most laborious research, the true relation between heat, electricity and mechanical work, thus affording to the engineer a sure guide in the application of science to industrial pursuits'</li></ul> <p>There is a memorial to Joule in the north choir aisle of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall196662_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall196662-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he is not buried there, contrary to what some biographies state. A statue of Joule by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilbert" title="Alfred Gilbert">Alfred Gilbert</a> stands in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Town_Hall" title="Manchester Town Hall">Manchester Town Hall</a>, opposite that of Dalton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/James_Prescott_Joule" title="Special:EditPage/James Prescott Joule">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Joule married Amelia Grimes in 1847. She died in 1854, seven years after their wedding. They had three children together: a son, Benjamin Arthur Joule (1850–1922), a daughter, Alice Amelia (1852–1899), and a second son, Joe (born 1854, died three weeks later). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_energy" title="Internal energy">Internal energy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a>: "Although some people of this name call themselves .<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(dʒaʊl)</span>, and others <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(dʒəʊl)</span> [the OED format for <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>], it is almost certain that J. P. Joule (and at least some of his relatives) used <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">(dʒuːl)</span>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joule's unit of 1 ft lbf/Btu corresponds to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997128592256214149♠"></span>5.3803<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup> J/cal</span>. Thus Joule's estimate was <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6999991873804971319♠"></span>4.15 J/cal</span>, compared to the value accepted by the beginning of the 20th century of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100047801147227♠"></span>4.1860 J/cal</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZemansky196886_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemansky196886-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1901606-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1901606_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurray1901">Murray 1901</a>, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1943354-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1943354_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1943">Allen 1943</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Index2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiographical_Index2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiographical_Index2006">Biographical Index 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200912/physicshistory.cfm">"This Month Physics History: December 1840: Joule's abstract on converting mechanical power into heat"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Month+Physics+History%3A+December+1840%3A+Joule%27s+abstract+on+converting+mechanical+power+into+heat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Fpublications%2Fapsnews%2F200912%2Fphysicshistory.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1841260-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1841260_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1841">Joule 1841</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemansky196886-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZemansky196886_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZemansky1968">Zemansky 1968</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1843263,_347_&_435-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1843263,_347_&_435_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1843">Joule 1843</a>, pp. 263, 347 & 435.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1844-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1844_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1844">Joule 1844</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1884171-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1884171_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1884">Joule 1884</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1845369–383-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1845369–383_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1845">Joule 1845</a>, pp. 369–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1845b31-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1845b31_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1845b">Joule 1845b</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1845c205–207-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1845c205–207_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1845c">Joule 1845c</a>, pp. 205–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule185061–82-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule185061–82_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1850">Joule 1850</a>, pp. 61–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESibum1995-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESibum1995_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSibum1995">Sibum 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1848-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1848_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1848">Thomson 1848</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1882100–106-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson1882100–106_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomson1882">Thomson 1882</a>, pp. 100–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoule1884[httpsarchiveorgstreamscientificpapers01joulpage606_606]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoule1884[httpsarchiveorgstreamscientificpapers01joulpage606_606]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoule1884">Joule 1884</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scientificpapers01joul#page/606/">606</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRO-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRO_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GRO Register of Deaths: DEC 1889 8a 121 ALTRINCHAM – James Prescott Joule</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#9:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 9:4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iesis.org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iesis.org_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameronn.d." class="citation web cs1">Cameron, Stuart D (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iesis.org/honorary-fellows.html">"Honorary Members and Fellows"</a>. <i>Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institution+of+Engineers+and+Shipbuilders+in+Scotland&rft.atitle=Honorary+Members+and+Fellows&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Stuart+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iesis.org%2Fhonorary-fellows.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall196662-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall196662_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall1966">Hall 1966</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1943" class="citation journal cs1">Allen, H. S. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F152354a0">"James Prescott Joule and the Unit of Energy"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>152</b> (3856): 354. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1943Natur.152..354A">1943Natur.152..354A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F152354a0">10.1038/152354a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4182911">4182911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=James+Prescott+Joule+and+the+Unit+of+Energy&rft.volume=152&rft.issue=3856&rft.pages=354&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F152354a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4182911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1943Natur.152..354A&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F152354a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiographical_Index2006" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardwell1991" class="citation book cs1">Cardwell, Donald S. L. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWLQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA322"><i>James Joule: A Biography</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3479-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3479-4"><bdi>978-0-7190-3479-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Joule%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3479-4&rft.aulast=Cardwell&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWLQAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rupert_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Rupert Hall">Hall, Alfred Rupert</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9wNAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Abbey Scientists</i></a>. R. & R. Nicholson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abbey+Scientists&rft.pub=R.+%26+R.+Nicholson&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9wNAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1901" class="citation book cs1">Murray, James Augustus Henry (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newenglishdict05murrmiss#page/606/mode/2up"><i>A new English dictionary on historical principles; founded mainly on the materials collected by the Philological society</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+English+dictionary+on+historical+principles%3B+founded+mainly+on+the+materials+collected+by+the+Philological+society&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=James+Augustus+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnewenglishdict05murrmiss%23page%2F606%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibum1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sibum, H. O. (1995). "Reworking the mechanical value of heat: instruments of precision and gestures of accuracy in early Victorian England". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 73–106. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995SHPSA..26...73S">1995SHPSA..26...73S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3681%2894%2900036-9">10.1016/0039-3681(94)00036-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Reworking+the+mechanical+value+of+heat%3A+instruments+of+precision+and+gestures+of+accuracy+in+early+Victorian+England&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-106&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3681%2894%2900036-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995SHPSA..26...73S&rft.aulast=Sibum&rft.aufirst=H.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1848" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, William (1848). "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's Observations". <i>Philosophical Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Journal&rft.atitle=On+an+Absolute+Thermometric+Scale+founded+on+Carnot%27s+Theory+of+the+Motive+Power+of+Heat%2C+and+calculated+from+Regnault%27s+Observations&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1882" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, William (1882). <i>Mathematical and Physical Papers</i>. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematical+and+Physical+Papers&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZemansky1968" class="citation book cs1">Zemansky, Mark W (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heatthermodynami0000zema"><i>Heat and thermodynamics: an intermediate textbook</i></a></span> (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/902055813">902055813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heat+and+thermodynamics%3A+an+intermediate+textbook&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F902055813&rft.aulast=Zemansky&rft.aufirst=Mark+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheatthermodynami0000zema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottomley,_J._T.1882" class="citation journal cs1">Bottomley, J. T. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F026617a0">"James Prescott Joule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>26</b> (678): 617–620. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1882Natur..26..617B">1882Natur..26..617B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F026617a0">10.1038/026617a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=James+Prescott+Joule&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=678&rft.pages=617-620&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F026617a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1882Natur..26..617B&rft.au=Bottomley%2C+J.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F026617a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrester,_J.1975" class="citation journal cs1">Forrester, J. (1975). "Chemistry and the Conservation of Energy: The Work of James Prescott Joule". <i>Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 273–313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975SHPSA...6..273F">1975SHPSA...6..273F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3681%2875%2990025-4">10.1016/0039-3681(75)90025-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Chemistry+and+the+Conservation+of+Energy%3A+The+Work+of+James+Prescott+Joule&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=273-313&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3681%2875%2990025-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975SHPSA...6..273F&rft.au=Forrester%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fox, R, "James Prescott Joule, 1818–1889", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth,_J.1969" class="citation book cs1">North, J. (1969). <i>Mid-nineteenth-century scientists</i>. Elsevier. pp. 72–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3479-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3479-5"><bdi>0-7190-3479-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mid-nineteenth-century+scientists&rft.pages=72-103&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-7190-3479-5&rft.au=North%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazebrook1892" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Glazebrook, Richard Tetley (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Joule, James Prescott"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Joule,_James_Prescott">"Joule, James Prescott" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 30. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joule%2C+James+Prescott&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Glazebrook&rft.aufirst=Richard+Tetley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds,_Osbourne1892" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Osbourne (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/109972#page/11/mode/1up"><i>Memoir of James Prescott Joule</i></a>. Vol. 6. Manchester, England: Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+James+Prescott+Joule&rft.place=Manchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Manchester+Literary+and+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1892&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Osbourne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F109972%23page%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_C.1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, C. (1998). <i>The Science of Energy: A Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain</i>. London: Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-485-11431-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-485-11431-3"><bdi>0-485-11431-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Energy%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Energy+Physics+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-485-11431-3&rft.au=Smith%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Crosbie (6 January 2011). "Joule, James Prescott". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15139">10.1093/ref:odnb/15139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joule%2C+James+Prescott&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15139&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Crosbie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_C.Wise,_M.N.1989" class="citation book cs1">Smith, C.; Wise, M.N. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JYWeyAXpHUC&q=joule%201844&pg=PA305"><i>Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26173-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26173-2"><bdi>0-521-26173-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+and+Empire%3A+A+Biographical+Study+of+Lord+Kelvin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-26173-2&rft.au=Smith%2C+C.&rft.au=Wise%2C+M.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JYWeyAXpHUC%26q%3Djoule%25201844%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffens,_H.J.1979" class="citation book cs1">Steffens, H.J. (1979). <i>James Prescott Joule and the Concept of Energy</i>. Watson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88202-170-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88202-170-2"><bdi>0-88202-170-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Prescott+Joule+and+the+Concept+of+Energy&rft.pub=Watson&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-88202-170-2&rft.au=Steffens%2C+H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker,_James1950" class="citation book cs1">Walker, James (1950). <i>Physics 4th Edition</i>. Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-54163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-54163-5"><bdi>978-0-321-54163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+4th+Edition&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-321-54163-5&rft.au=Walker%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricalengin01unkngoog">"Obituary : Dr. Joule"</a>. <i>Electrical Engineer</i> (18 October). London: Biggs & Co: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricalengin01unkngoog/page/n325">311</a>–312. 1889. <q>James Joule obituary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electrical+Engineer&rft.atitle=Obituary+%3A+Dr.+Joule&rft.issue=18+October&rft.pages=311-312&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectricalengin01unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Prescott+Joule" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8962#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL239730M/The_scientific_papers_of_James_Prescott_Joule">The scientific papers of James Prescott Joule (1884)</a> – annotated by Joule</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scientificpapers00joul">The joint scientific papers of James Prescott Joule (1887)</a> – annotated by Joule</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemteam.info/Chem-History/Joule-Heat-1845.html">Classic papers of 1845 and 1847 at ChemTeam website</a> <i>On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat</i> and <i>On the Existence of an Equivalent Relation between Heat and the ordinary Forms of Mechanical Power</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10301513">Joule's water friction apparatus</a> at <a href="/wiki/London_Science_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="London Science Museum">London Science Museum</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/JOULE1.html">Some Remarks on Heat and the Constitution of Elastic Fluids</a></i>, Joule's 1851 estimate of the speed of a gas molecule</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-jpj">Joule Manuscripts</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Library" title="University of Manchester Library">University of Manchester Library</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006041736/http://bad.org.uk/Portals/_Bad/History/Historical%20poster%2006.pdf">University of Manchester material on Joule</a> – includes photographs of Joule's house and gravesite</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salford.ac.uk/our-facilities/joule-physics-laboratories">Joule Physics Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">University of Salford</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">Sir William Fairbairn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> </b><br />1860–62 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Henry Edward Schunck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> </b><br />1868–70 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> </b><br />1872–74 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Henry Edward Schunck</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> President of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> </b><br />1878–80 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John Holt Stanway</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society</a> </b><br />1846–50 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1851–1900)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientists whose names are used as units</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI base units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI derived units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-SI metric (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a>) units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eotvos_(unit)" title="Eotvos (unit)">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(unit)" title="Gilbert (unit)">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayser_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser (unit)">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lambert_(unit)" title="Lambert (unit)">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_(unit)" title="Langley (unit)">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)" title="Maxwell (unit)">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted" title="Oersted">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rayl" title="Rayl">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US<br /> customary</a> units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">degree Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (unit)">bel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday (unit)">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mache" title="Heinrich Mache">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mache_(unit)" title="Mache (unit)">Mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">degree Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Template:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white"> Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society </span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peter Mainwaring</li> <li>James Massey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Dr Thomas Percival</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Dr Thomas Percival</a> (II)</li> <li>George Walker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(apothecary)" title="Thomas Henry (apothecary)">Thomas Henry</a> (I)</li> <li>Dr John Hull</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_(apothecary)" title="Thomas Henry (apothecary)">Thomas Henry</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holme" title="Edward Holme">Dr Edward Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson" title="Eaton Hodgkinson">Eaton Hodgkinson</a></li> <li>John Moore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">Sir William Fairbairn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Bt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Prescott Joule</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Angus_Smith" title="Robert Angus Smith">Dr Robert Angus Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (I)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Prescott Joule</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (II)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Prescott Joule</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (III)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Prescott Joule</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Binney" title="Edward William Binney">Edward William Binney</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_Williamson" title="William Crawford Williamson">William Crawford Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dukinfield_Darbishire" title="Robert Dukinfield Darbishire">Robert Dukinfield Darbishire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (III)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilde_(engineer)" title="Henry Wilde (engineer)">Henry Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Dr Henry Edward Schunck</a> (IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cosmo_Melvill_(naturalist)" title="James Cosmo Melvill (naturalist)">James Cosmo Melvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Prof. Sir Horace Lamb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Prof. Sir Horace Lamb</a></li> <li>Charles Bailey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_Dawkins" title="William Boyd Dawkins">Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bailey_(engineer)" title="William Bailey (engineer)">Sir William Henry Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Baily_Dixon" title="Harold Baily Dixon">Prof. Harold Baily Dixon</a> (I)</li> <li>Francis Jones</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ernest_Weiss" title="Frederick Ernest Weiss">Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss</a></li> <li>Francis Nicholson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_J._Hickson" title="Sydney J. Hickson">Prof. Sydney John Hickson</a></li> <li>William Thomson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Miers" title="Henry Alexander Miers">Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coward" title="Thomas Coward">Thomas Alfred Coward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Baily_Dixon" title="Harold Baily Dixon">Prof. Harold Baily Dixon</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Cortie" title="Aloysius Cortie">Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie</a></li> <li>Herbert Levinstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg</a></li> <li>Charles Edmond Stromeyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mouat_Jones" title="Bernard Mouat Jones">Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones</a></li> <li>John Allan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_W._James" title="Reginald W. James">Prof. Reginald William James</a></li> <li>Robert Henry Clayton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hartree" title="Douglas Hartree">Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._J._Fleure" title="H. J. Fleure">Prof. Herbert John Fleure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi" title="Michael Polanyi">Prof. Michael Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._B._L._Webster" title="T. B. L. Webster">Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_James,_Baron_James_of_Rusholme" title="Eric James, Baron James of Rusholme">Dr Eric John Francis James</a></li> <li>Horace Hayhurst (I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Jefferson" title="Geoffrey Jefferson">Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson</a></li> <li>Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables</li> <li>Dr F. C. Toy</li> <li>C. E. Young</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lipson" title="Henry Lipson">Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson</a> (I)</li> <li>Leonard Cohen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pilkington" title="Margaret Pilkington">Margaret Pilkington</a></li> <li>Horace Hayhurst (II)</li> <li>Brian Rodgers</li> <li>Dr George N. Burkhardt</li> <li>Dr George James Kynch</li> <li>Dr Edward Noah Abrahart</li> <li>Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lipson" title="Henry Lipson">Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson</a> (II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Fairhurst" title="Harry S. Fairhurst">Harry M. Fairhurst</a></li> <li>David G. Wilson</li> <li>Dr Lionel J. R. Postle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netar_Mallick" title="Netar Mallick">Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick</a> (I)</li> <li>Dr Brian S. H. Rarity</li> <li>Philip G. Livesey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._S._L._Cardwell" title="D. S. L. Cardwell">Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Fletcher_Cass" title="Edward Fletcher Cass">Dr Edward Fletcher Cass</a></li> <li>Prof. Alexander Donnachie</li> <li>Dianne Wilson</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iain E. Gillespie</li> <li>Angus G. D. Yeaman</li> <li>Keith D. Buckley</li> <li>Vivienne Blackburn</li> <li>Mary, Lady Mallick</li> <li>David J. Higginson</li> <li>Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netar_Mallick" title="Netar Mallick">Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick</a> (II)</li> <li>Dr Diana M. Leitch</li> <li>Dr Susan R. Hilton</li> <li>Ian Cameron</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Honorary Membership</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Dalton_Medal" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society">Dalton Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Lectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilde_(engineer)" title="Henry Wilde (engineer)">Wilde</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percival" title="Thomas Percival">Percival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Memoirs" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><i>Memoirs and Proceedings</i></a></li> <li><i>Who's Who of Greater Manchester</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8962#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8962#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081073121">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27867468">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30393/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtCJ9d9RYywc7HfMrH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118776436">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79007744">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12140688b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12140688b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620901">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Joule, James Prescott"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV164051">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35724606">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003202348&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p075184877">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810566503205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263502305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058524407606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01820495?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:joule.james-prescott">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1059324">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118776436.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118776436">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029871980">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64f1v1q">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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