Paleolithic - World History Encyclopedia

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function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Paleolithic/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6195.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Paleolithic/" data-pin-description="The Palaeolithic ('Old Stone Age') makes up the earliest chunk of the Stone Age – the large swathe of time during which hominins used stone to make tools – and ranges from the first known tool use roughly 2,6 million years ago to the end of the last Ice Age c. 12,000 years ago, with part of its stone..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Emma Groeneveld" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-emmagroeneveld1.jpg" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/emmagroeneveld1/" rel="author" title="User Page: Emma Groeneveld">Emma Groeneveld</a> <br/> published on 29 September 2017 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-11112/paleolithique/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-11112/el-paleolitico/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-11112/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); 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</script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/6195/middle-palaeolithic-hand-axe/" title="Middle Palaeolithic Hand Axe"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6195.jpg.webp?v=1734167951 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6195.jpg.webp?v=1734167951 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6195.jpg?v=1734167951 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6195.jpg?v=1734167951 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6195.jpg?v=1734167951" width="300" height="406" alt="Middle Palaeolithic Hand Axe (by JosÃ©-Manuel Benito Alvarez, CC BY-SA)" title="Middle Palaeolithic Hand Axe (by JosÃ©-Manuel Benito Alvarez, CC BY-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Middle Palaeolithic Hand Axe</div><div class="figauthor">JosÃ©-Manuel Benito Alvarez (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6195/middle-palaeolithic-hand-axe/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6195/middle-palaeolithic-hand-axe/","caption":"Hand axe from the site of Lyndford Quarry (near Mundford, Norfolk, UK), which dates to around 60,000 years ago and falls within the Middle Palaeolithic industry.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6195.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Jos\u00c3\u00a9-Manuel Benito Alvarez - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Jos\u00c3\u00a9-Manuel Benito Alvarez"},"creditText":"Jos\u00c3\u00a9-Manuel Benito Alvarez / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-03-10T12:07:13+0000","datePublished":"2016-12-20T06:53:59+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Middle Palaeolithic Hand Axe","height":2991,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lynford_Hand_axe-Cordiform.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6195/middle-palaeolithic-hand-axe/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6195/middle-palaeolithic-hand-axe/","width":2218} </script> <p>The Palaeolithic ('Old <a href="/Stone_Age/">Stone Age</a>') makes up the earliest chunk of the Stone Age – the large swathe of time during which hominins used stone to make tools – and ranges from the first known tool use roughly 2,6 million years ago to the end of the last <a href="/Ice_Age/">Ice Age</a> c. 12,000 years ago, with part of its stone tool <a href="/disambiguation/culture/">culture</a> continuing up until c. 10,000 years ago in some areas. As such, it corresponds neatly with the timeframe of the geological epoch the Pleistocene, which saw waves of glacials and interglacials sweep across the planet. The term's connotations extend beyond the characteristics of its stone industries, however, as the Palaeolithic is also more generally associated with the cultures and lifestyles of the hunter-gatherers who produced the tools in question.</p> <p>It is succeeded by the Mesolithic ('Middle Stone Age'), in which people adapted to the changing environment after the end of the most recent Ice Age, and the <a href="/Neolithic/">Neolithic</a> ('New Stone Age') which saw the spread of <a href="/disambiguation/Agriculture/">agriculture</a> and ended with the coming of shiny <a href="/disambiguation/bronze/">bronze</a> tools. As a measure against current-day self-importance, it might be interesting to mention that the Stone Age as a whole makes up around 99% of humanity's technological calling card - so stone tools were very much in vogue for a long time indeed.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <h3>Subdivisions</h3> <p>With the Palaeolithic spanning such an almost incomprehensibly huge timeframe, thankfully our organisationally oriented modern human minds have come up with some subdivisions. Looking at the different 'stages' and characteristics we think we can see in stone tool cultures across the world during this period – and, crucially, not at absolute chronological boundaries - has produced the following highly unoriginal labels:</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <ul> <li><strong>Lower- or Early Palaeolithic</strong> - From the earliest known tool use around 2,6 million years ago, with simple cores, flaked pieces, and later large bifaces, up to roughly 250,000 years ago;</li> <li><strong>Middle Palaeolithic</strong> - From c. 250,000 years ago, with a new focus on retouched flakes and prepared cores, which continued to be popular in certain areas until as late as c. 30,000 years ago (when other areas had already made the switch to what we see as Upper Palaeolithic tools);</li> <li><strong>Upper- or Late Palaeolithic</strong> - Beginning to pop up around 50,000/40,000 years ago, this industry saw a huge proliferation with regard to both tool shapes and source materials (now also a lot of bone, antler, and ivory), which in some areas was carried on beyond the end of the last ice age all the way up to c. 10,000 years ago.</li> </ul> <p>Of course, humans would not be humans if they did not also distinguish some more specific tool industries within these categories, too. As such, the Lower Palaeolithic, for example, houses the Oldowan and Acheulean industries; the Middle Palaeolithic basically cries out 'Mousterian'; and the Upper Palaeolithic has too many to name but includes among others the Châtelperronian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean, and Magdalenian in <a href="/europe/">Europe</a> and the Clovis and Folsom cultures in the Americas. It should be noted that of course, these are artificially constructed boxes, which not only oversimplify things but might also not do justice to the grey areas and transitional stages. Developments can moreover vary greatly between different places.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <h3>Lower- or Early Palaeolithic</h3> <div class="big_quote">The Acheulean industry accompanied the migrations of <a href="/Homo_Erectus/">Homo erectus</a> & <a href="/Homo_Heidelbergensis/">Homo heidelbergensis</a> aCross Europe & Asia & enabled them to process their kills & side-dishes much more effectively.</div> <p>So far traced back to around a staggering 2,6 million years ago in <a href="/disambiguation/africa/">Africa</a> is when some early humans first began making simple stone tools. The first identified industry is the Oldowan industry, named after Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, in which hunter-gatherers used simple stone cores as choppers and hammerstones, for example for butchering animals and crushing their bones to get at the nutritious marrow, or pounding up plants and seeds. The Oldowan was mostly found within Africa (in spots that correspond with, for example, present-day Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, and South Africa) but was later on found in the <a href="/Near_East/">Near East</a> and eastern Asia, too, most likely by courtesy of the long legs of adventurous <em>Homo erectus</em>. It overlaps a bit with the Acheulean industry which popped up a bit later, around 1,7 million years ago, and has no proper endpoint; rather, it seems to have gradually petered out in various areas and given way to the Acheulean. To sustain our box-thinking, though, archaeologists tend to set the general conclusion of the Oldowan around one million years ago.</p> <p>The Acheulean, characterised by large bifaces that were turned into all kinds of scary things such as hand axes, picks, and cleavers, first developed in Africa and then spread through Eurasia. It accompanied the migrations of such humans as <em>Homo erectus</em> and <em>Homo heidelbergensis </em>across Europe and Asia and enabled them to process their kills and side-dishes much more effectively. These humans also gradually figured out how to harness fire properly and by at least 400,000 years ago habitual fire use becomes visible in the archaeological record, allowing cooking to help kick off all sorts of bodily developments (bigger brains!).</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Middle Palaeolithic</h3> <p>The Middle Palaeolithic (c. 250,000- c. 30,000 years ago) of Europe, the Near East, and North Africa is identified when the previously hugely popular bifaces give up their spot in the limelight for retouched flakes that are struck from carefully prepared cores (known as the Levallois technique) to create tools such as side scrapers, points, and backed knives. Clearly, tools became useful in more and more different ways as time progressed, and helped humans around this time <a href="/warfare/">conquer</a> ever more challenging environments throughout almost the entire Old World.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="7343"> <a href="/image/7343/biface-from-blombos-cave-south-africa/" title="Biface from Blombos Cave, South Africa" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/7343.jpg.webp?v=1712793843 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/7343.jpg.webp?v=1712793843 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/7343.jpg?v=1712793843 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/7343.jpg?v=1712793843 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/7343.jpg?v=1712793843" alt="Biface from Blombos Cave, South Africa" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="446" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Biface from Blombos Cave, South Africa</div><div class="figauthor">Vincent Mourre/Inrap (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7343/biface-from-blombos-cave-south-africa/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7343/biface-from-blombos-cave-south-africa/","caption":"Biface from Blombos Cave, South Africa. It belongs to the Africa Middle Stone Age (MSA) tool culture and has been dated to c. 71,000 years old.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/7343.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Vincent Mourre/Inrap - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Vincent Mourre/Inrap"},"creditText":"Vincent Mourre/Inrap / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-03-10T12:07:13+0000","datePublished":"2017-09-28T12:06:25+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Biface from Blombos Cave, South Africa","height":1410,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Blombos_point.JPG"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7343/biface-from-blombos-cave-south-africa/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7343/biface-from-blombos-cave-south-africa/","width":1584} </script> </p> <p>Middle Palaeolithic sites moreover show the presence of local traditions and variation. Human groups still mostly used natural shelters such as caves and rock shelters, but these now slowly began to have separate areas designated for specific activities, and fire and hearths become much more common. Associated humans are most prominently the <a href="/Neanderthal/">Neanderthals</a> (Mousterian industry) but also early <em>Homo</em> <em>sapiens</em>.</p> <p>Africa around this time was home to the Middle Stone Age technology (or MSA, not to be confused with the Mesolithic, and not synonymous with the Middle Palaeolithic), which also used prepared core techniques to produce a range of flake-based tools but more unusually also already showed signs of hafting (attaching points and flakes to handles, like with a spear), use of bone tools, and use of pigment and shells hinting at symbolic thought. A prime example is Blombos Cave in South Africa.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Upper- or Late Palaeolithic</h3> <p>The Upper- or Late Palaeolithic industry (c. 50,000/40,000- c. 10,000 years ago) represented an explosion in tool diversity. Stone gave up its status as prime source material to stuff such as bone, antler, and ivory, which were shaped into intricate needles, points and burins (engravers/chisels with sharp, chiseled points or edges) – although blade tools made of stone were still created, too. Sewing was now definitely within the realm of possibility, and spear throwers, harpoons, and bows and arrows indicated a serious change to their makers' way of life, allowing for much more varied hunting behaviour. Ever stronger regional material cultures became visible, so that a lot of areas have their own label referring to the specific ins and outs of their toolmaking.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="7344"> <a href="/image/7344/clovis-points/" title="Clovis Points" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/7344.jpg.webp?v=1729191186 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/7344.jpg.webp?v=1729191186 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/7344.jpg.webp?v=1729191186 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/7344.jpg.webp?v=1729191186 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/7344.jpg?v=1729191186 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/7344.jpg?v=1729191186 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/7344.jpg?v=1729191186 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/7344.jpg?v=1729191186 1500w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/7344.jpg?v=1729191186" alt="Clovis Points" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="322" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Clovis Points</div><div class="figauthor">Bill Whittaker (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7344/clovis-points/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7344/clovis-points/","caption":"Clovis points made by hunter-gatherers. These were found at the Rummells-Maske Site, 13CD15, Cedar County, Iowa, and are now part of the Iowa Office of the State Archaeologist collection.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/7344.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Bill Whittaker - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Bill Whittaker"},"creditText":"Bill Whittaker / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-03-10T12:07:13+0000","datePublished":"2017-09-28T12:11:29+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Clovis Points","height":565,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Clovis_Rummells_Maske.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7344/clovis-points/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/7344/clovis-points/","width":1316} </script> </p> <p>The Upper Palaeolithic generally goes hand-in-hand with <em><a href="/Homo_Sapiens/">Homo sapiens</a></em>, but some Neanderthals appear to have (either directly or indirectly) come into contact with their culture and borrowed some aspects, too (and vice versa, by the way), and the Upper Palaeolithic Châtelperronian industry, distinguished by curved backed blades, was also likely produced by Neanderthals. Culturally, anatomically modern humans created bucket loads of art and figurative objects, as symbolic expression becomes unequivocally visible within the framework of this industry, while Neanderthals also show decorative skills and some burials are known for them.</p> <p><div class="in_text_collection content_item" data-ciid="9-240"><a class="collection_thumbs" href="/collection/240/paleolithic-art/"><img src="/img/c/p/100x100/3537.jpg?v=1739236744" width="100" height="100" style="object-fit:cover;"/><img src="/img/c/p/100x100/4169.jpg?v=1718603587-1717769884" width="100" height="100" style="object-fit:cover;"/><img src="/img/c/p/100x100/5589.jpg?v=1733403244-1717769932" width="100" height="100" style="object-fit:cover;"/><img src="/img/c/p/100x100/8664.jpg?v=1630604702" width="100" height="100" style="object-fit:cover;"/><img src="/img/c/p/100x100/6347.jpg?v=1628480702" width="100" height="100" style="object-fit:cover;"/><img src="/img/c/p/100x100/6348.jpg?v=1717770287-1717770295" width="100" height="100" style="object-fit:cover;"/></a><div class="collection_info"> <div class="ci_header type__9"><div class="ci_type_name">Image Gallery</div></div> <h4><a href="/collection/240/paleolithic-art/">Paleolithic Art</a></h4> <div class="collection_text">The first non-functional human-made objects that could be clearly classified as art date back to the Upper Paleolithic (c. 50,000 to c. 12,000 years...</div> </div></div><link rel="stylesheet" href="/template/css/exclude/in_text_collection.css"></p> <p>By the time the glaciers of the last ice age began to recede and the Holocene epoch began around 12,000 years ago, humans had conquered not only the Old World but had made it all the way into the southern tip of Australia and the Americas. This warmer period, sandwiched between the temperamental climatic conditions accompanying the Palaeolithic cultures and the advent of agriculture that marks the start of the Neolithic, saw the Upper Palaeolithic industry give way to the Mesolithic. As humans sought to adapt to the post-glacial climate and changing flora and fauna, different tools (such as forest-clearing axes) were needed and microliths (small flint blades generally only 5 mm long and 4 mm thick) became the archetypal tool forms. Luckily, throughout the Palaeolithic, various human species had run the race of developing their technology fast enough to keep up with the challenges nature threw at them, priming them for these new challenges to come.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div></p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Denisovan+Homo_Erectus+Homo_Floresiensis+Homo_Heidelbergensis+Homo_Naledi+Homo_Sapiens+Ice_Age+Neanderthal+Neolithic+Oldowan_Tools+Paleolithic+Stone_Age+Venus_Figurine+Woolly_Mammoth" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This human-authored article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__1e72a9f49866065e7533d89652a15eb5"> <cite class="bib_text">Backwell, L., F. d'Errico & L. Wadley. "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa." <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>, Volume 35, Issue 6 (June 2008), pp. 1566-1580.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__1cc39b978c1e3a2a1e30e345efb8da8f"> <cite class="bib_text">Henke, W. and I. Tattersall (eds.). <i>Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Vol III.</i> Springer, 2015</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__53f1949ddbf2fb53f7029ce254d31815"> <cite class="bib_text">Henshilwood, C. e.a. "Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa." <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, Volume 57, Issue 1 (July 2009), pp. 27-47.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__60d279e0286aaff42f7abac51aa8eb09"> <cite class="bib_text">Herries, A. I. R. "A Chronological Perspective on the Acheulian and Its Transition to the Middle Stone Age in Southern Africa: The Question of the Fauresmith." <i>International Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>, Volume 2011, Article ID 961401, 25 pages (2011), pp. doi:10.4061/201.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__e5cca1bf5bc0d29d5f316d199ad48b72"> <cite class="bib_text">Shaw, I. and R. Jameson (eds.). <i>A Dictionary of Archaeology.</i> Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 1999</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__5a3abb1dc78bd24c22b13a8b3a9cbfe7"> <cite class="bib_text">Toth, N., and K. Schick. "Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology." <i>Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Vol III</i>, edited by Henke, W. and I. Tattersall. Springer, 2015, 2441-2464.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__1889f6b71cb0de57eda675c200d6325b"> <cite class="bib_text">Wadley, L., T. Hodgkiss & M. Grant. "Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa." <i>PNAS</i>, Vol. 106, No. 24 (16 June 2009), pp. 9590â€“9594.</cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=emmagroeneveld1" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/emmagroeneveld1/" rel="nofollow" title="Emma Groeneveld"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-emmagroeneveld1.jpg?v=1623919373" width="100" height="100" alt="Emma Groeneveld" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/emmagroeneveld1/" rel="author" title="Emma Groeneveld">Emma Groeneveld</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Emma Groeneveld studied History & Ancient History, focusing on topics such as Herodotus and the juicy politics of ancient courts. 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(2017, September 29). <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Paleolithic/" class="no_external">Paleolithic</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Paleolithic/ </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_chicago"> <h4>Chicago Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Groeneveld, Emma. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Paleolithic/" class="no_external">Paleolithic</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Last modified September 29, 2017. https://www.worldhistory.org/Paleolithic/. </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_mla citation_style"> <h4>MLA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details"> <p> Groeneveld, Emma. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Paleolithic/" class="no_external">Paleolithic</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. World History Encyclopedia, 29 Sep 2017. Web. 10 Mar 2025. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/emmagroeneveld1/" rel="author" title="User Page: Emma Groeneveld">Emma Groeneveld</a>, published on 29 September 2017. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. 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