Homo Heidelbergensis - World History Encyclopedia

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ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Homo_Heidelbergensis/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6442.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Homo_Heidelbergensis/" data-pin-description="Homo heidelbergensis is an extinct species of human that is identified in both Africa and western Eurasia from roughly 700,000 years ago onwards until around 200,000 years ago – fitting snugly within the Middle Pleistocene. Named for a piece of jawbone found near Heidelberg, Germany, these hominins..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Emma Groeneveld" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-emmagroeneveld1.jpg" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/emmagroeneveld1/" rel="author" title="User Page: Emma Groeneveld">Emma Groeneveld</a> <br/> published on 26 March 2017 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-15837/homo-heidelbergensis/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-15837/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Denisovan+Homo_Erectus+Homo_Floresiensis+Homo_Heidelbergensis+Homo_Naledi+Homo_Sapiens+Ice_Age+Neanderthal+Paleolithic+Stone_Age" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=emmagroeneveld1" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/6442/homo-heidelbergensis-reconstruction/" title="Homo Heidelbergensis Reconstruction"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6442.jpg.webp?v=1670262662 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6442.jpg.webp?v=1670262662 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6442.jpg?v=1670262662 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6442.jpg?v=1670262662 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6442.jpg?v=1670262662" width="300" height="383" alt="Homo Heidelbergensis Reconstruction (by Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA)" title="Homo Heidelbergensis Reconstruction (by Tim Evanson, CC BY-SA)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Homo Heidelbergensis Reconstruction</div><div class="figauthor">Tim Evanson (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6442/homo-heidelbergensis-reconstruction/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6442/homo-heidelbergensis-reconstruction/","caption":"Reconstruction of the head of an adult male Homo heidelbergensis. It is on display in the Hall of Human Origins in the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6442.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Tim Evanson - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Tim Evanson"},"creditText":"Tim Evanson / Flickr","dateModified":"2025-03-11T11:19:18+0000","datePublished":"2017-03-23T17:00:27+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Homo Heidelbergensis Reconstruction","height":2000,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/23165290@N00/7283200264/"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6442/homo-heidelbergensis-reconstruction/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6442/homo-heidelbergensis-reconstruction/","width":1567} </script> <p><em>Homo heidelbergensis</em> is an extinct species of human that is identified in both <a href="/disambiguation/africa/">Africa</a> and western Eurasia from roughly 700,000 years ago onwards until around 200,000 years ago – fitting snugly within the Middle Pleistocene. Named for a piece of jawbone found near Heidelberg, Germany, these hominins occupy an intriguing and much-discussed spot in the jumble of human evolution; they are most commonly seen to have developed from <em><a href="/Homo_Erectus/">Homo erectus</a></em> and to have given rise to <em><a href="/Homo_Sapiens/">Homo sapiens</a></em> in Africa and to the <a href="/Neanderthal/">Neanderthals</a> in <a href="/europe/">Europe</a>. However, exactly how or why (and even if) this happened, is the subject of much debate, and the same goes for the precise definition of this species – for instance, which fossils should be included and which should not.</p> <p>Following the general view, though, <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em> is recognised as a distinct species that was a bit more brainy and inventive than its predecessors; fairly complex tools are associated with them, allowing us to catch a glimpse of possibly quite daring hunting strategies involving larger prey animals, which hints at the potential presence of social cooperation.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <h3>Discovery</h3> <p>In 1907 CE, the Grafenrain sandpit at the site of Mauer, near Heidelberg, Germany, became somewhat of a sensation as a robustly built jawbone of a previously unknown species of human was discovered there. After realising it had both some more primitive features as well as bits that reminded him of more recent human features, Otto Schoetensack assigned it to a distinct species he named <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em> in the following year. The jawbone has recently been dated to an age of around 600,000 years ago, which falls within the MIS 15 interglacial period and indicates that its owner would not have instantly frozen solid upon reaching this region.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <div class="big_quote">Homo Heidelbergensis were somewhat chunkier versions of ourselves; noticeably more robust than us, but with a brain size almost approaching our own.</div> <h3>What did they look like?</h3> <p>If one was to stroll into a Middle Pleistocene cave inhabited by an average group of <em>Homo heidelbergensis </em>individuals, they would probably strike one as somewhat chunkier versions of ourselves; noticeably more robust than us, but with a brain size almost approaching our own – perhaps averaging somewhere around 1200 cm3 or upwards, which is markedly bigger than that of <em>Homo erectus</em>.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <p>Although <em>Heidelbergensis</em> still had quite heavily constructed, broad faces reminiscent of <em>Homo erectus,</em> their brow ridges were less pronounced and their noses were more vertical like ours are, instead of sloping forward like those of <em>Erectus</em>. A skull from Bodo, Ethiopia, dated to approximately 600,000 years ago, is a good example of this mix of characteristics, and it can reasonably be grouped not just with other fossils from Africa, like those from Broken Hill in Zambia; Elandsfontein in South Africa; and Lake Ndutu in Tanzania; but also with individuals from Europe, such as those from Petralona in <a href="/greece/">Greece</a>, Arago in France, and generally also the mandible from Mauer, Germany.</p> <p>Once the Middle Pleistocene fossil record decides to be a bit more generous, we may be able to more directly visualise the proposed development from <em>Heidelbergensis</em> into <em>Sapiens</em> in Africa and into Neanderthals in Europe. One possible example comes from the site of Boxgrove in <a href="/disambiguation/england/">England</a>, Europe, which is usually assigned to <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em> and is thought to be around 500,000 years old. The tibia found there shows it was more robust than average <em>Heidelbergensis</em> specimens and indicates body proportions that were better adapted to the cold, foreshadowing those of the later Neanderthals.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6443"> <a href="/image/6443/homo-heidelbergensis-skull/" title="Homo Heidelbergensis Skull" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6443.jpg.webp?v=1599453903 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6443.jpg.webp?v=1599453903 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6443.jpg?v=1599453903 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6443.jpg?v=1599453903 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6443.jpg?v=1599453903" alt="Homo Heidelbergensis Skull" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="333" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Homo Heidelbergensis Skull</div><div class="figauthor">Ryan Somma (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6443/homo-heidelbergensis-skull/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6443/homo-heidelbergensis-skull/","caption":"Replica of a Homo heidelbergensis skull on display at the David H. Koch Hall of Human Origins at the Smithsonian Natural History Museum in Washington, D.C.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6443.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Ryan Somma - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Ryan Somma"},"creditText":"Ryan Somma / Flickr","dateModified":"2025-03-11T11:19:18+0000","datePublished":"2017-03-23T17:03:37+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Homo Heidelbergensis Skull","height":1360,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/ideonexus/4698339084"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6443/homo-heidelbergensis-skull/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6443/homo-heidelbergensis-skull/","width":2048} </script> </p> <h3>Lifestyle</h3> <p>These humans were hunter-gatherers - some of them well-adapted to the generally more stable and warm African terrain; another branch skilled at weaving in and out of regions in Europe along with the growing and receding ice sheets. Obviously, these bands would not have shared the exact same customs down to a tee, but we can still paint something of a general picture, with some splashes of regional colour added.</p> <p>Part of this general picture involves <em>Heidelbergensis</em> coming home from a fruitful hunt and sticking the day's catch over a neat fire. Preferred real estate came in the shape of caves, which during the Middle Pleistocene became both more spatially structured and dotted with hearths. Although a more incidental use of fire had been around since at least 1,8 million years ago, fire remained a rare sight up until the days of <em>Homo</em> <em>heidelbergensis</em>. During its timespan, <em>Heidelbergensis </em>became ever more accustomed to fire and its cooking potential; we know that by at least around 400,000 years ago, humans roaming across the Old World - including the colder north, where it was particularly useful – clearly used fire in a habitual way.</p> <p>Fire is already a sign of a more advanced sort of lifestyle, and this image is further supported by the tools manufactured and used by <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em>. Their tool kits were more sophisticated than that of <em>Homo</em> <em>erectus</em> and belonged, in contrast to the latter's early Acheulean, to the later Acheulean industry. In general, the Acheulean is characterised by large bifaces like hand axes, picks and cleavers, whereas later Acheulean tools were thinner, more finely flaked, and more symmetrical.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Hunting prowess</h3> <p>That the tools created by <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em> allowed them not just to process their food and work raw materials to a satisfactory standard, but also to become adept hunters climbing further up the food chain, seems to be suggested by certain finds. At the site of Boxgrove in England, dated to around 500,000 years ago, thin and extensively flaked flint bifaces have been found together with the remains of horses and rhinoceroses. Interestingly, the animal bones bear cut marks, indicating that these large animals seem to have been killed and butchered by <em>Heidelbergensis</em>.</p> <p>At Schöningen in Germany, things become even more exciting; eight skilfully crafted wooden throwing spears have been found, created at least 300,000 years ago. The remains of numerous horses - many of their bones cut-marked - found in the same horizon, ties in with Boxgrove and seems to indicate that <em>Heidelbergensis</em> systematically hunted large animals. This is no easy feat; the manufacturing of the spears shows active planning, and bringing down these dangerous animals would have required coordination and sophisticated communication.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6444"> <a href="/image/6444/homo-heidelbergensis-spear/" title="Homo Heidelbergensis Spear" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6444.jpg.webp?v=1599453903 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6444.jpg.webp?v=1599453903 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6444.jpg?v=1599453903 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6444.jpg?v=1599453903 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6444.jpg?v=1599453903" alt="Homo Heidelbergensis Spear" class="in_text_image" width="329" height="500" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Homo Heidelbergensis Spear</div><div class="figauthor">P. Pfarr NLD (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6444/homo-heidelbergensis-spear/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6444/homo-heidelbergensis-spear/","caption":"Dr. H. Thieme depicted with spear VI, a spear made by Homo heidelbergensis found at Sch\u00f6ningen, Germany. In total, eight wooden spears that had been carefully crafted were found at this site. They are at least 300,000 years old.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6444.jpg","copyrightNotice":"P. Pfarr NLD - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"P. Pfarr NLD"},"creditText":"P. Pfarr NLD / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-03-11T11:19:18+0000","datePublished":"2017-03-23T17:02:04+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Homo Heidelbergensis Spear","height":2154,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sch%C3%B6ningen_Speer_VI_%C2%A9_P._Pfarr_NLD.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6444/homo-heidelbergensis-spear/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6444/homo-heidelbergensis-spear/","width":1416} </script> </p> <p>The backdrop for these activities, then, hints at a social structure that may well have been more widespread. Although wood does not usually stand the test of time very well, <em>Heidelbergensis</em>' stone tools show a similarly advanced nature across its range, and unless this specific region was somehow unique in its development wooden tools could have made up an important part of these people's prehistoric tool kits. If that were indeed the case, the social implications that have been suggested for the site of Schöningen are assumed to be valid across the breadth of the species. We may yet discover more evidence to shed light on this matter.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Heidelbergensis' place within evolution</h3> <p>Since it can sometimes be hard to confidently lump an ambiguous fossil (of which there are plenty) into species such as <em>Homo erectus</em>, <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em>, or the Neanderthals, researchers have come up with all sorts of scenarios describing the place of <em>Heidelbergensis</em> within evolution. Sometimes, <em>Heidelbergensis</em> is scrapped altogether in favour of a more broadly defined <em>Homo erectus</em>; sometimes <em>Heidelbergensis</em> is seen as an exclusively European lineage giving rise to the Neanderthals; and the more stubborn kind of fossils associated with <em>Heidelbergensis</em> seem hard-pressed to attain any kind of consensus.</p> <div class="big_quote">Around 700,000 years ago <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em> developed from <em>Homo erectus</em>. </div> <p>However, so far the scenario best supported by both the anatomical and the genetic evidence, of which the general lines (although not always the details) are favoured by most people, is as follows. Around 700,000 years ago (and perhaps as early as 780,000 years ago), <em>Homo heidelbergensis </em>had developed from <em>Homo erectus</em>. In Africa, they were part of a gradual, <a href="/Mosaic/">mosaic</a>-like transition into the earliest <em>Homo sapiens</em> around roughly 200,000 years ago. Finds from sites such as Omo Kibish, Ethiopia; Irhoud in Morocco; and Herto in the Middle Awash region seem to showcase this.</p> <p>Populations of <em>Heidelbergensis</em> also spread through western Eurasia, appearing north of the major mountains of Europe sometime after 700,000 years ago. Clearly adapting well to the challenging environment, the cold conditions led them to evolve the specialised facial features and more stocky build of the Neanderthals, to whom they gave rise and who appear with clear and recognisable features from roughly 200,000 onwards. Of course, with this being a gradual process, the proposed timing is subject to a lot of bickering.</p><div class="intext_6 ahe-ad book_rec_banner"></div> <p>There is another group that also derives from <em>Heidelbergensis</em>, though. In 2008 CE, a human finger bone was found in the Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in Siberia that turned out to belong to a separate species dubbed the <a href="/Denisovan/">Denisovans</a>. Genetic evidence has since revealed that they are a sister species to the Neanderthals, with these two groups diverging at some point after the <em>Heidelbergensis</em> lineages leading to <em>Sapiens</em> as well as the Neanderthals and Denisovans had split.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="6269"> <a href="/image/6269/stringer-graph-model-of-homo-evolution/" title="Stringer Graph-model of Homo Evolution" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6269.jpg.webp?v=1726111267 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6269.jpg.webp?v=1726111267 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6269.jpg?v=1726111267 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/6269.jpg?v=1726111267 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/6269.jpg?v=1726111267" alt="Stringer Graph-model of Homo Evolution" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="385" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Stringer Graph-model of Homo Evolution</div><div class="figauthor">Chris Stringer (CC BY-SA)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6269/stringer-graph-model-of-homo-evolution/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6269/stringer-graph-model-of-homo-evolution/","caption":"Chris Stringer's hypothesis, depicted in a graph-model, of the evolution of several species of genus Homo over the last 2 million years (vertical axis), as published in Stringer, C. (2012). \"What makes a modern human\". Nature 485 (7396): 33\u201335.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/6269.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Chris Stringer - CC BY-SA - This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon a work even for commercial reasons, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Chris Stringer"},"creditText":"Chris Stringer / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-03-11T11:19:18+0000","datePublished":"2017-01-18T07:36:35+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Stringer Graph-model of Homo Evolution","height":484,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homo-Stammbaum,_Version_Stringer.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6269/stringer-graph-model-of-homo-evolution/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6269/stringer-graph-model-of-homo-evolution/","width":630} </script> </p> <p>This new addition just makes it even clearer how complex an evolutionary story the Pleistocene really tells. Another confusing example is the fossils at the site of Sima de los Huesos in Spain. Generally grouped within <em>Homo heidelbergensis</em>, these fossils are at least 430,000 years old (and perhaps up to c. 530,000 years old) and already show some <a href="/Neanderthal/">Neanderthal</a>-like features, opening up the debate for them being considered proto-Neanderthals: <em>Heidelbergensis</em> on their way to eventually becoming Neanderthals. Interestingly, in 2014 mitochondrial DNA was retrieved from one of the Sima fossils which showed it was closely related to the lineage leading to the Denisovans - a sister group to the Neanderthals. It is clear that the Pleistocene was home to a complex story of human evolution. </p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Denisovan+Homo_Erectus+Homo_Floresiensis+Homo_Heidelbergensis+Homo_Naledi+Homo_Sapiens+Ice_Age+Neanderthal+Paleolithic+Stone_Age" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This human-authored article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__55abab8b5df6bbd168636a18a53811bc"> <cite class="bib_text">Arnold, L. J. e.a. "Luminescence dating and palaeomagnetic age constraint on hominins from Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca, Spain." <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, Volume 67 (February 2014), pp. 85-107.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__3da354398e8b67e7e81ab6bb1e376e05"> <cite class="bib_text">Gowlett, J., and R.W. Wrangham. "Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis." <i>Azania Arch. Res. Africa</i>, 48, 2013, pp. 5-30.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__4b8272cc01ff80e60e74b739203c79df"> <cite class="bib_text">Henke, Winfried, and Ian Tattersall (eds.). <i>Handbook of Paleoanthropology. Vol III.</i> Springer, 2015</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__e29695bd418235dad9e09bb936c59e02"> <cite class="bib_text">Krause, J. e.a. "The complete mitochondrial DNA genome of an unknown hominin from southern Siberia." <i>Nature</i>, 464, 8 april 2010, pp. 894-897.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__db1c6fba52242815c1aadb6ddcf0ec74"> <cite class="bib_text">Meyer, M. e.a. "A mitochondrial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos." <i>Nature</i>, 505 (16 January 2014), pp. 403â€“406.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__418dcadda628c22899c1df5027605ca7"> <cite class="bib_text">Mounier, A. e.a. "Is Homo heidelbergensis a distinct species? New insight on the Mauer mandible." <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, Volume 56, Issue 3, March 2009, pp. 219â€“246.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__9c78a05b0b9014fd5e41b2915b35c373"> <cite class="bib_text">Quam, Rolf e.a. "The bony labyrinth of the middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)." <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, Volume 90, January 2016, pp. 1â€“15.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__7e36da8e9fc27b00b423e00b993cafb9"> <cite class="bib_text">Rightmire, P.G. "Human Evolution in the Middle Pleistocene: The Role of Homo heidelbergensis." <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i>, Volume 6, Issue 6, 1998, pp. 218â€“227.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__7d7dcaf7ceeb15b802b9af3919afb9f0"> <cite class="bib_text">Schoch, W.H. e.a. "New insights on the wooden weapons from the Paleolithic site of SchÃ¶ningen." <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, Volume 89, December 2015, pp. 214â€“225.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__705848a63e21e8ec6dda14929ef37896"> <cite class="bib_text">Shimelmitz, R. e.a. "Fire at willâ€™: the emergence of habitual fire use 350,000 years ago." <i>J. Hum. Evol.</i>, 77, 2014, pp. 196â€“203.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__a935b8d79bc67ab1044e6d2075cd7163"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1250023300/" rel="sponsored">Stringer, Chris. <i>Lone Survivors. How we came to be the only humans on earth.</i> St. Martin's Griffin, 2013.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__0fba992aebcaa6e6b08ec81fc5ee3b5a"> <cite class="bib_text">Stringer, Chris. "The status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908)." <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i>, Volume 21, Issue 3, May/June 2012, pp. 101â€“107.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__92a8b913e3a46a013576ada4f2ef76e9"> <cite class="bib_text">Stringer, Chris e.a. "The Middle Pleistocene human tibia from Boxgrove." <i>Journal of Human Evolution</i>, Volume 34, Issue 5, May 1998, pp. 509-547.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__06c5303ef468dae685038e8136375288"> <cite class="bib_text">Wagner, GÃ¼nther A. e.a. "Mauer â€“ the type site of Homo heidelbergensis: palaeoenvironment and age." <i>Quaternary Science Reviews</i>, Volume 30, Issues 11â€“12, June 2011, pp. 1464â€“1473.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__f577209cd54f7843bf655d2c8fe57b48"> <cite class="bib_text">Wagner, GÃ¼nther A. e.a. "Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany." <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 107 no. 46, 6 November 2010, pp. 19726â€“19730.</cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=emmagroeneveld1" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/emmagroeneveld1/" rel="nofollow" title="Emma Groeneveld"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-emmagroeneveld1.jpg?v=1623919373" width="100" height="100" alt="Emma Groeneveld" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/emmagroeneveld1/" rel="author" title="Emma Groeneveld">Emma Groeneveld</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Emma Groeneveld studied History & Ancient History, focusing on topics such as Herodotus and the juicy politics of ancient courts. 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(2017, March 26). <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Homo_Heidelbergensis/" class="no_external">Homo Heidelbergensis</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Homo_Heidelbergensis/ </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_chicago"> <h4>Chicago Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> Groeneveld, Emma. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Homo_Heidelbergensis/" class="no_external">Homo Heidelbergensis</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Last modified March 26, 2017. https://www.worldhistory.org/Homo_Heidelbergensis/. </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_mla citation_style"> <h4>MLA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details"> <p> Groeneveld, Emma. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Homo_Heidelbergensis/" class="no_external">Homo Heidelbergensis</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. World History Encyclopedia, 26 Mar 2017. Web. 11 Mar 2025. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ci_author_and_copyright" id="ci_author_and_copyright"> <h2>License & Copyright</h2> <p> Submitted by <a href="/user/emmagroeneveld1/" rel="author" title="User Page: Emma Groeneveld">Emma Groeneveld</a>, published on 26 March 2017. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en" rel="nofollow">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike</a>. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. 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It is characterised by repeated cycles of glacials and interglacials. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_4786" title=""> <div class="date">c. 2600000 BCE - c. 12000 BCE</div> The Palaeolithic (or Old <a href="/Stone_Age/">Stone Age</a>) period, ranging from c. 2,6 million years ago until c. 12,000 years ago. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_5165" title=""> <div class="date">c. 700000 BCE - c. 200000 BCE</div> Rough estimate of the potential time span of <a href="/Homo_Heidelbergensis/">Homo heidelbergensis</a>. </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <img loading="lazy" data-src="/template/images/newsletter-header-red.jpg" class="newsletter_banner" width="300" height="106" alt="Weekly Newsletter"> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <p>History delivered to you once a week:</p> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" autocomplete="email" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" style="width:80%;" required> </div> <p>Are you a...?</p> <div class="mc-field-group input-group" style="margin-top: -10px;"> <input type="radio" value="1" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-0" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-0">History Enthusiast</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="2" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-1" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-1">Teacher</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="4" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-2" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-2">Student</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="8" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-3" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-3">Librarian</label> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div>  <input type="hidden" name="tags" value="40497"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button content_button red" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </form> </div>  </aside> <p id="footer_spacer"> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ad_Flexi_MobileSticky ahe-ad">  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_MobileSticky" class="adcontainer"></div> </div> <div class="worldhistory_sticky_dynamic"></div> <a href="/membership/?utm_campaign=membership&utm_source=whe&utm_medium=sidetab_heart_en" id="membership_sidebar" title="Membership" class="no_membership_only"> <img src="/template/images/membership/membership-sidetab-en.svg?v=1738769252" width="29" height="133" alt="Membership" /> </a> <footer> <div class="print_membership_notice no_membership_only print_only"> <p>World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization publishing free history content that has been carefully researched and reviewed. 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