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id="toc-Orders_of_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_of_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Orders of succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orders_of_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Common elements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Prevalence and impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_and_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_and_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Prevention and mitigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_and_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Applicability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterns_by_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns_by_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Patterns by continent </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patterns_by_continent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Patterns by continent subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Patterns_by_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 African patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changing_orders_of_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_orders_of_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Changing orders of succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_orders_of_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bunyoro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bunyoro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Bunyoro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bunyoro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Americas patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Asian patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Burma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fitnas_in_early_Islamic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitnas_in_early_Islamic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Fitnas in early Islamic states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitnas_in_early_Islamic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Islamic dynasties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.6 Indian subcontinent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay_Archipelago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay_Archipelago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.7 Malay Archipelago </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay_Archipelago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.8 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.9 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siam/Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siam/Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.10 Siam/Thailand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siam/Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 European patterns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Causes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Justifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prince-bishoprics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prince-bishoprics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Prince-bishoprics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince-bishoprics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primogeniture_and_international_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primogeniture_and_international_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Primogeniture and international law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primogeniture_and_international_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_wars_of_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_wars_of_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of wars of succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_wars_of_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">War of succession</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="حرب الخلافة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الخلافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Successi%C3%B3" title="Guerra de Successió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de Successió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbfolgekrieg" title="Erbfolgekrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erbfolgekrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_sucesi%C3%B3n" title="Guerra de sucesión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de sucesión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Succession" title="Guerre de Succession – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Succession" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_successione" title="Guerra di successione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra di successione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96r%C3%B6k%C3%B6s%C3%B6d%C3%A9si_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk_list%C3%A1ja" title="Örökösödési háborúk listája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örökösödési háborúk listája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Successieoorlog" title="Successieoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Successieoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%99%E6%89%BF%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="継承戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="継承戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_sukcesyjna" title="Wojna sukcesyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna sukcesyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_sucess%C3%A3o" title="Guerra de sucessão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra de sucessão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Война за наследство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война за наследство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شەڕی میرات – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی میرات" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimyssota" title="Perimyssota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Perimyssota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronf%C3%B6ljdskrig" title="Tronföljdskrig – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tronföljdskrig" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="สงครามสืบราชบัลลังก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามสืบราชบัลลังก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veraset_sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Veraset savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Veraset savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Війна за спадщину – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна за спадщину" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%8D%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="王位繼承戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="王位繼承戰爭" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Conflict prompted by two or more individuals claiming rightful leadership of a monarchy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/War_of_secession_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="War of secession (disambiguation)">war of secession</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about (princely) wars during succession crises. For princely wars against well-established monarchs, see <a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">princely rebellion</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_declares_his_grandson_King_of_Spain,_L%27Almanach_pour_l%27ann%C3%A9e_1701.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XIV_declares_his_grandson_King_of_Spain%2C_L%27Almanach_pour_l%27ann%C3%A9e_1701.png/220px-Louis_XIV_declares_his_grandson_King_of_Spain%2C_L%27Almanach_pour_l%27ann%C3%A9e_1701.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XIV_declares_his_grandson_King_of_Spain%2C_L%27Almanach_pour_l%27ann%C3%A9e_1701.png/330px-Louis_XIV_declares_his_grandson_King_of_Spain%2C_L%27Almanach_pour_l%27ann%C3%A9e_1701.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Louis_XIV_declares_his_grandson_King_of_Spain%2C_L%27Almanach_pour_l%27ann%C3%A9e_1701.png/440px-Louis_XIV_declares_his_grandson_King_of_Spain%2C_L%27Almanach_pour_l%27ann%C3%A9e_1701.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>After <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a>'s death, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> proclaims his grandson <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip of Anjou</a> the new Spanish king (November 1700), triggering the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">napoleonic warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">Late modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-generation_warfare" title="Fourth-generation warfare">fourth-gen warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_ministry" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_corps" title="Medical corps">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_police" title="Military police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Comms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">Commissar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Land units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanized_infantry" title="Mechanized infantry">Mechanized</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">Special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_corps" title="Signal corps">Signal corps</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Naval units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">Warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">Submarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">Landing craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship" title="Auxiliary ship">Auxiliary ships</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Air units:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">Bombers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">Close air support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic-warfare_aircraft" title="Electronic-warfare aircraft">Electronic-warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Reconnaissance</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Combat systems:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">Fire-control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-control_radar" title="Fire-control radar">Fire-control radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_(military)" title="Director (military)">Director (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_information_center" title="Combat information center">Combat information center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Historical:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_gun_fire-control_system" title="Ship gun fire-control system">Ship gun fire-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_data_computer" title="Gun data computer">Gun data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Data_Computer" title="Torpedo Data Computer">Torpedo data computer</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Development:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">Basic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">Military manoeuvrers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat training">Combat training</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Battlespace" title="Battlespace">Battlespace</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Aerospace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">Airborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_warfare" title="Land warfare">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare" title="Cold-weather warfare">Cold-region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warfare" title="Desert warfare">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">Fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_warfare" title="Jungle warfare">Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_navy" title="Blue-water navy">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_warfare" title="Surface warfare">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_warfare" title="Underwater warfare">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_warfare" title="Seabed warfare">Seabed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Air defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)" title="Barrage (artillery)">Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics#Cavalry_in_modern_warfare" title="Cavalry tactics">Air cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">Combined arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">Conventional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberweapon" title="Cyberweapon">Cyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_denial_weapon" title="Area denial weapon">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loitering_munition" title="Loitering munition">Loitering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_music" title="Martial music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiological_warfare" title="Radiological warfare">Radiological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">Submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">Unconventional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tactics" title="Military tactics">Tactics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_tactics" title="List of military tactics">List of military tactics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring" title="Air combat manoeuvring">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">Airlift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_assault" title="Air assault">Air assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airbridge_(logistics)" title="Airbridge (logistics)">Airbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">Airdrop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">Anti-aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">Anti-sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare" title="Anti-tank warfare">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_tactics" title="Cavalry tactics">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_(warfare)" title="Charge (warfare)">Charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">Counterattack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">Counterinsurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">Defeat in detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Foxhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelopment" title="Envelopment">Envelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_formation" title="Tactical formation">Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_awe" title="Shock and awe">Rapid dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">Encirclement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">Investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarming_(military)" title="Swarming (military)">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screening_(tactical)" title="Screening (tactical)">Screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_objective" title="Tactical objective">Tactical objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_attack" title="Saturation attack">Target saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Operational_level_of_war" title="Operational level of war">Operational</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">Military operation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_operations" title="Special operations">Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_operation" title="Deep operation">Deep operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_manoeuvre_group" title="Operational manoeuvre group">Operational manoeuvre group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">Strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_strategies_and_concepts" title="List of military strategies and concepts">List of military strategies and concepts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_campaign" title="Military campaign">Military campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-access/area_denial" title="Anti-access/area denial">Anti-access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">Commerce raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-offensive">Counter-offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culminating_point" title="Culminating point">Culminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_depth" title="Defence in depth">Defence in depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_strategy" title="Fabian strategy">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_Fort_Strategy" title="Empty Fort Strategy">Empty fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Warfare">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_defence" title="Strategic defence">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_depth" title="Strategic depth">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_goal_(military)" title="Strategic goal (military)">Goal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_strategy" title="Nuclear strategy">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offensive_(military)" title="Offensive (military)">Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Grand_strategy" title="Grand strategy">Grand strategy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">Asymmetric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken-backed_war_theory" title="Broken-backed war theory">Broken-backed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_war" title="Colonial war">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and conquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_warfare" title="Economic warfare">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic warfare">Endemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">Fleet in being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_war" title="Limited war">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">Network-centric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Princely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">Strategic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_administration" title="Military administration">Administrative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_branch" title="Military branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_education_and_training" title="Military education and training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_organization" title="Military organization">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_responsibility" title="Area of responsibility">Area of responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">Chain of command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">Command and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_force" title="Economy of force">Economy of force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_medicine" title="Military medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Technology and equipment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">Personnel</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_recruitment" title="Military recruitment">Recruitment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">Mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_specialism" title="Military specialism">Specialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">Morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_military_service" title="Transgender people and military service">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military" title="Sexual harassment in the military">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">foreign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Soldier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">Logistics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_military_logistics" title="History of military logistics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">War economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">Military–industrial complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Arms industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">Materiel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_supply-chain_management" title="Military supply-chain management">Supply-chain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_operating_base" title="Main operating base">MOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">FOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_science" title="Military science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss-of-strength_gradient" title="Loss-of-strength gradient">Loss-of-strength gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchester%27s_laws" title="Lanchester's laws">Lanchester's laws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_multiplication" title="Force multiplication">Force multiplication</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">Ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> / <a href="/wiki/Military_volunteer" title="Military volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Protocol" title="Geneva Protocol">Geneva Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Islamic rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combatant" title="Combatant">Lawful</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_combatant" title="Unlawful combatant">Unlawful combatant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">Perfidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Private military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_volunteers" title="List of foreign volunteers">Foreign expatriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Mercenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_laws_on_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish laws on war">Jewish laws on war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a 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theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overmatch" title="Overmatch">Overmatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare">Unrestricted Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_war" title="Principles of war">Principles of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">Philosophy of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripwire_force" title="Tripwire force">Tripwire force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wargaming" title="Professional wargaming">Wargaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_simulation" title="Military simulation">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military 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style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Military_tradition" title="Military tradition">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_awards_and_decorations" title="Military awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">Battle cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">Warrior caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_novel" title="War novel">War novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_drill" title="Foot drill">Foot drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">Wargame</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">War studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">Horses in warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_lists" title="Category:Military lists">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles" title="Lists of battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">Military occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">Military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">Sieges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_war_crimes" title="List of war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_war#Wars" title="Outline of war">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_weapons" title="Lists of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_writers" title="List of military writers">Writers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:War" title="Template:War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:War" title="Template talk:War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A war of succession is a <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> prompted by a <a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">succession crisis</a> in which two or more individuals claim the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">right of successor</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Demise_of_the_Crown" title="Demise of the Crown">deceased</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">deposed</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a>. The rivals are typically supported by <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factions</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">royal court</a>. Foreign powers sometimes <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)#Foreign_interventionism" title="Interventionism (politics)">intervene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">allying</a> themselves with a faction. This may widen the war into one between those powers. Wars of succession were some of the most prevalent types of <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli#Categorisation" title="Casus belli">wars by cause</a> throughout human history, but the replacement of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a> by an international order based on <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics">republics</a> ended almost all such wars by 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsti1991308-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraumoeller2019160–163-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descriptions">Descriptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Descriptions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion#Terminology" title="Princely rebellion">Princely rebellion § Terminology</a></div> In historiography and literature, a war of succession may also be referred to as a succession dispute, dynastic struggle, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/internecine" class="extiw" title="wikt:internecine">internecine</a> conflict,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanne200758–65-4">[4]</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fratricidal" class="extiw" title="wikt:fratricidal">fratricidal</a> war,<a href="#cite_note-Lane-Poole-5">[5]</a> or any combination of these terms. Not all of these are necessarily describing armed conflict, however, and the dispute may be resolved without escalating into open warfare. Wars of succession are also often referred to as a civil war, when in fact it was a conflict within the royalty, or broader aristocracy, that civilians were dragged into.<a href="#cite_note-Kunisch1-6">[6]</a> It depends on the circumstances whether a war of succession is also a civil war in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Intrastate_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrastate war">intrastate war</a> (if it is limited to armed conflict inside one state), or it may be an <a href="/wiki/Interstate_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate war">interstate war</a> (if foreign powers intervene; sometimes called 'international' war), or both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20175-7">[7]</a> Therefore, names or descriptions of a war may simply depend on one's perspective; for example, Nolan (2008) stated: 'The <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War of 1689–1691</a>, sometimes known as the Jacobite War, was a war of succession in England and an international war for or against France for most non-Irish participants. But it was a civil war in Ireland.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2008214-8">[8]</a> Similarly, scholars sometimes disagree whether the <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#War_of_Succession" title="Aurangzeb">1657–1661 Mughal dynastic conflict</a> (which consisted of several subconflicts, phases, and factions) should be labelled a 'war of succession' or a '<a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">(princely) rebellion</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-1657–61_Mughal_war-10">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orders_of_succession">Orders of succession</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orders of succession">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prevention_and_mitigation">War of succession § Prevention and mitigation</a></div> There are several different types of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">orders of succession</a>, some of which may not have been enshrined in law, but only established in local custom or tradition. Across times and places, orders of succession have switched from one system to another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263-11">[10]</a> Some prominent examples are: <ul><li>None: Every death of a monarch results in a succession crisis that is resolved ad hoc, either diplomatically or by violence. This pattern has been observed in cultures around the world, for example in the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> (934–1062),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanne200758–65-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a> (968–1054),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992139-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> (17th century),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158-13">[12]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> (17th–18th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004139–140-14">[13]</a></li> <li>Heir designation or selection: The reigning monarch had the sole right to personally designate his or her preferred heir while still alive, sometimes far ahead of time (perhaps already giving them important functions and dignities), sometimes only in their <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">last will</a> or verbally on their <a href="/wiki/Deathbed_confession" title="Deathbed confession">deathbed</a>. This pattern has been observed in cultures around the world. For example, from <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> (1721) to the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Laws" title="Pauline Laws">Pauline Laws</a> (1797), the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> had this system. It was also common in high medieval Mediterranean Europe to accept heir designation by will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200067-15">[14]</a> <ul><li>Co-rulership or abdication/delegation: In many states in cultures around the world, the reigning monarch gave their designated heir already a prominent role in running the realm to prevent a power vacuum upon the monarch's death, and to train the co-ruler in their future duties. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> had two Augusti (senior emperors) and two Caesari (junior emperors, chosen by the Augusti). The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">Capetian kings</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> had their sons elected 'co-king' by his noblemen to ensure loyalty to the heir. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> set up an Office of the Crown Prince wherein a group of officials trained and served the heir designate long ahead of the succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326–27-16">[15]</a> In the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a>, the kings '[abdicated] the throne to their chosen adult heirs upon the death of their predecessors, thereafter ruling as 'senior' kings.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992148-17">[16]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equal share within the lineage or dividing the inheritance: One son of the monarch would inherit the kingship while other sons (or other male relatives) would be given an equal share / regional control of the territory. This was common practice in <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>, and prevailed in certain regions in northern and western France such as <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> long after the French royal dynasty had adopted primogeniture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200067-15">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnatic_seniority" title="Agnatic seniority">Agnatic seniority</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell2014438–439-18">[17]</a> collateral succession,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984263-19">[18]</a> horizontal succession, fraternal succession or brother–brother succession: When monarch X dies, his oldest brother succeeds him, and then his second-oldest brother and so on, until there are no brothers left; then, the oldest son of monarch X becomes the next monarch, and then monarch X's second-oldest son, and so on. This pattern has been observed in cultures around the world, including in many European states before the 11th century such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty of Poland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and its successor states),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell2014438–439-18">[17]</a> African states such as the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> from the 14th century onwards,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263-11">[10]</a> or Asian states such as the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a> of Burma.<a href="#cite_note-22">[b]</a></li> <li>Patrilineal succession,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984263-19">[18]</a> vertical succession, filial succession or father–son succession: A son of the previous monarch succeeds him. There are several different subtypes of this order of succession, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">Primogeniture</a>: The oldest son of the previous monarch succeeds him; in case there is no son, then his eldest daughter succeeds. This system is virtually unique to Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066-3">[3]</a> and has only been adopted in very few other states in modern times. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a>: Only males can inherit the kingship.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-Salic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Salic law">semi-Salic law</a>: Inheritance may pass through the female line but only at the extinction of all male lines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute primogeniture">Absolute primogeniture</a>, gender is irrelevant and the oldest child of the last monarch automatically becomes the next ruler.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimogeniture" title="Ultimogeniture">Ultimogeniture</a>: The youngest son of the previous monarch succeeds him. This system existed in some places in medieval Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200068-23">[21]</a></li> <li>Non-fixed son: There is no fixed rule which son of the previous monarch should automatically succeed him. Any son may be designated as heir by the living monarch, or be accepted by the relevant aristocrats after asserting himself through diplomacy or violence over his brothers. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> until the 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263-11">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Elective succession: see <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchy</a>. The royal succession is decided by votes from a relatively small group of <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocrats</a> (typically a few dozen). It may be decided by an election vivente rege ("while the king yet lives") to secure a more stable transition of power upon the monarch's death, although this was not required, and could still result in a war of succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006899-25">[23]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_elements">Common elements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common elements">edit</a>]</div> A war of succession is a type of war concerning struggle for the throne: a conflict about supreme power in a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>. Although it is typically associated with <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a> (either with <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> or some other principle of <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary succession">hereditary succession</a>), the concept has also been applied to <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20174–5-26">[24]</a> It may be <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">intrastate war</a>, an interstate war (if foreign powers intervene), or both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20175-7">[7]</a> A succession war may arise after (or sometimes even before) a universally recognised ruler over a certain territory <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">passes away</a> (sometimes without leaving behind any (legal) offspring, or failing to clearly designate an heir), or is declared insane or otherwise incapable to govern, and is deposed. Next, several <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretenders</a> (also known as 'claimants', 'candidates', or 'rivals') step forward, who are either related to the previous ruler (by ancestry or marriage) and therefore claim to have a right to their possessions based on the <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary principle</a>, or have concluded a treaty to that effect. They will seek allies within the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and/or abroad to support their claims to the throne. After all options for a diplomatic solution –such as a sharing of power, or a financial deal– or a quick elimination (in effect a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>) –e.g. by assassination or arrest– have been exhausted, a military confrontation will follow.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> Quite often such succession disputes have led to long-lasting wars.<a href="#cite_note-Rustow-28">[26]</a> Potential candidates were not always limited to members from the royal household; depending on circumstances, aristocrats of other noble families within the realm were eligible to replace the deceased monarch, and could seize the opportunity of a succession crisis to take control of the state and found a new <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004194-29">[27]</a> Factors that increased the risk of a succession crisis included lack of legitimate heirs (especially when the (ruling branch of a) dynasty died out), illegitimate children, contested inheritance, and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">collateral dynastic branches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016179-30">[28]</a> The last factor in particular had the potential to not only stimulate wars of succession upon a monarch's death, but also <a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">princely revolts</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cadet_(genealogy)" title="Cadet (genealogy)">cadets</a> and cousins while they were still alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016179-30">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minority</a> of a ruler necessitated <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regents</a> and ministers to run state affairs until they came of age, which made opposition from military and administrative elites to the underage monarch easier, and also increased the risk of widespread political instability and civil conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016179–180-31">[29]</a> Some wars of succession are about women's <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">right to inherit</a>. This does not exist in some countries (a "sword <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a>", where the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a> applies, for example), but it does in others (a "spindle fief").<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Often a ruler who has no sons, but does have one or more daughters, will try to change the <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">succession laws</a> so that a daughter can succeed him.<a href="#cite_note-de_Vries-33">[31]</a> Such amendments will then be declared invalid by opponents, invoking the local <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-de_Vries-33">[31]</a> In Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> (or <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>) increasingly regularly granted smaller inland fiefs to heirs according to the female lineage since the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-de_Vries-33">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Privilegium_Minus" title="Privilegium Minus">Privilegium Minus</a> of 1156, which established the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a>, already allowed women to inherit the state as well.<a href="#cite_note-35">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevalence_and_impact">Prevalence and impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prevalence and impact">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli#Categorisation" title="Casus belli">Casus belli § Categorisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_war#Prevalence" title="Religious war">Religious war § Prevalence</a></div> Land inheritance disputes were frequent in <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian societies</a>, and the 'increasing subdivision of estates was a common cause of the undermining of territorial <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracies</a>' in cultures across the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066-3">[3]</a> For example, in the 10th and 11th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Persia</a>, various states in India, the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> of China, and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a>, all struggled with succession crises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066-3">[3]</a> According to British statesman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brougham,_1st_Baron_Brougham_and_Vaux" title="Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux">Henry Brougham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> 1830–34), there were more and longer wars of succession in Europe between <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">1066</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–99) than all other wars put together. "A war of succession is the most lasting of wars. The hereditary principle keeps it in perpetual life – [whereas] a war of <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> is always short, and never revives", he opined, arguing for elective monarchy to solve the problem.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Holsti" title="Kalevi Holsti">Kalevi Holsti</a> (1991, p. 308, Table 12.2), who catalogued and categorised wars from 1648 to 1989 into 24 categories of 'issues that generated wars', 'dynastic/succession claims' were (one of) the primary cause(s) of 14% of all wars during 1648–1714, 9% during 1715–1814, 3% during 1815–1914, and 0% during 1918–1941 and 1945–1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsti1991308-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraumoeller2019160-37">[34]</a> Braumoeller (2019) attributed this drastic decrease (and practical extinction) of wars of succession from the 18th century onwards largely to the fact that 'succession no longer serves either to cement territorial holdings legitimized by continuous bloodlines or to create de facto alliances or long-standing allegiances among the Great Powers.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraumoeller2019162-38">[35]</a> He added that 'an international order based on political <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> more or less eliminates the incentive for wars of royal succession.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraumoeller2019163-39">[36]</a> Wars of succession have throughout history often been the worst-case scenario for absolute monarchies and other <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracies</a>, as they are commonly known to be at their weakest and most vulnerable when the ruler dies and it is uncertain who will be the successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20173-40">[37]</a> Rival claims to ultimate power within such a regime are very prone to spiralling out of control into violence, because such regimes operate according to rule by force, or <a href="/wiki/Might_makes_right" title="Might makes right">might makes right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20173-40">[37]</a> A succession crisis not only risks dragging the entire population into 'civil' war between factions backing rival pretenders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20173-40">[37]</a> but the power vacuum it creates also presents oppressed groups within the state with an opportunity to revolt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20173-40">[37]</a> as well as vassal states outside it to reclaim their independence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFageOliver1975a474-41">[38]</a> and while the state is weakened, it also provides rulers of neighbouring states the chance to invade to further their own interests (with or without their own claim to the throne, or while backing another claimant within the state).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20173-40">[37]</a> In numerous cases, the enormous long-term political and economic instability created by wars of succession caused the fall of the dynasty or the state, or both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201152-42">[39]</a> Scholars such as Johannes Kunisch and Johannes Burckhardt (1997) blamed wars of succession in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a> on notions such as the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>, because they created inherent problems in 'a state system that had known neither effective forms of cooperation nor a clear hierarchy that had neither experienced a formal equality between its members nor clear borders.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulz2015469-43">[40]</a> Nolan (2008) added about the 1650–1715 period in Europe: 'Complex issues of succession of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> were the daily stuff of high European politics at all times, and the bane of the lives of the masses of peasants swept away by ebbing and waning tides of peace and the maelstrom of war.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2008xxvi-44">[41]</a> To him, the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> and (1688–1697) and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714) were the 'two great, climactic conflicts that submerged local conflicts', so that these decades produced 'a generation of war that swirled around the dynastic ambitions and personal convictions of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2008xxvi-44">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention_and_mitigation">Prevention and mitigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prevention and mitigation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The most plausible plea which hath ever been offered in favor of hereditary succession is, that it preserves a nation from civil wars; and were this true, it would be weighty; whereas it is the most bare-faced falsity ever imposed on mankind." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a> (1776)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20173-40">[37]</a></cite> </div> Throughout the centuries and across the planet, various attempts have been made at prevention or mitigation of wars of succession. <ul><li>Legally fixing the order of succession (see also <a href="#Orders_of_succession">Orders of succession</a> above): All over Europe (except in the Kievan Rus'), the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> from the 11th to 13th century sought to establish a fixed order of succession,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066–67-45">[42]</a> but it proved to be insufficient to prevent numerous succession crises and wars, as demonstrated by their persistence into the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsti1991308-1">[1]</a> Kokkonen and Sundell (2017) found that in Europe during 1000–1799, successions following monarchs' natural deaths considerably increased the risk of both intrastate ('civil') as well as interstate wars of succession; they calculated that monarchies practicing primogeniture did experience fewer intrastate wars than elective monarchies, but 'there is no evidence that primogeniture moderated successions' effects on interstate wars.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20175-7">[7]</a> Luard (1992) and Duchchardt (1997) pointed out that additional diplomatic efforts such as 'offensive and defensive alliances, dynastic marriages and agreements on succession' often failed to prevent them either,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulz2015469-43">[40]</a> although Nolan (2008) countered that the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement 1701</a> (alias Act of Succession) did avoid 'another violent succession crisis upon <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a>'s eventual death.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20082-46">[43]</a> Modern scholars are still divided on the question whether hereditary succession (as opposed to other methods of appointing leaders) has historically been a net force for political stability, including Kokkonen and Sundell (2014), or instability, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Better_Angels_of_Our_Nature" title="The Better Angels of Our Nature">Steven Pinker (2011)</a>, who stated: 'The idea of basing leadership on inheritance is a recipe for endless wars of succession'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20176-47">[44]</a> Some thinkers of the latter opinion go as far back as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> in his pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a> (1776), in which his argument in favour of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American colonies in revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British crown</a> becoming a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> rather than a monarchy included his claim that hereditary succession more often than not led to civil wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20173-40">[37]</a></li> <li>Dividing the inheritance: A common strategy in states such as <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> was to share the inheritance amongst male family members by giving them regional control over the realm's territory in order to appease them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a> One would still be the supreme ruler, while the other heirs would receive <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanages</a> and could establish cadet branches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a> Any landholdings and titles of princely branches that died out could be retaken by the dynasty's ruling branch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016181-49">[46]</a> However, this division of the inheritance also granted many princes a power base from which to challenge the reigning monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a></li> <li>Abdication/delegation in favour of designated heir: <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a> of a living monarch in favour of one or more heirs was one strategy to attempt to secure a smooth transition of power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> abdicated in 1556 and divided his possessions between his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> before dying in 1558, splitting the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> in a Spanish and an Austrian branch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a> A related strategy was a partial or gradual abdication in which the ruling monarch already delegated some of their powers to their designated heir before retiring from active politics or dying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a> An example is how <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Cosimo I de' Medici</a> effectively retired from governing in the 1560s in favour of his son and designated successor <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Francesco</a> before dying in 1574.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a></li> <li>Eliminating potential opponents beforehand: A common set of strategies to secure one's own succession or accession or that of someone else before a war could break out was to eliminate potential rivals early on in the succession crisis, or before there even was a succession crisis. This could range from assassination to banishment, and from bodily mutilation to imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Political mutilation in Byzantine culture</a> was one way in which rivals sought to prevent each other from staging coups d'état or wars of succession to gain the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Emperorship</a>, either before they had the chance, or to punish them after failed attempts and to prevent future attempts. Similar mutilation of competitors for succession were also common elsewhere in Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/William_fitz_Giroie" title="William fitz Giroie">William fitz Giroie</a> in 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200072-50">[47]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty#Succession_practices" title="Ottoman dynasty">succession practices</a> against potential rival claimants ranged from committing royal fratricide to lifelong imprisonment in the <a href="/wiki/Kafes" title="Kafes">Kafes</a>. None of its succession procedures were codified, however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a></li> <li>Hiding the monarch's death and secretly seizing power: An ad hoc strategy that a candidate or an important player supporting a candidate might have is to try and hide the monarch's death for some time to undertake the necessary actions to secretly seize power and confront any potential rival pretenders with a fait accompli. This can only be done effectively if one can control the flow of information about the monarch's death from potential rivals. Even if a war erupts, whoever seizes control over critical government institutions (such as the court and the army) first, and secures the support of domestic and foreign powers at the start, puts their enemy/enemies at a major disadvantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016180-48">[45]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applicability">Applicability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applicability">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_war#Applicability_of_religion_to_war" title="Religious war">Religious war § Applicability of religion to war</a></div> It can sometimes be difficult to determine whether a war was purely or primarily a war of succession, or that other interests were at play as well that shaped the conflict in an equally or more important manner, such <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuard1992149–150-51">[48]</a> Many wars are not called 'war of succession' because hereditary succession was not the most important element, or despite the fact that it (partially) was. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721) was primarily about territory, but <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Poland_(1704%E2%80%931706)" title="Civil war in Poland (1704–1706)">during 1704–1706, it was focused on the royal succession in Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuard1992149–150-51">[48]</a> Similarly, wars can also be unjustly branded a 'war of succession' whilst the succession was actually not the most important issue hanging in the balance, such as when <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> used dubious succession claims as an excuse to declare the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a> (1667–1668) that he rather sought to fight for territorial gain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuard1992149–150-51">[48]</a> Some wars of succession were about multiple simultaneous disputes, such as in the cases of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> (about England, the Palatinate, and Cologne) and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (about Poland and Lorraine).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuard1992149–150-51">[48]</a> The outbreak of a war can be motivated by a succession dispute, but its focus or scope can shift over its course, and vice versa, particularly if a new succession crisis erupts in the middle of a war that originally began for different reasons (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuard1992149–150-51">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patterns_by_continent">Patterns by continent</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patterns by continent">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_patterns">African patterns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: African patterns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "There was a general rush for arms; fighting began at once and continued until one of the rivals was killed, when all his followers submitted to the victor and became his men. It seldom happened that more than two princes fought for the throne, the others would look on and accept the result of the combat. Sometimes, however, several would claim it, and whatever the number of rivals might be, the fighting would not end until only one of them was left alive." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– John Roscoe (1923) describing wars of succession amongst the <a href="/wiki/Nyoro_people" title="Nyoro people">Banyoro people</a> in the Empire of Kitara<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201637-52">[49]</a></cite> </div> According to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coquery-Vidrovitch" title="Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch">Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch</a> (1988), wars of succession were "so common in the history of African monarchies that it seems almost an institution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoquery-Vidrovitch198863-53">[50]</a> Especially in matrilinear societies, there were few succession laws or fixed customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoquery-Vidrovitch198863–64-54">[51]</a> "Dynastic histories are everywhere intersected with wars of succession (the almost exclusive cause of civil wars) and royal genealogies are very hard to reconstruct", with many "unfortunate heirs-presumptive more or less violently prevented from assuming office".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoquery-Vidrovitch198864-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changing_orders_of_succession">Changing orders of succession</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Changing orders of succession">edit</a>]</div> In various African cultures, the order of succession has changed over the course of centuries from one type to another, and especially during a switch, there were several wars of succession before the new system was consolidated. For example, the death of mai Idris I Nigalemi (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1370) of the <a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu Empire</a> triggered a war of succession, because it was unclear whether collateral (brother to brother) or filial/patrilineal (father to son) succession was to be preferred; patrilineal had been dominant until early 14th-century Kanem–Bornu, but was replaced by collateral by 1400.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263-11">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kano_Chronicle" title="Kano Chronicle">Kano Chronicle</a> records father–son succession in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano" title="Kingdom of Kano">Kingdom of Kano</a>, but always mentions the name of the ruler's mother, which may point to vestiges of a preceding matrilineal system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984294-56">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yatenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Yatenga">Kingdom of Yatenga</a> switched from collateral to filial succession in the late 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFageOliver1975a186–187-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bunyoro">Bunyoro</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bunyoro">edit</a>]</div> Several <a href="/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro">Bunyoro</a> wars of succession took place in the East African Empire of Kitara in the 17th and 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFageOliver1975a474-41">[38]</a> The last recorded two occurred around 1851 and 1869.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201638-58">[55]</a> Every death of a mukama ("king") of Kitara created a power vacuum, during which all legitimate royal candidates were required to negotiate to agree on a single candidate to become the next ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201637-52">[49]</a> In cases of failure, "traditions encouraged them to mobilize their supporters and engage in a brief and decisive political violence to win the vacant seat."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201637-52">[49]</a> Using such political violence was an institutionalised legitimate procedure to end the royal power vacuum, but sometimes the rivals did not manage to defeat each other quickly as custom demanded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201638-58">[55]</a> Lengthy wars of succession often broke down society with large-scale famines, massacres and refugee crises, endangering the state's continued existence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201638-58">[55]</a> They also almost always coincided with rebellions in tributary states, indicating that vassals regularly sought to exploit their suzerain's weakness during succession disputes in order to reclaim independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFageOliver1975a474-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas_patterns">Americas patterns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Americas patterns">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> (1438–1533), it was customary for a lord to pass on his reign to the son he perceived to be the most able, not necessarily his oldest son; sometimes he chose a brother instead. After the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a> began in 1492, some Andean lords began to assert their eldest-born sons were the only "legitimate" heirs (as was common to European primogeniture customs), while others maintained Andean succession customs involving the co-regency of a younger son of a sitting ruler during the latter's lifetime, each whenever the circumstances favoured either approach.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_patterns">Asian patterns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asian patterns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burma">Burma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Burma">edit</a>]</div> Helen James (2004) stated that in the late 17th-century Burmese <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty#Restored_Taungoo" title="Toungoo dynasty">Restored Toungoo dynasty</a>, "the transfer of power upon the death of a monarch was always a problem, for there were many contenders to the throne owing to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>. The sons of the major queens frequently contested the succession."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi20041341-60">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaungpaya" title="Alaungpaya">Alaungpaya</a>, founder of the new <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a> (1752–1885), intended his successors to be appointed by <a href="/wiki/Agnatic_seniority" title="Agnatic seniority">agnatic seniority</a> (from brother to brother),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004611-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734-61">[58]</a> according to James in an attempt "to avoid the bloodshed that accompanied each transfer of power at the death of a Burmese monarch. It was a vain hope. The directive itself led to bloody succession crises, as some of his sons sought to pass the crown to their sons instead of their brothers, thereby thwarting Alaungpaya's dying wish."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734-61">[58]</a> His oldest son <a href="/wiki/Naungdawgyi" title="Naungdawgyi">Naungdawgyi</a> had to fight a <a href="/wiki/Naungdawgyi#Succession_crisis" title="Naungdawgyi">two-year war of succession</a> (1760–1762) to assert his authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734-61">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hsinbyushin" title="Hsinbyushin">Hsinbyushin</a>'s succession was not challenged, but designating his son <a href="/wiki/Singu_Min" title="Singu Min">Singu Min</a> as heir rather than a younger brother bred an <a href="/wiki/Hsinbyushin#Deterioration_of_health_and_loss_of_authority_(1774)" title="Hsinbyushin">imminent succession dispute</a> just before his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004735-62">[59]</a> The next king, Singu, managed to avoid a war of succession by having most of his potential rivals killed or exiled in a timely manner, although Singu's reign was cut short by a <a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">princely rebellion</a> in February 1782, in which <a href="/wiki/Phaungkaza_Maung_Maung" title="Phaungkaza Maung Maung">Phaungkaza Maung Maung</a> seized the throne for seven days before <a href="/wiki/Bodawpaya" title="Bodawpaya">Bodawpaya</a> killed and replaced him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004735-62">[59]</a> Bodawpaya successfully eliminated all his rivals upon enthronement, and in 1802 ended "twenty-five years of conflict between lineal and collateral succession" in favour of the former, according to Koenig (1990).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004735-62">[59]</a> Nevertheless, two kings were overthrown by their brothers in coups in 1837 and 1853, and in 1866, the crown prince (the king's brother) was assassinated by two of the king's sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004736-63">[60]</a> When the last Burmese king, <a href="/wiki/Thibaw_Min" title="Thibaw Min">Thibaw Min</a> (r. 1878–1885), began his reign, he had about 80 of his relatives murdered to prevent any challenge to his accession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004737-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Waldron" title="Arthur Waldron">Arthur Waldron</a> (2008), "throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">their history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese states">Chinese states</a> have been overwhelmingly land-based and (...) their wars have chiefly been wars of succession and overland conquest."<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> In the alleged first dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a>, as well as the confirmed <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, both father–son and older brother–younger brother succession appear to have existed, with <a href="/wiki/Agnatic_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnatic primogeniture">agnatic primogeniture</a> gradually becoming a frequent practice in the late Shang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201325-66">[63]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Three_Guards" title="Rebellion of the Three Guards">Rebellion of the Three Guards</a> (c. 1042–1039 BCE) after the death of <a href="/wiki/King_Wu_of_Zhou" title="King Wu of Zhou">King Wu of Zhou</a> is perhaps the first war of succession in Chinese recorded history. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Zheng" title="Duke Zhuang of Zheng">Duke Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_(state)" title="Zheng (state)">Zheng</a> was the most powerful <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> state, but the 701–680 BCE <a href="/wiki/Duke_Zhuang_of_Zheng#Succession" title="Duke Zhuang of Zheng">war of succession following his death</a> reduced it to one of the weakest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004173-67">[64]</a> As the authority of the Zhou dynasty declined, the states' power increased (the <a href="/wiki/Five_Hegemons" title="Five Hegemons">Age of Hegemons</a>), and whenever the Zhou royal clan was unable to solve a succession crisis by itself, leading states were expected to militarily intervene on behalf of the "legitimate" heir, which occurred frequently in the 7th and 6th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-68">[65]</a> However, as the states grew more powerful and dukes had to delegate control over certain areas to kinsmen as their territories enlarged, they increasingly risked internal dynastic struggles as well.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-68">[65]</a> The largest states in particular experienced this problem, namely <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Qi%27s_succession" title="War of Qi's succession">War of Qi's succession</a> in 643–642 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Chinese_state)" title="Jin (Chinese state)">Jin</a>; in the latter case, this eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Jin" title="Partition of Jin">Partition of Jin</a> in 403 BCE, which ushered in the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-68">[65]</a> After uniting all states into his <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, the first Chinese emperor, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, failed to establish secure succession rules before his death in 210 BCE, upon which his clan immediately lost control of the government to <a href="/wiki/Li_Si" title="Li Si">Li Si</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Gao" title="Zhao Gao">Zhao Gao</a>, and his dynasty fell soon after (207 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326-69">[66]</a> Winning the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Han_Contention" title="Chu–Han Contention">Chu–Han Contention</a> and founding the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozu_of_Han" title="Emperor Gaozu of Han">Emperor Gaozu</a> sought to ensure a stable succession process that would not endanger the dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326-69">[66]</a> He strengthened the designated heir's position by creating the office of the Crown Prince, in which a group of officials educated and served the designated heir well in advance until his time to succeed would arrive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326-69">[66]</a> This crown prince system prevented a lot of succession disputes during the Han dynasty, and although it frequently malfunctioned in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a> periods, it "matured" during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326–27-16">[15]</a> Nevertheless, the Han state did suffer dynastic instability several times. When a Han emperor died without officially appointing a successor, his widow, the <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empress dowager</a>, had the sole right to appoint one of the late emperor's surviving sons or relatives to the position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071216–1217-70">[67]</a> At such times, or when an infant emperor was placed on the Han throne, a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, often also the empress dowager or one of her male relatives, would assume the duties of the emperor until he reached his majority. Sometimes the empress dowager's faction—the <a href="/wiki/Consort_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort clan">consort clan</a>—was overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> or a war of succession. For example, <a href="/wiki/Empress_L%C3%BC_Zhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Lü Zhi">Empress Lü Zhi</a> was the de facto ruler of the court during the reigns of the child emperors <a href="/wiki/Liu_Gong" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Gong">Qianshao</a> (r. 188–184 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Houshao_of_Han" title="Emperor Houshao of Han">Houshao</a> (r. 184–180 BCE),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeweTwitchett1986135Hansen2000115–116-71">[68]</a> but her faction was overthrown during the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Clan_Disturbance" class="mw-redirect" title="Lü Clan Disturbance">Lü Clan Disturbance</a> upon her death in 180 BCE, and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Han" title="Emperor Wen of Han">Liu Heng</a> was named emperor instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeweTwitchett1986136–137Torday199778-72">[69]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="End of the Han dynasty">end of the Han dynasty</a> in the 190s, the imperial Liu family lost effective control over the state; prominent members of the nobility became <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlords</a> trying to establish their own dynasties. Instead of governors being appointed by the emperor, they tried to secure the succession of their own clansmen, making it a hereditary office that led to several succession crises. The Yuan clan, once a prominent candidate to replace the imperial Liu family, <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao#War_with_the_Yuan_clan" title="Cao Cao">descended into a fratricidal war</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shao" title="Yuan Shao">Yuan Shao</a>'s death (202–205).<a href="#cite_note-2006dict36-73">[70]</a> The August 208 death of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Biao" title="Liu Biao">Liu Biao</a> caused a succession dispute between his sons <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_dynasty)" title="Liu Cong (Han dynasty)">Liu Cong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Qi_(Liu_Biao%27s_son)" title="Liu Qi (Liu Biao's son)">Liu Qi</a>, but a quick invasion by <a href="/wiki/Cao_Cao" title="Cao Cao">Cao Cao</a> forced Cong to surrender without a fight while Qi fled.<a href="#cite_note-Crespigny472-74">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cao_Pi" title="Cao Pi">Cao Pi</a>'s deposition of the last Han emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xian_of_Han" title="Emperor Xian of Han">Xian</a> and foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei dynasty</a> in 220 caused <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bei" title="Liu Bei">Liu Bei</a>, a scion of the imperial family, to proclaim himself the legitimate emperor and found the <a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Shu Han</a> dynasty in 221, followed by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Quan" title="Sun Quan">Sun Quan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a> in 229; this three-way claim to the imperial throne started the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-2006dict36-73">[70]</a>: 774  The death of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Deng_(Eastern_Wu)" title="Sun Deng (Eastern Wu)">Sun Quan's heir</a> resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Sun_He#Succession_struggle_against_Sun_Ba_and_deposal" title="Sun He">succession struggle between Sun He and Sun Ba</a> (241–250); Quan deposed He, forced Ba to commit suicide, and appointed 5-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sun_Liang" title="Sun Liang">Sun Liang</a> as successor.<a href="#cite_note-2006dict36-73">[70]</a>: 622, 774–775  Liang became emperor aged 7 in 252, but this boy-ruler was deposed in 258.<a href="#cite_note-2006dict36-73">[70]</a>: 775  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Yamato_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato state">Yamato state</a> did not have clear rules on succession (such as <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>), and the death of a monarch frequently resulted in a crisis with multiple claimants from several powerful clans vying for the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004397-75">[72]</a> The religion-based <a href="/wiki/Soga%E2%80%93Mononobe_conflict" title="Soga–Mononobe conflict">Soga–Mononobe conflict</a> (552–587) between the pro-Shinto <a href="/wiki/Mononobe_clan" title="Mononobe clan">Mononobe clan</a> and the pro-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Soga_clan" title="Soga clan">Soga clan</a> sometimes resulted in wars of succession, particularly in 585–587.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004397–398-76">[73]</a> To prevent further challenges to his power due to succession crises and to enforce the adoption of Buddhism, clan leader <a href="/wiki/Soga_no_Umako" title="Soga no Umako">Soga no Umako</a> had <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sushun" title="Emperor Sushun">Emperor Sushun</a> assassinated in 592, and instead installed <a href="/wiki/Empress_Suiko" title="Empress Suiko">Suiko</a> as empress (the first woman on the imperial throne in Japanese history) with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a> as regent, while holding the reins of power behind the scenes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398-77">[74]</a> This configuration led to a stable reign of empress Suiko until 628, 'a remarkably long span for that period.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398-77">[74]</a> However, when she died and Shōtoku's son <a href="/wiki/Prince_Yamashiro" title="Prince Yamashiro">Prince Yamashiro</a> claimed the throne, he was rejected by the Soga clan in favour of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jomei" title="Emperor Jomei">Emperor Jomei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004397–398-76">[73]</a> After the latter died in 641 and was succeeded by his wife, <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dgyoku" title="Empress Kōgyoku">Empress Kōgyoku</a>, Yamashiro once again claimed the throne, but he and his family were killed (possibly by suicide) when soldiers of <a href="/wiki/Soga_no_Iruka" title="Soga no Iruka">Soga no Iruka</a> attacked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398-77">[74]</a> The latter was subsequently murdered in the 645 <a href="/wiki/Isshi_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Isshi Incident">Isshi Incident</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenji" title="Emperor Tenji">Prince Naka-no-Ōe</a>, who installed puppet <a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dtoku" title="Emperor Kōtoku">Emperor Kōtoku</a> before taking the throne himself as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenji" title="Emperor Tenji">Emperor Tenji</a> in 654.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398-77">[74]</a> Tenji's death in 672 caused the <a href="/wiki/Jinshin_War" title="Jinshin War">Jinshin War</a>; as there were still no rules for succession, any close kin of the deceased emperor regardless of gender could claim equal rights to the crown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004172-78">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fitnas_in_early_Islamic_states">Fitnas in early Islamic states</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fitnas in early Islamic states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)#Historical_usage" title="Fitna (word)">historical Fitnas</a> and similar conflicts in <a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">early Islam</a> were essentially wars of succession, resulting not (primarily) from religious disputes, but from a lack of agreement in early Islamic political thought on how to politically organise the early Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201115-79">[76]</a> In particular, there was no consensus on the exercise of power and how leaders should be appointed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201115-79">[76]</a> This lack of constitutional theory has been attributed by <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdel_Raziq" title="Ali Abdel Raziq">Ali Abdel Raziq</a> (1888–1966) to the idea that the prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> had been primarily concerned with religious regulations, and had not given priority to founding a political system, never left a known successor (= <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>), nor established standard rules by which future leaders were to be appointed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201115,_330–331-80">[77]</a> After his death in 632, this compelled the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions</a> to find ad hoc solutions to the leadership question, causing <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">succession disputes</a> that resulted in the Fitnas, most notably the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a> (656–661), the <a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a> (680–692), the <a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a> (744–747), the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fitna" title="Fourth Fitna">Fourth Fitna</a> (809–827), and the <a href="/wiki/Fitna_of_al-Andalus" title="Fitna of al-Andalus">Fitna of al-Andalus</a> (1009–1031).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201115–16-81">[78]</a> Eventually, the disputes led to the major schism between <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>, who held that the leader should in some way be elected from within the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Muslims</a>, who held that the leader must be a direct biological descendant of Muhammad through <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, and that each leader personally designated his own successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201115–16-81">[78]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750) followed neither school of thought, because its founder <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> was neither a descendant of Muhammad, nor a Companion elected as caliph; instead, the Umayyad basis of power was military success and wealth acquired from conquest.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Therefore, many early Muslims perceived this dynasty to lack legitimacy, and this 'arguably biggest problem' contributed to its downfall during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a> (744–747) and the closely connected <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> (747–750).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic_dynasties">Islamic dynasties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Islamic dynasties">edit</a>]</div> Other wars of succession in later Islamic polities in Asia (mostly Perso-Arabic, Turkic, and Mongolic monarchies) that haven't been named fitnas have also occurred, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, where a peaceful transition of power upon the caliph's death was the exception rather than the rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–26-82">[79]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Justin_Marozzi" title="Justin Marozzi">Justin Marozzi</a> (2015), the 775 succession of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">Al-Mahdi</a> "was, by the standards of the future, blood-soaked successions of the Abbasid caliphate, a model of order and decorum."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–26-82">[79]</a> During the period of Abbasid fragmentation into autonomous dynasties (c. 850–1050), this was still a common problem according to Antony Black (2011): "Most dynasties were disabled by succession struggles; it was difficult to establish a constitutional rule for succession in the face of Islamic law and tribal custom, which divided a patrimony equally among all sons. (...) To gain the succession within a clan dynasty, you needed, once again, to demonstrate that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> was on your side. This meant acquiring support through a combination of military success and good repute."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201152-42">[39]</a> Eric J. Hanne (2007) reached a similar conclusion about the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a> in particular: "As the Buyids had traditionally divided up their lands among brothers, uncles, and cousins, the familial confederacy, a frail situation at best, only worked when one had a strong personal figure such as <a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a> (d. 372/983), whose suzerainty was accepted only after prolonged internecine warfare."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanne200758–65-4">[4]</a> Wars of succession could sometimes cause more instability to the realm than whatever stability the most capable of rulers could achieve in times of peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201152-42">[39]</a> Citing <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, Black argued that this was one major factor why virtually all Islamic dynasties (with the notable exception of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) lasted only about 100 to 200 years before falling apart due to succession crises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201152-42">[39]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din Hamadani</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jami%27_al-tawarikh" title="Jami' al-tawarikh">Jami' al-tawarikh</a> (c. 1316), the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> was plagued with succession struggles, misrule and corruption from its founding by <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> in the 1260s until the accession of <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> in 1295, the first Ilkhan to convert to Islam, and to make efforts to base the Ilkhanate's legitimacy on that religion. However, because Ghazan was Rashid's <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patron</a>, this account of the early Ilkhanate's instability may have been exaggerated in order to glorify Ghazan and legitimise his reign.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> In our quarter of the globe, the succession to the crown is settled in favour of the eldest by wise and fixed laws; but in Hindústan the right of governing is usually disputed by all the sons of the deceased monarch, each of whom is reduced to the cruel alternative of sacrificing his brothers that he himself may reign, or of suffering his own life to be forfeited for the security and stability of the dominion of another. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a>, Travels in the Mughal Empire (1670)<a href="#cite_note-Lane-Poole-5">[5]</a></cite> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion#Mughal_Empire" title="Princely rebellion">Princely rebellion § Mughal Empire</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (1526–1857), there was no tradition of primogeniture.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra2005p267-83">[80]</a> Instead it was customary for sons to overthrow their father, and for brothers to war to the death among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Markovits96-84">[81]</a> 17th-century French traveller <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a>, who spent about 12 years in India (1658–1670; partially overlapping with the Mughal war of succession of 1657–1661), praised <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> as "a great King" with "a versatile and rare genius", but was critical of the "unjust and cruel" means by which he and other Mughal emperors rose to power through war rather than the European method of succession "in favour of the eldest son by wise and fixed laws" that Bernier himself was familiar with.<a href="#cite_note-Lane-Poole-5">[5]</a> Judith E. Walsh (2006) stated that wars of succession were "the one problem the Mughals never solved", and that after Aurangzeb's death in 1707, repetitive "succession struggles brought Mughal power more or less to an end"<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> On the other hand, scholars such as Faruqui (2002) have posited that studies which argue Mughal succession struggles weakened the empire may be influenced by "a long held bias in Western European writings favoring the institution of primogeniture over all other modes of forms of succession."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaruqui20027-86">[83]</a> Instead, Faruqui sought to "demonstrate how, far from weakening the empire, intra-dynastic collaboration and strife was a crucial site for the production and reproduction of Mughal power."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaruqui2002iv-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malay_Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Malay Archipelago">edit</a>]</div> Wars of succession after the death of <a href="/wiki/Hayam_Wuruk" title="Hayam Wuruk">Hayam Wuruk</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Regreg_War" title="Regreg War">Regreg War</a> (1404–1406), are commonly recognised to have weakened the <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> empire of <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> in the 15th century, and to have been one of the leading causes of its eventual downfall in 1527.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> experienced a throne struggle in 1412–1415, in which the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages#Fourth_voyage" title="Ming treasure voyages">fourth treasure voyage</a> of admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> intervened.<a href="#cite_note-Samudera-90">[87]</a> Starting with the death of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Agung_of_Mataram" title="Sultan Agung of Mataram">Sultan Agung of Mataram</a> in 1645, every time the sultan of <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram</a> died, a war of succession broke out, and these recurrent conflicts crippled the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004139–140,_688,_692–693-91">[88]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Trunajaya_rebellion" title="Trunajaya rebellion">Trunajaya rebellion</a> (1674–1681) onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) began to exploit the dynastic crises to expand its economic, political and territorial control over Java by supporting their preferred candidate for the throne with superior firepower, in return for extensive concessions upon victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004692–693-92">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_Wars_of_Succession" title="Javanese Wars of Succession">Javanese Wars of Succession</a> (1703–1755) enabled the company to weaken and eventually split Mataram into smaller states that it could easily control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004692–693-92">[89]</a> An early 19th-century British writer observed: "In Malay States, a War of Succession almost invariably follows the decease of the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajah</a>, and with their other feudal contentions are the bane of them all — oppressing the inhabitants, checking industry, and obstructing commerce."<a href="#cite_note-Malay_States-93">[90]</a> He recommended that the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British government</a> take certain measures to prevent these wars from happening in the interest of both natives and foreigners, but argued that the English should not become "conquerors and oppressors" to the Malays, "as the Dutch are in all <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">their possessions</a> throughout the Archipelago".<a href="#cite_note-Malay_States-93">[90]</a> The British would establish "<a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a>" over the Malay States and turned the sultans essentially into their agents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004647-94">[91]</a> In 1819, the British would exploit the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate#The_fall_of_the_Old_Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate's succession crisis</a> to partition its territory with the Dutch, keeping mainland Johor, including Singapore, for themselves and ceding the <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a> to the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi20041206-95">[92]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> remained an absolute monarchy, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchies_of_Malaysia" title="Monarchies of Malaysia">kings of independent Malaysia</a> have assumed more ceremonial roles of identity within a constitutional framework.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004647-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty#Succession_practices" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty § Succession practices</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was an Islamic dynasty originating in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, which gradually expanded into <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> and made <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> its capital upon <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquering it in 1453</a>; it developed unique succession practices which "departed sharply from the usual inheritance practices for almost all of its history."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200590-96">[93]</a> Three customs can be distinguished: survival of the fittest, fratricide, and rule of the eldest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200592-97">[94]</a> From the 14th through the late 16th centuries, the Ottomans practiced open succession – something historian <a href="/wiki/Donald_Quataert" title="Donald Quataert">Donald Quataert</a> has described as "<a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">eldest</a>, son."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200590–91-98">[95]</a> Following common Central Asian tradition, during their father's lifetime, all adult sons of the reigning sultan were given provincial governorships in order to gain experience in administration, accompanied and mentored by their retinues and tutors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200591-99">[96]</a> Upon the death of their father, the reigning sultan, these sons would fight amongst themselves for the succession until one emerged triumphant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200591-99">[96]</a> The first son to reach the capital and seize control of the court would usually become the new ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200591-99">[96]</a> The first such instance was the brief Ottoman war of succession of 1362 after the death of sultan <a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan</a>, between şehzade (prince) <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a>, şehzade Ibrahim Bey (1316–1362; governor of <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Halil" class="mw-redirect" title="Şehzade Halil">şehzade Halil</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Murad won and executed his half-brothers Ibrahim and Halil, the first recorded instance of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty#Succession_practices" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman royal fratricide</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1451, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> became the first Ottoman prince who, upon, seizing the capital, executed all his brothers before any war of succession could even break out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200591-99">[96]</a> Although at the time, Islamic and Christian societies alike would condemn such a move as an immoral and sinful act of murder, Mehmed and subsequent would-be sultans would justify it as the prerogative of the ruler to commit (peace-time) fratricide in order to ensure the order and stability of the realm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200591-99">[96]</a> Ottoman royal fratricide would continue until 1648, and only happen once more in 1808.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200591–92-100">[97]</a> In 1617, the Ottoman dynasty would adopt a system of succession called ekberiyet, by which the oldest surviving male relative of the deceased sultan (often an uncle or brother) would assume the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200592-97">[94]</a> This was combined with the <a href="/wiki/Kafes" title="Kafes">kafes</a> ("gilded cage") system in 1622, which put all male members of the royal family under <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> within the palace grounds, to ensure a pool of potential successors under the control of the reigning sultan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200592-97">[94]</a> The ekberiyet–kafes practices would prevail until the end of the Ottoman Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">abolition of the Ottoman sultanate</a> in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuataert200592-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> About the <a href="/wiki/Hoa_L%C6%B0" title="Hoa Lư">Hoa Lư</a>-based early <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Cồ Việt</a> (968–1054), <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Tarling" title="Nicholas Tarling">Nicholas Tarling</a> (1992) noted: "the Hoa-lu kings ruled chiefly by threat of violence, and the death of each one was followed by a war of succession."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992139-12">[11]</a> By contrast, rulers of the later <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Trần dynasty</a> (1225–1400) had adopted the practice of "[abdicating] the throne to their chosen adult heirs upon the death of their predecessors, thereafter ruling as 'senior' kings."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992148-17">[16]</a> Tarling added that "the Tran kings made decisions in consultation with their uncles, brothers, and cousins, thereby fostering solidarity within the royal clan", and that the dynasty began to collapse when these rules were no longer observed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992148-17">[16]</a> When the childless king <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_D%E1%BB%A5_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Dụ Tông">Trần Dụ Tông</a> failed to designate an heir, his death in 1369 marked the beginning of two decades of succession-based warfare, until prime minister <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Qu%C3%BD_Ly" title="Hồ Quý Ly">Hồ Quý Ly</a> seized power and restored order in 1390, and abolished the Tran dynasty in favour of his own in 1400.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992149-101">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siam/Thailand">Siam/Thailand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Siam/Thailand">edit</a>]</div> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a>'s succession by <a href="/wiki/Ekathotsarot" title="Ekathotsarot">Ekathotsarot</a> in 1605, "the method of royal succession at <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> throughout the seventeenth century was battle."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158-13">[12]</a> Although European visitors to Thailand at the time tried to discern any rules in the Siamese order of succession, noting that in practice the dead king's younger brother often succeeded him, this custom appears not to have been legally enshrined anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158-13">[12]</a> The ruling king did often bestow the title of <a href="/wiki/Uparaja" title="Uparaja">uparaja</a> ('viceroy') upon his preferred successor, but in reality, it was an "elimination process": any male member of the royal clan (usually the late king's brothers and sons) could claim the throne of Ayutthaya for himself, and win by defeating all his rivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158-13">[12]</a> Moreover, groupings of nobles, foreign merchants, and foreign mercenaries actively rallied behind their preferred candidates in hopes of benefiting from each war's outcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158-13">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_patterns">European patterns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: European patterns">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causes">Causes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Whereas <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles the Second, king of Spain</a>, of most glorious memory, being not long since <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain#Succession" title="Charles II of Spain">dead without issue</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Sacred Imperial Majesty</a> has claimed the succession in the kingdoms and provinces of the deceased king, as lawfully belonging to <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">his august family</a>; but <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">the most Christian King</a>, aiming at the same succession for <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">his grandson the duke of Anjou</a>, and pretending a right did accrue to him by a certain will of the deceased king, has usurped the possession of the entire inheritance, or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish monarchy</a>, for the aforementioned duke of Anjou, and invaded by his arms the provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Low Countries</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Dutchy of Milan</a>..." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Leopold I</a> proclaims his position on the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1701)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1701)">Treaty of The Hague (1701)</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a></cite> </div> The origins of wars of succession in Europe lie in <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a> systems of government, in which the decisions on war and peace could be made by a single <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a> without the population's consent. The politics of the respective rulers was mainly driven by dynastic interests. German historian <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kunisch" title="Johannes Kunisch">Johannes Kunisch</a> (1937–2015) ascertained: "The all-driving power was the dynasties' law of the prestige of power, the expansion of power, and the desire to maintain themselves."<a href="#cite_note-Kunisch1-6">[6]</a> Moreover, the legal and political coherence of the various provinces of a "state territory" often consisted merely in nothing more than having a common ruler (a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>). Early government systems were therefore based on dynasties, the extinction of which immediately brought on a state crisis. The composition of the governmental institutions of the various provinces and territories also eased their partitioning in case of a conflict, just like the status of claims on individual parts of the country by foreign monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-Kunisch2-103">[100]</a> Early medieval Europe was rife with conflicts over property or property rights. <a href="/wiki/R._I._Moore" title="R. I. Moore">R. I. Moore</a> (2000) characterised the situation as "apparently endless and pointless internecine conflict which raged at every level of aristocratic society from the tenth century onwards. It continued everywhere in Latin Europe (though taking a somewhat different form to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>) throughout the eleventh century, and did not subside in most regions until well into the twelfth."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066-3">[3]</a> Usually, a designated or prospective heir to a property (typically but not always the owner's oldest son) would face off demands by uncles and brothers, aunts and sisters (often represented by their husbands) and their children to grant them a fair share in the inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066-3">[3]</a> Moore stated: "Title to landed property would always remain a source of endless and bitter contention, governed by infinitely various and complicated combinations of differing legal traditions and local customs and conditions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justifications">Justifications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Justifications">edit</a>]</div> To wage a war, a justification is needed (<a href="/wiki/Jus_ad_bellum" title="Jus ad bellum">Jus ad bellum</a>). These arguments may be put forward in a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a>, to indicate that one is justly taking up arms. As the Dutch lawyer <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> (1583–1645) noted, these must make clear that one is unable to pursue their rightful claims in any other way.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> The claims to legal titles from the dynastic sphere were a strong reason for war, because international relations primarily consisted of inheritance and marriage policies until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>. These were often so intertwined that it had to lead to conflict. Treaties that led to hereditary linkages, <a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawning</a> and transfers made various relations more complicated, and could be utilised for claims as well. That claims were made at all is due to the permanent struggle for competition and prestige between the respective ruling houses. On top of that came the urge of contemporary princes to achieve "<a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">glory</a>" for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Kunisch2-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prince-bishoprics">Prince-bishoprics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Prince-bishoprics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_feud" title="Diocesan feud">Diocesan feud</a></div> In some cases, wars of succession in Europe could also be centred around the reign in <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-bishopric">prince-bishoprics</a>. Although these were formally <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchies</a> without hereditary succession, the election of the prince-bishop could be strongly intertwined with the dynastic interests of the noble families involved, each of whom would put forward their own candidates. In case of disagreement over the election result, waging war was a possible way of settling the conflict. In the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, such wars were known as <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_feud" title="Diocesan feud">diocesan feuds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kohl-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primogeniture_and_international_law">Primogeniture and international law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Primogeniture and international law">edit</a>]</div> After numerous familial conflicts, the principle of male <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> in the 11th century, spreading to the rest of Europe (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066–67-45">[42]</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' principalities">Rus' principalities</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[d]</a>) in the 12th and 13th century; it has never been widely adopted outside Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066–67-45">[42]</a> This restricted the number of potential heirs to the oldest son of the reigning monarch, thereby facilitating undivided inheritance and a great reduction of potential sources of property conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200067-15">[14]</a> Another major effect of the near-universal introduction of male primogeniture was the strengthening of <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineality</a>, and the structural undermining and destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's property rights</a>, be they mothers, wives or daughters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200068-23">[21]</a> For example, women in northern Italy, who had the ancient right to inherit a tercia, one third of their husband's estate, lost it in the 12th century (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>: 1143).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200068-23">[21]</a> However, it did not prevent the outbreak of wars of succession altogether. A true deluge of succession wars occurred in Europe between the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) and the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Coalition Wars</a> (1792–1815).<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> According to German historian Heinz Duchhardt (1943) the outbreak of wars of succession in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> was stimulated on the one hand by the uncertainty about the degree to which regulations and agreements on hereditary succession were to be considered a respectable part of emerging <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. On the other hand, there was also a lack of effective means to provide them recognition and validation.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Jeroen Duindam (2021) noted that, 'when the internal challenges to dynastic supremacy had abated' in 17th- and 18th-century Europe, the royal courts forged more and more marriages alliances with the ruling houses of other sovereign states, which 'helps to explain the prevalence of international wars of succession' in that period.<a href="#cite_note-Duindam-112">[108]</a> Wars of succession in Europe gradually came to an end in the 19th century, when absolute monarchies were replaced by an international order based on <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraumoeller2019163-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_wars_of_succession">List of wars of succession</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: List of wars of succession">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_of_succession" title="List of wars of succession">List of wars of succession</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_of_succession_in_Europe" title="List of wars of succession in Europe">List of wars of succession in Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Wars of Succession, a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">strategy video game</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/AGEod" title="AGEod">AGEod</a> about the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714) and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721), most of which focused around <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Poland_(1704%E2%80%931706)" title="Civil war in Poland (1704–1706)">the succession of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires_IV" title="Age of Empires IV">Age of Empires IV</a>, a 2021 <a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">strategy video game</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Relic_Entertainment" title="Relic Entertainment">Relic Entertainment</a>, features a campaign that includes <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> (1066–1075) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_1088" title="Rebellion of 1088">Rebellion of 1088</a>, a war of succession between William's sons upon his death.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a>'s fantasy world of <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> (developed 1937–1973), several wars of succession take place, such as: <ul><li>The Wars with Angmar (<a href="/wiki/Third_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Age">T.A.</a> 861–1975), after King Eärendur of Arnor died in T.A. 861 and the kingdom was split between his three quarreling sons, founding the rival realms of Arthedain, Cardolan and Rhudaur. When the lines of Eärendur died out in Cardolan and Rhudaur, King Argeleb I of Arthedain intended to reunite Arnor in T.A. 1349 and was recognised by Cardolan, but then the <a href="/wiki/Witch-king_of_Angmar" title="Witch-king of Angmar">Witch-king of Angmar</a> intervened, annexed Rhudaur, ravaged Cardolan and besieged Arthedain's capital city of Fornost. In T.A. 1973–1975, Arthedain was finally destroyed; even though allied Men from Gondor and Elves from Lindon subsequently succeeded in defeating Angmar in the Battle of Fornost and driving out the Witch-king, the Kingdom of Arnor would never be restored until the dawn of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Age">Fourth Age</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aragorn" title="Aragorn">Aragorn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Succession_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="The Succession Wars">The Succession Wars</a> (1980), a wargame set in the BattleTech universe</li> <li>The Successions, civil wars over the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Time_locations#Andor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel of Time locations">monarchy of Andor</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] in <a href="/wiki/The_Wheel_of_Time" title="The Wheel of Time">The Wheel of Time</a> (1990–2013)</li> <li>The books in <a href="/wiki/George_R.R._Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="George R.R. Martin">George R.R. Martin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a> series (1996–) and its TV adaptation, <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a> feature the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Five_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Five Kings">War of the Five Kings</a>, based around five individuals declaring themselves king, three of whom compete over the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Throne_(A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire)" title="Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)">Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire)</a> after the death of King <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baratheon" title="Robert Baratheon">Robert Baratheon</a>. Another is the <a href="/wiki/Targaryen" class="mw-redirect" title="Targaryen">Targaryen</a> war of succession, better known as the Dance of the Dragons; this particular conflict is the focal point of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Dragon" title="House of the Dragon">House of the Dragon</a> series.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls" title="The Elder Scrolls">The Elder Scrolls</a>, a high fantasy video game series, features many succession disputes and wars. For example, in <a href="/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_Online" title="The Elder Scrolls Online">The Elder Scrolls Online</a> (launched in 2014), a war of succession that happened almost a decade earlier over the kingdom of Eastern Skyrim is reignited. After their sister Queen Nurnhilde died in battle 10 years ago, the twin brothers Jorunn and Fildgor together drove out the invading Akaviri, but then fought over the throne afterwards. According to Jorunn, they 'disagreed on who should succeed our sister. I believed in diplomacy and wisdom. Fildgor believed in rule by force. I couldn't let him take the throne. (...) I was forced to exile Fildgor. He never forgave me for that.' Jorunn requests the player to militarily support his legitimacy as the discontent Fildgor returns in another attempt to seize the kingship.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_T._Sutherland" title="Tui T. Sutherland">Tui T. Sutherland's</a> series of children's’ novels, <a href="/wiki/Wings_of_Fire_(novel_series)" title="Wings of Fire (novel series)">Wings of Fire</a>, books 1-5 main conflict is about a dragon queen being killed with none of her daughters knowing who to pick, starting a war of succession, Aptly called The War Of SandWing Succession. With the main characters prophesied to end the war.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty#Succession_practices" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty § Succession practices</a> (including royal fratricide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_mutilation_in_Byzantine_culture" title="Political mutilation in Byzantine culture">Political mutilation in Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Restoration (disambiguation)">Restoration (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1657–61_Mughal_war-10"><a href="#cite_ref-1657–61_Mughal_war_10-0">^</a> Faruqui (2012) decided 'not to count the conflict between Aurangzeb and his brothers (1657–9) as a rebellion. This is an arguable choice since the conflict started out as a rebellion against Shah Jahan but then morphed into a succession struggle once Shah Jahan had been forced to abdicate his throne in the summer of 1658.' He regarded it as a '<a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#War_of_Succession" title="Aurangzeb">war of succession</a>' and noted that S. M. Azizuddin Husain (2002) had characterised it as a 'rebellion'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaruqui2012182-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Although collateral succession was founder <a href="/wiki/Alaungpaya" title="Alaungpaya">Alaungpaya</a>'s intention,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004611-20">[19]</a> it would always be challenged by patrilineal succession throughout the Konbaung dynasty's existence, and almost every succession resulted in bloodshed, including assassinations, coups d'état, <a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">princely rebellions</a>, and one war of succession in 1760–1762.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734–737-21">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> "[I, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Emperor Frederick</a>, decree] by a perpetual law that [<a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Henry II, Duke of Austria">Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodora_Komnene,_Duchess_of_Austria" title="Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria">Theodora</a>] and their children alike, whether sons or daughters, shall, by hereditary right, hold and possess the aforementioned Duchy of Austria from the Empire."<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Presnyakov" title="Alexander Presnyakov">Alexander Presnyakov</a> (1918), the reason why many of the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus' principalities">Rus' principalities</a> had a strong "tendency towards internecine struggle" and were "continually at war with one another" was because they repeatedly "fragment[ed] into small independent entities" when sons received shares of their fathers' patrimonies. This weakened them, and because the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> (Muscovy) was able to prevent almost all such succession conflicts, it was capable to conquering the other principalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlef19832–3-106">[103]</a> Gustave Alef (1956) added that the <a href="/wiki/Muscovite_War_of_Succession" title="Muscovite War of Succession">Muscovite War of Succession</a> (1425–1453) was "the only struggle for succession in Moscow's history",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlef1983Preface_i-107">[104]</a> arguing that unlike its neighbours, Muscovy never experienced any other dynastic wars because "the death rate in the Moscow family was so high that the dynasty barely maintained itself. When the inheritors to the family patrimony increased sharply at the end of the fourteenth century, an internecine struggle was foreordained. This element helps explain the stability and strength of Moscow in the fourteenth century."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlef1983Abstract_i–ii-108">[105]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsti1991308-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolsti1991308_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolsti1991308_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolsti1991308_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolsti1991">Holsti 1991</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraumoeller2019160–163-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraumoeller2019160–163_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBraumoeller2019">Braumoeller 2019</a>, p. 160–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200066-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200066_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200066_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200066_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200066_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200066_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200066_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200066_3-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2000">Moore 2000</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanne200758–65-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanne200758–65_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanne200758–65_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanne200758–65_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanne2007">Hanne 2007</a>, p. 58–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane-Poole-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lane-Poole_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane-Poole_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane-Poole_5-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole1893" class="citation book cs1">Lane-Poole, Stanley (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fW18sI3_K4MC&pg=PA63">Aurangzíb and the Decay of the Mughal Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_India_series" title="Rulers of India series">Rulers of India series</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press, Oxford">Clarendon Press, Oxford</a>. pp. 63–64. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aurangz%C3%ADb+and+the+Decay+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Rulers+of+India+series&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfW18sI3_K4MC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunisch1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kunisch1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunisch1_6-1">b</a> (in German) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Johannes Kunisch, Staatsverfassung und Mächtepolitik – Zur Genese von Staatenkonflikten im Zeitalter des Absolutismus (Berlin 1979), p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20175-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20175_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20175_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20175_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKokkonenSundell2017">Kokkonen & Sundell 2017</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2008214-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan2008214_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolan2008">Nolan 2008</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaruqui2012182-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaruqui2012182_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaruqui2012">Faruqui 2012</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1984247,_263_11-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLange1984">Lange 1984</a>, p. 247, 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992139-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992139_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992139_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarling1992">Tarling 1992</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017158_13-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakerPhongpaichit2017">Baker & Phongpaichit 2017</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004139–140-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004139–140_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200067-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200067_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200067_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200067_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2000">Moore 2000</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326–27-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326–27_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326–27_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaocheng2013">Baocheng 2013</a>, p. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarling1992148-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992148_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992148_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarling1992148_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarling1992">Tarling 1992</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell2014438–439-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell2014438–439_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell2014438–439_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKokkonenSundell2014">Kokkonen & Sundell 2014</a>, p. 438–439. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELange1984263-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1984263_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELange1984263_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLange1984">Lange 1984</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004611-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004611_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004611_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 611. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734–737-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734–737_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 734–737. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore200068-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200068_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200068_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore200068_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2000">Moore 2000</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1964" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, David Charles (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QdCKN2mLZcMC&pg=PA251">William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 251–252. Retrieved 9 April 2022. <q>Hereditary right lay at the basis of Anglo-Saxon royalty, but it was a hereditary right of the family as a whole, and not specifically any one of its members. (…) In Anglo-Saxon England two considerations seem here to have been particularly influential. The one was the expressed wish of the reigning king respecting his successor within the royal family; the other was the acceptance of an individual (also within the family) by the magnates, and the recognition of reciprocal rights and duties between them as ratified by oath.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+the+Conqueror%3A+The+Norman+Impact+Upon+England&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=251-252&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=David+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQdCKN2mLZcMC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> (1967 reprint) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2006899-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan2006899_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolan2006">Nolan 2006</a>, p. 899. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20174–5-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKokkonenSundell20174–5_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKokkonenSundell2017">Kokkonen & Sundell 2017</a>, p. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Graaf2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Graaf, Ronald P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJufxksLAgAC&pg=PA310">Oorlog om Holland, 1000-1375</a> (in Dutch). Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789065508072" title="Special:BookSources/9789065508072"><bdi>9789065508072</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oorlog+om+Holland%2C+1000-1375&rft.place=Hilversum&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789065508072&rft.aulast=de+Graaf&rft.aufirst=Ronald+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJufxksLAgAC%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rustow-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Rustow_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustow1964" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dankwart_Rustow" title="Dankwart Rustow">Rustow, Dankwart R.</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24381436">"Succession in the Twentieth Century"</a>. Journal of International Affairs. 18 (1). Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board: 111. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24381436">24381436</a>. Retrieved 10 March 2022. <q>The extinction of royal lines occasioned prolonged wars of succession, such as the Hundred Years' War in France, the Wars of the Roses in England and the Spanish and Austrian Wars of Succession in the eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Succession+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24381436%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rustow&rft.aufirst=Dankwart+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24381436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004194-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004194_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016179-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandberg2016179_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandberg2016179_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandberg2016">Sandberg 2016</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandberg2016179–180-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandberg2016179–180_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandberg2016">Sandberg 2016</a>, p. 179–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"zwaardleen"; "spilleleen". <a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a> Encyclopedie <a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a> (in Dutch). 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p. 186–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201638-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201638_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201638_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtunnu201638_58-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOtunnu2016">Otunnu 2016</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Altroy2014" class="citation book cs1">D'Altroy, Terence N. 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Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781118610596&rft.aulast=D%27Altroy&rft.aufirst=Terence+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JmAAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi20041341-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi20041341_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 1341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004734_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 734. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004735-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004735_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004735_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004735_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 735. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004736-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004736_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 736. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004737-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004737_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 737. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron2008" class="citation book cs1">Waldron, Arthur (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dccE7YOi-54C&pg=PR12">"Foreword"</a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 147–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199351749" title="Special:BookSources/9780199351749"><bdi>9780199351749</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confucian-Legalist+State%3A+A+New+Theory+of+Chinese+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=147-149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780199351749&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Dingxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPmJCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaocheng201326_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaocheng2013">Baocheng 2013</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071216–1217-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071216–1217_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Crespigny2007">de Crespigny 2007</a>, pp. 1216–1217. sfn error: no target: CITEREFde_Crespigny2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeweTwitchett1986135Hansen2000115–116-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoeweTwitchett1986135Hansen2000115–116_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoeweTwitchett1986">Loewe & Twitchett 1986</a>, p. 135 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFLoeweTwitchett1986 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>); <a href="#CITEREFHansen2000">Hansen 2000</a>, pp. 115–116 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFHansen2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoeweTwitchett1986136–137Torday199778-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoeweTwitchett1986136–137Torday199778_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoeweTwitchett1986">Loewe & Twitchett 1986</a>, pp. 136–137 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFLoeweTwitchett1986 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>); <a href="#CITEREFTorday1997">Torday 1997</a>, p. 78 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFTorday1997 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-2006dict36-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2006dict36_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2006dict36_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2006dict36_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2006dict36_73-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2006" class="citation book cs1">de Crespigny, Rafe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49OvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD)</a>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 35–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047411840" title="Special:BookSources/9789047411840"><bdi>9789047411840</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Later+Han+to+the+Three+Kingdoms+%2823-220+AD%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=35-39&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789047411840&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49OvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crespigny472-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Crespigny472_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Crespigny2016" class="citation book cs1">de Crespigny, Rafe (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSJ4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA472">Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23-220 AD</a>. Leiden: Brill. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004325203" title="Special:BookSources/9789004325203"><bdi>9789004325203</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+over+Luoyang%3A+A+History+of+the+Later+Han+Dynasty+23-220+AD&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004325203&rft.aulast=de+Crespigny&rft.aufirst=Rafe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSJ4DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004397-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2004397_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2004">Higham 2004</a>, p. 397. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004397–398-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2004397–398_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2004397–398_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2004">Higham 2004</a>, p. 397–398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2004398_77-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2004">Higham 2004</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004172-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2004172_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigham2004">Higham 2004</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201115-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201115_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201115_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack2011">Black 2011</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201115,_330–331-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201115,_330–331_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack2011">Black 2011</a>, p. 15, 330–331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201115–16-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201115–16_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201115–16_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlack2011">Black 2011</a>, p. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–26-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–26_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarozzi201525–26_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarozzi2015">Marozzi 2015</a>, pp. 25–26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarozzi2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra2005p267-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Chandra2005p267_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2005" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA267">Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals</a>. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 267–269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110669" title="Special:BookSources/9788124110669"><bdi>9788124110669</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals&rft.pages=267-269&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788124110669&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markovits96-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Markovits96_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude, ed. (2004) [First published 1994 as Histoire de l'Inde Moderne]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&pg=PA96">A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</a> (2nd ed.). London: Anthem Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.place=London&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-004-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Judith E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iekF9X3OwwMC&pg=PA88">A Brief History of India</a>. New York: Infobase Publishing. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438108254" title="Special:BookSources/9781438108254"><bdi>9781438108254</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781438108254&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Judith+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiekF9X3OwwMC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaruqui20027-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaruqui20027_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaruqui2002">Faruqui 2002</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaruqui2002iv-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaruqui2002iv_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaruqui2002">Faruqui 2002</a>, p. iv. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederickWorden2011" class="citation book cs1">Frederick, William H.; Worden, Robert L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6dgmXWMgWcwC&pg=PA15">Indonesia: A Country Study. Sixth Edition</a>. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844407906" title="Special:BookSources/9780844407906"><bdi>9780844407906</bdi></a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195385427" title="Special:BookSources/9780195385427"><bdi>9780195385427</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Inspirations%3A+Music+and+Islam+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195385427&rft.aulast=Harnish&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Anne+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKwRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samudera-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Samudera_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Tansen (2016). 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Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 79 (3): 614–615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X16001038">10.1017/S0041977X16001038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Zheng+He%27s+Expeditions+on+Indian+Ocean+Interactions&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=614-615&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X16001038&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Tansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004139–140,_688,_692–693-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004139–140,_688,_692–693_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 139–140, 688, 692–693. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi2004692–693-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004692–693_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi2004692–693_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOoi2004">Ooi 2004</a>, p. 692–693. </li> <li id="cite_note-Malay_States-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malay_States_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malay_States_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbin_Saripan1979" class="citation book cs1">bin Saripan, Rahman (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWUdAAAAMAAJ&q=%22a+War+of+Succession+almost+invariably+follows+the+decease+of+the+Rajah%22">Perkembangan politik Melayu tradisional Kelantan, 1776-1842</a>. 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Retrieved 15 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Collection+of+All+the+Treaties+of+Peace%2C+Alliance%2C+and+Commerce%2C+Between+Great-Britain+and+Other+Powers%3A+From+the+Revolution+in+1688%2C+to+the+Present+Time.+Volume+I%3A+1688%E2%80%931727&rft.pages=40-45&rft.date=1772&rft.aulast=Almon&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DexgR7bpc63QC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunisch2-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kunisch2_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kunisch2_103-1">b</a> (in German) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Johannes Kunisch, La guerre – c'est moi! – Zum Problem der Staatenkonflikte im Zeitalter des Absolutismus, in: ders.: Fürst, Gesellschaft, Krieg – Studien zur bellizistischen Disposition des absoluten Fürstenstaates (Cologne/Weimar/Vienna 1992), p. 21–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> (in German) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">Heinz Duchhardt, Krieg und Frieden im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV. (Düsseldorf 1987), p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohl-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Kohl_105-0">^</a> Wilhelm Kohl. Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Köln. Das Bistum Münster 7,1: Die Diözese. 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(Düsseldorf 1987), p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duindam-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Duindam_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuindam2021" class="citation journal cs1">Duindam, Jeroen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757206.2021.1905238">"Gender, succession and dynastic rule, History and Anthropology"</a>. History and Anthropology. 32 (2): 161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757206.2021.1905238">10.1080/02757206.2021.1905238</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3210341">1887/3210341</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236897930">236897930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Gender%2C+succession+and+dynastic+rule%2C+History+and+Anthropology&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3210341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236897930%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757206.2021.1905238&rft.aulast=Duindam&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F02757206.2021.1905238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAGEod2018" class="citation web cs1">AGEod (25 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.steampowered.com/app/867250/Wars_of_Succession/">"Wars of Succession on Steam"</a>. Steam. Slitherine Ltd. Retrieved 13 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Steam&rft.atitle=Wars+of+Succession+on+Steam&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft.au=AGEod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.steampowered.com%2Fapp%2F867250%2FWars_of_Succession%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Honorof2021" class="citation web cs1">Marshall Honorof (10 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomsguide.com/news/age-of-empires-iv-preview">"Age of Empires IV promises eight "semi-symmetrical" civilizations"</a>. Tom's Guide. 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Pan Macmillan. pp. 45, 48–49, 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781035008582" title="Special:BookSources/9781035008582"><bdi>9781035008582</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Tolkien+Companion.+Third+Edition&rft.pages=45%2C+48-49%2C+57-59&rft.pub=Pan+Macmillan&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781035008582&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=J.+E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAlyEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elderscrollsonline.info/quests/one-victor-one-king">"One Victor, One King [Quest]"</a>. elderscrollsonline.info. 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Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 65–111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631222774" title="Special:BookSources/9780631222774"><bdi>9780631222774</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sex+and+the+Social+Order&rft.btitle=The+First+European+Revolution%3A+970%E2%80%931215&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=65-111&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780631222774&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0E7Wii5yPHEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2006" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBHJ1eK_tcoC">The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2</a>. London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1076. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313337345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313337345"><bdi>978-0313337345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wars+of+Religion%2C+1000%E2%80%931650%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare+and+Civilization%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1076&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0313337345&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBHJ1eK_tcoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2008" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC">Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization</a>. London: Greenwood Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313359200" title="Special:BookSources/9780313359200"><bdi>9780313359200</bdi></a>. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 1791. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576077702" title="Special:BookSources/9781576077702"><bdi>9781576077702</bdi></a>. 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Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319331560" title="Special:BookSources/9783319331560"><bdi>9783319331560</bdi></a>. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 891. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521364478" title="Special:BookSources/9780521364478"><bdi>9780521364478</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia%3A+From+early+times+to+c.+1800&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=706&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780521355056&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrOw8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+of+succession" class="Z3988"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&oldid=1231695005">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_succession&oldid=1231695005</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_of_succession" title="Category:Wars of succession">Wars of succession</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_by_type" title="Category:Wars by type">Wars by type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Interregnums" title="Category:Interregnums">Interregnums</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2017">Use dmy dates from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_January_2017" title="Category:Use British English from January 2017">Use British English from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_broken_anchors" title="Category:Pages with broken anchors">Pages with broken anchors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 June 2024, at 18:53 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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[\"CITEREFFaruqui2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlint2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrederickWorden2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnishRasmussen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolsti1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaques2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokkonenSundell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKokkonenSundell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane-Poole1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLange1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuard1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovits2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Honorof2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtunnu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuataert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuter1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRustow1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarling1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldron2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbin_Saripan1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Crespigny2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Crespigny2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Graaf2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vries2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Aut\"] = 5,\n [\"Broken anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"CN\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 46,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 164,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"War\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","20.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","11.1"],["?","120","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","9.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","7.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.6"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","60","5.6"],["(for generator)","40","3.7"],["gsub","40","3.7"],["ORIGIN \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:807\u003E","40","3.7"],["[others]","200","18.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qvkwc","timestamp":"20241124161945","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"War of succession","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_succession","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1348385","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1348385","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-14T11:11:37Z","dateModified":"2024-06-29T18:53:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8d\/Louis_XIV_declares_his_grandson_King_of_Spain%2C_L%27Almanach_pour_l%27ann%C3%A9e_1701.png","headline":"war prompted by a succession crisis in which two or more individuals claim the right of successor to a deceased or deposed monarch"}</script> </body> </html>