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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Environmental_skepticism" title="Talk:Environmental skepticism">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Environmental skepticism</b> is the belief that statements by <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalists</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">environmental scientists</a> who support them, are false or exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-DryzekNorgaard2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DryzekNorgaard2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also applied to those who are critical of environmentalism in general. It can additionally be defined as doubt about the authenticity or severity of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. Environmental skepticism is closely linked with <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a>. Environmental skepticism can also be the result of cultural and lived experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="About">About</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: About"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmental skeptics have argued that the extent of <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">harm coming from human activities</a> is less certain than scientists and scientific bodies say, or that it is too soon to be introducing curbs in these activities on the basis of existing evidence, or that further discussion is needed regarding who should pay for such environmental initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Denial_lobby_turns_up_the_heat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denial_lobby_turns_up_the_heat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the themes the movement focuses on is the idea that environmentalism is a growing threat to social and economic progress and the civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhou_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of the term was enhanced by <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Lomborg" title="Bjørn Lomborg">Bjørn Lomborg</a>'s 2001 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptical_Environmentalist" title="The Skeptical Environmentalist">The Skeptical Environmentalist</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-521-60614-4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-521-60614-4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lomborg approached environmental claims from a statistical and economic standpoint, and concluded that often the claims made by environmentalists were overstated. Lomborg argued, on the basis of cost–benefit analysis, that few environmentalist claims warranted serious concern. The book came under criticism by scientists noting that Lomborg misinterpreted or misrepresented data, criticized misuse of data while committing similar mistakes himself, examined issues supporting his thesis while ignoring information contrary to it, cherry picks literature, oversimplifies, fails to discuss uncertainty or subjectivity, cites mostly media sources, and largely ignores ecology.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a>, who debated Lomborg on several topics from his book, notes that despite the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> many people are driven to environmental skepticism by the extremism inherent in both sides of the debate and not having been exposed to a sufficiently succinct and visual presentation of the available evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Lomborg refined his position and stated that he believes in the need for "tens of billions of dollars a year to be invested in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">tackling climate change</a>" and declared global warming to be "undoubtedly one of the chief concerns facing the world today" and "a challenge humanity must confront".<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_100_Billion_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_100_Billion-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He summarized his position, saying "Global warming is real - it is man-made and it is an important problem. But it is not the end of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 study of individuals from 32 countries found that environmental skepticism stems from insufficient education, self-assessed knowledge, religious/conservative values, lack of trust in society, mistrust of science, and other concerns trumping environmental concern.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhou_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_skepticism">Climate change skepticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Climate change skepticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">Global warming controversy</a></div> <p>According to an annual poll conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">global warming</a> has been a low public priority, ranking 29 out of 30 in the top priorities for the United States President and Congress. Additionally, in a list of 20 policy priorities, it ranks 19th.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Climate_skeptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate skeptics">Climate skeptics</a> represent about a third of Americans according to national polls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number makes it challenging for decision-makers who hesitate to implement environmental policies related to global warming and climate change. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leiserowitz" title="Anthony Leiserowitz">Anthony Leiserowitz</a>, a professor from Yale, determined that the American community's attitude towards climate change fall on a scale from concerned or alarmed to disengaged or dismissive. The term climate skeptic is made up of numerous components such as dubious, doubtful, dismissive, and denial. It does not describe simply a non-believer. In a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, 61% of the public believed there was evidence of global warming. However, 35% of the public still believed there was no significant evidence for global temperature rise.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate skepticism is considered to be strictly an American belief constructed of governmental fear, scientific distrust, and interests in resource extraction that support a dominant Western lifestyle. Academics argue that we need to understand Americans underlying ideologies before we denote someone as a skeptic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cultural study on Maryland's Eastern Shore helped discern some of the differing beliefs of Americans about environmental change. The study included three groups of residents who are dependent on the Eastern Shore of Maryland: commercial fishermen, farmers, and recent migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research conducted was determined to gain a consensus of shared knowledge between the subgroups in regard to the changing environment. Along the scale from denial to concerned, it was found that a majority of respondents noticed climate change but believed that humans were not the cause of it. About a third of the respondents were unaware of it, while the rest of the interlocutors were either dismissive of it or somewhat concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the cultural models found in this research was that climate change was natural. The respondents interpreted the changes such as rising sea-levels and drought as cycles of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They explained them as natural processes in the Earth's evolution not affected by humans. They expressed doubt about human induced climate change but acknowledged the changing environment around them. The residents of the Eastern Shore question the legitimacy of the buildup of greenhouse gases from our use of fossil fuels, which cause sea level rise or glacial melting. Part of this hesitation comes from the knowledge passed down through their families and the stories of weather cycles from previous relatives, all who lived in the same area for generations. This concept of nature going through cycles is culturally significant to the groups living in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The respondents also make note that climate change may have been newly identified by scientists but has been a phenomenon that has been with us from the beginning of time and not with the onset of the industrial revolution. This reinforces the belief that climate change is happening, just not because of humans. Therefore, when contemporary theories of climate change challenge respondents’ longstanding traditional cultural models, the latter tends to emerge as the more likely outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The respondents also believe that if climate change becomes apparent to politicians as a human-induced problem, that will lead to regulations being placed on them. They do not believe that climate policies will benefit them and are therefore unlikely to support such programs. They are concerned more with policies and regulations rather than climate change in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They see themselves as living with the climate instead of the common approach of overcoming or conquering it. Living with the climate is viewed as nature and society being connected and sharing a relationship where humans must change their activities to fit the changing climate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communicating with people who are labeled as skeptics can help create policies that may not be rejected. These beliefs are deeply rooted in longstanding traditions and not influenced by right wing think tanks or other media platforms. Therefore, communicating and working with these people may help reduce the amount of time it will take for policies to be accepted and approved by them. For policy makers to be effective, they should consider the knowledge that these people have and work with them instead of imposing a top-down approach for climate change policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, such widespread skeptical doubts have not developed independently, but have been "encouraged by lobbying and PR campaigns financed by the polluting industries". Supporters of environmentalists argue that "skepticism" implies a form of <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialism</a>, and that, in the US particularly, "large donations [have been made] to Senators and Congressmen and [have] sponsored <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">contrarian</a> scientific research. <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, the oil major, has been accused by <a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth" title="Friends of the Earth">Friends of the Earth</a> and others of giving millions of dollars to a long list of think-tanks and lobbyists opposed to <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Denial_lobby_turns_up_the_heat_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denial_lobby_turns_up_the_heat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study from 2008 showed that the overwhelming majority of environmentally skeptical books published since the 1970s were either written or published by authors or institutions affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> think tanks. It concludes that "scepticism is a tactic of an elite-driven counter-movement designed to combat environmentalism, and that the successful use of this tactic has contributed to the weakening of US commitment to environmental protection."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peter Jacques wrote, "The skeptical environmental counter-movement is a civic problem and in dealing with the propositions from the counter-movement we are forced to reach down to the bedrock issues of epistemology, identities, articulation and other core work for politics. To use <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> as a hammer against the screw of skepticism will split the wood of public life into splinters or it will immobilize the hammer. Scientism is a modernist tool that will haplessly reshuffle the old excursions - and we all know the 'master's tools will not dismantle the master's house"<sup id="cite_ref-Jacques2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacques2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming controversy">Global warming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_climate_change" title="Media coverage of climate change">Media coverage of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization#Non-technical_barriers_to_acceptance" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization#Non-technical barriers to acceptance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DryzekNorgaard2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DryzekNorgaard2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._DryzekRichard_B._NorgaardDavid_Schlosberg2011" class="citation book cs1">John S. Dryzek; Richard B. Norgaard; David Schlosberg (18 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsYr_iQUs6QC&pg=PA144"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956660-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956660-0"><bdi>978-0-19-956660-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Climate+Change+and+Society&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956660-0&rft.au=John+S.+Dryzek&rft.au=Richard+B.+Norgaard&rft.au=David+Schlosberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRsYr_iQUs6QC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske2016" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, S (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/956986219"><i>Climate Skepticism" inside the Beltway and across the Bay." In Anthropology and climate change : from actions to transformations</i></a>. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 319–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62958-000-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62958-000-5"><bdi>978-1-62958-000-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956986219">956986219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+Skepticism%22+inside+the+Beltway+and+across+the+Bay.%22+In+Anthropology+and+climate+change+%3A+from+actions+to+transformations&rft.pages=319-325&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956986219&rft.isbn=978-1-62958-000-5&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F956986219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denial_lobby_turns_up_the_heat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denial_lobby_turns_up_the_heat_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denial_lobby_turns_up_the_heat_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,1431306,00.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Denial lobby' turns up the heat"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. London. 2005-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=%27Denial+lobby%27+turns+up+the+heat&rft.date=2005-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C1431306%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhou-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhou_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhou_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Min (15 December 2014). "Public environmental skepticism: A cross-national and multilevel analysis". <i>International Sociology</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 61–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0268580914558285">10.1177/0268580914558285</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145807157">145807157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Sociology&rft.atitle=Public+environmental+skepticism%3A+A+cross-national+and+multilevel+analysis&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-85&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0268580914558285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145807157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-521-60614-4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-521-60614-4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomborg2004" class="citation book cs1">Lomborg, Bjørn (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521606141"><i>Global crises, global solutions</i></a></span>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60614-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60614-1"><bdi>978-0-521-60614-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+crises%2C+global+solutions&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60614-1&rft.aulast=Lomborg&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521606141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNisbet2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nisbet, Matt (23 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/skeptical_environmentalist_a_case_study_in_the_manufacture_of_news">"The Skeptical Environmentalist: A Case Study in the Manufacture of News"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Skeptical+Environmentalist%3A+A+Case+Study+in+the+Manufacture+of+News&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft.aulast=Nisbet&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fspecialarticles%2Fshow%2Fskeptical_environmentalist_a_case_study_in_the_manufacture_of_news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Shermer, Michael</a> (2008-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michaelshermer.com/2008/04/confessions-of-a-former-environmental-skeptic/">"Confessions of a Former Environmental Skeptic"</a>. <i>michaelshermer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michaelshermer.com&rft.atitle=Confessions+of+a+Former+Environmental+Skeptic&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichaelshermer.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fconfessions-of-a-former-environmental-skeptic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_100_Billion-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_100_Billion_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowit2010" class="citation news cs1">Jowit, Juliette (30 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/aug/30/bjorn-lomborg-climate-change-u-turn">"Bjørn Lomborg: $100bn a year needed to fight climate change"</a>. <i>guardian.co.uk home Location</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=guardian.co.uk+home+Location&rft.atitle=Bj%C3%B8rn+Lomborg%3A+%24100bn+a+year+needed+to+fight+climate+change&rft.date=2010-08-30&rft.aulast=Jowit&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2010%2Faug%2F30%2Fbjorn-lomborg-climate-change-u-turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_upshot/20100831/sc_yblog_upshot/noted-anti-global-warming-scientist-reverses-course">"Brett Michael Dykes, "Noted anti-global-warming scientist reverses course", Yahoo News (August 31, 2010)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brett+Michael+Dykes%2C+%22Noted+anti-global-warming+scientist+reverses+course%22%2C+Yahoo+News+%28August+31%2C+2010%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fyblog_upshot%2F20100831%2Fsc_yblog_upshot%2Fnoted-anti-global-warming-scientist-reverses-course&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2010" class="citation news cs1">Moore, Matthew (2010-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/earth/environment/globalwarming/7972383/Climate-sceptic-Bjorn-Lomborg-now-believes-global-warming-is-one-of-worlds-greatest-threats.html">"Climate 'sceptic' Bjørn Lomborg now believes global warming is one of world's greatest threats"</a>. <i>telegraph.com.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=telegraph.com.uk&rft.atitle=Climate+%27sceptic%27+Bj%C3%B8rn+Lomborg+now+believes+global+warming+is+one+of+world%27s+greatest+threats&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fearth%2Fenvironment%2Fglobalwarming%2F7972383%2FClimate-sceptic-Bjorn-Lomborg-now-believes-global-warming-is-one-of-worlds-greatest-threats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrateNuttall2016" class="citation book cs1">Crate, Susan A; Nuttall, Mark, eds. (2016-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315434773"><i>Anthropology and Climate Change</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315434773">10.4324/9781315434773</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315434766" title="Special:BookSources/9781315434766"><bdi>9781315434766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+and+Climate+Change&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315434773&rft.isbn=9781315434766&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781315434773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carbonnews.co.nz/story.asp?storyID=1210">"Environmental sceptics overwhelmingly politicised, says study"</a>. Carbon News. June 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+sceptics+overwhelmingly+politicised%2C+says+study&rft.pub=Carbon+News&rft.date=2008-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carbonnews.co.nz%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryID%3D1210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquesDunlapFreeman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jacques, Peter J.; Dunlap, Riley E.; Freeman, Mark (June 2008). "The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism". <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Politics_(journal)" title="Environmental Politics (journal)">Environmental Politics</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): 349–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09644010802055576">10.1080/09644010802055576</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144975102">144975102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Politics&rft.atitle=The+organisation+of+denial%3A+Conservative+think+tanks+and+environmental+scepticism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349-385&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09644010802055576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144975102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jacques&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Dunlap%2C+Riley+E.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacques2016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacques2016_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._Jacques2016" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Jacques (6 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVIfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Environmental Skepticism: Ecology, Power and Public Life</i></a>. Routledge. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14218-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14218-8"><bdi>978-1-317-14218-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Skepticism%3A+Ecology%2C+Power+and+Public+Life&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-06&rft.isbn=978-1-317-14218-8&rft.au=Peter+J.+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVIfDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works_and_analyses">Selected works and analyses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Selected works and analyses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutral_or_environmentally_supportive">Neutral or environmentally supportive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neutral or environmentally supportive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Steiguer2006" class="citation book cs1">de Steiguer, Joseph E. (2006). <i>The origins of modern environmental thought</i>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2461-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2461-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-2461-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64486430">64486430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+modern+environmental+thought&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64486430&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2461-7&rft.aulast=de+Steiguer&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Michaels_(epidemiologist)" title="David Michaels (epidemiologist)">Michaels, David</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/doubtistheirprod00mich"><i>Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530067-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530067-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530067-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doubt+is+Their+Product%3A+How+Industry%27s+Assault+on+Science+Threatens+Your+Health&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530067-3&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdoubtistheirprod00mich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooney2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mooney_(journalist)" title="Chris Mooney (journalist)">Mooney, Chris</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanwarons00moon"><i>The Republican War on Science</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04676-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-04676-8"><bdi>978-0-465-04676-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+War+on+Science&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-465-04676-8&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicanwarons00moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Swan1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Swan" title="James A. Swan">James A. Swan</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indefenseofhunti0000swan"><i>In defense of hunting</i></a></span>. Harpercollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251237-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-251237-6"><bdi>978-0-06-251237-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+defense+of+hunting&rft.pub=Harpercollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-251237-6&rft.au=James+A.+Swan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findefenseofhunti0000swan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShearer2011" class="citation book cs1">Shearer, Christine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haymarketbooks.org/pb/Kivalina"><i>Kivalina: A Climate Change Story</i></a>. Haymarket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-128-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-128-8"><bdi>978-1-60846-128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kivalina%3A+A+Climate+Change+Story&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-128-8&rft.aulast=Shearer&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haymarketbooks.org%2Fpb%2FKivalina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmentally_skeptic">Environmentally skeptic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Environmental_skepticism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmentally skeptic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_C._Horner2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Horner" title="Christopher C. Horner">Christopher C. Horner</a> (12 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HzBjbAaOVcC"><i>The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming and Environmentalism</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-044-0"><bdi>978-1-59698-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politically+Incorrect+Guide+to+Global+Warming+and+Environmentalism&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-044-0&rft.au=Christopher+C.+Horner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HzBjbAaOVcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bethell" title="Tom Bethell">Bethell, Tom</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicallyincor00beth_0"><i>The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science</i></a>. Regnery Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-031-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89526-031-4"><bdi>978-0-89526-031-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politically+Incorrect+Guide+to+Science&rft.pub=Regnery+Pub&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-89526-031-4&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticallyincor00beth_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Huber" title="Peter W. Huber">Huber, Peter</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hardgreensavinge00hube_0"><i>Hard Green: Saving the Environment from the Environmentalists : a Conservative Manifesto</i></a></span>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03113-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03113-9"><bdi>978-0-465-03113-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Green%3A+Saving+the+Environment+from+the+Environmentalists+%3A+a+Conservative+Manifesto&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03113-9&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhardgreensavinge00hube_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomborg2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_Lomborg" title="Bjørn Lomborg">Lomborg, Bjørn</a> (2001). <i>The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01068-9"><bdi>978-0-521-01068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skeptical+Environmentalist%3A+Measuring+the+Real+State+of+the+World&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01068-9&rft.aulast=Lomborg&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlston_Chase1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alston_Chase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alston Chase (page does not exist)">Alston Chase</a> (1995). <i>In a Dark Wood: The Fight Over Forests and the Myths of Nature</i>. Transaction Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0752-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0752-6"><bdi>978-0-7658-0752-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+a+Dark+Wood%3A+The+Fight+Over+Forests+and+the+Myths+of+Nature&rft.pub=Transaction+Pub&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0752-6&rft.au=Alston+Chase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriessen2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Driessen_(lobbyist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Driessen (lobbyist)">Driessen, Paul</a> (2003). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-Imperialism:_Green_Power,_Black_Death&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eco-Imperialism: Green Power, Black Death (page does not exist)"><i>Eco-Imperialism: Green Power, Black Death</i></a>. Free Enterprise Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939571-23-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939571-23-9"><bdi>978-0-939571-23-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eco-Imperialism%3A+Green+Power%2C+Black+Death&rft.pub=Free+Enterprise+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-939571-23-9&rft.aulast=Driessen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_J._MichaelsRobert_C._Balling2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Michaels" title="Patrick Michaels">Patrick J. Michaels</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Balling" title="Robert Balling">Robert C. Balling</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/satanicgases00patr_0"><i>The satanic gases: clearing the air about global warming</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882577-92-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882577-92-7"><bdi>978-1-882577-92-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+satanic+gases%3A+clearing+the+air+about+global+warming&rft.pub=Cato+Institute&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-882577-92-7&rft.au=Patrick+J.+Michaels&rft.au=Robert+C.+Balling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsatanicgases00patr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reisman" title="George Reisman">Reisman, George</a>, <i>The Toxicity of Environmentalism</i>, Laguna Hills, CA, The Jefferson School of Philosophy, Economics & Psychology, 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931089-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-931089-01-9">1-931089-01-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Ortega_y_GassetDatus_Proper1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a>; Datus Proper (1995). <i>Meditations on Hunting</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885106-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885106-18-6"><bdi>978-1-885106-18-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditations+on+Hunting&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-885106-18-6&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Ortega+y+Gasset&rft.au=Datus+Proper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnvironmental+skepticism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Discuss this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmentalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#ADD8E6">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmentalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Environmentalism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_environmentalism" title="Outline of environmentalism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ADD8E6; text-decoration: inherit;">Outline of environmentalism</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_crisis" title="Ecological crisis">Ecological crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">Environmental conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_history_of_environmentalism" title="Timeline of history of environmentalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">List of environmental conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Philosophical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">Environmental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocentrism_(ethics)" title="Biocentrism (ethics)">Biocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_jurisprudence" title="Earth jurisprudence">Earth jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resacralization_of_nature" title="Resacralization of nature">Resacralization of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (theory)">Social ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconservatism" title="Bioconservatism">Bioconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_syndicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Green syndicalism">Green syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecotheology" title="Ecotheology">Ecotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_environmentalism" title="Islamic environmentalism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_environmentalism" title="Judaism and environmentalism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship (theology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">Anti-environmentalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Environmental skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">List of environmental killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biophilia_hypothesis" title="Biophilia hypothesis">Biophilia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_of_the_poor" title="Environmentalism of the poor">Environmentalism of the poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_stewardship" title="Environmental stewardship">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">Radical environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Offshoots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fracking_movement" title="Anti-fracking movement">Anti-fracking movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">Climate movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Optimism" title="Earth Optimism">Earth Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-anxiety" title="Eco-anxiety">Eco-anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_grief" title="Ecological grief">Ecological grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">Environmental justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_shame" title="Flight shame">Flight shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Goals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_action" title="Climate action">Climate action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation community">Conservation community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_civilization" title="Ecological civilization">Ecological civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_personhood" title="Environmental personhood">Environmental personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social, and corporate governance">Environmental, social, and corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Environmentally friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resource_management" title="Environmental resource management">Environmental resource management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_nature" title="Rights of nature">Rights of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-haul_flight_ban" title="Short-haul flight ban">Short-haul flight ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_sitting" title="Tree sitting">Tree sitting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Australia" title="Environmental movement in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Environmentalism in Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_China" title="Environmentalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-incinerator_movement_in_China" title="Anti-incinerator movement in China">Anti-incinerator movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental movement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Environmental movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_direct_action_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental direct action in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_books" title="List of environmental books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofiction" title="Ecofiction">Ecofiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_conservation" title="Conspicuous conservation">Conspicuous conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmography_of_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmography of environmentalism">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_film_festivals" title="List of environmental film festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">horror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="Environmentalism in The Lord of the Rings"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecomusicology" title="Ecomusicology">Ecomusicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_motorsport" title="Environmentalism in motorsport">Motorsport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing_and_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfing and environmentalism">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eco_hotel" title="Eco hotel">Eco hotel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_environmental_publications" title="Lists of environmental publications">Publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalist" title="Environmentalist">Environmentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_defender" title="Environmental defender">Environmental defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_protector" class="mw-redirect" title="Water protector">Water protector</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Notable_people" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Murray Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brower" title="David Brower">David Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Cho-nam" title="Ng Cho-nam">Ng Cho-nam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Leopold" title="Aldo Leopold">Aldo Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Mendes" title="Chico Mendes">Chico Mendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Shōzō Tanaka">Shōzō Tanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#006400;color:#ADD8E6;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_pro-environmental_behaviour" title="Barriers to pro-environmental 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