CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Angus Lewis Macdonald - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9342bcf1-0608-429f-8f0b-6721adc46754","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Angus_Lewis_Macdonald","wgTitle":"Angus Lewis Macdonald","wgCurRevisionId":1251234155,"wgRevisionId":1251234155,"wgArticleId":556344,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use Canadian English from August 2022","All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Use mdy dates from August 2022","Featured articles","Canadian legal scholars","Canadian Roman Catholics","Liberal Party of Canada MPs","Schulich School of Law alumni","Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario","Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada", "Lawyers in Nova Scotia","Canadian King's Counsel","Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs","People from Inverness County, Nova Scotia","Premiers of Nova Scotia","Canadian people of Scottish descent","St. Francis Xavier University alumni","Harvard Law School alumni","1890 births","Canadian Militia officers","1954 deaths","Canadian Expeditionary Force officers","Nova Scotia political party leaders","Canadian military personnel from Nova Scotia","20th-century members of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly","20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Angus_Lewis_Macdonald","wgRelevantArticleId":556344,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2849816","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1614"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1076"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="861"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Angus Lewis Macdonald - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Angus_Lewis_Macdonald rootpage-Angus_Lewis_Macdonald skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Angus+Lewis+Macdonald" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Angus+Lewis+Macdonald" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Angus+Lewis+Macdonald" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Angus+Lewis+Macdonald" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>War service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_before_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_before_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Life before politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_before_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_campaign,_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_campaign,_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Federal campaign, 1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_campaign,_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_convention,_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_convention,_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Provincial convention, 1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_convention,_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal_party_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal_party_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Liberal party leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal_party_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_term_as_premier_1933–37" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_as_premier_1933–37"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First term as premier 1933–37</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_term_as_premier_1933–37-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First term as premier 1933–37 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_term_as_premier_1933–37-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pensions_and_relief_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pensions_and_relief_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pensions and relief programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pensions_and_relief_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jones_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jones_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jones Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jones_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_Nova_Scotian_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_Nova_Scotian_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tourism and Nova Scotian identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_Nova_Scotian_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_Union_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_Union_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Trade Union Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_Union_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Government patronage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_as_premier,_1937–40" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_as_premier,_1937–40"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Second term as premier, 1937–40</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_term_as_premier,_1937–40-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second term as premier, 1937–40 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_term_as_premier,_1937–40-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rowell-Sirois_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rowell-Sirois_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Rowell-Sirois Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rowell-Sirois_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summons_to_Ottawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summons_to_Ottawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Summons to Ottawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summons_to_Ottawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_federal_career,_1940–45" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_federal_career,_1940–45"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wartime federal career, 1940–45</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wartime_federal_career,_1940–45-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wartime federal career, 1940–45 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wartime_federal_career,_1940–45-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Building_the_navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_the_navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Building the navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_the_navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscription_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscription_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Conscription crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscription_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_premier,_1945–54" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_premier,_1945–54"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Provincial premier, 1945–54</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_premier,_1945–54-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_Macdonald's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_Macdonald's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Aftermath of Macdonald's death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_Macdonald's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Angus Lewis Macdonald</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">5 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="بيتر لويس ماكدونالد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر لويس ماكدونالد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" title="Angus Lewis Macdonald – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angus Lewis Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" title="Angus Lewis Macdonald – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angus Lewis Macdonald" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="بيتر لويس ماكدونالد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر لويس ماكدونالد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="アンガス・ルイス・マクドナルド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンガス・ルイス・マクドナルド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2849816#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&oldid=1251234155" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&id=1251234155&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAngus_Lewis_Macdonald"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAngus_Lewis_Macdonald"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2849816" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian lawyer and politician (1890–1954)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Angus_Macdonald_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Angus Macdonald (disambiguation)">Angus Macdonald (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Angus Lewis Macdonald</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg/220px-Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg/330px-Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="538" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Macdonald in the 1940s</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th and 14th <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">Premier of Nova Scotia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 5, 1933 – July 10, 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Harold_Covert" title="Walter Harold Covert">Walter Harold Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(Canadian_politician)" title="Robert Irwin (Canadian politician)">Robert Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Francis_Mathers" title="Frederick Francis Mathers">Frederick F. Mathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sidney_Harrington" title="Gordon Sidney Harrington">Gordon S. Harrington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_MacMillan" title="Alexander Stirling MacMillan">Alexander S. MacMillan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 8, 1945 – April 13, 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Kendall" title="Henry Ernest Kendall">Henry Ernest Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Douglas_McCurdy" title="John Alexander Douglas McCurdy">J.A.D. McCurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Fraser" title="Alistair Fraser">Alistair Fraser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_MacMillan" title="Alexander Stirling MacMillan">Alexander S. MacMillan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Connolly" title="Harold Connolly">Harold Connolly</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">MLA</a> for <a href="/wiki/Halifax_South" title="Halifax South">Halifax South</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 22, 1933 – July 10, 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>District created</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richard_Murphy" title="Joseph Richard Murphy">Joseph R. Murphy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 23, 1945 – April 13, 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph R. Murphy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Donahoe" title="Richard Donahoe">Richard Donahoe</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kingston_City" title="Kingston City">Kingston City</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 12, 1940 – June 11, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norman_McLeod_Rogers" title="Norman McLeod Rogers">Norman McLeod Rogers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kidd_(Ontario_politician)" title="Thomas Kidd (Ontario politician)">Thomas Kidd</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1890-08-10</span>)</span>August 10, 1890<br /><a href="/wiki/Dunvegan,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunvegan, Nova Scotia">Dunvegan, Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 13, 1954<span style="display:none">(1954-04-13)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party" title="Nova Scotia Liberal Party">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Agnes Foley Macdonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant (Canada)">Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Angus Lewis Macdonald</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span></span> (August 10, 1890 – April 13, 1954), popularly known as 'Angus L.', was a Canadian lawyer, law professor and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">politician</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. He served as the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party" title="Nova Scotia Liberal Party">Liberal</a> premier of Nova Scotia from 1933 to 1940, when he became the federal minister of defence for naval services. He oversaw the creation of an effective <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Canadian navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> service during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, he returned to Nova Scotia to become premier again. In the election of 1945, his Liberals returned to power while their main rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia">Conservatives</a>, failed to win a single seat. The Liberal rallying cry, "All's Well With Angus L.," was so effective that the Conservatives despaired of ever beating Macdonald.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in office in 1954. </p><p>Macdonald's more than 15 years as premier brought fundamental changes. Under his leadership, the Nova Scotia government spent more than $100 million paving roads, building bridges, extending electrical transmission lines and improving public education. Macdonald dealt with the mass unemployment of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> by putting the jobless to work on highway projects. He felt direct government relief payments would weaken moral character, undermine self-respect and discourage <a href="/wiki/Personal_initiative" title="Personal initiative">personal initiative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also faced the reality that the financially strapped Nova Scotia government could not afford to participate fully in federal relief programs that required matching contributions from the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald was considered one of his province's most eloquent political orators.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He articulated a philosophy of provincial autonomy, arguing that poorer provinces needed a greater share of national tax revenues to pay for health, education and welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He contended that Nova Scotians were victims of a <a href="/wiki/National_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="National policy">national policy</a> that protected the industries of Ontario and Quebec with steep tariffs forcing people to pay higher prices for manufactured goods. It was no accident, Macdonald said, that Nova Scotia had gone from the richest province per capita before <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> in 1867 to poorest by the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald was a classical liberal in the 19th-century tradition of <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>. He believed in individual freedom and responsibility and feared that the growth of government bureaucracy would threaten liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him, the role of the state was to provide basic services. He supported public ownership of utilities like the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Power" title="Nova Scotia Power">Nova Scotia Power Commission</a>, but rejected calls for more interventionist policies such as government ownership of key industries or big loans to private companies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angus_l_macdonald_library_resize.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Angus_l_macdonald_library_resize.jpg/220px-Angus_l_macdonald_library_resize.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Angus_l_macdonald_library_resize.jpg/330px-Angus_l_macdonald_library_resize.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Angus_l_macdonald_library_resize.jpg/440px-Angus_l_macdonald_library_resize.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Macdonald had a lifelong relationship with his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>. This library at <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a> is named after him.</figcaption></figure> <p>Angus Lewis Macdonald was born August 10, 1890,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a small family farm at Dunvegan, <a href="/wiki/Municipality_of_the_County_of_Inverness" title="Municipality of the County of Inverness">Inverness County</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>. He was the son of Lewis Macdonald and Veronique "Veronica" Perry, and the ninth child in a family of 14.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was from a prominent <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> family on <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> and his maternal grandfather was politician <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Francis_Perry" title="Stanislaus Francis Perry">Stanislaus Francis Perry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's family had emigrated to Cape Breton from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> in 1810. The Macdonalds were devout Roman Catholics as well as ardent Liberal Party supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, when Macdonald was 15, the family moved to the town of Port Hood, Cape Breton. Macdonald attended the Port Hood Academy. He hoped to enroll next in the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> program at <a href="/wiki/St_Francis_Xavier_University" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis Xavier University">St Francis Xavier University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antigonish,_Nova_Scotia" title="Antigonish, Nova Scotia">Antigonish</a>, but his family couldn't afford to pay for a university education so Macdonald obtained a teaching licence and taught for two years to finance his education. Midway through his university studies, he took another year off to earn money teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed his final term on credit and was required to teach in the university's high school during 1914–15 to pay off his debt.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald did well at St. FX. He played rugby, joined the debating team, edited the student newspaper and, in his graduating year, won the gold medal in seven of his eight courses. He was also class <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_service">War service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> broke out while Macdonald was earning his university degree. In 1915, he underwent military training in the Canadian Officers Training Corps. In February 1916, he joined the 185th battalion, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlanders" title="Cape Breton Highlanders">Cape Breton Highlanders</a>, leaving for Britain in October 1916 where he received further training. Macdonald was finally sent to the front lines in France in May 1918 as a lieutenant in Nova Scotia's 25th battalion. He participated in heavy fighting and on one occasion led his entire company because all of the other officers had been wounded or killed. Macdonald felt fortunate to have been spared, but his luck ran out in Belgium when he was hit in the neck by a German sniper's bullet on November 7, 1918, just four days before the <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">Armistice</a>. Macdonald spent eight months in Britain recovering from his wound. He returned home to his family in Cape Breton in 1919. Biographer Stephen Henderson writes that the war had made him "more serious and less self-confident", but "struck by the willingness of so many to march to horrible deaths in the name of an abstract principle".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_before_politics">Life before politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life before politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ForrestBuilding_MS-Ref_3.14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/ForrestBuilding_MS-Ref_3.14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>The Forrest Building housed the <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Law School">Dalhousie Law School</a> where Macdonald studied and later taught.</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1919, the 29-year-old Macdonald began studying at <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Law School">Dalhousie Law School</a> in Halifax. During his two years there, Macdonald formed lifelong friendships with students who were to become members of the political elite in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, he excelled in athletics, was elected to the Dalhousie students' council, became the associate editor of the student newspaper and led the opposition in the law school's <a href="/wiki/Model_parliament" title="Model parliament">Mock Parliament</a>. He scored firsts in nearly every course and graduated in 1921 with academic distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald was hired by the Nova Scotia government as assistant deputy attorney-general immediately after graduating from law school. He worked mainly as an administrator, although he occasionally appeared in court to help the attorney general prosecute a case.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, Macdonald became a part-time lecturer at the law school. When he left the attorney-general's office in 1924, he became a full-time professor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald was a popular and effective teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One former student describes him sitting at his desk on the rostrum speaking slowly and deliberately while gazing intently at the ceiling. "The more students disagreed (with one another in class) the more Angus encouraged it."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 17, 1924, when he was 33, Macdonald married Agnes Foley, a member of a prominent Irish Catholic family.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had worked together in the attorney general's office where Foley served as secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1925 and 1936, the Macdonalds had three daughters and a son. Agnes raised the children and ran the household after Macdonald entered politics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer John Hawkins writes she eventually helped her husband win election in a Halifax <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">riding</a> with a significant Irish Catholic population. She had a large circle of friends including members of the powerful Liberal Women's societies of Halifax.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawkins also notes that Agnes Macdonald was a gifted hostess who loved conversation. "Quick witted, her rapid and varied flow of language contrasted with Angus L.'s deliberate, thoughtful manner of speaking, which some have described as a 'drawl'."<sup id="cite_ref-multiref3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925–26, while teaching at the Dalhousie Law School, Macdonald took additional courses in law at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York, mainly by correspondence. He used these courses as the basis for full-time graduate work at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in Boston, Massachusetts in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvard's faculty members saw the law as an instrument for social improvement. That view was reflected in Macdonald's 1929 doctoral thesis on the responsibility of property holders under <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the deanship of the law school came open in 1929, Macdonald agonized over whether he should seek the job. He apparently had strong support from several members of the university's board of governors. At the same time however, he was increasingly drawn to politics and accepting the deanship would mean postponing his political ambitions indefinitely. In the end, the job was offered to <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Earle_Smith" title="Sidney Earle Smith">Sidney Smith</a>, another prominent Canadian academic who accepted on condition that Macdonald remain at the school. Macdonald did stay, but only for one more year. In 1930, he resigned so he would be free to enter politics.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_campaign,_1930"><span id="Federal_campaign.2C_1930"></span>Federal campaign, 1930</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federal campaign, 1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal election in the summer of 1930 gave the 40-year-old Macdonald a chance to run for office. He decided to contest the riding of <a href="/wiki/Inverness_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Inverness (federal electoral district)">Inverness</a> in his native <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a>. There he faced a Conservative opponent whose style contrasted sharply with his own cool and reserved manner. According to biographer John Hawkins, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Duncan_MacDougall" title="Isaac Duncan MacDougall">I. D. "Ike" MacDougall</a> "was a gifted performer who before an audience could cut an opponent's well-marshalled arguments until they fell amid roars of laughter. He was the master of hyperbole, pun and high spirits. He could win a rural audience, not by his logic, but by his performance on the platform".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald campaigned hard, but the trend was against him. The Conservatives led by <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King's</a> unpopular Liberals. And in Inverness, Ike MacDougall was re-elected by the narrow margin of 165 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to be Macdonald's only election defeat. Afterwards, Macdonald retreated to <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a> where he opened his own private law office in August 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_convention,_1930"><span id="Provincial_convention.2C_1930"></span>Provincial convention, 1930</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Provincial convention, 1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macdonald was active in provincial Liberal Party organizational work during the latter part of the 1920s. In 1925, the party had suffered a crushing defeat after 43 years in power. On election day, the Liberals were reduced to three seats in the Nova Scotia legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many believed that the time had come to return the party to its reformist roots. Macdonald worked with other reform-minded members to establish a network of younger Liberals intent on reviving their party.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1928 provincial election, the Liberals regained some of their lost popularity in one of the closest votes in Nova Scotia history. The Conservatives remained in power with 23 seats to the Liberals' 20.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic conditions worsened after the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">stock market crash</a> of 1929 making it seem increasingly likely that the Liberals would return to power in the next election. Macdonald helped draft a 15-point party platform for approval at a Liberal convention in the fall of 1930. It promised an eight-hour working day and free elementary school textbooks. It also pledged to establish a formal inquiry into Nova Scotia's economic prospects and the province's place within <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convention, held on October 1, 1930, proved to be a turning point both for the party and for Macdonald. In a departure from tradition, the party's new leader was chosen by convention delegates instead of Liberal <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> members at the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two veterans of Liberal politics, both wealthy businessmen, were contesting the leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was little enthusiasm, however, for either. Just as nominations were about to close, a delegate from <a href="/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia" title="Truro, Nova Scotia">Truro</a> rose unexpectedly to nominate Macdonald. Surprised, Macdonald at first declined the nomination, then agreed to accept it when he sensed strong support on the convention floor.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few hours later, the 40-year-old Macdonald had won a resounding first-ballot victory to become the new Liberal leader.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal_party_leader">Liberal party leader</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liberal party leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JosephHoweStatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/JosephHoweStatue.jpg/220px-JosephHoweStatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/JosephHoweStatue.jpg/330px-JosephHoweStatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/JosephHoweStatue.jpg/440px-JosephHoweStatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a> statue at the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> legislature. The Franchise Scandal enabled Macdonald to campaign as a latter-day Howe, champion of responsible government.</figcaption></figure> <p>After winning the Liberal leadership, Macdonald travelled the province on speaking tours helping organize party support in every constituency.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Liberal leader, he proved to be an effective platform speaker. According to biographer John Hawkins, Macdonald's "plain talk and simplicity" persuaded audiences of his honesty.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed the ability to explain political issues with a "clarity that every voter could understand".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> was in session, he led the Liberals from the public galleries because he had no seat in the House. There were six vacancies, but the Conservatives refused to call <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-elections</a> fearing they would lose their five-seat majority. Macdonald publicly criticized <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sidney_Harrington" title="Gordon Sidney Harrington">Premier Gordon Harrington</a> for depriving so many Nova Scotians of representation. He deplored what he called "the loss of responsible government."<sup id="cite_ref-multiref4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a message that struck a chord in the province that had been the first in Canada to achieve <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in 1848 thanks to the efforts of the great liberal Reformer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privately however, Macdonald rejoiced that the government couldn't risk calling a by-election telling one supporter years later, "If the truth must be told, I was sometimes afraid that they would open up a seat and deprive me of this sort of ammunition".<sup id="cite_ref-multiref4_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald was able to use the theme of responsible government even more effectively during the provincial election campaign of 1933. The governing <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia">Conservatives</a>, desperate to avoid electoral defeat,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had enacted changes requiring that new voters' lists be drawn up by government-appointed registrars immediately before each election.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predictably, thousands of Liberal voters were left off the lists and the new law allowed only three days for corrections. The Liberals secured a court order requiring the appointment of additional registrars and some of the disenfranchised voters were finally added to the lists.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The so-called Franchise Scandal enabled the Liberal press to cast Macdonald as a latter-day Joe Howe, crusading for the rights of the people. "No newcomer to the political scene", writes historian Murray Beck, "has ever become so quickly, widely, and favourably known in such a dramatic fashion".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scandal, compounded by suffering in the province due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, resulted in Macdonald's Liberals winning 22 of the 30 seats on August 22, 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives were now associated in the public mind with corruption and hard times.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They did not regain power for 23 years.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_term_as_premier_1933–37"><span id="First_term_as_premier_1933.E2.80.9337"></span>First term as premier 1933–37</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First term as premier 1933–37"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macdonald was sworn in as Premier of Nova Scotia on September 5, 1933. He was 43 years old and had never held a seat in the legislature. Historian Murray Beck writes that Macdonald's cabinet was "probably Nova Scotia's strongest".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Stephen Henderson points out that the "ministers were fresh, motivated and knowledgeable about their portfolios", although Macdonald himself had no experience in finance.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.58_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.58-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer John Hawkins characterizes the Liberal party of 1933 as "a party of thinkers and reformers".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, Macdonald's Liberals took credit for leading the province out of the depths of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. As journalist Harry Flemming wrote many years later, Macdonald became "God himself", the premier who "paved the roads and put the power into every home from <a href="/wiki/Cape_North,_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape North, Nova Scotia">Cape North</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sable_Island" title="Cape Sable Island">Cape Sable</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 110%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:23em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>Nova Scotia is not the most prosperous part of Canada, but it is still, I hope, and always will be, I trust, a land where the higher things of life are preserved inviolate, where religion is venerated, where education is cherished, where justice is fairly administered, where law is duly observed, where the time-honoured virtue of hospitality is not forgotten, where "stranger" is still a sacred name. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><small>Premier Angus L. Macdonald, October 2, 1937.</small><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pensions_and_relief_programs">Pensions and relief programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pensions and relief programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his first day in office, Macdonald kept a key Liberal promise by bringing in <a href="/wiki/Old_age_pension" class="mw-redirect" title="Old age pension">old age pensions</a> for elderly people in need. Cheques were mailed out to 6,000 pensioners by the end of March 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a popular move even though monthly pension payments in Nova Scotia were substantially below the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic conditions facing the new government were dismal. Tens of thousands of Nova Scotians were impoverished and unemployed. The government expected that 75,000 Nova Scotians would need assistance during the coming winter.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Stephen Henderson writes that Macdonald sympathized with the poor, but he worried that direct government relief payments would undermine their pride and self-respect.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though direct relief might be cheaper, the Macdonald government preferred to hire the unemployed for public works projects such as paving roads. Henderson reports that in 1933, there were only 45 kilometres (28 mi) of paved roads in the province. By 1937, that figure had risen to 605. The government financed such public works by selling low-interest bonds and raising gasoline taxes from six to eight cents a gallon.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald also urged the federal Conservative government of <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a> to increase financial support to poorer provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, there was no national system of unemployment insurance and the Bennett Conservatives insisted that the unemployed were mainly the responsibility of the provinces and municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the federal government did provide relief during the Depression, Nova Scotia and the two other Maritime provinces were hampered by the federal system of matching grants for relief programs. Under that system, provinces received federal money only if they were willing to contribute a percentage of their own revenues. Thus, the poorest provinces received less federal aid than the richer ones because they couldn't afford to match the federal grants. Historian E. R. Forbes points out for example, that from January to May 1935, all three levels of government spent an average of $2.84 for each relief recipient in the Maritimes, an amount less than half the $6.18 spent in the other six provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jones_Commission">Jones Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jones Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macdonald tried to deal with the financial imbalances in Confederation by appointing a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>. He asked it to recommend economic policies the province should follow to lessen the effects of the Depression and to lay out a framework for negotiations with the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three-man Jones Commission included <a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Harold Innis</a>, a prominent economic historian who had studied disparities between highly developed manufacturing regions and marginal ones that depended primarily on exploiting natural resources. After touring the province and hearing from more than 200 witnesses, the Commission issued its report in December 1934. Macdonald could take satisfaction in its finding that high tariffs had sheltered central Canadian manufacturing at Nova Scotia's expense and that federal subsidies to the province were "seriously inadequate".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commission recommended that the federal government assume responsibility for financing social programs such as old-age pensions and unemployment insurance. It also argued that Ottawa should establish equity among provinces and that redistribution of federal tax revenues should be based on need, an idea that became central to Macdonald's thinking about federal-provincial relations. Among other things, the Commission called on the Macdonald government to continue paving roads; to undertake a program of <a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">rural electrification</a> to keep young people on family farms; and, to establish a professional civil service that would defend Nova Scotia's interests against federal bureaucrats in Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_Nova_Scotian_identity">Tourism and Nova Scotian identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tourism and Nova Scotian identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwest_corner_of_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Southwest_corner_of_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg/220px-Southwest_corner_of_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Southwest_corner_of_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg/330px-Southwest_corner_of_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Southwest_corner_of_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg/440px-Southwest_corner_of_Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The south-west corner of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park" title="Cape Breton Highlands National Park">Cape Breton Highlands National Park</a>. The rocky spit on the right hand side is Presqu'Île and part of Jerome Mountain can be seen on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Macdonald government took practical steps to promote tourism as a way of bringing money into the province. It improved conditions for tourists by granting small loans to hotel, motel and cottage owners to upgrade their facilities. It also offered cooking classes to restaurant and hotel employees. The government's extensive road building program made it easier for tourists to travel.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But biographer Stephen Henderson writes that Macdonald went well beyond these practical steps to promote Nova Scotia as a beautiful and rustic place peopled by colourful Scots, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, Germans and <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a>. Government advertising portrayed the province "as a place where urban, middle-class families could go to 'step back in time'".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, Henderson maintains, the tourism campaigns created a new identity for Nova Scotians. "They witnessed the provincial state constructing an elaborate network of modern roads; they read books and brochures extolling the beauty of the province, and they heard their premier waxing romantically about the pure, simple nobility of their ancestors."<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.69_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.69-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald was especially enthusiastic about "the romanticized culture of the Highland Scots".<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.69_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.69-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Ian McKay writes that under his leadership, the provincial government gave money to the Gaelic College; bestowed Scottish names on key tourism sites and stationed "a brawny Scots piper" at the border with <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald also helped assemble more than a quarter of a million acres (4,000 km<sup>2</sup>) for the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Highlands_National_Park" title="Cape Breton Highlands National Park">Cape Breton Highlands National Park</a> complete with a fancy resort hotel and world-class golf course. "Macdonald believed", Henderson writes, "he had created a piece of Scotland for tourists in the New World".<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.69_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.69-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, as more tourists came, Macdonald's stature grew.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_Union_Act">Trade Union Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Trade Union Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nova Scotia legislature recognized the growing power of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unions</a> in the 1930s by passing what historian Stephen Henderson calls "Canada's first piece of modern labour legislation".<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.78_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.78-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Macdonald's governing Liberals and the opposition Conservatives agreed on the need to protect union rights, the parties vied with each other to take credit for the Trade Union Act. In January 1937, Premier Macdonald carried a bottle of bootleg rum to a meeting with union officials in Sydney, Cape Breton where they gave him a draft bill based on the American <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Labor Relations Act">National Labor Relations Act</a>. Before the Macdonald government could introduce the bill in the legislature, the Conservatives presented a similar one of their own. The legislation faced opposition from the Canadian Manufacturers' Association during public hearings, but Liberals and Conservatives combined to pass it unanimously. The new Trade Union Act required employers to bargain with any union chosen by a majority of their employees. It also prohibited employers from firing workers for organizing a union.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.78_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.78-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_patronage">Government patronage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government patronage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nova Scotia's well-entrenched system of paying off government supporters with jobs and contracts continued to flourish under the Macdonald Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson,_p.179_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson,_p.179-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his comprehensive history of Canadian patronage, journalist Jeffrey Simpson writes that the Liberals used road improvements to win votes, with highway crews "especially busy before and during election campaigns."<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson,_p.179_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson,_p.179-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simpson adds that the Liberals awarded government contracts to companies approved by the party. In return, the firms were required to kickback some of the money they received to the Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Stephen Henderson argues that Macdonald himself did not relish the traditional practice of filling government jobs with party supporters. Nevertheless, the "wave of partisan hirings and firings" continued as committees in each riding "scrutinized employees for inappropriate political activity and rated prospective candidates based on what they or their families had done for the Liberal party".<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.58_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.58-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_term_as_premier,_1937–40"><span id="Second_term_as_premier.2C_1937.E2.80.9340"></span>Second term as premier, 1937–40</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second term as premier, 1937–40"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burns_lighter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burns_lighter.jpg/220px-Burns_lighter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burns_lighter.jpg/330px-Burns_lighter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Burns_lighter.jpg/440px-Burns_lighter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> in downtown <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a>. Macdonald delivered a memorable speech on "the bard of Scotland" to the North British Society of Halifax on January 25, 1951. The Burns statue was erected by the Society in 1919.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fortunately for the Macdonald government, economic conditions improved during the 1930s. In March 1937, Macdonald announced that after 14 years of running operating deficits, the Nova Scotia government had recorded a surplus with another forecast for the next year. The pro-Liberal <i>Halifax Chronicle</i> gleefully described the scene in the legislature: "the House sat for a moment, as if not comprehending the good news, then rocked with acclaim, at least the Government side of the House did, though the opposition, stilled and stunned-like, sat like figures carved in stone".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald promised the government would spend another $7.5 million on its popular road paving program overseen by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_MacMillan" title="Alexander Stirling MacMillan">A. S. MacMillan</a>, the veteran Minister of Highways.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacMillan, also Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Power" title="Nova Scotia Power">Nova Scotia Power Commission</a>, had been extending electrical service into rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He now introduced a rural electrification bill designed to subsidize the cost of providing electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After these preparations, the premier called a provincial election for June 29, 1937. Macdonald campaigned on his government's record. On election day, his Liberals were rewarded with 25 of the 30 seats in the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> had invited Macdonald to run for federal office during the general election of 1935. Although Macdonald turned him down, there were strong rumours in 1937 that Macdonald would soon enter federal politics. Biographer Stephen Henderson writes however, that Macdonald wanted to remain as premier so he could present Nova Scotia's case to a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> on federal-provincial relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.80_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.80-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rowell-Sirois_Commission">Rowell-Sirois Commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rowell-Sirois Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Depression of the 1930s exposed glaring weaknesses in federal-provincial financial arrangements. Canada's poorer provinces found it impossible to cope with widespread poverty and hunger while the federal government resisted taking full responsibility for unemployment relief. By 1937, conditions had become so desperate that the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> faced bankruptcy.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.80_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.80-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in August 1937, Prime Minister King appointed the Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, popularly known as the <a href="/wiki/Rowell-Sirois_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowell-Sirois Commission">Rowell-Sirois Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Struthers,_p.91_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struthers,_p.91-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biographer Stephen Henderson, Macdonald played an important role in shaping the Commission's final recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macdonald wrote Nova Scotia's submission and presented it himself when the Commission held hearings in Halifax in February 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called on the federal government to take full responsibility for social programs such as unemployment insurance, old-age pensions and mothers' allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-Struthers,_p.91_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Struthers,_p.91-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald recommended that the federal government be given exclusive jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income taxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succession_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession duty">succession duties</a> to pay for these programs. He argued however, that to maintain their independence, the provinces needed to collect indirect sources of revenue such as <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales taxes</a>. He also called for exclusive provincial control over such minor tax fields as gasoline and electricity taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-multiref1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-multiref1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central part of Macdonald's case concerned the <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistribution of wealth">redistribution of wealth</a> from richer provinces to poorer ones. His argument was based on the premise that richer provinces benefited from national economic policies such as high tariffs while poorer provinces were penalized by them. Macdonald suggested that compensatory subsidies to poorer, less-populated provinces be based on need, not population, so that they could pay for government services available in other parts of the country without having to impose higher-than-average levels of taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Commission's final report, released in May 1940, reflected many of Macdonald's recommendations. Mackenzie King called a federal-provincial conference in January 1941 to discuss the report. The provinces failed to agree on what should be done, but in April, the federal government went ahead on its own announcing it would levy steep taxes on personal and corporate incomes as a temporary measure to finance Canada's participation in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summons_to_Ottawa">Summons to Ottawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Summons to Ottawa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The course of Macdonald's political career changed sharply after Canada declared war on Germany in September 1939. Three months later, Mackenzie King called a federal election and on March 26, 1940, his Liberals won a decisive victory. In spite of his victory, King was under pressure to recruit the country's "best brains" into his wartime cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of his minister of defence in an air crash in June 1940 gave King an opportunity to reorganize his administration. He asked <a href="/wiki/James_Ralston" title="James Ralston">J. L. Ralston</a>, a native Nova Scotian, to become his new minister of defence. Ralston agreed but imposed two conditions: First that <a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">J. L. Ilsley</a> of Nova Scotia replace him as minister of finance and second that he get assistance in his new portfolio.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.92_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.92-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King decided to appoint two additional ministers, one in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>, the other to oversee the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>. He therefore, asked Macdonald to join the federal cabinet as minister of national defence for naval services.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.92_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.92-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald, who had fought in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as a soldier on the front lines in France and Belgium, decided it was his duty to fight <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> as a political leader in Ottawa. He handed over his responsibilities as premier to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_MacMillan" title="Alexander Stirling MacMillan">A. S. MacMillan</a> and was sworn into the federal cabinet on July 12, 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_federal_career,_1940–45"><span id="Wartime_federal_career.2C_1940.E2.80.9345"></span>Wartime federal career, 1940–45</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wartime federal career, 1940–45"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg/220px-WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg/330px-WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/WilliamLyonMackenzieKing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> invited Macdonald to join his wartime cabinet in 1940. Gradually they came to despise each other.</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald's five years in Ottawa were tumultuous ones. He oversaw a massive increase in Canada's naval forces and played a key role in a political crisis that threatened to tear the Liberal government and the country apart. He also incurred the wrath of Mackenzie King, a political leader whom Macdonald grew to loathe. When he entered the federal cabinet in 1940, Macdonald seemed a likely candidate to replace the aging King and one day become prime minister himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.92_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.92-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he resigned in 1945, Macdonald's federal political career was in tatters.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_p.233_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_p.233-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mackenzie King wanted Macdonald to stand for a vacant seat in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>. It was a traditional Conservative riding that had been represented by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>, Canada's first prime minister. In 1935 however, the riding had switched to the Liberals and King wanted to keep it.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.93_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.93-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I told Mr. King that I did not know Kingston at all, nor its problems, nor its people", Macdonald wrote later.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.93_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.93-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Conservatives agreed not to run a candidate against him however, Macdonald had no choice but to stand for office in Kingston. He won the seat by acclamation on August 12, 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_the_navy">Building the navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Building the navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macdonald faced a huge, but critical task in overseeing the expansion of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). As historian Desmond Morton points out, the RCN was tiny when Canada entered the war in 1939. It consisted of six destroyers, five minesweepers and about 3,000 personnel in its regular forces and volunteer reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time Macdonald took office in 1940, the RCN had grown to 100 ships and more than 7,000 personnel, but as biographer Stephen Henderson notes, "few of its ships and sailors were ready for service at sea".<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.95_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.95-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war, the RCN had expanded by 50 times its original strength with about 400 fighting ships, almost 500 additional craft and about 96,000 men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.95_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.95-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RCN was assigned the task of escorting supply vessels transporting food and other materials needed to keep the war going. This <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> duty was critically important as German submarines or <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> sought to starve Britain into submission by sinking supply ships. The RCN performed about 40 percent of the war's transatlantic <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> escort duty.<sup id="cite_ref-Henderson,_p.95_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henderson,_p.95-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desmond Morton argues it was Canada's "most decisive" military contribution.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada's convoy protection efforts did not always run smoothly, however. In the early part of the war, the Canadian navy lacked equipment that could detect underwater submarines as well as efficient radar for sighting ones on the surface. To make matters worse, Canada didn't have the long-range aircraft that were the most effective anti-submarine weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As supply ship losses mounted, the RCN struggled to catch up to the better-equipped British and American navies. Macdonald himself lacked military expertise and often depended on senior naval staff who kept him in the dark about equipment shortages and other problems. "Macdonald's administration of Naval Affairs did not rise to brilliance", Henderson writes, "[but] the problem may have lain more with the senior naval staff than with Macdonald".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald's conflict with high ranking naval officers, particularly <a href="/wiki/Percy_W._Nelles" title="Percy W. Nelles">Rear Admiral Percy W. Nelles</a>, led to the effective dismissal of the latter in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayne_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayne-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, as the war progressed, the RCN, led by Macdonald, gradually became more effective in protecting the huge cargoes of materials on which Allied victory depended.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscription_crisis">Conscription crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Conscription crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a></div> <p>Biographer Stephen Henderson maintains that Macdonald played a key role in the wartime conscription crises that beset the federal government in 1942, and again in 1944, as Prime Minister Mackenzie King tried to avoid imposing compulsory military service overseas. Macdonald himself strongly favoured conscription rather than relying solely on voluntary enlistment. A committed internationalist, he believed it unfair that some bore the sacrifices of overseas service while others escaped what he saw as their military obligations. Macdonald realized however, that conscription was highly unpopular in French-speaking Quebec and that enforcing it would split the country at a time when national unity was crucial. He also recognized that in the early years of the war, voluntary enlistment was producing enough recruits to meet the needs of the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 110%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:23em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p><i>Not necessarily conscription but conscription if necessary</i>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><small>Mackenzie King's 1942 slogan ingeniously avoided any definite commitment.</small><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nevertheless, Macdonald continued to push the government to commit itself to conscription if circumstances should change. His position earned him the enmity of the politically cautious Mackenzie King. "Macdonald is a very vain man", the prime minister complained in his diary, "and has an exceptional opinion of himself. Undoubtedly, he came here expecting to possibly lead the Liberal party later on but has found that he will not be able to command the following that he expected".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the opposition Conservatives continued to press for overseas conscription, the King government held a national <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> on April 27, 1942. The plebiscite asked voters to release the government from its previous promise not to introduce compulsory war service. The results confirmed the sharp national split. English Canada voted strongly in favour and French Canada overwhelmingly against.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of the plebiscite seemed to strengthen the position of ministers who supported conscription. Macdonald's two cabinet colleagues from Nova Scotia, defence minister <a href="/wiki/James_Ralston" title="James Ralston">J. L. Ralston</a>, and finance minister <a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">J. L. Ilsley</a>, urged the government to introduce conscription immediately. A more cautious Macdonald wanted the government to commit itself to conscription should it be required to support the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crisis flared again two years later when the Canadian military called for overseas reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralston wanted King to impose conscription, but at Macdonald's urging, seemed willing to compromise by going along with the prime minister's plan for one last voluntary recruitment campaign. King however, suddenly dismissed Ralston during a cabinet meeting on November 1, 1944. Macdonald considered resigning, but said later he would have struck King if he had risen to leave. Instead he sat in his chair ripping sheets of notepaper into small shreds and dropping them on the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Henderson writes that Macdonald's decision not to resign probably saved the King government. King himself seemed to recognize that if Macdonald had left, Ilsley would have resigned too, possibly taking other ministers with him and causing the government's collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, King was forced to impose overseas conscription after the failure of the voluntary recruitment campaign, but the war ended soon after and his government survived unscathed.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conscription crisis however, hardened the animosity between King and his naval minister. Macdonald, disillusioned by what he saw as the chicanery and ruthlessness of national politics, longed to return to Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawkins,_p.233_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawkins,_p.233-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After King called an election for June 11, 1945, Macdonald resigned from the federal cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provincial_premier,_1945–54"><span id="Provincial_premier.2C_1945.E2.80.9354"></span>Provincial premier, 1945–54</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Provincial premier, 1945–54"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angus_and_princess_resized.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Angus_and_princess_resized.jpg/220px-Angus_and_princess_resized.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/31/Angus_and_princess_resized.jpg/330px-Angus_and_princess_resized.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/31/Angus_and_princess_resized.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Princess Elizabeth</a> and Angus L. Macdonald at the Nova Scotia Legislature, autumn 1951. In February 1952, after the death of <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a>, Macdonald opened the legislature with a speech calling the British Crown "the magic link that unites this still great Empire and Commonwealth".</figcaption></figure> <p>When Macdonald returned to Nova Scotia in 1945, he was only 55, but the silver-haired politician now seemed 20 years older.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the retirement of Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_MacMillan" title="Alexander Stirling MacMillan">A. S. MacMillan</a>, the Liberals reaffirmed Macdonald's leadership at their convention on August 31, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than two months later, Macdonald's Liberals swept the province wiping out the Conservatives for the first time since Confederation and winning all but two Cape Breton ridings where voters elected members of the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> or CCF, the forerunner of the present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party (Canada)">New Democratic Party</a>, or NDP.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of his huge victory, a close colleague noted that Macdonald was not the same man he had been before he left Nova Scotia in 1940. He had trouble making decisions, not because he was a procrastinator, but because he was not well.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Macdonald plunged into his role as a leading champion for the provinces. He argued that in order to maintain their independence, provinces needed exclusive jurisdiction over such sources of revenue as gasoline, electricity and amusement taxes. He lobbied for constitutional amendments designed to guarantee provincial rights.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macdonald urged the federal government to accept the 1940 recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Rowell-Sirois_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowell-Sirois Commission">Rowell-Sirois Commission</a> and redistribute national wealth based on need. Such a policy, he maintained, would enable poorer provinces to sustain government services available in other parts of the country without having to impose higher-than-average levels of taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, Macdonald won only small victories such as gaining exclusive provincial access to gasoline taxes. The federal government refused to recognize financial need as the basis for provincial subsidies.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aside from his role as a national spokesman for provincial rights, Macdonald presided over an administration that invested heavily in education. His government financed the building of rural high schools and extended financial assistance to <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a>'s schools of medicine and law. Macdonald also appointed Nova Scotia's first minister of education, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hicks_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="Henry Hicks (Nova Scotia politician)">Henry Hicks</a>, in 1949 to oversee $7.6 million in spending, about a fifth of the provincial budget.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Macdonald Liberals easily won re-election in 1949 and 1953, but the Conservatives made steady gains under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Robert Stanfield</a>, their new leader. The Conservatives for example, drew attention to kickback schemes under which brewing companies, wineries and distilleries contributed to the Liberal party in exchange for the right to sell their products in government liquor stores.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberals seemed secure against such allegations however, as long as they were led by the popular Angus L. Macdonald. However, Macdonald suffered a slight <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> on April 11, 1954, and was admitted to hospital, where he died in his sleep two nights later, at age 63.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephen Henderson writes that the Nova Scotia legislature sat on the day of his death. Macdonald's seat was draped in Clanranald <a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> and a sprig of <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">heather</a> decorated his desk. Macdonald's body lay in state for three days in the legislative building as more than 100,000 people filed past to pay their respects.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_of_Macdonald's_death"><span id="Aftermath_of_Macdonald.27s_death"></span>Aftermath of Macdonald's death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aftermath of Macdonald's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macdonald's death proved disastrous for provincial Liberals. There was no obvious successor to the popular premier. At the party's leadership convention held on September 9, 1954, the Liberals appeared badly split along religious lines. After five ballots, the convention rejected <a href="/wiki/Harold_Connolly" title="Harold Connolly">Harold Connolly</a>, a Roman Catholic who had served as interim premier after Macdonald's death. Instead they chose the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hicks_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="Henry Hicks (Nova Scotia politician)">Henry Hicks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Unfortunately for the Liberals", historian Murray Beck writes, "it appeared as if the delegates had ganged up to defeat the only Catholic among the contestants".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beck also notes that "Nova Scotia governments have always been most vulnerable after a change in leadership".<sup id="cite_ref-Beck,_p.239_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck,_p.239-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next provincial election held on October 30, 1956, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Robert Stanfield</a> and his Conservatives won 24 seats, the Liberals 18. The 23-year Liberal era, begun under Macdonald's leadership, had finally ended.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Murray Beck writes that Macdonald's political appeal to Nova Scotians may have been even stronger than the legendary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Joseph Howe</a>'s.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Howe, Macdonald was a passionate and eloquent leader whose elegantly crafted speeches reflected his wit, wide learning and respect for factual accuracy. Beck writes that by scrupulously fulfilling his campaign promises, Macdonald became known as a leader who always kept his word.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macdonald_bridge_small.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Macdonald_bridge_small.JPG/220px-Macdonald_bridge_small.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Macdonald_bridge_small.JPG/330px-Macdonald_bridge_small.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Macdonald_bridge_small.JPG/440px-Macdonald_bridge_small.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>The Angus L. Macdonald Bridge. Macdonald turned the sod to begin construction on March 1, 1952. The bridge opened on April 2, 1955.</figcaption></figure> <p>Macdonald's reputation as the premier who led the province out of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> rested on his commitment to ambitious government projects such as highway construction and rural electrification.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck,_p.239_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck,_p.239-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to support highway improvements throughout his career. Two projects that he pushed especially hard for, the <a href="/wiki/Canso_Causeway" title="Canso Causeway">Canso Causeway</a> linking Cape Breton Island to mainland Nova Scotia and a <a href="/wiki/Angus_L._Macdonald_Bridge" title="Angus L. Macdonald Bridge">suspension bridge</a> spanning <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Harbour" title="Halifax Harbour">Halifax Harbour</a> were completed after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bridge, named in his honour, made it possible to travel between <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth,_Nova_Scotia" title="Dartmouth, Nova Scotia">Dartmouth</a> without having to board a ferry or drive several kilometres around the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Basin" title="Bedford Basin">Bedford Basin</a>. </p><p>Macdonald consistently called for a more equitable redistribution of wealth, so that poorer provinces such as Nova Scotia, could share fully in Canada's prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer Stephen Henderson writes that Macdonald deserves credit for the introduction, in 1957, of an <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments" title="Equalization payments">equalization scheme</a> designed to enable poorer provinces to provide comparable levels of services to their citizens. Macdonald's advocacy of provincial autonomy however, fell victim to the centralizing tendencies of a post-war welfare state in which the federal government increasingly assumed greater control over national social programs.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his life, Macdonald maintained ties to his alma mater, <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a>. He received an honorary doctor of laws degree from St. FX in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as honorary chair and fundraiser for the university's centennial celebrations in 1953 and raised money to support student research into the early history of the Scots in Nova Scotia. Macdonald suggested that the reading room in a new university library be called the <i>Hall of the Clans</i>. St. FX adopted the idea and decided to name the library in his honour. Thus, when the Angus L. Macdonald Library officially opened on July 17, 1965, 50 coats of arms representing both Scottish and Irish clans adorned the walls of its reading room.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Fighting Navy", <i>Time</i> magazine, September 18, 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, Geoffrey. (1973) <i>Stanfield</i>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, pp.45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, T. Stephen. (2007) <i>Angus L. Macdonald: A Provincial Liberal</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Incorporated, pp.3–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, E.R. (1989) <i>Challenging the Regional Stereotype: Essays on the 20th Century Maritimes</i>. Fredericton: Acadiensis Press, p.148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, J. Murray. (1988) <i>Politics of Nova Scotia</i>. (Volume Two 1896–1988) Tantallon, N. S.: Four East Publications, p.154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiref1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiref1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiref1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdonald, Angus L. (1960) <i>Speeches of Angus L. Macdonald</i>. Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company, pp.69–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A biographical note", by Senator T. A. Crerar in <i>Speeches of Angus L. Macdonald</i>, p.xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.9 & 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memoryns.ca/angus-l-macdonald-fonds">Angus L. Macdonald fonds</a> Memory NS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peildo.ca/fedora/repository/leg:25435">Stanislaus Francis Perry | Prince Edward Island Legislative Documents Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065825/http://www.peildo.ca/fedora/repository/leg:25435">Archived</a> December 15, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Government of Prince Edward Island</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, John. (1969) <i>The Life and Times of Angus L</i>. Windsor, N.S.: Lancelot Press Limited, pp.10–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, pp.37 & 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.20. Macdonald's war record is outlined, pp.17–19. Also see, Hawkins pp.42–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, pp.67–68. See also Henderson, pp.20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiref2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiref2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiref2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis, John. (1979) <i>A History of Dalhousie Law School</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p.106. On Macdonald's popularity and effectiveness as a teacher, also see Hawkins, pp.76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiref3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiref3_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiref3_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090609211221/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E">"History of Federal Ridings Since 1867. Inverness County, Nova Scotia (1867–1933)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=311">the original</a> on June 9, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Federal+Ridings+Since+1867.+Inverness+County%2C+Nova+Scotia+%281867%E2%80%931933%29.&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2FSites%2FLOP%2FHFER%2Fhfer.asp%3FLanguage%3DE%26Search%3DDet%26Include%3DY%26rid%3D311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAngus+Lewis+Macdonald" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, pp.138–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, pp.169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-multiref4-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-multiref4_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-multiref4_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Careless, J. M. S. (1963) <i>Canada: A Story of Challenge</i>. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, pp.205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, Jeffrey. (1988) <i>Spoils of Power: The Politics of Patronage</i>. Toronto: Collins Publishers, p.178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.51–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">March, William. (1986) <i>Red Line: The Chronicle-Herald and the Mail-Star 1875–1954</i>. Halifax: Chebucto Agencies Limited, p.245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson,_p.58-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.58_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.58_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flemming, Harry. "Henry Hicks may have been the smartest premier we ever had, even if he lacked the human touch." Halifax <i>Daily News</i>. February 11, 1998, p.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdonald, <i>Speeches</i>, pp.43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, pp.153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, p.156. Forbes points to a federal report for 1936–37 listing the average monthly pension in Nova Scotia as $14.49 compared with an average of $18.24 in the six provinces outside the Atlantic region. The federal government paid 75 per cent of the pension.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.59. Henderson points out that the 75,000 figure represented one in seven Nova Scotians. He reports that conditions were worst in Halifax and industrial Cape Breton where between 25 and 40 per cent of the people were on the relief rolls.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Struthers, James. (1983) <i>No Fault of Their Own: Unemployment and the Canadian Welfare State 1914–1941</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p.208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, p.149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Bickerton, pp.81–86; Henderson, pp.61–65 and Beck, pp.158–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson,_p.69-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.69_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.69_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.69_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKay, Ian. (1994) <i>The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia</i>. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, p.206. McKay is highly critical of the false picture of Nova Scotia created by these tourism campaigns.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson,_p.78-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.78_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.78_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson,_p.179-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson,_p.179_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson,_p.179_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, p.179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, pp.179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Halifax Chronicle</i>, March 10, 1937, quoted in Beck, p.169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson,_p.80-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.80_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.80_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Struthers,_p.91-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Struthers,_p.91_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Struthers,_p.91_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Struthers, p.91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson,_p.92-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.92_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.92_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.92_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, pp.190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawkins,_p.233-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_p.233_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hawkins,_p.233_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson,_p.93-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.93_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.93_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, Desmond. (1992) <i>A Military History of Canada</i>. (Third Edition) Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., p.195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henderson,_p.95-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.95_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.95_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henderson,_p.95_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, p.195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, p.198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.95–96. See also Henderson, pp.114–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayne-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayne_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayne, Richard Oliver(1999). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/34/">Behind the scenes at Naval Service headquarters: Bureaucratic politics and the dismissal of Vice-Admiral Percy W. Nelles</a></i> (M.A. thesis) Wilfrid Laurier University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, p.201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.101–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Ramsay. "The Triumph and Trials of Materialism". In <i>The Illustrated History of Canada</i> edited by Craig Brown. (1987) Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, p.462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackenzie King diary entry for May 7, 1942, quoted by Henderson, p.110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, pp.460–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, p.462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, p.463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, p.235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, pp.206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.164. Also see Beck, pp.208–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hawkins, pp.252–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.209. Also see Beck, p.236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, pp.239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck,_p.239-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beck,_p.239_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beck,_p.239_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, p.236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, pp.236–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, Macdonald (Speeches) <i>The Nova Scotian Viewpoint</i>, May 10, 1938, pp.61–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, pp.215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, p.76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macdonald's ties with St. FX are outlined in: Cameron, James D. (1996) <i>For the People: A History of St. Francis Xavier University</i>. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, pp.303, 322, 363 & 532.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bickerton, James P. (1990) <i>Nova Scotia, Ottawa, and the Politics of Regional Development</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6745-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6745-X">0-8020-6745-X</a></li> <li>Beck, J. Murray. (1988) <i>Politics of Nova Scotia</i>. (Volume Two 1896–1988) Tantallon, N. S.: Four East Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920427-16-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-920427-16-2">0-920427-16-2</a></li> <li>Cameron, James D. (1996) <i>For The People: A History of St. Francis Xavier University</i>. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1385-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1385-X">0-7735-1385-X</a></li> <li>Cook, Ramsay. "The Triumph and Trials of Materialism". In <i>The Illustrated History of Canada</i> edited by Craig Brown. (1987) Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88619-147-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88619-147-5">0-88619-147-5</a></li> <li>Forbes, E. R. (1989) <i>Challenging the Regional Stereotype: Essays on the 20th Century Maritimes</i>. Fredericton: Acadiensis Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919107-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-919107-22-2">0-919107-22-2</a></li> <li>Forbes, E. R. and Muise, D. A. (editors). (1993 & 1997) <i>The Atlantic Provinces in Confederation</i>. Toronto & Fredericton: University of Toronto Press and Acadiensis Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6817-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-6817-0">0-8020-6817-0</a></li> <li>Hawkins, John. (1969) <i>The Life and Times of Angus L</i>. Windsor, N. S.: Lancelot Press Limited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1867550">1867550</a></li> <li>Henderson, T. Stephen. (2007) <i>Angus L. Macdonald: A Provincial Liberal</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Incorporated. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9459-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-9459-9">978-0-8020-9459-9</a></li> <li>Macdonald, Angus L. (1960) <i>Speeches of Angus L. Macdonald</i>. Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62955755">62955755</a></li> <li>March, William. (1986) <i>Red Line: The Chronicle-Herald and the Mail-Star 1875–1954</i>. Halifax: Chebucto Agencies Limited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9691795-1-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9691795-1-0">0-9691795-1-0</a></li> <li>McKay, Ian. (1994) <i>The Quest of the Folk: Antimodernism and Cultural Selection in Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia</i>. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1179-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1179-2">0-7735-1179-2</a></li> <li>Morton, Desmond. (1992) <i>A Military History of Canada</i>. (Third Edition) Toronto: McLelland & Stewart Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-6515-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-6515-9">0-7710-6515-9</a></li> <li>Simpson, Jeffrey. (1988) <i>Spoils of Power: The Politics of Patronage</i>. Toronto: Collins Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-217759-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-217759-5">0-00-217759-5</a></li> <li>Stevens, Geoffrey. (1973) <i>Stanfield</i>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-8358-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-8358-0">0-7710-8358-0</a></li> <li>Struthers, James. (1983) <i>No Fault of Their Own: Unemployment and the Canadian Welfare State 1914–1941</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2480-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-2480-7">0-8020-2480-7</a></li> <li>Willis, John. (1979) <i>A History of Dalhousie Law School</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2337-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-2337-1">0-8020-2337-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chapman, Harry. (2005) <i>Crossings: Fifty Years of the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge</i>. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing.</li> <li>Conrad, Margaret. (1986) <i>George Nowlan: Maritime Conservative in National Politics</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</li> <li>Conrad, Margaret and Hiller, James K. (2006) <i>Atlantic Canada: A Concise History</i>. Don Mills ON: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Cross, Austin F. (1943) <i>The People's Mouths</i>. Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada Limited.</li> <li>Forbes, Ernest R. (1979) <i>The Maritime Rights Movement, 1919–1927</i>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.</li> <li>Hadley, Michael L., Huebert, Robert N., and Crickard Fred W. (1996) <i>A Nation's Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity</i>. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1506-2">978-0-7735-1506-2</a></li> <li>Pickersgill, J. W. (1960) <i>The Mackenzie King Record</i> (Volume 1 1939 – 1944). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</li> <li>Tucker, Gilbert Norman. (1952) <i>The Naval Service of Canada: Its Official History</i>. Volume II: Activities on Shore During the Second World War. Ottawa: King's Printer.</li> <li>Waite, P. B. (1994) <i>The Lives of Dalhousie University: Volume One, 1818–1925</i>. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.</li> <li>Waite, P. B. (1998) <i>The Lives of Dalhousie University: Volume Two, 1925–1980</i>. Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.</li> <li>Walsh, Paul. (1986) <i>Political Profiles: Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing Limited.</li> <li>Whitaker, Reginald. (1977) <i>The Government Party: Organizing and Financing the Liberal Party of Canada 1930–58</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Charles Gavan Power</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Acting <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_for_Air_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence for Air (Canada)">Minister of National Defence for Air</a> </b><br />1944–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Colin W. G. Gibson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premiers_of_Nova_Scotia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSPremiers" title="Template:NSPremiers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSPremiers" title="Template talk:NSPremiers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSPremiers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSPremiers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premiers_of_Nova_Scotia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Premier of Nova Scotia">Premiers of Nova Scotia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before Confederation<br />(1848–1867)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Boyle_Uniacke" title="James Boyle Uniacke">Uniacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Young_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="William Young (Nova Scotia politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Johnston" title="James William Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Young_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="William Young (Nova Scotia politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Howe" title="Joseph Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Johnston" title="James William Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Confederation<br />(1867–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Blanchard" title="Hiram Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Annand" title="William Annand">Annand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret_Hill" title="Philip Carteret Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hugh_Holmes" title="Simon Hugh Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sparrow_David_Thompson" title="John Sparrow David Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Pipes" title="William Thomas Pipes">Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Murray" title="George Henry Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Howard_Armstrong" title="Ernest Howard Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Rhodes" title="Edgar Nelson Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Sidney_Harrington" title="Gordon Sidney Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stirling_MacMillan" title="Alexander Stirling MacMillan">MacMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Connolly" title="Harold Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hicks_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="Henry Hicks (Nova Scotia politician)">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanfield" title="Robert Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Isaac_Smith" title="George Isaac Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchanan_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Buchanan (Canadian politician)">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stuart_Bacon" title="Roger Stuart Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_(Nova_Scotia_premier)" title="Donald Cameron (Nova Scotia premier)">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Savage_(Nova_Scotia_politician)" title="John Savage (Nova Scotia politician)">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_MacLellan" title="Russell MacLellan">MacLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamm" title="John Hamm">Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_MacDonald" title="Rodney MacDonald">R. MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Dexter" title="Darrell Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNeil" title="Stephen McNeil">McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Rankin" title="Iain Rankin">Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Houston" title="Tim Houston">Houston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Premiers_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Premiers of Nova Scotia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_defence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Defence" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Defence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Defence" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Defence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Defence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Defence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_defence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Ministers of defence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Militia_and_Defence_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Militia and Defence (Canada)">Ministers of militia and defence</a> (1867–1923)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">Cartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(politician)" title="Hugh McDonald (politician)">McDonald </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Ross (Canadian politician)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berrian_Vail" title="William Berrian Vail">Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilpin_Jones" title="Alfred Gilpin Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Rodrigue_Masson" title="Louis-Rodrigue Masson">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe-Philippe_Caron" title="Adolphe-Philippe Caron">Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Colebrooke_Patterson" title="James Colebrooke Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Desjardins_(politician)" title="Alphonse Desjardins (politician)">Desjardins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Tisdale" title="David Tisdale">Tisdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Borden" title="Frederick William Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hughes" title="Sam Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edward_Kemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Edward Kemp">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chilton_Mewburn" title="Sydney Chilton Mewburn">Mewburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Calder" title="James Alexander Calder">Calder</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">G. Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Ministers of national defence</a> (1923–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">G. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mortimer_Macdonald" title="Edward Mortimer Macdonald">E. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ralston" title="James Ralston">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Matheson_Sutherland" title="Donald Matheson Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grote_Stirling" title="Grote Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Alistair_Mackenzie" title="Ian Alistair Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_McLeod_Rogers" title="Norman McLeod Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Power</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ralston" title="James Ralston">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">McNaughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Claxton" title="Brooke Claxton">Claxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Campney" title="Ralph Campney">Campney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pearkes" title="George Pearkes">Pearkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harkness" title="Douglas Harkness">Harkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Churchill" title="Gordon Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">D. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Eudes_Dub%C3%A9" title="Jean-Eudes Dubé">Dubé</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson" title="James Armstrong Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Danson" title="Barney Danson">Danson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McKinnon" title="Allan McKinnon">McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lamontagne" title="Gilles Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coates_(politician)" title="Robert Coates (politician)">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McKnight" title="Bill McKnight">McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Masse" title="Marcel Masse">Masse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Siddon" title="Tom Siddon">Siddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Eggleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pratt_(politician)" title="David Pratt (politician)">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">B. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_O%27Connor" title="Gordon O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate ministers of national defence (1953–2013, 2015–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Campney" title="Ralph Campney">Campney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9vigny_(politician)" title="Pierre Sévigny (politician)">Sévigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvie_Andre" title="Harvie Andre">Andre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dick" title="Paul Dick">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Collins_(politician)" title="Mary Collins (politician)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albina_Guarnieri" title="Albina Guarnieri">Guarnieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauril_B%C3%A9langer" title="Mauril Bélanger">Bélanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Fantino" title="Julian Fantino">Fantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Valcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry-Lynne_Findlay" title="Kerry-Lynne Findlay">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Fantino" title="Julian Fantino">Fantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Hehr" title="Kent Hehr">Hehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan" title="Seamus O'Regan">O'Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Wilson-Raybould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginette_Petitpas_Taylor" title="Ginette Petitpas Taylor">Petitpas Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of the naval service (1910–22)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Brodeur" title="Louis-Philippe Brodeur">Brodeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Lemieux" title="Rodolphe Lemieux">Lemieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Hazen" class="mw-redirect" title="John Douglas Hazen">Hazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ballantyne" title="Charles Ballantyne">Ballantyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">G. Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Ministers of the overseas military forces (1916–20)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">Perley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edward_Kemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Edward Kemp">Kemp</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_for_Air_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence for Air (Canada)">Ministers of national defence for air</a> (1940–46)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Power</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Gibson</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_for_Naval_Services_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence for Naval Services (Canada)">Ministers of national defence for naval services</a> (1940–46)</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macdonald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Abbott</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Ministers of national war services (1940–48)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Garfield_Gardiner" title="James Garfield Gardiner">Gardiner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thorarinn_Thorson" title="Joseph Thorarinn Thorson">Thorson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Richer_Lafl%C3%A8che" title="Léo Richer Laflèche">Laflèche</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_McCann" title="James Joseph McCann">McCann</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2849816#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2849816#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2849816#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000041193356">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45491353">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1525727/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr83Jdc6HV3FxkqvwXTpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/133435091">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96005699">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c03k29">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&oldid=1251234155">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&oldid=1251234155</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_legal_scholars" title="Category:Canadian legal scholars">Canadian legal scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Canadian Roman Catholics">Canadian Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_Party_of_Canada_MPs" title="Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs">Liberal Party of Canada MPs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schulich_School_of_Law_alumni" title="Category:Schulich School of Law alumni">Schulich School of Law alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada_from_Ontario" title="Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario">Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawyers_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Lawyers in Nova Scotia">Lawyers in Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_King%27s_Counsel" title="Category:Canadian King's Counsel">Canadian King's Counsel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party_MLAs" title="Category:Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs">Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Inverness_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:People from Inverness County, Nova Scotia">People from Inverness County, Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Premiers_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Premiers of Nova Scotia">Premiers of Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_people_of_Scottish_descent" title="Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent">Canadian people of Scottish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:St._Francis_Xavier_University_alumni" title="Category:St. Francis Xavier University alumni">St. Francis Xavier University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Law_School_alumni" title="Category:Harvard Law School alumni">Harvard Law School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890_births" title="Category:1890 births">1890 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Militia_officers" title="Category:Canadian Militia officers">Canadian Militia officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1954_deaths" title="Category:1954 deaths">1954 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Expeditionary_Force_officers" title="Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force officers">Canadian Expeditionary Force officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nova_Scotia_political_party_leaders" title="Category:Nova Scotia political party leaders">Nova Scotia political party leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_military_personnel_from_Nova_Scotia" title="Category:Canadian military personnel from Nova Scotia">Canadian military personnel from Nova Scotia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_members_of_the_Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Category:20th-century members of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly">20th-century members of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_members_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada">20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use Canadian English from August 2022">Use Canadian English from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2022">Use mdy dates from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 October 2024, at 02:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angus_Lewis_Macdonald&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5z8dw","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.993","walltime":"1.322","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17490,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":98926,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13894,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":129371,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1123.515 1 -total"," 36.98% 415.475 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 16.09% 180.731 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 13.41% 150.706 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.99% 100.986 1 Template:Cite_web"," 8.65% 97.141 1 Template:NSPremiers"," 8.52% 95.694 2 Template:Navbox"," 7.15% 80.345 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.78% 76.178 15 Template:ISBN"," 5.83% 65.474 25 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.431","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9446873,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-lfz4x","timestamp":"20241122195341","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Angus Lewis Macdonald","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2849816","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2849816","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-27T05:27:46Z","dateModified":"2024-10-15T02:23:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/76\/Angus_L_Macdonald_portrait.jpg","headline":"Canadian lawyer and politician (1890\u20131954)"}</script> </body> </html>