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<span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian politician</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">J. L. Ralston</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">Bar</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Ralston3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/James_Ralston3.png/220px-James_Ralston3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/James_Ralston3.png/330px-James_Ralston3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/James_Ralston3.png/440px-James_Ralston3.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1086" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Minister of National Defence</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 5, 1940 – November 1, 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">W. L. Mackenzie King</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Charles Power</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">Andrew McNaughton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 8, 1926 – August 6, 1930</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">W. L. Mackenzie King</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">James Robb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Matheson_Sutherland" title="Donald Matheson Sutherland">Donald Matheson Sutherland</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)" title="Minister of Finance (Canada)">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 6, 1939 – July 4, 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">W. L. Mackenzie King</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Charles Avery Dunning</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">James Lorimer Ilsley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Pensions_and_National_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Pensions and National Health (Canada)">Minister of Pensions and National Health</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 19, 1930 – August 6, 1930</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">W. L. Mackenzie King</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">James King</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murray_MacLaren" title="Murray MacLaren">Murray MacLaren</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Prince_(electoral_district)" title="Prince (electoral district)">Prince</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 2, 1940 – June 10, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Edgar_MacLean" title="Alfred Edgar MacLean">Alfred Edgar MacLean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Watson_MacNaught" title="John Watson MacNaught">John Watson MacNaught</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Shelburne%E2%80%94Yarmouth" title="Shelburne—Yarmouth">Shelburne—Yarmouth</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 2, 1926 – October 13, 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hatfield_(Canadian_politician)" title="Paul Hatfield (Canadian politician)">Paul Hatfield</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Riding merged into <a href="/wiki/Shelburne%E2%80%94Yarmouth%E2%80%94Clare" title="Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare">Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare</a></i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_House_of_Assembly" title="Nova Scotia House of Assembly">MLA</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(Nova_Scotia_electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland (Nova Scotia electoral district)">Cumberland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 14, 1911 – July 26, 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Joshua H. Livingstone</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Terris" title="Archibald Terris">Archibald Terris</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1881-09-27</span>)</span>September 27, 1881<br /><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia" title="Amherst, Nova Scotia">Amherst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 22, 1948<span style="display:none">(1948-05-22)</span> (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1916-1924</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(Canada)" title="Colonel (Canada)">Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/85th_Battalion_(Nova_Scotia_Highlanders),_CEF" title="85th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF">85th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>James Layton Ralston</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">PC</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">DSO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">Bar</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></span></span> (September 27, 1881 – May 22, 1948) was a <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> lawyer, soldier, and politician. A Nova Scotian and a lawyer by training, Ralston fought with distinction during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and pursued a career in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>, before becoming a Liberal Member of Parliament. During the Second World War, he served as Minister of National Defence from 1940 to 1944, when he was forced to resign by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> because of his support for the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_provincial_politics">Early life and provincial politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and provincial politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ralston was born in <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Nova_Scotia" title="Amherst, Nova Scotia">Amherst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, the eldest son (he had three brothers) of Burnett William Ralston, a prominent local businessman who served a term as the town's mayor. Known as Layton within the family, Ralston was educated at Amherst Academy and the <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalhousie Law School">law school</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a>. He then became a partner in his uncle's law firm in 1903 and practised law in Amherst. </p><p>Ralston was the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> candidate for <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Cumberland (federal electoral district)">Cumberland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1908_Canadian_federal_election" title="1908 Canadian federal election">1908 federal election</a>, hoping to succeed to his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Hance_James_Logan" title="Hance James Logan">Hance James Logan</a>; but was defeated. He subsequently entered public life when he ran as the provincial <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Liberal_Party" title="Nova Scotia Liberal Party">Liberal</a> candidate for <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(Nova_Scotia_electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumberland (Nova Scotia electoral district)">Cumberland</a> and was elected in the 1911 provincial election. He was re-elected in 1916. </p><p>In 1912, seeking greater opportunities, Ralston moved to Halifax, joining his friend Charles Burchell and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kenneth_Maclean" title="Alexander Kenneth Maclean">A.K. Maclean</a>, MP to form one of the city's main law firms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 30s at the outbreak of the First World War and lacking military experience, Ralston agonized about joining the Army. After training with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Officers%E2%80%99_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Officers’ Training Corps">Canadian Officers’ Training Corps</a>, he volunteered for military service overseas in 1915, following the lead of his brother Ivan. Joining the <a href="/wiki/85th_Battalion_(Nova_Scotia_Highlanders),_CEF" title="85th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders), CEF">85th Battalion (Nova Scotia Highlanders)</a>, he was involved in recruitment and became the battalion's <a href="/wiki/Adjutant" title="Adjutant">adjutant</a> in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the 85th, Ralston went to England in 1916 and to France in 1917, where he distinguished himself in combat. In 1917, he was wounded at <a href="/wiki/%C3%89leu-dit-Leauwette" title="Éleu-dit-Leauwette">Éleu-dit-Leauwette</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in despatches">mentioned in despatches</a>. In 1918, he assumed command of the 85th and was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. The same year, Ralston was recommended for the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> after rescuing a subaltern under fire. The recommendation was turned down by higher authority, since as the unit's commanding officer he should not have been risking his life that way.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was wounded again in August 1918, this time by a sniper, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)" title="Battle of Amiens (1918)">Battle of Amiens</a>, in which his brother Ivan, who was his second-in-command, was killed. In a letter to his parents, Ralston said that "The sun has gone out of life in an instant".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning to the front, Ralston was wounded again on 1 October, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Canal_du_Nord" title="Battle of the Canal du Nord">Battle of the Canal du Nord</a>. For his part in the battle, he received a <a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">bar</a> to his DSO. In later October, he was wounded a fourth time. The wound having infected, he was operated on twice, and the time he spent in hospital meant that he did not take part in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice</a>, Ralston briefly served as an acting brigade commander in Belgium. That year, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was mentioned in despatches again. In 1919, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> as a guest of General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Currie" title="Arthur Currie">Sir Arthur Currie</a>. After serving on some of the courts-martial convened after the <a href="/wiki/Kinmel_Park_mutiny" title="Kinmel Park mutiny">Kinmel Park mutiny</a> in April 1919, he led his unit back to Canada in June 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonel</a> in 1924. </p><p>Ralston's military service marked him deeply, and he was unrelenting in his defence of veterans' rights after the war's end. As the chairman of the Royal Commission on Pensions and Re-establishment from 1922 to 1924, he crossed the country to hear veterans' submissions. His war service may also have influenced his views during the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a> later in his career.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Federal politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Ralston returned to civilian life. He lost his provincial seat in the <a href="/wiki/1920_Nova_Scotia_general_election" title="1920 Nova Scotia general election">1920 election</a>, then tried unsuccessfully to enter federal politics as the Liberal candidate for <a href="/wiki/Halifax_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Halifax (federal electoral district)">Halifax</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1926_Canadian_federal_election" title="1926 Canadian federal election">1926 federal election</a>. Despite his loss, Ralston was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">cabinet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Ministers_of_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian Ministers of National Defence">Minister of National Defence</a> on October 8. Prime Minister King created a seat for Ralston by appointing the MP for <a href="/wiki/Shelburne%E2%80%94Yarmouth" title="Shelburne—Yarmouth">Shelburne—Yarmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hatfield_(Canadian_politician)" title="Paul Hatfield (Canadian politician)">Paul Lacombe Hatfield</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>, thus opening the riding for a <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a>. Ralston won by acclamation on November 2, 1926, entering the <a href="/wiki/16th_Canadian_Parliament" title="16th Canadian Parliament">16th Parliament</a>. </p><p>Ralston served as Minister of National Defence until the defeat of King's government in the <a href="/wiki/1930_Canadian_federal_election" title="1930 Canadian federal election">1930 federal election</a> but was re-elected and remained the MP for Shelburne-Yarmouth through the <a href="/wiki/17th_Canadian_Parliament" title="17th Canadian Parliament">17th Parliament</a>, serving in His Majesty's Loyal Opposition. In 1930, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> to join a law firm there, Mitchell, Ralston, Kearney and Duquet. </p><p>The riding of Shelburne-Yarmouth was consolidated into the new riding of <a href="/wiki/Shelburne%E2%80%94Yarmouth%E2%80%94Clare" title="Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare">Shelburne—Yarmouth—Clare</a> in 1935 and Ralston opted to not run again, returning to the legal profession full-time, despite the Liberal party regaining power and Mackenzie King's entreaties, going so far as to refuse a seat in the Senate in 1937. Ralston was appointed the Canadian delegate to the <a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Conference_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="London Naval Conference 1935">London Naval Conference 1935</a> that December, and he later sat on several Royal Commissions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 and Canada's entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was seen as inevitable. The ensuing international crisis saw Prime Minister King court Ralston's military and cabinet experience. Having promised Mackenzie King in August 1939 that he would return to government service if war broke out, Ralston re-entered public service and he was subsequently appointed as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian Ministers of Finance">Minister of Finance</a> on September 6, 1939, replacing <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dunning" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Dunning">Charles Dunning</a> who resigned because of ill-health. </p><p>Canada declared war on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> on September 10 and Ralston participated in the King government's revamping of Canada's two-decade-long neglected military. The death of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Edgar_MacLean" title="Alfred Edgar MacLean">Alfred Edgar MacLean</a>, MP for <a href="/wiki/Prince_(electoral_district)" title="Prince (electoral district)">Prince</a> on October 28 opened up the opportunity for Prime Minister King to call a by-election in a Liberal-friendly riding that Ralston could run in. Ralston was subsequently elected by acclamation on January 2, 1940 and entered the <a href="/wiki/18th_Canadian_Parliament" title="18th Canadian Parliament">18th Parliament</a>. He was re-elected several months later on March 26 and continued into the 19th Parliament. In the political tradition of the era, as a federal minister, Ralston brought government patronage to the impoverished rural riding in <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, largely through military spending. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralston_House_of_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ralston_House_of_Commons.jpg/300px-Ralston_House_of_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ralston_House_of_Commons.jpg/450px-Ralston_House_of_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ralston_House_of_Commons.jpg/600px-Ralston_House_of_Commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Ralston speaking in the House of Commons.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 10, 1940 the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_Ministers_of_National_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian Ministers of National Defence">Minister of National Defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_McLeod_Rogers" title="Norman McLeod Rogers">Norman Rogers</a>, was killed when his airplane crashed in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. King subsequently shuffled the cabinet and gave Ralston the National Defence portfolio on July 5. Despite not being from Prince Edward Island, Ralston continued his support to that province as political minister by authorizing the establishment of <a href="/wiki/RCAF_Station_Mount_Pleasant" title="RCAF Station Mount Pleasant">RCAF Station Mount Pleasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/RCAF_Station_Summerside" class="mw-redirect" title="RCAF Station Summerside">RCAF Station Summerside</a> (both in his riding) and <a href="/wiki/RCAF_Station_Charlottetown" title="RCAF Station Charlottetown">RCAF Station Charlottetown</a>, as well as a radar station in <a href="/wiki/Tignish,_Prince_Edward_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Tignish, Prince Edward Island">Tignish</a> (also in his riding). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscription_Crisis">Conscription Crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conscription Crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a></div> <p>Ralston supported <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> for overseas service during the Second World War, just as he did during the First World War. In 1942 offered to resign when <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>'s government refused to send "Zombies", men mobilized under the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Mobilization_Act" title="National Resources Mobilization Act">National Resources Mobilization Act</a></i>, to the front.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King refused Ralston's resignation, and the resignation issue was dropped. </p><p>In 1944, the issue of conscription returned again to the public debate. Ralston decided to personally investigate the issue by visiting Northwest Europe and Italy. He reported to Cabinet that the situation was far worse than he had been led to believe; front-line infantry regiments were so short of manpower that wounded men were being pulled out of hospitals and sent back to the front lines. In order to continue combat operations, the overseas Canadian Army needed 15,000 new infantrymen immediately, and that the only way to get these replacements was to draw from the 60,000 Zombies assigned to defend the coasts. </p><p>King was convinced that there was a plot to "get me out" and that Ralston had provoked the crisis to make himself Prime Minister. When the Cabinet met on the morning of 1 November 1944, King, who had only informed his Quebec lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a> in advance, suddenly announced that he now accepted Ralston's resignation, which had been submitted back in April 1942, effective firing him. To King's relief, Ralston walked out of the cabinet room and no one followed him. Ralston's ally, Navy Minister Angus Macdonald, ripped pieces of paper in frustration, but remained seated with the rest of the cabinet. He was replaced by Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">Andrew McNaughton</a>, who was opposed to sending the Zombies overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of McNaughton's first actions was to dismiss Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Stuart" title="Kenneth Stuart">Kenneth Stuart</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the General Staff (Canada)">Chief of the General Staff</a> and Ralston's ally in pressing for conscription. </p><p>Historians Jack Granatstein and Desmond Morton noted that "news of Ralston's sacking put the conscription crisis on the front pages in screaming headlines. To King's horror and to McNaughton's distress, the publicity created a firestorm of reaction against the once-popular general. Audiences booed and jeered when he tried to rally the country behind the no-conscription policy". </p><p>Ralston left politics the following year and died in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> in 1948. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1907, Ralston married Nettie McLeod, also from Amherst, whom he had known since childhood. They had one son, Stuart, born in 1908. Stuart Ralston later became a puisne judge of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Quebec" title="Superior Court of Quebec">Superior Court of Quebec</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ralston was named a <a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">National Historic Person</a> in 1973. </p><p>The Colonel James L. Ralston Armoury in Amherst, Nova Scotia is named in his honour and is the historic home of the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Highlanders_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia Highlanders (North)">Nova Scotia Highlanders</a> Regiment. </p><p>A large <a href="/wiki/Tern_schooner" class="mw-redirect" title="Tern schooner">tern schooner</a> was named in his honour in 1919 at <a href="/wiki/Eatonville,_Nova_Scotia" title="Eatonville, Nova Scotia">Eatonville, Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralston, Alberta and the Ralston Residence at the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_College" title="Canadian Forces College">Canadian Forces College</a> in Toronto was completed in October 1999, and was named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a John Layton Ralston <a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">fonds</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFByers2013" class="citation journal cs1">Byers, Daniel (Winter 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1677&context=cmh">"J.L. Ralston and the First World War: The Origins of a Life of Service"</a>. <i>Canadian Military History</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 3–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Military+History&rft.atitle=J.L.+Ralston+and+the+First+World+War%3A+The+Origins+of+a+Life+of+Service&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-16&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Byers&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholars.wlu.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1677%26context%3Dcmh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31370" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31370/page/6791">"No. 31370"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 30 May 1919. p. 6791.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31370&rft.pages=6791&rft.date=1919-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31370%2Fpage%2F6791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, John Robinson (1984). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/12/">James Layton Ralston and manpower for the Canadian army</a></i> (M.A. thesis) <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Wilfrid Laurier University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Spicer. <i>Sails of Fundy: The Schooners and Square-riggers of the Parrsboro Shore</i> (Hantsport, NS: Lancelot Press, 1984), p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000001564.pdf">"Finding aid to James Layton Ralston fonds, Library and Archives Canada"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+aid+to+James+Layton+Ralston+fonds%2C+Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata2.archives.ca%2Fpdf%2Fpdf001%2Fp000001564.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Ralston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Sir_John_Rose,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hincks" title="Francis Hincks">Hincks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Cartwright" title="Richard John Cartwright">Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_McLelan" title="Archibald McLelan">McLelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_White" title="William Thomas White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stevens_Fielding" title="William Stevens Fielding">Fielding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Rhodes" title="Edgar Nelson Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Avery_Dunning" title="Charles Avery Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Harris" title="Walter Edward Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Fleming" title="Donald Fleming">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nowlan" title="George Nowlan">Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Gordon" title="Walter L. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosbie" title="John Crosbie">Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)" title="Michael Wilson (Canadian politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Mazankowski" title="Don Mazankowski">Mazankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Loiselle" title="Gilles Loiselle">Loiselle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin" title="Paul Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Manley" title="John Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Flaherty" title="Jim Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Oliver_(politician)" title="Joe Oliver (politician)">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Morneau" title="Bill Morneau">Morneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrystia_Freeland" title="Chrystia Freeland">Freeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_defence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Defence" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Defence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Defence" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Defence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Defence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Defence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_defence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Ministers of defence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Militia_and_Defence_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Militia and Defence (Canada)">Ministers of militia and defence</a> (1867–1923)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">Cartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McDonald_(politician)" title="Hugh McDonald (politician)">McDonald </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Ross (Canadian politician)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berrian_Vail" title="William Berrian Vail">Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilpin_Jones" title="Alfred Gilpin Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Rodrigue_Masson" title="Louis-Rodrigue Masson">Masson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe-Philippe_Caron" title="Adolphe-Philippe Caron">Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Colebrooke_Patterson" title="James Colebrooke Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Desjardins_(politician)" title="Alphonse Desjardins (politician)">Desjardins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Tisdale" title="David Tisdale">Tisdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Borden" title="Frederick William Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hughes" title="Sam Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edward_Kemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Edward Kemp">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chilton_Mewburn" title="Sydney Chilton Mewburn">Mewburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Calder" title="James Alexander Calder">Calder</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">G. Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence (Canada)">Ministers of national defence</a> (1923–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">G. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mortimer_Macdonald" title="Edward Mortimer Macdonald">E. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Guthrie" title="Hugh Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robb_(politician)" title="James Robb (politician)">Robb</a> (acting)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Matheson_Sutherland" title="Donald Matheson Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grote_Stirling" title="Grote Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Alistair_Mackenzie" title="Ian Alistair Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_McLeod_Rogers" title="Norman McLeod Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Power</a> (acting)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">McNaughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Claxton" title="Brooke Claxton">Claxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Campney" title="Ralph Campney">Campney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pearkes" title="George Pearkes">Pearkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harkness" title="Douglas Harkness">Harkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Churchill" title="Gordon Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Stovel_Macdonald" title="Donald Stovel Macdonald">D. Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Eudes_Dub%C3%A9" title="Jean-Eudes Dubé">Dubé</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armstrong_Richardson" title="James Armstrong Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Danson" title="Barney Danson">Danson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McKinnon" title="Allan McKinnon">McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lamontagne" title="Gilles Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Blais" title="Jean-Jacques Blais">Blais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coates_(politician)" title="Robert Coates (politician)">Coates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Clark" title="Joe Clark">Clark</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_McKnight" title="Bill McKnight">McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Masse" title="Marcel Masse">Masse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Siddon" title="Tom Siddon">Siddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Eggleton" title="Art Eggleton">Eggleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pratt_(politician)" title="David Pratt (politician)">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bill Graham (Canadian politician)">B. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_O%27Connor" title="Gordon O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacKay" title="Peter MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Nicholson" title="Rob Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate ministers of national defence (1953–2013, 2015–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Campney" title="Ralph Campney">Campney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Hellyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9vigny_(politician)" title="Pierre Sévigny (politician)">Sévigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Cadieux" title="Léo Cadieux">Cadieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvie_Andre" title="Harvie Andre">Andre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dick" title="Paul Dick">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Collins_(politician)" title="Mary Collins (politician)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albina_Guarnieri" title="Albina Guarnieri">Guarnieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauril_B%C3%A9langer" title="Mauril Bélanger">Bélanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Fantino" title="Julian Fantino">Fantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Valcourt" title="Bernard Valcourt">Valcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry-Lynne_Findlay" title="Kerry-Lynne Findlay">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Fantino" title="Julian Fantino">Fantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Hehr" title="Kent Hehr">Hehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan" title="Seamus O'Regan">O'Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Wilson-Raybould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginette_Petitpas_Taylor" title="Ginette Petitpas Taylor">Petitpas Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of the naval service (1910–22)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Brodeur" title="Louis-Philippe Brodeur">Brodeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Lemieux" title="Rodolphe Lemieux">Lemieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Douglas_Hazen" class="mw-redirect" title="John Douglas Hazen">Hazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ballantyne" title="Charles Ballantyne">Ballantyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perry_Graham" title="George Perry Graham">G. Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Ministers of the overseas military forces (1916–20)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">Perley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edward_Kemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Edward Kemp">Kemp</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World War II</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_for_Air_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence for Air (Canada)">Ministers of national defence for air</a> (1940–46)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Power</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" title="Angus Lewis Macdonald">Macdonald</a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Gibson</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Defence_for_Naval_Services_(Canada)" title="Minister of National Defence for Naval Services (Canada)">Ministers of national defence for naval services</a> (1940–46)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angus_Lewis_Macdonald" title="Angus Lewis Macdonald">Macdonald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Abbott" title="Douglas Abbott">Abbott</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Ministers of national war services (1940–48)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Garfield_Gardiner" title="James Garfield Gardiner">Gardiner</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thorarinn_Thorson" title="Joseph Thorarinn Thorson">Thorson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Richer_Lafl%C3%A8che" title="Léo Richer Laflèche">Laflèche</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_McCann" title="James Joseph McCann">McCann</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_veterans_affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Veterans Affairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Veterans Affairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Veterans Affairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_veterans_affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Veterans_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)">Ministers of veterans affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment (1918–28)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Lougheed" title="James Alexander Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_S%C3%A9v%C3%A9rin_B%C3%A9land" title="Henri Sévérin Béland">Béland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Elliott" title="John Campbell Elliott">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ducharme_Morand" title="Raymond Ducharme Morand">Morand</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Paquet" title="Eugène Paquet">Paquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Pensions_and_National_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Pensions and National Health (Canada)">Ministers of Pensions and National Health</a> (1928–44)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_MacLaren" title="Murray MacLaren">McLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Matheson_Sutherland" title="Donald Matheson Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Alistair_Mackenzie" title="Ian Alistair Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Veterans_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)">Ministers of Veterans Affairs</a> (1944–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Alistair_Mackenzie" title="Ian Alistair Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Fowler_Gregg" title="Milton Fowler Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_Lapointe" title="Hugues Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Johnson_Brooks" title="Alfred Johnson Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Churchill" title="Gordon Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lambert" title="Marcel Lambert">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Teillet" title="Roger Teillet">Teillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Eudes_Dub%C3%A9" title="Jean-Eudes Dubé">Dubé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._MacDonald" title="Daniel J. MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McKinnon" title="Allan McKinnon">McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._MacDonald" title="Daniel J. MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Lamontagne" title="Gilles Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Campbell" title="Bennett Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hees" title="George Hees">Hees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Merrithew" title="Gerald Merrithew">Merrithew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Campbell" title="Kim Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McCreath" title="Peter McCreath">McCreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Collenette" title="David Collenette">Collenette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Young_(politician)" title="Doug Young (politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Mifflin" title="Fred Mifflin">Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Duhamel" title="Ron Duhamel">Duhamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Pagtakhan" title="Rey Pagtakhan">Pagtakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albina_Guarnieri" title="Albina Guarnieri">Guarnieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Thompson" title="Greg Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blackburn" title="Jean-Pierre Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Blaney" title="Steven Blaney">Blaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Fantino" title="Julian Fantino">Fantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_O%27Toole" title="Erin O'Toole">O'Toole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Hehr" title="Kent Hehr">Hehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_O%27Regan" title="Seamus O'Regan">O'Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Wilson-Raybould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harjit_Sajjan" title="Harjit Sajjan">Sajjan</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_MacAulay" title="Lawrence MacAulay">MacAulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginette_Petitpas_Taylor" title="Ginette Petitpas Taylor">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Health" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Health" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Health (Canada)">Ministers of health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Soldiers%27_Civil_Re-establishment" title="Department of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment">Ministers of Soldiers' Civil Re-establishment</a> (1918–28)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Lougheed" title="James Alexander Lougheed">Lougheed</a> (Senator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_S%C3%A9v%C3%A9rin_B%C3%A9land" title="Henri Sévérin Béland">Béland</a> (Senator)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Elliott" title="John Campbell Elliott">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Manion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Ducharme_Morand" title="Raymond Ducharme Morand">Morand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Paquet" title="Eugène Paquet">Paquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Pensions_and_National_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Pensions and National Health (Canada)">Ministers of Pensions and National Health</a> (1928–44)<sup>1</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_MacLaren" title="Murray MacLaren">MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Matheson_Sutherland" title="Donald Matheson Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power" title="Charles Gavan Power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Alistair_Mackenzie" title="Ian Alistair Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Welfare_Canada" title="Health and Welfare Canada">Ministers of Health and Welfare Canada</a> (1944–96)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooke_Claxton" title="Brooke Claxton">Claxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Johnson_Brooks" title="Alfred Johnson Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Waldo_Monteith" title="J. Waldo Monteith">Monteith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh" title="Judy LaMarsh">LaMarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_MacEachen" title="Allan MacEachen">MacEachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Munro (Canadian politician)">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lalonde" title="Marc Lalonde">Lalonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crombie" title="David Crombie">Crombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Epp" title="Jake Epp">Epp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Collins_(politician)" title="Mary Collins (politician)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marleau" title="Diane Marleau">Marleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dingwall" title="David Dingwall">Dingwall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Canada)" title="Minister of Health (Canada)">Ministers of Health</a> (1996–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Dingwall" title="David Dingwall">Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Rock" title="Allan Rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McLellan" title="Anne McLellan">McLellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pettigrew" title="Pierre Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjal_Dosanjh" title="Ujjal Dosanjh">Dosanjh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Clement" title="Tony Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Aglukkaq" title="Leona Aglukkaq">Aglukkaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Philpott" title="Jane Philpott">Philpott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginette_Petitpas_Taylor" title="Ginette Petitpas Taylor">Petitpas Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Hajdu" title="Patty Hajdu">Hajdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Duclos" title="Jean-Yves Duclos">Jean-Yves Duclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Holland" title="Mark Holland">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup>The portfolio was divided to create the posts of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Health_and_Welfare_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Health and Welfare (Canada)">Minister of National Health and Welfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Veterans_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Veterans Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Veterans Affairs</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6141802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6141802#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6141802#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16432860">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5299155648129818330005">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1960052/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93007530">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177886446">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177886446">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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