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<span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reserves_and_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserves_and_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reserves and operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reserves_and_operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reserves and operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reserves_and_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reserves_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserves_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reserves production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserves_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_mines_and_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_mines_and_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Largest mines and operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_mines_and_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nickel_mine_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nickel_mine_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nickel mine pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nickel_mine_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mine that produces nickel</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_mine_at_Hamn,_Senja,_Troms,_Norway,_2014_August.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nickel_mine_at_Hamn%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/220px-Nickel_mine_at_Hamn%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nickel_mine_at_Hamn%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/330px-Nickel_mine_at_Hamn%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Nickel_mine_at_Hamn%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/440px-Nickel_mine_at_Hamn%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Nickel mine in <a href="/wiki/Senja" title="Senja">Senja</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure><p>A <b>nickel mine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mine</a> that produces <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. Some mines produce nickel primarily, while some mines produce nickel as a side-product of some other <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that has a higher concentration in the ore.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nickel occurs in two general types of ores, sulfides and oxides. The most important sulfide ore is <a href="/wiki/Pentlandite" title="Pentlandite">pentlandite</a> (Ni<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub>) although many other nickel sulfides are known. Furthermore, nickel is often a constituent of iron sulfides such as <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhotite" title="Pyrrhotite">pyrrhotite</a>. The principal (i.e. economically most important) nickel oxides are nickeliferous <a href="/wiki/Limonite" title="Limonite">limonite</a> ((Fe<sub>1−x</sub>Ni<sub>x</sub>)O(OH)·nH<sub>2</sub>O).<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pentlandite supplies an estimated 65% of the world's nickel but nickel laterites constitute the largest reserves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction">Extraction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nickel content of its ores is often only a few percent by weight. </p><p>Sulfide ores are subjected to <a href="/wiki/Comminution" title="Comminution">comminution</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a>. Pentlandite and related minerals separate with sulfides of copper, cobalt, and iron.<sup id="cite_ref-ullmann-1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ullmann-1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Hydrometallurgy" title="Hydrometallurgy">hydrometallurgical</a> methods have been developed to extract nickel and cobalt from nickel laterites, these processes are called sulphuric acid leaching and reduction roast-ammonia leaching. For high-magnesium silicates in lower profiles laterites the exploitation method used is smelting.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reserves_and_operations">Reserves and operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reserves and operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World-_Nickel_Production,_1946_(Metal_Content_of_Ore)_-_DPLA_-_a72a168c4edb6616752aa99ff0a338ea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/World-_Nickel_Production%2C_1946_%28Metal_Content_of_Ore%29_-_DPLA_-_a72a168c4edb6616752aa99ff0a338ea.jpg/220px-World-_Nickel_Production%2C_1946_%28Metal_Content_of_Ore%29_-_DPLA_-_a72a168c4edb6616752aa99ff0a338ea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/World-_Nickel_Production%2C_1946_%28Metal_Content_of_Ore%29_-_DPLA_-_a72a168c4edb6616752aa99ff0a338ea.jpg/330px-World-_Nickel_Production%2C_1946_%28Metal_Content_of_Ore%29_-_DPLA_-_a72a168c4edb6616752aa99ff0a338ea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/World-_Nickel_Production%2C_1946_%28Metal_Content_of_Ore%29_-_DPLA_-_a72a168c4edb6616752aa99ff0a338ea.jpg/440px-World-_Nickel_Production%2C_1946_%28Metal_Content_of_Ore%29_-_DPLA_-_a72a168c4edb6616752aa99ff0a338ea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6272" data-file-height="3332" /></a><figcaption>World nickel production, 1946</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserves_production">Reserves production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reserves production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the intergovernmental International Nickel Study Group, in 2017 the countries with the largest volume of nickel ore reserves are Australia (19.5 million metric tons), Brazil (10.5 million metric tons), Russia (7.5 million metric tons), New Caledonia (6.5 million metric tons), Cuba (5.5 million metric tons), and the Philippines (just under 5 million metric tons).<sup id="cite_ref-FactbookNickel2018_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactbookNickel2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, 33 countries produced nickel ore.<sup id="cite_ref-FactbookNickel2018_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactbookNickel2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nickel production increased from 2000 to 2013 (when it peaked), decreased from 2014 to 2016, and recovered from 2017 to 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-FactbookNickel2018_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactbookNickel2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_mines_and_operators">Largest mines and operators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Largest mines and operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2017, the largest nickel mine operators are (in descending order of kilotonnes mined):<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vale_(mining_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale (mining company)">Vale SA</a>, which operates <a href="/wiki/Creighton_Mine" title="Creighton Mine">Sudbury Mine</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Voisey%27s_Bay_Mine" title="Voisey's Bay Mine">Voisey's Bay Mine</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Sorowako_mine" title="Sorowako mine">Sorowako mine</a> (Indonesia), VNC <a href="/wiki/Goro_mine" title="Goro mine">Goro mine</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>), Onca Puma mine (Brazil) and <a href="/wiki/Thompson,_Manitoba" title="Thompson, Manitoba">Thompson</a> (Canada).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norilsk_Nickel" title="Norilsk Nickel">Norilsk Nickel</a>, which operates <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Division</a> (Russia) and <a href="/wiki/Nkomati_mine" title="Nkomati mine">Nkomati mine</a> (South Africa).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a>, which operates Integrated Nickel Operations (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Murrin_Murrin_Joint_Venture" class="mw-redirect" title="Murrin Murrin Joint Venture">Murrin Murrin</a> (Australia), and <a href="/wiki/Koniambo_mine" title="Koniambo mine">Koniambo mine</a> (New Caledonia).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a>, which operates <a href="/wiki/Nickel_mining_in_Western_Australia" title="Nickel mining in Western Australia">Nickel West</a> (Australia).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BHP formerly owned <a href="/wiki/Ravensthorpe_Nickel_Mine" title="Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine">Ravensthorpe Nickel Mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ravensthorpe,_Western_Australia" title="Ravensthorpe, Western Australia">Ravensthorpe, Western Australia</a>; the mine closed in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American plc</a>, which operates <a href="/wiki/Barro_Alto,_Goi%C3%A1s" title="Barro Alto, Goiás">Barro Alto</a> (Brazil) and Codemin (Brazil).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South32" title="South32">South32</a>, which operates <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Matoso_mine" title="Cerro Matoso mine">Cerro Matoso mine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sumitomo Metal Mining Co. (SMM), which operates <a href="/wiki/Sorowako" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorowako">Sorowako</a> (Indonesia) and <a href="/wiki/Ambatovy_mine" title="Ambatovy mine">Ambatovy mine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company is a subsidiary of the <i><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">keiretsu</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Western Areas, which operates Spotted Quoll mine (Australia) and Flying mine (Australia).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundin_Mining" title="Lundin Mining">Lundin Mining</a>, which operates <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Mine_(Michigan)" title="Eagle Mine (Michigan)">Eagle Mine</a> (United States).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Terrafame Ltd., which operates <a href="/wiki/Talvivaara_mine" title="Talvivaara mine">Talvivaara mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sotkamo" title="Sotkamo">Sotkamo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-McCrae_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCrae-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other large nickel producers include Jinchuan Group Ltd.,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest nickel producer in China,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sherritt_International" title="Sherritt International">Sherritt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Canadian company from Canada that refines nickel from lateritic ores and has operations in Canada, Cuba, Indonesia and Madagascar.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the intergovernmental International Nickel Study Group, as of 2017, an estimated 75% of primary nickel usage went to <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>; 3.7% went to the battery industry; and the remainder went to other applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FactbookNickel2018_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactbookNickel2018-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023, approximately 65% of primary nickel usage went to stainless steel and 15% to the <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle_battery" title="Electric vehicle battery">battery industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study was conducted by scientists Dan et al on the effects of Nickel smelting fumes, to do this they did the study on NIH/3T3 cells and in the lung tissue of rats. They found that the fumes that the NIH/3T3 cells were transforming into malignant cells meaning that high exposure to Ni-smelting fumes may be harmful as Ni-smelting fumes may be a potential carcinogen in mammalian cells.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Philippines">In the Philippines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2000s, a nickel boom began centered around <a href="/wiki/Claver,_Surigao_del_Norte" title="Claver, Surigao del Norte">Claver, Surigao del Norte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; in 2017, the government of the Philippines (then the world's largest exporter of nickel ore) engaged in a crackdown against mine operators accused of violating environmental laws; the government closed the operations of 28 of the Philippine's 41 mining companies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the Philippines became the world's largest producer of nickel ore, after Indonesia halted nickel ore exports; both countries had extensively supplied China, the world's largest purchaser of nickel ore.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two largest Philippine nickel companies are Nickel Asia Corp. and Global Ferronickel Holdings Inc.; both operate in the <a href="/wiki/Surigao_del_Norte" title="Surigao del Norte">Surigao del Norte</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nickel mines in the Philippines, while beneficial to the economy, have been harmful to both human health and well-being as well as to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of this is in the <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro Oriental region</a>, where nickel mines have left behind toxic mine tailings. This has polluted the water, which is necessary for both humans to drink as well as for them to use for agricultural practices. The nickel mines have also destroyed lands that indigenous tribes have lived on for generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nickel_mine_pollution">Nickel mine pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nickel mine pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_Rim_South_mine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nickel_Rim_South_mine.JPG/220px-Nickel_Rim_South_mine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nickel_Rim_South_mine.JPG/330px-Nickel_Rim_South_mine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Nickel_Rim_South_mine.JPG/440px-Nickel_Rim_South_mine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="879" /></a><figcaption>Nickel Rim mine in Sudbury, Ontario</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1953 to 1958 Nickel Rim mines operating around <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury, Ontario</a> deposited their mine <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a> in an impoundment near the mine. The water in the impoundment was later tested and found to have low pH and high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulphur</a> and dissolved metals such as aluminum and nickel. This is due to the oxidation of the tailings (usually sulfide minerals like <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhotite" title="Pyrrhotite">pyrrhotite</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The limited oxygen diffusing into the layers<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causes the tailings to oxidize over a longer period of time, for this reason the water at the impoundment is going to discharge water with high concentrations of iron and sulphate for at least the next 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study found that the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Keith_Mine" title="Mount Keith Mine">Mount Keith Nickel Mine</a> which is an <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open pit mine</a> in Western Australia is sequestering<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_121–140_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_121–140-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and storing large amounts of carbon dioxide through <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_weathering" title="Enhanced weathering">enhanced weathering</a> of mineral waste, this means that this mine is offsetting approximately 11% of the annual greenhouse gas emissions released by this mine.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_121–140_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_121–140-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> deposits became the most sought-after mineral exploration sites worldwide by private companies and national governments, when nickel prices more than doubled from 2017 to 2021. In the US, the only lucrative nickel mine in <a href="/wiki/Riddle,_Oregon" title="Riddle, Oregon">Riddle, Oregon</a> ceased operation in 1987 due to pollution concerns, but some sites are now actively re-explored as the federal government considers these deposits of strategic importance due to the increased domestic demand for <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>. In 2020, highly valuable nickel, copper and cobalt occurrences were discovered near <a href="/wiki/Tamarack,_Minnesota" title="Tamarack, Minnesota">Tamarack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>. Environmental groups have expressed concerns over the potential pollution of the <a href="/wiki/Kettle_River_(St._Croix_River_tributary)" title="Kettle River (St. Croix River tributary)">Kettle River</a> headwaters, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_watershed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi watershed">Mississippi watershed</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> considers hardrock mining the top polluting industry in the US, and there is a long history of toxic emission problems at such operations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exploratory drilling near Tamarack occurred in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ullmann-1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ullmann-1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKerfoot,_Derek_G._E.2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kerfoot, Derek G. E. (2005). "Nickel". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a17_157">10.1002/14356007.a17_157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nickel&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a17_157&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.au=Kerfoot%2C+Derek+G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel+mine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_K._CrundwellMichael_S._MoatsVenkoba_RamachandranTimothy_G._Robinson2011" class="citation cs2">Frank K. Crundwell; Michael S. Moats; Venkoba Ramachandran; Timothy G. Robinson; William G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=This+Remote+Mine+Could+Foretell+the+U.S.+Electric+Car+Industry%27s+Future&rft.date=2022-08-30&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F08%2F30%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Felectric-cars-us-nickel-mine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANickel+mine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&oldid=1265647014">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickel_mine&oldid=1265647014</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nickel_mines" title="Category:Nickel mines">Nickel mines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 December 2024, at 23:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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