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class="mw-page-title-main">Mud logging</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Газдық каротаж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Газдық каротаж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Газ каротажы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Газ каротажы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaz_karotaji" title="Gaz karotaji – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gaz karotaji" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_log&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud log">Mud log</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Creation of a detailed record of a borehole</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mud_logging" title="Special:EditPage/Mud logging">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mud+logging%22">"Mud logging"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mud+logging%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mud+logging%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mud+logging%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mud+logging%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mud+logging%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 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.vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="mud_logging_cabin"></span><span class="vanchor-text">mud logging cabin</span></span></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f0f0f0; display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a> methods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliper_log" title="Caliper log">Caliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_logging" title="Density logging">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_logging" title="Gamma ray logging"><span class="wrap">Gamma ray</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistivity_logging" title="Resistivity logging">Resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_logging" title="Sonic logging">Sonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_potential_logging" title="Spontaneous potential logging">Spontaneous potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_while_drilling" title="Logging while drilling">Logging while drilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(LWD)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement while drilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(MWD)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_logging" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance logging">Nuclear magnetic resonance <span style="font-size:85%;">(NMR)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Well_logging" title="Template:Well logging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Well_logging" title="Template talk:Well logging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Well_logging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Well logging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mud logging</b> is the creation of a detailed record (<a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">well log</a>) of a borehole by examining the cuttings of rock brought to the surface by the circulating drilling medium (most commonly <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling mud</a>). Mud logging is usually performed by a third-party mud logging company. This provides well owners and producers with information about the <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> and fluid content of the borehole while drilling. Historically it is the earliest type of well log. Under some circumstances compressed air is employed as a circulating fluid, rather than mud. Although most commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> exploration, mud logging is also sometimes used when drilling water wells and in other mineral exploration, where drilling fluid is the circulating medium used to lift cuttings out of the hole. In <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">hydrocarbon exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> surface <a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">gas detectors</a> record the level of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> brought up in the mud. A mobile laboratory is situated by the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="mud_logging_company"></span><span class="vanchor-text">mud logging company</span></span> near the <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig</a> or on deck of an <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling_rig" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore drilling rig">offshore drilling rig</a>, or on a <a href="/wiki/Drill_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Drill ship">drill ship</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_services">The services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mud logging technicians in an oil field drilling operation determine positions of hydrocarbons with respect to depth, identify downhole <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a>, monitor natural gas entering the drilling mud stream, and draw well logs for use by oil company <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>. Rock cuttings circulated to the surface in drilling mud are sampled and discussed. </p><p>The mud logging company is normally contracted by the oil company (or operator). They then organize this information in the form of a graphic log, showing the data charted on a representation of the wellbore. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudlogging.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mudlogging.JPG/220px-Mudlogging.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mudlogging.JPG/330px-Mudlogging.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mudlogging.JPG/440px-Mudlogging.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Well-site geologist mud logging</figcaption></figure> <p>The oil company representative (Company Man, or "CoMan"), together with the <a href="/wiki/Tool_pusher" title="Tool pusher">tool pusher</a> and well-site geologist (WSG), provides mud loggers with their instructions. The mud logging company is contracted specifically as to when to start well-logging activity and what services to provide. Mud logging may begin on the first day of drilling, known as the "spud in" date, but is more likely at some later time (and depth) determined by the oil industry geologist's research. The mud logger may also possess logs from wells drilled in the surrounding area. This information (known as "offset data") can provide valuable clues as to the characteristics of the particular geostrata that the rig crew is about to drill through. </p><p>Mud loggers connect various sensors to the drilling apparatus and install specialized equipment to monitor or "log" drill activity. This can be physically and mentally challenging, especially when having to be done during drilling activity. Much of the equipment will require precise calibration or alignment by the mud logger to provide accurate readings. </p><p>Mud logging technicians observe and interpret the indicators in the mud returns during the drilling process, and at regular intervals log properties such as drilling rate, mud weight, flowline temperature, oil indicators, pump pressure, pump rate, lithology (rock type) of the drilled cuttings, and other data. Mud logging requires a good deal of diligence and attention. Sampling the drilled cuttings must be performed at predetermined intervals, and can be difficult during rapid drilling. </p><p>Another important task of the mud logger is to monitor gas levels (and types) and notify other personnel on the rig when gas levels may be reaching dangerous levels, so appropriate steps can be taken to avoid a dangerous well blowout condition. Because of the lag time between drilling and the time required for the mud and cuttings to return to the surface, a modern augmentation has come into use: Measurement while drilling. The MWD technician, often a separate service company employee, logs data in a similar manner but the data is different in source and content. Most of the data logged by an MWD technician comes from expensive and complex, sometimes electronic, tools that are downhole installed at or near the drill bit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Log.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mud_Log.jpg/250px-Mud_Log.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mud_Log.jpg/375px-Mud_Log.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mud_Log.jpg/500px-Mud_Log.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>1" (5 foot average) mud log showing heavy (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a>) (large area of yellow)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mud logging includes observation and microscopic examination of <a href="/wiki/Drill_cuttings" title="Drill cuttings">drill cuttings</a> (formation rock chips), and evaluation of gas <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> and its constituents, basic chemical and mechanical parameters of <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drilling_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Drilling mud">drilling mud</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chlorides</a> and temperature), as well as compiling other information about the drilling parameters. Then data is plotted on a graphic log called a <a href="/wiki/Mud_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud log">mud log</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228194840/http://www.geomore.com/Mud%20Log.htm">Example1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060915063420/http://www.wellsight.com/images/logs/well-ft-log.jpg">Example2</a>. </p><p>Other real-time drilling parameters that may be compiled include, but are not limited to; rate of penetration (<a href="/wiki/Rate_of_penetration" title="Rate of penetration">ROP</a>) of the bit (sometimes called the drill rate), pump rate (quantity of fluid being pumped), pump pressure, weight on bit, <a href="/wiki/Drill_string" title="Drill string">drill string</a> weight, rotary speed, rotary torque, <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPM</a> (Revolutions per minute), SPM (Strokes per minute) mud volumes, <a href="/wiki/Mud_weight" title="Mud weight">mud weight</a> and mud <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>. This information is usually obtained by attaching <i>monitoring devices</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rig's</a> equipment with a few exceptions such as the mud weight and mud viscosity which are measured by the derrickhand or the <a href="/wiki/Mud_engineer" title="Mud engineer">mud engineer</a>. </p><p>Rate of drilling is affected by the pressure of the column of mud in the borehole and its relative counterbalance to the internal pore pressures of the encountered rock. A rock pressure greater than the mud fluid will tend to cause rock fragments to spall as it is cut and can increase the drilling rate. "D-exponents" are mathematical trend lines which estimate this internal pressure. Thus both visual evidence of spalling and mathematical plotting assist in formulating recommendations for optimum drilling mud densities for both safety (blowout prevention) and economics. (Faster drilling is generally preferred.) </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_Log_cDExp1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mud_Log_cDExp1.jpg/250px-Mud_Log_cDExp1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mud_Log_cDExp1.jpg/375px-Mud_Log_cDExp1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mud_Log_cDExp1.jpg/500px-Mud_Log_cDExp1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>1" (every foot) mud log showing corrected d-Exponent trending into pressure above the sand</figcaption></figure> <p>Mud logging is often written as a single word "mudlogging". The finished product can be called a "mud log" or "mudlog". The occupational description is "mud logger" or "mudlogger". In most cases, the two word usage seems to be more common. The mud log provides a reliable <i>time log</i> of drilled formations.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details">Details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mud_logging" title="Special:EditPage/Mud logging">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_penetration" title="Rate of penetration">rate of penetration</a></i> in Figure 1 & 2 is represented by the black line on the left side of the log. The farther to the left that the line goes, the faster the rate of penetration. On this mud log, ROP is measured in feet per hour, but on some older, hand-drawn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228194840/http://www.geomore.com/Mud%20Log.htm">mud logs</a>, it is measured in minutes per foot.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a></i> in Figure 1 is represented by the blue line farthest to the left of the log. It indicates the <a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">pore space</a> within the rock structure. Oil and gas reside within this pore space. Note how far to the left the porosity goes, where all the sand (in yellow) is. This indicates that the sand has good porosity. Porosity is not a direct or physical measurement of the pore space but rather an extrapolation from other drilling parameters and, therefore, is not always reliable.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg/250px-Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg/375px-Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg/500px-Drill_cuttings_-_Annotated_-_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>(Figure 3)<br />Sample of <a href="/wiki/Drill_cuttings" title="Drill cuttings">drill cuttings</a> of shale while drilling an <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil well</a> in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. For reference, the sand grain and red shale are approximately 2 mm in diameter.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a></i> in Figure 1 & 2 is represented by the cyan, gray/black and yellow blocks of color. Cyan = <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, gray/black = <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> and yellow = <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>. More yellow represents more sand identified at that depth. The lithology is measured as a percentage of the total sample as visually inspected under a microscope, normally at 10× magnification (Figure 3). These are but a fraction of the different types of <a href="/wiki/Formation_(stratigraphy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (stratigraphy)">formations</a> that might be encountered. (Color coding is not necessarily standardized among different mud logging companies, though the symbol representations for each are very similar.) In Figure 3, a sample of cuttings is seen under a microscope at 10× magnification after they have been washed off. Some of the larger shale and lime fragments are separated from this sample by running it through <a href="/wiki/Sieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieves">sieves</a> and must be considered when estimating percentages. Also, this image view is only a fragment of the total sample, and some of the sand at the bottom of the tray cannot be seen and must also be considered in the total estimation. Thus, this sample would be considered to be about 90% shale, 5% sand and 5% lime (in 5% increments).</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a></i> in Figure 1 & 2 is represented by the green line and is measured in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geospect.com/defining-a-unit-of-gas-in-mud-logging/">units</a> as the quantity of total gas, but does not represent the actual quantity of oil or gas the reservoir contains. In (Figure 1) the squared-off dash-dot lines just to the right of the sand (in yellow) and left of the gas (in green) represents the heavier hydrocarbons detected. Cyan = C<sub>2</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>), purple = C<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>) and blue = C<sub>4</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>). Detecting and analyzing these heavy gases help to determine the type of oil or gas the formation contains.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> (mud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_While_Drilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Logging While Drilling">LWD (Logging While Drilling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MWD_(measurement_while_drilling)" class="mw-redirect" title="MWD (measurement while drilling)">MWD (Measurement While Drilling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.W. Purcell "Chapter 16 Mud Logging" pp. 347-354 in L.W. Leroy, D.O. Leroy, and J.W. Raese, editors, 1977, Subsurface Geology, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, 941 pp. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-918062-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-918062-00-4">0-918062-00-4</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chambre Syndicale de la recherche et de la production du petrole et du gaz naturel, 1982, Geological and mud logging in drilling control: catalogue of typical cases, Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company and Paris: Editions technip, 81 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87201-433-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87201-433-9">0-87201-433-9</a></li> <li>Exlog, 1979, Field geologist's training guide: an introduction to oilfield geology, mud logging and formation evaluation, Sacramento, CA: Exploration Logging, Inc., 301 p. Privately published with no ISBN</li> <li>Whittaker, Alun, 1991, Mud logging handbook, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 531 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-155268-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-155268-6">0-13-155268-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mudlogger.com/bibliography.html">Articles and books on mud logging</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228194840/http://www.geomore.com/Mud%20Log.htm">Hand drawn mud logs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221043028/http://www.slb.com/services/drilling/mud_logging.aspx">Geoservices definition of Mud Logging</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maverickenergy.com/oilgas/lexicon.aspx">Maverick Energy Lexicon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geospect.com/mud-logging-gas-detectors/">Mud Logging Gas Detectors</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&oldid=1182992630">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mud_logging&oldid=1182992630</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Well_logging" title="Category:Well logging">Well logging</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_geology" title="Category:Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2015">Articles needing additional references from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2021">Articles needing additional references from January 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2023, at 16:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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