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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="السيكاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السيكاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikarii" title="Sikarii – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sikarii" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Сикарии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сикарии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicari" title="Sicari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sicari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikariov%C3%A9" title="Sikariové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sikariové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikarier" title="Sikarier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sikarier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikarier" title="Sikarier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sikarier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicarios_(Judea)" title="Sicarios (Judea) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sicarios (Judea)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikarioj" title="Sikarioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sikarioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سیکاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیکاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicaires" title="Sicaires – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sicaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sicarii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סיקריים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיקריים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicarius" title="Sicarius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sicarius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikara" title="Sikara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sikara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sicarii" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E6%B4%BE" title="シカリ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シカリ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikariere" title="Sikariere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sikariere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykariusze" title="Sykariusze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sykariusze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic%C3%A1rio" title="Sicário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sicário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Сикарии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сикарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sicarii" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikariji" title="Sikariji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sikariji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sicarii" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Сикарії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сикарії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sicarius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sicarius (disambiguation)">Sicarius</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish Zealots who militantly resisted Roman occupation</div> <p>The <b>Sicarii</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (“Knife-wielder”, “dagger-wielder”, “dagger-bearer”; from Latin <a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">sica</a> = <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a>) were a group of <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> who, in the final decades of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a>, conducted a campaign of "terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder" against other Jews and Romans,<sup id="cite_ref-Zondervan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zondervan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became known for a reported <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">mass suicide</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a>. The Sicarii carried <i><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">sicae</a></i>, or small <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">daggers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickles</a>), concealed in their cloaks;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at public gatherings, they pulled out these daggers to attack, blending into the crowd after the deed to escape detection. </p><p>The only source for the history of the Sicarii is <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. Victims of the Sicarii are said by Josephus to have included the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(High_Priest)" title="Jonathan (High Priest)">Jonathan</a>, and 700 Jewish women and children at <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cockburn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockburn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a> and the Sicarii is often stated, but is unclear from the original sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Zondervan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zondervan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sicarii are one of the earliest known organized <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> units of <a href="/wiki/Cloak_and_dagger" title="Cloak and dagger">cloak and daggers</a>, predating the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Order of Assassins</a> and the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">ninja</a> by centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-John_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicarii&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> of Josephus the term σικάριοι <i>sikarioi</i> was used. In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <i>Sicarii</i> is the plural form of <i>Sicarius</i> "dagger-man", "<a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a>-man".<sup id="cite_ref-Zondervan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zondervan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></i>, possibly from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Albanian">Proto-Albanian</a> *tsikā (whence <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <i>thika</i>, "knife"), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *ḱey- ("to sharpen") possibly via <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later Latin usage, "sicarius" was also the standard term for a murderer (see, e.g., the <i>Lex Cornelia de Sicariis et Veneficiis</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to this day "sicario" is a salaried assassin in Spanish<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a commissioned murderer in Italian<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Σικαρίων (Sikariōn) is used in Acts 21:38 of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> as an accusation against <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>. It is translated as "terrorists" in the <a href="/wiki/New_International_Version" title="New International Version">New International Version</a>, "murderers" in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a> and "assassins" in the <a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">American Standard Version</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p779_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p779-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The derived <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> term <i>sicario</i> is used in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> to describe a <a href="/wiki/Hitman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitman">hitman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicarii&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(AD_70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)">Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot Temple Siege">Zealot Temple Siege</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Ein_Gedi" title="Pillage of Ein Gedi">Pillage of Ein Gedi</a></div> <p>Victims of the Sicarii are said by Josephus to have included the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(High_Priest)" title="Jonathan (High Priest)">Jonathan</a>, and 700 Jewish women and children at <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Josephus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josephus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cockburn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockburn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some murders were met with severe retaliation by the Romans on the broader Jewish population of the region. However, on some occasions, the Sicarii would release their intended victim if their terms were met. Much of what is known about the Sicarii comes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who wrote that the Sicarii agreed to release the kidnapped secretary of Eleazar, governor of the Temple precincts, in exchange for the release of ten captured <a href="/wiki/Assassin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin">assassins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood2001281f_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood2001281f-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Antiquities_of_the_Jews[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9|Book_XX_9]]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Antiquities_of_the_Jews[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9|Book_XX_9]]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_Roman-Jewish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Roman-Jewish War">First Roman-Jewish War</a>, the Sicarii, and (possibly) Zealot helpers (Josephus differentiated between the two but did not explain the main differences in depth), gained access to Jerusalem and committed a series of atrocities in an attempt to incite the population into war against Rome. In one account, given in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, they destroyed the city's food supply, using starvation to force the people to fight against the Roman siege, instead of negotiating peace. Their leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Judah" title="Menahem ben Judah">Menahem ben Yehuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Ya%27ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Ya'ir">Eleazar ben Ya'ir</a>, were notable figures in the war, and the group fought in many battles against the Romans as soldiers. Together with a small group of followers, Menahem made his way to the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, took over a Roman garrison and slaughtered all 700 soldiers there. They also took over another fortress called <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Antonia</a> and overpowered the troops of Agrippa II. He also trained them to conduct various guerrilla operations on Roman convoys and legions stationed around Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Josephus also wrote that the Sicarii raided nearby Hebrew villages including <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>, where they massacred 700 Jewish women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-THL_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_IV#Chapter_7|Book_IV_7-2]]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_IV#Chapter_7|Book_IV_7-2]]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zealots, Sicarii and other prominent rebels finally joined forces to attack and temporarily take Jerusalem from Rome in 66 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-Levick1999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levick1999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they took control of the Temple in Jerusalem, executing anyone who tried to oppose their power. The local populace resisted their control and launched a <a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealot Temple Siege">series of sieges and raids</a> to remove the rebel factions. The rebels eventually silenced the uprising and Jerusalem stayed in their hands for the duration of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_8|Book_II_8-11]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_13|Book_II_13-7]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14|Book_II_14-4]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14|Book_II_14-5]]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_8|Book_II_8-11]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_13|Book_II_13-7]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14|Book_II_14-4]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14|Book_II_14-5]]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans returned to take back the city, counter-attacking and laying siege to starve the rebels inside. The rebels held out for some time, but the constant bickering and lack of leadership caused the groups to disintegrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Levick1999_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levick1999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of the Sicarii, Menahem, was killed by rival factions during an altercation. Finally, the Romans regained control and destroyed the whole city in 70 AD. </p><p>Eleazar and his followers returned to Masada and continued their rebellion against the Romans until 73 AD. The Romans eventually took the fortress and, according to Josephus, found that most of its defenders had died by suicide rather than surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Josephus' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i> (vii), after the fall of the Temple in AD 70, the <i>sicarii</i> became the dominant revolutionary Hebrew faction, scattered abroad. Josephus particularly associates them with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">mass suicide at Masada</a> in AD 73 and to the subsequent refusal "to submit to the taxation census when Cyrenius was sent to Judea to make one," as part of their rebellion's religious and political scheme. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> of Jesus according to the New Testament, was believed by some to be a sicarius.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians typically reject this contention, mainly because Josephus in <i>The War of the Hebrews</i> (2:254–7) mentions the appearance of the Sicarii as a new phenomenon during the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procuratorships</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a> (52–60 AD), having no apparent relation with the group called Sicarii by Romans at times of <a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd century compendium of Jewish <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">oral law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (<i>Makhshirin</i> 1:6), mentions the word <i>sikrin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">סיקרין</span>), perhaps related to Sicarii, and which is explained by the early rabbinic commentators as being related to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ληστής</span> (= robbers), and to government personnel involved with implementing the laws of <a href="/wiki/Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">Sicaricon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, in his Mishnah commentary (<i>Makhshirin</i> 1:6), explains the same word <i>sikrin</i> as meaning "people who harass and who are disposed to being violent."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicarii&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii (1989)</a>, a modern group inspired by the Sicarii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikrikim" title="Sikrikim">Sikrikim</a>, another modern group inspired by the Sicarii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Knife attack">Knife attack</a>, tactic used by the group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_civil_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish civil wars">List of Jewish civil wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicarii&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">סִיקָרִיִים</span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>: σικάριοι <i>sikarioi</i>, men of the <a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">sica</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicarii&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicarii&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zondervan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zondervan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zondervan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zondervan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDouglasTenneySilva2011" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, J.D.; Tenney, M.C.; Silva, M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC&pg=PA1549"><i>Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i></a>. Zondervan. p. 1549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49235-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49235-1"><bdi>978-0-310-49235-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-13</span></span>. <q>Often associated with the Zealots were the Sicari. This name comes from Latin sica, a curved-shaped dagger (sickle), the weapon favored by these "terrorists" (the NIV rendering of sikarios G4974 in Acts 21:38). They conducted a campaign of terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder, especially against Romans and their sympathizers. The relation between the Sicarii and the Zealots is unclear. Just as there was a connection between the Zealots and Judas's fourth philosophy, the same is true for the Sicarii. With the exception of the battles at Masada after the fall of Jerusalem, the Sicarii are never depicted as participating in open conflict.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zondervan+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=1549&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-49235-1&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft.au=Tenney%2C+M.C.&rft.au=Silva%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Tq7UcPMwacC%26pg%3DPA1549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Christian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ldsmag.com/article-1-4364/">Who were the Sicarii?</a>, <i>Meridian Magazine</i>, June 7, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josephus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josephus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, Jewish War, [ch 7] “…It was called Masada. Those that were called Sicarii had taken possession of it formerly, but at this time they overran the neighboring countries, aiming only to procure to themselves necessaries; … when they were sent back into the country of their forefathers, they came down by night, without being discovered by those that could have prevented them, and overran a certain small city called Engaddi:—in which expedition they prevented those citizens that could have stopped them, before they could arm themselves, and fight them. They also dispersed them, and cast them out of the city. As for such as could not run away, being women and children, they slew of them above seven hundred.”; [ch 13] “The first man who was slain by them was Jonathan the high priest, after whose death many were slain every day, while the fear men were in of being so served was more afflicting than the calamity itself; and while every body expected death every hour, as men do in war, so men were obliged to look before them, and to take notice of their enemies at a great distance; nor, if their friends were coming to them, durst they trust them any longer; but, in the midst of their suspicions and guarding of themselves, they were slain.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockburn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cockburn_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockburn_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockburn1997" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cockburn" title="Patrick Cockburn">Cockburn, Patrick</a> (1997-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ancient-battle-divides-israel-as-masada-myth-unravels-1275878.html">"Ancient battle divides Israel as Masada 'myth' unravels"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-13</span></span>. <q>[Josephus] says that the defenders of Masada took no part in the war against Rome during the siege of Jerusalem, but instead plundered local villages including En Gedi on the Dead Sea, where "women and children, more than 700 in number, were butchered"… Professor Yadin wanted to prove that the defenders of Masada were the hard-core supporters of a national resistance movement led by the Zealots, the movement which fought in Jerusalem. He interpreted scrolls found at Masada as showing that the defenders came from different sects and groups, though the scrolls may have been looted from nearby villages. What Josephus actually said was that the defenders of Masada were Sicarii, an extreme Jewish group who specialised in assassination and had killed the High Priest in Jerusalem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ancient+battle+divides+Israel+as+Masada+%27myth%27+unravels&rft.date=1997-03-30&rft.aulast=Cockburn&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fancient-battle-divides-israel-as-masada-myth-unravels-1275878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pichtel, John, <i>Terrorism and WMDs: Awareness and Response</i>, CRC Press (April 25, 2011) p.3-4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439851753" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439851753">978-1439851753</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, Jeffrey Ian, <i>Religion and Violence: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict from Antiquity to the Present</i>, Routledge (January 15, 2011), Chapter: Sicarii. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765620484" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765620484">978-0765620484</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel1998" class="citation book cs1">Orel, Vladimir (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJQYAQAAIAAJ"><i>Albanian etymological dictionary</i></a>. Brill. pp. 477–478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004110240" title="Special:BookSources/9004110240"><bdi>9004110240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+etymological+dictionary&rft.pages=477-478&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9004110240&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJQYAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavers1984" class="citation book cs1">Havers, Wilhelm (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YjhxAAAAIAAJ&q=Sica"><i>Die Sprache</i></a>. A. Sexl. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Sprache&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=A.+Sexl.&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Havers&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYjhxAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DSica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinlexicon.org/definition.php?p1=2054640">"Definition of sicarius (noun, LNS, sīcārius) - Numen - The Latin Lexicon - An Online Latin Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+sicarius+%28noun%2C+LNS%2C+s%C4%ABc%C4%81rius%29+-+Numen+-+The+Latin+Lexicon+-+An+Online+Latin+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinlexicon.org%2Fdefinition.php%3Fp1%3D2054640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dle.rae.es/?id=Xmzval0">"sicario, ria"</a>. <i>Real Academia Española</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.atitle=sicario%2C+ria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2F%3Fid%3DXmzval0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/vocabolario/sicario">"sicàrio"</a>. <i>Treccani.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treccani.it&rft.atitle=sic%C3%A0rio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fvocabolario%2Fsicario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dicionario.priberam.org/sic%C3%A1rio">"sicário"</a>. <i>Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Priberam+da+L%C3%ADngua+Portuguesa&rft.atitle=sic%C3%A1rio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdicionario.priberam.org%2Fsic%25C3%25A1rio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p779-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p779_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasTenneySilva2011" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, J.D.; Tenney, M.C.; Silva, M. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Tq7UcPMwacC&pg=PA1549"><i>Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary</i></a>. Zondervan. p. 1549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49235-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-49235-1"><bdi>978-0-310-49235-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-13</span></span>. <q>Often associated with the Zealots were the Sicari. This name comes from Latin sica, a curved-shaped dagger (sickle), the weapon favored by these "terrorists" (the NIV rendering of sikarios G4974 in Acts 21:38). They conducted a campaign of terror-kidnapping, extortion, robbery, and murder, especially against Romans and their sympathizers. The relation between the Sicarii and the Zealots is unclear. Just as there was a connection between the Zealots and Judas's fourth philosophy, the same is true for the Sicarii. With the exception of the battles at Masada after the fall of Jerusalem, the Sicarii are never depicted as participating in open conflict.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zondervan+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=1549&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-310-49235-1&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=J.D.&rft.au=Tenney%2C+M.C.&rft.au=Silva%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Tq7UcPMwacC%26pg%3DPA1549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood2001281f-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood2001281f_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmallwood2001">Smallwood 2001</a>, pp. 281f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Antiquities_of_the_Jews[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9|Book_XX_9]]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Antiquities_of_the_Jews[[s:The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9|Book_XX_9]]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus,_Antiquities_of_the_Jews">Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="s:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book XX 9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THL-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THL_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy-O'ConnorCunliffe" class="citation book cs1">Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome; Cunliffe, Barry. <i>The Holy Land</i>. Oxford Archaeological Guides (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 378–381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land&rft.series=Oxford+Archaeological+Guides&rft.pages=378-381&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Murphy-O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft.au=Cunliffe%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_IV#Chapter_7|Book_IV_7-2]]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_IV#Chapter_7|Book_IV_7-2]]_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews">Josephus, Wars of the Jews</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_IV#Chapter_7" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book IV">Book IV 7-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ancient-battle-divides-israel-as-masada-myth-unravels-1275878.html">Ancient battle divides Israel as Masada 'myth' unravels; Was the siege really so heroic, asks Patrick Cockburn in Jerusalem</a>, The Independent, 30 March 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levick1999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levick1999_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levick1999_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levick, Barbara (1999). <i>Vespasian</i>. London: Routledge, pp. 116–119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16618-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16618-7">0-415-16618-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_8|Book_II_8-11]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_13|Book_II_13-7]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14|Book_II_14-4]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14|Book_II_14-5]]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_8|Book_II_8-11]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_13|Book_II_13-7]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14|Book_II_14-4]],_[[s:The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14|Book_II_14-5]]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews">Josephus, Wars of the Jews</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_8" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book II">Book II 8-11</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_13" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book II">Book II 13-7</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book II">Book II 14-4</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jews/Book_II#Chapter_14" class="extiw" title="s:The War of the Jews/Book II">Book II 14-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/307411/Judas-Iscariot">"Judas Iscariot web"</a></span>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judas+Iscariot+web&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F307411%2FJudas-Iscariot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastiaan van Iersel, Mark: A Reader-Response Commentary, Continuum International (1998), p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118030318/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0021_0_21428.html">"Zealots and Sicarii"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0021_0_21428.html">the original</a> on 2014-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zealots+and+Sicarii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0021_0_21428.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Hai_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hai Gaon">Hai Gaon</a>'s Commentary on Seder Taharot</i>, cited in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (Niddah Tractate), s.v. <i>Mishnah Makhshirin</i> 1:6; also in <i>The Geonic Commentary on Seder Taharot - Attributed to Rabbi Hai Gaon</i>, vol. 2, Berlin 1924, s.v. <b>סיקריקין</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yosef Qafih (ed.) <i>Mishnah with Maimonides' Commentary</i> (vol. 3), <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>: Jerusalem 1967, s.v. <i>Makhshirin</i> 1:6 (p. 393) [Hebrew].</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicarii&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus,_Wars_of_the_Jews" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (1737) [75]. "<a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">Wars of the Jews</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/"><i>The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus the Jewish Historian</i></a>. translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wars+of+the+Jews&rft.btitle=The+Genuine+Works+of+Flavius+Josephus+the+Jewish+Historian&rft.place=London&rft.date=1737&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2Fjosephus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus,_Antiquities_of_the_Jews" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (1737) [93]. "<a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/"><i>The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus the Jewish Historian</i></a>. translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.btitle=The+Genuine+Works+of+Flavius+Josephus+the+Jewish+Historian&rft.place=London&rft.date=1737&rft.au=Josephus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2Fjosephus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallwood2001" class="citation book cs1">Smallwood, E.M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSYbpitEjggC&pg=PA281"><i>The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian : a Study in Political Relations</i></a>. Biblical Studies and Religious Studies. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04155-4"><bdi>978-0-391-04155-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+Under+Roman+Rule%3A+From+Pompey+to+Diocletian+%3A+a+Study+in+Political+Relations&rft.series=Biblical+Studies+and+Religious+Studies&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04155-4&rft.aulast=Smallwood&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSYbpitEjggC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sicarii&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrighton2009" class="citation book cs1">Brighton, Mark Andrew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_H8_k6Su-oC"><i>The Sicarii in Josephus's Judean War: Rhetorical Analysis and Historical Observations</i></a>. Early Judaism and Its Literature, 27. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589834064" title="Special:BookSources/9781589834064"><bdi>9781589834064</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758719597">758719597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sicarii+in+Josephus%27s+Judean+War%3A+Rhetorical+Analysis+and+Historical+Observations&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.series=Early+Judaism+and+Its+Literature%2C+27&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758719597&rft.isbn=9781589834064&rft.aulast=Brighton&rft.aufirst=Mark+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_H8_k6Su-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASicarii" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="First_Jewish–Roman_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><b>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)">Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas uprising (6 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian riots (38)">Alexandrian riots (38)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_and_Simon_uprising" title="Jacob and Simon uprising">Jacob and Simon uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene from "The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem", painting by Francesco Hayez"><img alt="Scene from "The destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem", painting by Francesco Hayez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/150px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/225px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg/300px-Francesco_Hayez_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2452" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military engagements<br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_riots_of_66" title="Jerusalem riots of 66">Jerusalem riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">Alexandria riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallus' campaign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (66)">1st Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Jaffa_(66)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Jaffa (66)">1st Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Geva">Geva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Beth–Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillage_of_Ein_Gedi" title="Pillage of Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sepphoris_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sepphoris (67)">2nd Sepphoris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrab" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Arrab">Gabara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yodfat" title="Siege of Yodfat">Yodfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taricheae" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Taricheae">Tarichaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gamla" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gamla">Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(67)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (67)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gush_Halav" title="Siege of Gush Halav">Gischala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judea coast and highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zealot_Temple_siege" title="Zealot Temple siege">Zealot Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Last strongholds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Herodium_(71)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Herodium (71)">Herodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Machaerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Machaerus">Machaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jardes_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jardes Forest">Jardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Masada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belligerents and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gessius_Florus" title="Gessius Florus">Gessius Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cestius_Gallus_(governor_of_Syria)" title="Gaius Cestius Gallus (governor of Syria)">Cestius Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Lucilius_Bassus" title="Sextus Lucilius Bassus">Lucilius Bassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Flavius_Silva" title="Lucius Flavius Silva">Flavius Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judean_provisional_government" title="Judean provisional government">Provisional government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Gurion" title="Joseph ben Gurion">Joseph ben Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla" title="Joshua ben Gamla">Joshua ben Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Hanania" title="Eleazar ben Hanania">Eleazar ben Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_the_Perean" title="Niger the Perean">Niger the Perean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peasantry faction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Giora" title="Simon bar Giora">Simon bar Giora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gischala" title="John of Gischala">John of Gischala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Simon" title="Eleazar ben Simon">Eleazar ben Simon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sicarii</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_ben_Yehuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem ben Yehuda">Menahem ben Yehuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Ya%27ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Ya'ir">Eleazar ben Ya'ir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism#Emergence_of_Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscus_Judaicus" title="Fiscus Judaicus">Fiscus Judaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">Sicaricon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Commemoration" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus_(Circus_Maximus)" title="Arch of Titus (Circus Maximus)">Arch at Circus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage" title="Judaea Capta coinage">Judaea Capta coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Temple of Peace, Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Quarter" title="Herodian Quarter">Herodian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinth_Canal" title="Corinth Canal">Corinth Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish_Revolt_coinage" title="First Jewish Revolt coinage">First Jewish Revolt coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Destruction" title="Legend of Destruction">Legend of Destruction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(poem)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (poem)">Siege of Jerusalem (poem)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dovekeepers_(novel)" title="The Dovekeepers (novel)">The Dovekeepers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dovekeepers" title="The Dovekeepers">TV adaptation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masada_(miniseries)" title="Masada (miniseries)">Masada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">Flight to Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_problem" title="Josephus problem">Josephus problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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