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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iga_and_Kōga_clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iga_and_Kōga_clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Iga and Kōga clans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iga_and_Kōga_clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_under_Tokugawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_under_Tokugawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Activities under Tokugawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_under_Tokugawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shimabara_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shimabara_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Shimabara rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shimabara_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edo_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Edo period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oniwaban" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oniwaban"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span><i>Oniwaban</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oniwaban-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninja_stereotypes_in_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninja_stereotypes_in_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Ninja stereotypes in theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninja_stereotypes_in_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Espionage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sabotage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabotage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sabotage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sabotage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disguises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disguises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Disguises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disguises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outerwear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outerwear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Outerwear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outerwear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Weaponry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legendary_abilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_abilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legendary abilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legendary_abilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legendary abilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legendary_abilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kuji-kiri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuji-kiri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kuji-kiri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuji-kiri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_ninja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_ninja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Foreign ninja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_ninja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Famous people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ninja</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="نينجا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نينجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nindza" title="Nindza – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nindza" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="নিনজা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিনজা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADm-chi%C3%A1" title="Jím-chiá – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jím-chiá" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Ниндзя – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ниндзя" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Ніндзя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніндзя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Нинджа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нинджа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nind%C5%BEa" title="Nindža – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nindža" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nind%C5%BEa" title="Nindža – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nindža" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="نينجا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نينجا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1" title="Νίντζα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νίντζα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nin%C4%B5o" title="Ninĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ninĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="نینجا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نینجا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85" title="忍者 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="忍者" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%8C%EC%9E%90" title="닌자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닌자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1" title="Նինջա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նինջա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="निंजा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निंजा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nind%C5%BEa" title="Nindža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nindža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%94" title="נינג'ה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נינג'ה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinobi" title="Shinobi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Shinobi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90" title="ნინძა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნინძა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Нинжа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нинжа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nind%C5%BEa" title="Nindža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nindža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nindz%C4%97" title="Nindzė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nindzė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nindzsa" title="Nindzsa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nindzsa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0" title="Нинџа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нинџа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C" title="നിൻജ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിൻജ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90" title="ნინძა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნინძა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="نينجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نينجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="نینجا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نینجا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="နင်ဂျာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နင်ဂျာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85" title="忍者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="忍者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninza" title="Ninza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ninza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ننجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ننجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nincha" title="Nincha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nincha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Ниндзя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ниндзя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninxha" title="Ninxha – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ninxha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ننجا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ننجا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nind%C5%BEa" title="Nindža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nindža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="نینجا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نینجا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0" title="Нинџа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нинџа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nind%C5%BEa" title="Nindža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nindža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="நிஞ்சா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிஞ்சா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE" title="నింజా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నింజా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2" title="นินจา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นินจา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Ніндзя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніндзя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ننجا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ننجا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ninja" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85" title="忍者 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="忍者" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90" title="נינדזשא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נינדזשא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85" title="忍者 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="忍者" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85" title="忍者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="忍者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9402#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mercenary and spy in feudal Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ninja_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ninja (disambiguation)">Ninja (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinobi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shinobi (disambiguation)">Shinobi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokusai-sketches---hokusai-manga-vol6-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hokusai-sketches---hokusai-manga-vol6-crop.jpg/220px-Hokusai-sketches---hokusai-manga-vol6-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hokusai-sketches---hokusai-manga-vol6-crop.jpg/330px-Hokusai-sketches---hokusai-manga-vol6-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Hokusai-sketches---hokusai-manga-vol6-crop.jpg/440px-Hokusai-sketches---hokusai-manga-vol6-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the archetypical ninja from a series of <a href="/wiki/Hokusai_Manga" title="Hokusai Manga">sketches by Hokusai</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan" title="Woodblock printing in Japan">Woodblock print</a> on paper. Vol. six, 1817.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ninja</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">忍者</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɲiꜜɲdʑa]</a></span>) or <b>shinobi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">忍び</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕinobi]</a></span>) was a spy and inflitratior in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan" title="History of Japan">pre-modern Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unmasking_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unmasking-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The functions of a ninja included <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_tactics" title="Infiltration tactics">infiltration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">deception</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguarding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawakami_21-22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawakami_21-22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antecedents may have existed as early as the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowdy_2006_50_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowdy_2006_50-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little evidence that they were assassins.<sup id="cite_ref-Unmasking</ref_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unmasking</ref-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the unrest of the Sengoku period, <i><a href="/wiki/Jizamurai" title="Jizamurai">jizamurai</a></i> families, that is, elite peasant-warriors, in <a href="/wiki/Iga_Province" title="Iga Province">Iga Province</a> and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dka_District,_Shiga" title="Kōka District, Shiga">Kōka District</a> formed <i><a href="/wiki/Ikki_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ikki (disambiguation)">ikki</a></i> – "revolts" or "leagues" – as a means of self-defense. They became known for their military activities in the nearby regions and sold their services as mercenaries and spies. It is from these areas that much of the knowledge regarding the ninja is drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_2001_355_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2001_355-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <i>shinobi</i> manuals, often based on Chinese <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_war" title="Philosophy of war">military philosophy</a>, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the <i><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></i> (1676).<sup id="cite_ref-Green_2001_358_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2001_358-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> (1868), <i>shinobi</i> had become a topic of popular imagination and mystery in Japan. Ninja figured prominently in legend and folklore, where they were associated with legendary abilities such as <a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">invisibility</a>, walking on water, and control over natural <a href="/wiki/Classical_element#Japan" title="Classical element">elements</a>. Much of their <a href="/wiki/Ninjas_in_popular_culture" title="Ninjas in popular culture">perception in popular culture</a> is based on such legends and folklore, as opposed to the covert actors of the Sengoku period. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninja-kanji.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ninja-kanji.svg/220px-Ninja-kanji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ninja-kanji.svg/330px-Ninja-kanji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ninja-kanji.svg/440px-Ninja-kanji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption>The word "ninja" in <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> script</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ninja</i> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji#On'yomi_(Sino-Japanese_reading)" title="Kanji">on'yomi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Early Middle Chinese–influenced</a>) reading of the two <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> "忍者". In the native <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji#Kun'yomi_(native_reading)" title="Kanji">kun'yomi</a></i> reading, it is pronounced <i>shinobi</i>, a shortened form of <i>shinobi-no-mono</i> (忍びの者).<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_word_Ninja_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_word_Ninja-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>shinobi</i> appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-takagi_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-takagi-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-satake_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satake-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying connotation of <i>shinobi</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BF%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:忍">忍</a>) means "to steal away; to hide" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility. <i>Mono</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%80%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:者">者</a>) means "a person". </p><p>Historically, the word <i>ninja</i> was not in common use, and a variety of regional <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialisms</a> evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. Along with <i>shinobi</i>, these include <i>monomi</i> ("one who sees"), <i>nokizaru</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Japanese_macaque" title="Japanese macaque">macaque</a> on the roof"), <i>rappa</i> ("ruffian"), <i>kusa</i> ("grass") and <i>Iga-mono</i> ("one from Iga").<sup id="cite_ref-Green_2001_355_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2001_355-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historical documents, <i>shinobi</i> is almost always used. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Kunoichi" title="Kunoichi">Kunoichi</a></i> (くノ一) is, originally, an <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)#Argot" title="Cant (language)">argot</a> which means "woman";<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p168">: p168 </span></sup> it supposedly comes from the characters くノ一 (respectively hiragana <i>ku</i>, katakana <i>no</i> and kanji <i>ichi</i>), which make up the three strokes that form the kanji for "woman" (女).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p168">: p168 </span></sup> In fiction written in the modern era <i>kunoichi</i> means "female ninja".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p167">: p167 </span></sup> </p><p>In English, the plural of <i>ninja</i> can be either unchanged as <i>ninja</i>, reflecting the Japanese language's lack of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical number</a>, or the regular English plural <i>ninjas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:240px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:005-1134.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/005-1134.jpg/162px-005-1134.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/005-1134.jpg/243px-005-1134.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/005-1134.jpg/324px-005-1134.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In <i>Sakura doki onna gyoretsu</i>, this <a href="/wiki/Onnagata" title="Onnagata"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">onnagata</i></span></a> is attended by three <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuroko</i></span>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:240px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninja-and-Prince-Genji-Ukiyoe-Utagawa-Kunisada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ninja-and-Prince-Genji-Ukiyoe-Utagawa-Kunisada.png/172px-Ninja-and-Prince-Genji-Ukiyoe-Utagawa-Kunisada.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ninja-and-Prince-Genji-Ukiyoe-Utagawa-Kunisada.png/258px-Ninja-and-Prince-Genji-Ukiyoe-Utagawa-Kunisada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ninja-and-Prince-Genji-Ukiyoe-Utagawa-Kunisada.png/344px-Ninja-and-Prince-Genji-Ukiyoe-Utagawa-Kunisada.png 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">In <i><a href="/wiki/Nise_Murasaki_Inaka_Genji" title="Nise Murasaki Inaka Genji">Nise Murasaki Inaka Genji</a></i>, Ashikaga Mitsuuji is approached unknowingly by a ninja.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two prints depicting <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> plays. In Japanese theatre, ninja are often dressed as <a href="/wiki/Kuroko" title="Kuroko"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuroko</i></span></a>, stagehands in black suits, to make their attacks seem more surprising. This practice gave rise to their stereotypical black outfits.<sup id="cite_ref-Kamm_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamm-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. The social origin of the ninja is seen as the reason they agree to operate in secret, trading their service for money without honor and glory.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some <i>ninjutsu</i> books described specifically what tactics ninja should use to fight, and the scenarios in which a ninja might find themselves can be deduced from those tactics. For example, in the manuscript of volume 2 of <i>Kanrin Seiyō</i> (間林清陽) which is the original book of <i>Bansenshūkai</i> (万川集海), there are 48 points of ninja's fighting techniques, such as how to make <i><a href="/wiki/Makibishi" title="Makibishi">makibishi</a></i> from bamboo, how to make footwear that makes no sound, fighting techniques when surrounded by many enemies, precautions when using swords at night, how to listen to small sounds, <i><a href="/wiki/Kuji-kiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuji-kiri">kuji-kiri</a></i> that prevents guard dogs from barking, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamato_Takeru_at_16-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Yamato_Takeru_at_16-crop.jpg/170px-Yamato_Takeru_at_16-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Yamato_Takeru_at_16-crop.jpg/255px-Yamato_Takeru_at_16-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Yamato_Takeru_at_16-crop.jpg/340px-Yamato_Takeru_at_16-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Yamato Takeru dressed as a maidservant, preparing to kill the Kumaso leaders. Woodblock print on paper. <a href="/wiki/Yoshitoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshitoshi">Yoshitoshi</a>, 1886.</figcaption></figure> <p>The title <i>ninja</i> has sometimes been attributed retrospectively to the semi-legendary 2nd-century prince <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Takeru" title="Yamato Takeru">Yamato Takeru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_34_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_34-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i>, the young Yamato Takeru disguised himself as a charming maiden and assassinated two chiefs of the <a href="/wiki/Kumaso" title="Kumaso">Kumaso</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamberlain_2005_249-253_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamberlain_2005_249-253-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these records take place at a very early stage of Japanese history, and they are unlikely to be connected to the <i>shinobi</i> of later accounts. The first recorded use of espionage was under the employment of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a> in the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_325_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_325-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tactics were considered unsavory even in early times, when, according to the 10th-century <i>Shōmonki</i>, the boy spy <a href="/wiki/Hasetsukabe_no_Koharumaru" title="Hasetsukabe no Koharumaru">Hasetsukabe no Koharumaru</a> was killed for spying against the insurgent <a href="/wiki/Taira_no_Masakado" title="Taira no Masakado">Taira no Masakado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-friday_2007_58_60_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friday_2007_58_60-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the 14th-century war chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Taiheiki" title="Taiheiki">Taiheiki</a></i> contained many references to <i>shinobi</i><sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_34_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_34-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and credited the destruction of a castle by fire to an unnamed but "highly skilled <i>shinobi</i>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <p>It was not until the 15th century that spies were specially trained for their purpose. It was around this time that the word <i>shinobi</i> appeared to define and clearly identify ninja as a secretive group of agents. Evidence for this can be seen in historical documents, which began to refer to stealthy soldiers as <i>shinobi</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a>. Later manuals regarding espionage are often grounded in Chinese <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a>, quoting works such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_324_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_324-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the Sengoku period, the <i>shinobi</i> had several roles, including spy (<i>kanchō</i>), <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">scout</a> (<i>teisatsu</i>), surprise attacker (<i>kishu</i>), and agitator (<i>konran</i>). The ninja families were organized into larger <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>, each with their own territories.<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_327_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_327-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A system of rank existed. A <i>jōnin</i> ("upper person") was the highest rank, representing the group and hiring out mercenaries. This is followed by the <i>chūnin</i> ("middle person"), assistants to the <i>jōnin</i>. At the bottom was the <i>genin</i> ("lower person"), field agents drawn from the lower class and assigned to carry out actual missions.<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_121_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_121-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iga_and_Kōga_clans"><span id="Iga_and_K.C5.8Dga_clans"></span>Iga and Kōga clans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iga_ikki" title="Iga ikki">Iga ikki</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dka_ikki" title="Kōka ikki">Kōka ikki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iga%E2%80%93K%C5%8Dka_alliance" title="Iga–Kōka alliance">Iga–Kōka alliance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReizanView.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ReizanView.JPG/220px-ReizanView.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ReizanView.JPG/330px-ReizanView.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/ReizanView.JPG/440px-ReizanView.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The plains of <a href="/wiki/Iga_Province" title="Iga Province">Iga</a>, nested in secluded mountains, gave rise to villages specialized in the training of ninja.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Iga and Kōga "clans" were <i>jizamurai</i> families living in the province of <a href="/wiki/Iga_Province" title="Iga Province">Iga</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Mie_Prefecture" title="Mie Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a>) and the adjacent region of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dka_District,_Shiga" title="Kōka District, Shiga">Kōka</a> (later written as <i>Kōga</i>), named after a village in what is now <a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga Prefecture</a>. From these regions, villages devoted to the training of ninja first appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-Deal_2007_165_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deal_2007_165-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remoteness and inaccessibility of the surrounding mountains in Iga may have had a role in the ninja's secretive development.<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_121_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_121-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronicle <i>Go Kagami Furoku</i> writes, of the two clans' origins: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There was a retainer of the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga, of pre-eminent skill in <i>shinobi</i>, and consequently for generations the name of people from Iga became established. Another tradition grew in Kōga.</p></blockquote> <p>Likewise, a supplement to the <i>Nochi Kagami</i>, a record of the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a>, confirms the same Iga origin: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Inside the camp at Magari of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shōgun</a></i> [Ashikaga] <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshihisa" title="Ashikaga Yoshihisa">Yoshihisa</a> there were <i>shinobi</i> whose names were famous throughout the land. When Yoshihisa attacked <a href="/wiki/Rokkaku_clan" title="Rokkaku clan">Rokkaku Takayori</a>, the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga, who served him at Magari, earned considerable merit as <i>shinobi</i> in front of the great army of the <i>shōgun</i>. Since then successive generations of Iga men have been admired. This is the origin of the fame of the men of Iga.</p></blockquote> <p>These professional ninja were actively hired by <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyōs</a></i> between 1485 and 1581. Specifically, the Iga professionals were sought after for their skill at siege warfare, or "shirotori", which included night attacks and ambush.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1460s, the leading families in the regions had established <i>de facto</i> independence from their <i><a href="/wiki/Shugo" title="Shugo">shugo</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dka_ikki" title="Kōka ikki">Kōka <i>ikki</i></a> persisted until 1574, when it was forced to become a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iga_ikki" title="Iga ikki">Iga <i>ikki</i></a> continued until 1581, when Nobunaga invaded Iga Province and wiped out the organized clans.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_2001_357_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2001_357-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survivors were forced to flee, some to the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Kii_Mountains" title="Kii Mountains">Kii</a>, but others arrived before <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>, where they were well treated. Some former Iga clan members, including <a href="/wiki/Hattori_Hanz%C5%8D" title="Hattori Hanzō">Hattori Hanzō</a>, would later serve as Tokugawa's bodyguards.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_43_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_43-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the conquest of Kōka in 1574, the two confederacies worked in <a href="/wiki/Iga%E2%80%93K%C5%8Dka_alliance" title="Iga–Kōka alliance">alliance together</a> from at least 1487. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okehazama" title="Battle of Okehazama">Battle of Okehazama</a> in 1560, Tokugawa employed a group of eighty Kōga ninja, led by Tomo Sukesada. They were tasked to raid an outpost of the <a href="/wiki/Imagawa_clan" title="Imagawa clan">Imagawa clan</a>. The account of this assault is given in the <i>Mikawa Go Fudoki</i>, where it was written that Kōga ninja infiltrated the castle, set fire to its towers, and killed the <a href="/wiki/Castellan" title="Castellan">castellan</a> along with two hundred of the garrison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_under_Tokugawa">Activities under Tokugawa</h3></div> <p>After the assassination of Oda Nobunaga, Iga and Kōka ninja, according to tradition, helped Ieyasu undergo an <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%B3%80%E8%B6%8A%E3%81%88" class="extiw" title="ja:伊賀越え">arduous journey</a> to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in <a href="/wiki/Sakai" title="Sakai">Sakai</a> and return to <a href="/wiki/Mikawa_Province" title="Mikawa Province">Mikawa</a>. However, their journey was very dangerous due to the existence of <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E3%81%A1%E6%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A" class="extiw" title="ja:落ち武者狩り">"Ochimusha-gari"</a> groups across the route.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this journey, Tokugawa generals such as <a href="/wiki/Ii_Naomasa" title="Ii Naomasa">Ii Naomasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakai_Tadatsugu" title="Sakai Tadatsugu">Sakai Tadatsugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honda_Tadakatsu" title="Honda Tadakatsu">Honda Tadakatsu</a> fought their way through raids and harassment from Ochimusha-gari (Samurai hunter) outlaws to secure the way for Ieyasu, while sometimes advancing by usage of gold and silver bribes given to some of the more amenable Ochimusha-gari groups.<sup id="cite_ref-SAMURAIHUNTER4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As they reached Kada, an area between <a href="/wiki/Kameyama,_Mie" title="Kameyama, Mie">Kameyama town</a> and Iga,<sup id="cite_ref-fujita_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fujita-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the former territory of the Kōka ikki, who were friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ninja assisted the Tokugawa escort group in eliminating the threats of Ochimusha-gari outlaws then escorting them until they reached <a href="/wiki/Iga_Province" title="Iga Province">Iga Province</a>, where they were further protected by samurai clans from Iga ikki which accompanied the Ieyasu group until they safely reached Mikawa. The <i><a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_Ietada_(Fuk%C5%8Dzu)#Legacy" title="Matsudaira Ietada (Fukōzu)">Ietada nikki</a></i> journal records that the escort group of Ieyasu has killed some 200 outlaws during their journey from Osaka.<sup id="cite_ref-IetadaNikkiIgacross_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IetadaNikkiIgacross-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kōga ninja are said to have played a role in the later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a> (1600), where several hundred Kōga assisted soldiers under <a href="/wiki/Torii_Mototada" title="Torii Mototada">Torii Mototada</a> in the defence of <a href="/wiki/Fushimi_Castle" title="Fushimi Castle">Fushimi Castle</a>. After Tokugawa's victory at Sekigahara, the Iga acted as guards for the inner compounds of <a href="/wiki/Edo_Castle" title="Edo Castle">Edo Castle</a>, while the Kōga acted as a police force and assisted in guarding the outer gate.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_43_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_43-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1603, a group of ninja warriors from Iga clan led by Miura Yo'emon were assigned under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ii_Naomasa#Ii_clan's_Red_Demons_brigade" title="Ii Naomasa">Red Demon brigades</a> of Ii Naomasa, the daimyo of <a href="/wiki/Hikone,_Shiga" title="Hikone, Shiga">Hikone</a> under Tokugawa shogunate. </p><p>In 1608, a daimyo named <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Takatora" title="Tōdō Takatora">Tōdō Takatora</a> was assigned by Ieyasu to control of <a href="/wiki/Tsu_Domain" title="Tsu Domain">Tsu</a>, a newly established domain which covered portions of Iga and <a href="/wiki/Ise_Province" title="Ise Province">Ise Province</a>. The domain at first worth of to the 220,000,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakayama2015_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakayama2015-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then grow further in productivity to the total revenue of 320,000 koku under Takatora governance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaku_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaku-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that Tōdō Takatora employs the <a href="/wiki/Iga-ry%C5%AB" title="Iga-ryū">Iga-ryū</a> Ninjas. Aside from Ninjas, he also employs local clans of Iga province as "Musokunin", which is a class of part time Samurai who has been allowed to retain their clan name but does not own any land or <i><a href="/wiki/Han_system" title="Han system">Han</a></i>. The Musokunin also worked as farmer during peace, while they are obliged to take arms in the time of war.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenji_Fukui_2018_165_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenji_Fukui_2018_165-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iga_Musokunin;_Todo_Takatora_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iga_Musokunin;_Todo_Takatora-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Count_Todo;_695_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Count_Todo;_695-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1614, The Iga province warriors saw action during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">siege of Osaka</a>. Takatora brought the Musokunin auxiliaries from Iga province to besiege the Osaka castle during the winter phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Kenji_Fukui_2018_165_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kenji_Fukui_2018_165-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iga_Musokunin;_Todo_Takatora_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iga_Musokunin;_Todo_Takatora-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile the ninja units of Iga province were deployed under several commanders such as <a href="/wiki/Hattori_Hanz%C5%8D" title="Hattori Hanzō">Hattori Hanzō</a>, and Yamaoka Kagetsuge, and <a href="/wiki/Ii_Naotora" title="Ii Naotora">Ii Naotora</a>, heir of Naomasa who also given control of Ii clan's Red Demons ninjas after Naomasa died. Later in 1615, during the summer phase of Osaka siege, The Ii clan Red Demons ninjas led by Miura Yo'emon, Shimotani Sanzo, Okuda Kasa'emon, and Saga Kita'emon saw action once again during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tenn%C5%8Dji" title="Battle of Tennōji">Battle of Tennōji</a>, as they were reportedly fought together with the Tokugawa regular army storming on the south gate of Osaka castle. In 1614, the initial "winter campaign" at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a> saw the ninja in use once again. Miura Yoemon, a ninja in Tokugawa's service, recruited <i>shinobi</i> from the Iga region, and sent 10 ninja into <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka Castle</a> in an effort to foster antagonism between enemy commanders.During the later "summer campaign", these hired ninja fought alongside regular troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tenn%C5%8Dji" title="Battle of Tennōji">Battle of Tennōji</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shimabara_rebellion">Shimabara rebellion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninja_Historic_Illustration_18th_Century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ninja_Historic_Illustration_18th_Century.png/220px-Ninja_Historic_Illustration_18th_Century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ninja_Historic_Illustration_18th_Century.png/330px-Ninja_Historic_Illustration_18th_Century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ninja_Historic_Illustration_18th_Century.png/440px-Ninja_Historic_Illustration_18th_Century.png 2x" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Ninja historic illustration, Meiwa era, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1770</span></figcaption></figure> <p>A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> (1637–1638). The Kōga ninja were recruited by <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shōgun</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iemitsu" title="Tokugawa Iemitsu">Tokugawa Iemitsu</a> against <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christian</a> rebels led by <a href="/wiki/Amakusa_Shir%C5%8D" title="Amakusa Shirō">Amakusa Shirō</a>, who made a final stand at <a href="/wiki/Hara_Castle" title="Hara Castle">Hara Castle</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Hizen_Province" title="Hizen Province">Hizen Province</a>. A diary kept by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_clan" title="Matsudaira clan">Matsudaira clan</a>, the <i>Amakusa Gunki</i>, relates: "Men from Kōga in <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmi_Province" title="Ōmi Province">Ōmi Province</a> who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased." </p><p>The Ukai diary, written by a descendant of Ukai Kanemon, has several entries describing the reconnaissance actions taken by the Kōga. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They [the Kōga] were ordered to reconnoitre the plan of construction of Hara Castle, and surveyed the distance from the defensive <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> to the <i>ni-no-maru</i> (second <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">bailey</a>), the depth of the moat, the conditions of roads, the height of the wall, and the shape of the loopholes.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_51_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull_2003_51-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Entry: 6th day of the 1st month</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_Hara_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Remains_of_Hara_castle.jpg/220px-Remains_of_Hara_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Remains_of_Hara_castle.jpg/330px-Remains_of_Hara_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Remains_of_Hara_castle.jpg/440px-Remains_of_Hara_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Hara_Castle" title="Hara Castle">Hara Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Suspecting that the castle's supplies might be running low, the siege commander <a href="/wiki/Matsudaira_Nobutsuna" title="Matsudaira Nobutsuna">Matsudaira Nobutsuna</a> ordered a raid on the castle's provisions. Here, the Kōga captured bags of enemy provisions, and infiltrated the castle by night, obtaining secret passwords. Days later, Nobutsuna ordered an intelligence gathering mission to determine the castle's supplies. Several Kōga ninja—some apparently descended from those involved in the 1562 assault on an <a href="/wiki/Imagawa_clan" title="Imagawa clan">Imagawa clan</a> castle—volunteered despite being warned that chances of survival were slim. A volley of shots was fired into the sky, causing the defenders to extinguish the castle lights in preparation. Under the cloak of darkness, ninja disguised as defenders infiltrated the castle, capturing a banner of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a>. The Ukai diary writes, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We dispersed spies who were prepared to die inside Hara castle. ... those who went on the reconnaissance in force captured an enemy flag; both Arakawa Shichirobei and Mochizuki Yo'emon met extreme resistance and suffered from their serious wounds for 40 days.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Entry: 27th day of the 1st month</cite></div></blockquote> <p>As the siege went on, the extreme shortage of food later reduced the defenders to eating <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a> and grass. This desperation would mount to futile charges by the rebels, where they were eventually defeated by the shogunate army. The Kōga would later take part in conquering the castle: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>More and more general raids were begun, the Kōga ninja band under the direct control of Matsudaira Nobutsuna captured the <i>ni-no-maru</i> and the <i>san-no-maru</i> (outer bailey)</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Entry: 24th day of the 2nd month</cite></div></blockquote> <p>With the fall of Hara Castle, the Shimabara Rebellion came to an end, and Christianity in Japan was forced <a href="/wiki/Kakure_Kirishitan" title="Kakure Kirishitan">underground</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morton_Olenik_2004_122_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morton_Olenik_2004_122-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These written accounts are the last mention of ninja in war.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowdy_2006_52_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowdy_2006_52-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_period">Edo period</h3></div> <p>After the Shimabara Rebellion, there were almost no major wars or battles until the <i><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">bakumatsu</a></i> era. To earn a living, ninja had to be employed by the governments of their <i><a href="/wiki/Han_system" title="Han system">Han</a></i> (domain), or change their profession. Many lords still hired ninja, not for battle but as bodyguards or spies. Their duties included spying on other domains, guarding the daimyō, and fire patrol.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few domains like <a href="/wiki/Tsu_Domain" title="Tsu Domain">Tsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirosaki_Domain" title="Hirosaki Domain">Hirosaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saga_Domain" title="Saga Domain">Saga</a> continued to employ their own ninja into the <i>bakumatsu</i> era, although their precise numbers are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benkei_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benkei-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many former ninja were employed as security guards by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, though the role of espionage was transferred to newly created organizations like the <i>onmitsu</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Oniwaban" title="Oniwaban">oniwaban</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others used their <i>ninjutsu</i> knowledge to become doctors, medicine sellers, merchants, martial artists, and fireworks manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some unemployed ninja were reduced to banditry, such as <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Goemon" title="Ishikawa Goemon">Ishikawa Goemon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><b>Ninja employed in each domain, Edo period</b><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Han_system" title="Han system">Han</a></i> (domain) </th> <th>Number of ninja </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_Domain" title="Kishū Domain">Kishū Domain</a> </td> <td>200+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kishiwada_Domain" title="Kishiwada Domain">Kishiwada Domain</a> </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawagoe_Domain" title="Kawagoe Domain">Kawagoe Domain</a> </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsue_Domain" title="Matsue Domain">Matsue Domain</a> </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hirosaki_Domain" title="Hirosaki Domain">Hirosaki Domain</a> </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukui_Domain" title="Fukui Domain">Fukui Domain</a> </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hikone_Domain" title="Hikone Domain">Hikone Domain</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okayama_Domain" title="Okayama Domain">Okayama Domain</a> </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ak%C5%8D_Domain" title="Akō Domain">Akō Domain</a> </td> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oniwaban"><i>Oniwaban</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oniwaban" title="Oniwaban">Oniwaban</a></div> <p>In the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shogun</a> <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshimune" title="Tokugawa Yoshimune">Tokugawa Yoshimune</a> founded the <i>oniwaban</i> ("garden keepers"), an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secret_service" title="Secret service">secret service</a>. Members of the <i>oniwaban</i> were agents involved in collecting information on <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyō</a></i> and government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatusya_1991_443_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatusya_1991_443-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secretive nature of the <i>oniwaban</i>—along with the earlier tradition of using Iga and Kōga clan members as palace guards—have led some sources to define the <i>oniwabanshū</i> as "ninja".<sup id="cite_ref-Kawaguchi_2008_215_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawaguchi_2008_215-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This portrayal is also common in later novels and <i><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">jidaigeki</a></i>. However, there is no written link between the earlier <i>shinobi</i> and the later <i>oniwaban</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ninja_stereotypes_in_theatre">Ninja stereotypes in theatre</h4></div> <p>Many ubiquitous stereotypes about ninja were developed within Edo theatre. These include their black clothing, which was supposed to imitate the outfits worn by <a href="/wiki/Kuroko" title="Kuroko"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">kuroko</i></span></a>, stagehands meant to be ignored by the audience; and their use of <a href="/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shuriken</i></span></a>, which was meant to contrast with the use of swords by onstage samurai. In <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> theatre, ninja were "dishonorable and often sorcerous counterparts" to samurai, and possessed "almost, if not outright, magical means of camouflage."<sup id="cite_ref-Kamm_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kamm-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanrinseiyo_Middle_Volume_Ninja_Manual_1748.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kanrinseiyo_Middle_Volume_Ninja_Manual_1748.png/330px-Kanrinseiyo_Middle_Volume_Ninja_Manual_1748.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kanrinseiyo_Middle_Volume_Ninja_Manual_1748.png/495px-Kanrinseiyo_Middle_Volume_Ninja_Manual_1748.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kanrinseiyo_Middle_Volume_Ninja_Manual_1748.png/660px-Kanrinseiyo_Middle_Volume_Ninja_Manual_1748.png 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>A copy of the legendary 40-page book called <i>Kanrinseiyo</i> made in 1748</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1960 and 2010 artifacts dating to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odawara_(1590)" title="Siege of Odawara (1590)">Siege of Odawara (1590)</a> were uncovered which experts say are ninja weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ninja were spies and saboteurs and likely participated in the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hojo_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojo clan">Hojo clan</a> failed to save the castle from <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uncovered flat throwing stones are likely predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken">shuriken</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clay caltrops preceded <a href="/wiki/Makibishi" title="Makibishi">makibishi</a> caltrops.<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archeologist Iwata Akihiro of <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefectural_Museum_of_History_and_Folklore" title="Saitama Prefectural Museum of History and Folklore">Saitama Prefectural Museum of History and Folklore</a> said the flat throwing stones "were used to stop the movement of the enemy who was going to attack [a soldier] at any moment, and while the enemy freezed the soldier escaped,".<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clay caltrops could "stop the movement of the enemy who invaded the castle," These weapons were hastily constructed yet effective and used by a "battle group which can move into action as ninjas".<sup id="cite_ref-livescience_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livescience-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Jinichi_Kawakami" title="Jinichi Kawakami">Jinichi Kawakami</a>, the last authentic heir of <i>ninjutsu</i>, decided against passing on his teaching to any student, stating that the art of <i>ninjutsu</i> has no place in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Kawakami serves as the honorary director of the <a href="/wiki/Iga-ryu_Ninja_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Iga-ryu Ninja Museum">Iga-ryu Ninja Museum</a> and researches <i>ninjutsu</i> as a specially appointed professor at <a href="/wiki/Mie_University" title="Mie University">Mie University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mie_University" title="Mie University">Mie University</a> founded the world's first research centre devoted to the ninja in 2017. A graduate master course opened in 2018. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Iga,_Mie" title="Iga, Mie">Iga</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Mie_Prefecture" title="Mie Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a>). There are approximately 3 student enrollments per year. Students must pass an admission test about Japanese history and be able to read historical ninja documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Mie-University-Ninja_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mie-University-Ninja-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific researchers and scholars of different disciplines study ancient documents and how it can be used in the modern world.<sup id="cite_ref-Telangana_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telangana-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the 45-year-old Genichi Mitsuhashi was the first student to graduate from the master course of ninja studies at Mie University. For 2 years he studied historical records and the traditions of the martial art. Similar to the original ninja, by day he was a farmer and grew vegetables while he did ninja studies and trained martial arts in the afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-Mie-University-Ninja_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mie-University-Ninja-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 19, 2022, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dka,_Shiga" title="Kōka, Shiga">Kōka</a> city in <a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga Prefecture</a> announced that a written copy of "Kanrinseiyo", which is the original source of a famous book on the art of ninja called "Bansenshukai" (1676) from the Edo period was discovered in a warehouse of Kazuraki Shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-kanrinseiyo_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanrinseiyo-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The handwritten reproduction was produced in 1748.<sup id="cite_ref-sora1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sora1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book describes 48 types of ninjutsu.<sup id="cite_ref-kanrinseiyo_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanrinseiyo-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has information about specific methods such as attaching layers of cotton to the bottom of straw sandals to prevent noise when sneaking around, attacking to the right when surrounded by a large number of enemies, throwing charred owl and turtle powder when trying to hide, and casting spells.<sup id="cite_ref-kanrinseiyo_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanrinseiyo-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also clarified methods and how to manufacture and use ninjutsu tools, such as cane swords and "makibishi" (Japanese caltrop).<sup id="cite_ref-kanrinseiyo_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanrinseiyo-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2></div><p> The ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyōs</a></i>. Their primary roles were those of espionage and sabotage, although assassinations were also attributed to ninja. Although they were considered the anti-samurai and were disdained by those belonging to the samurai class, they were necessary for warfare and were even employed by the samurai themselves to carry out operations that were forbidden by <i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushidō</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoninki24_-_disguises.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shoninki24_-_disguises.gif/170px-Shoninki24_-_disguises.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shoninki24_-_disguises.gif/255px-Shoninki24_-_disguises.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Shoninki24_-_disguises.gif/340px-Shoninki24_-_disguises.gif 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dninki" title="Shōninki">Shōninki</a></i> (1681), detailing a list of possible disguises</figcaption></figure> <p>In his <i>Buke Myōmokushō</i>, military historian Hanawa Hokinoichi writes of the ninja: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>They travelled in disguise to other territories to judge the situation of the enemy, they would inveigle their way into the midst of the enemy to discover gaps, and enter enemy castles to set them on fire, and carried out assassinations, arriving in secret.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Espionage">Espionage</h3></div> <p>Espionage was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications, as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the <i>Nochi Kagami</i> briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Concerning ninja, they were said to be from Iga and Kōga, and went freely into enemy castles in secret. They observed hidden things, and were taken as being friends.</p></blockquote> <p>Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun#Shogunate" title="Shogun">bakufu</a></i>, at a time when the <i>bakufu</i> used the ninja in an intelligence network to monitor regional <i>daimyōs</i> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Imperial court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_327_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_327-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabotage">Sabotage</h3></div> <p>Arson was the primary form of sabotage practiced by the ninja, who targeted castles and camps. </p><p>The <i>Tamon-in Nikki</i> (16th century)—a diary written by abbot Eishun of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a> temple—describes an arson attack on a castle by men of the Iga clans. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This morning, the sixth day of the 11th month of <a href="/wiki/Tenbun" title="Tenbun">Tenbun</a> 10 [1541], the Iga-<i>shu </i>entered Kasagi castle in secret and set fire to a few of the priests' quarters. They also set fire to outbuildings in various places inside the <i>San-no-maru</i>. They captured the <i>ichi-no-maru</i> (inner <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">bailey</a>) and the <i>ni-no-maru</i> (second bailey).</p></blockquote> <p>In 1558, <a href="/wiki/Rokkaku_Yoshikata" title="Rokkaku Yoshikata">Rokkaku Yoshikata</a> employed a team of ninja to set fire to <a href="/wiki/Sawayama_Castle" title="Sawayama Castle">Sawayama Castle</a>. A <i>chūnin</i> captain led a force of 48 ninja into the castle by means of deception. In a technique dubbed <i>bakemono-jutsu</i> ("ghost technique"), his men stole a lantern bearing the enemy's family crest (<i><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">mon</a></i>), and proceeded to make replicas with the same <i>mon</i>. By wielding these lanterns, they were allowed to enter the castle without a fight. Once inside, the ninja set fire to the castle, and Yoshitaka's army would later emerge victorious. The mercenary nature of the <i>shinobi</i> is demonstrated in another arson attack soon after the burning of Sawayama Castle. In 1561, commanders acting under <a href="/wiki/Kizawa_Nagamasa" title="Kizawa Nagamasa">Kizawa Nagamasa</a> hired three Iga ninja of <i>genin</i> rank to assist the conquest of a fortress in <a href="/wiki/Maibara,_Shiga" title="Maibara, Shiga">Maibara</a>. Rokkaku Yoshitaka, the same man who had hired Iga ninja just years earlier, was the fortress holder—and target of attack. The <i>Asai Sandaiki</i> writes of their plans: "We employed <i>shinobi-no-mono</i> of Iga... They were contracted to set fire to the castle". However, the mercenary <i>shinobi</i> were unwilling to take commands. When the fire attack did not begin as scheduled, the Iga men told the commanders, who were not from the region, that they could not possibly understand the tactics of the <i>shinobi</i>. They then threatened to abandon the operation if they were not allowed to act on their own strategy. The fire was eventually set, allowing Nagamasa's army to capture the fortress in a chaotic rush. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h3></div> <p>A variety of countermeasures were taken to prevent the activities of the ninja. Precautions were often taken against assassinations, such as weapons concealed in the lavatory, or under a removable floorboard. Buildings were constructed with traps and trip wires attached to alarm bells.<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_128-129_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_128-129-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese castles were designed to be difficult to navigate, with winding routes leading to the inner compound. Blind spots and holes in walls provided constant surveillance of these labyrinthine paths, as exemplified in <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Castle" title="Nijō Castle">Nijō Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> is constructed with long <a href="/wiki/Nightingale_floor" title="Nightingale floor">"nightingale" floors</a>, which rested on metal hinges (<i>uguisu-bari</i>) specifically designed to squeak loudly when walked over. Grounds covered with <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> also provided early notice of unwanted intruders, and segregated buildings allowed fires to be better contained.<sup id="cite_ref-fieve_2003_116_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fieve_2003_116-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2></div> <p>The skills required of the ninja have come to be known in modern times as <i>ninjutsu</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">忍術</span></span>)</span>, but it is unlikely they were previously named under a single discipline, rather distributed among a variety of espionage and <a href="/wiki/Survival_skills" title="Survival skills">survival skills</a>. Some view <i>ninjutsu</i> as evidence that ninja were not simple mercenaries because texts contained not only information on combat training, but also information about daily needs, which even included mining techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guidance provided for daily work also included elements that enable the ninja to understand the martial qualities of even the most menial task.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These factors show how the <i>ninjutsu</i> established among the ninja class the fundamental principle of <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg/220px-Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg/330px-Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg/440px-Bansenshukai-v8-diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>This diagram from the <i><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></i> uses <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">esoteric cosmology</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" title="Onmyōdō">onmyōdō</a></i>) to instruct on the ideal time for taking certain actions.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first specialized training began in the mid-15th century, when certain samurai families started to focus on covert warfare, including espionage and assassination. According to Turnbull, the ninja was trained from childhood, as was also common in samurai families. </p><p>Outside the expected martial art disciplines, a youth studied survival and scouting techniques, as well as information regarding <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>. Physical training was also important, which involved long-distance runs, climbing, stealth methods of walking<sup id="cite_ref-Green_2001_359-360_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2001_359-360-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-Deal_2007_156_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deal_2007_156-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A certain degree of knowledge regarding common professions was also required if one was expected to take their form in disguise.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_14_15_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull_2003_14_15-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some evidence of medical training can be derived from one account, where an Iga ninja provided first-aid to <a href="/wiki/Ii_Naomasa" title="Ii Naomasa">Ii Naomasa</a>, who was injured by gunfire in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sekigahara" title="Battle of Sekigahara">Battle of Sekigahara</a>. Here the ninja reportedly gave Naomasa a "black medicine" meant to stop bleeding. </p><p>With the fall of the Iga and Kōga clans, <i><a href="/wiki/Daimyo" title="Daimyo">daimyōs</a></i> could no longer recruit professional ninja, and were forced to train their own <i>shinobi</i>. The <i>shinobi</i> was considered a real profession, as demonstrated in the 1649 <i><a href="/wiki/Shogun#Shogunate" title="Shogun">bakufu</a></i> law on military service, which declared that only <i>daimyōs</i> with an income of over 10,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">koku</a></i> were allowed to retain <i>shinobi</i>. In the two centuries that followed, a number of <i>ninjutsu</i> manuals were written by descendants of Hattori Hanzō as well as members of the Fujibayashi clan, an offshoot of the Hattori. Major examples include the <i><a href="/wiki/Ninpiden" title="Ninpiden">Ninpiden</a></i> (1655), the <i><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></i> (1675), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dninki" title="Shōninki">Shōninki</a></i> (1681).<sup id="cite_ref-Green_2001_358_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2001_358-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Modern_schools_of_ninjutsu" title="Modern schools of ninjutsu">Modern schools that claim to train <i>ninjutsu</i></a> arose from the 1970s, including that of <a href="/wiki/Masaaki_Hatsumi" title="Masaaki Hatsumi">Masaaki Hatsumi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bujinkan" title="Bujinkan">Bujinkan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_K._Hayes" title="Stephen K. Hayes">Stephen K. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jinichi_Kawakami" title="Jinichi Kawakami">Jinichi Kawakami</a> (Banke Shinobinoden). The lineage and authenticity of these schools are a matter of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics">Tactics</h3></div> <p>The <i>Mikawa Go Fudoki</i> gives an account where a coordinated team of attackers used <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">passwords</a> to communicate. The account also gives a case of deception, where the attackers dressed in the same clothes as the defenders, causing much confusion. When a retreat was needed during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Osaka" title="Siege of Osaka">Siege of Osaka</a>, ninja were commanded to fire upon friendly troops from behind, causing the troops to charge backwards to attack a perceived enemy. This tactic was used again later on as a method of crowd dispersal. </p><p>Most <i>ninjutsu</i> techniques recorded in scrolls and manuals revolve around ways to avoid detection, and methods of escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Green_2001_358_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2001_358-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These techniques were loosely grouped under corresponding natural elements. Some examples are: </p> <ul><li><i>Hitsuke</i>: The practice of distracting guards by starting a fire away from the ninja's planned point of entry. Falls under "fire techniques" (<i>katon-no-jutsu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_125_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_125-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tanuki-gakure</i>: The practice of climbing a tree and camouflaging oneself within the <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">foliage</a>. Falls under "wood techniques" (<i>mokuton-no-jutsu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_125_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_125-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ukigusa-gakure</i>: The practice of throwing <a href="/wiki/Lemnoideae" title="Lemnoideae">duckweed</a> over water to conceal underwater movement. Falls under "water techniques" (<i>suiton-no-jutsu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_125_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_125-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Uzura-gakure</i>: The practice of curling into a ball and remaining motionless to appear like a <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a>. Falls under "earth techniques" (<i>doton-no-jutsu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_125_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_125-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disguises">Disguises</h3></div> <p>The use of disguises is common and well documented. Disguises came in the form of priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants, <i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">rōnin</a></i>, and monks.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowdy_2006_51_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowdy_2006_51-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Buke Myōmokushō</i> states, </p><p>{{blockquote|<i>Shinobi-monomi</i> were people used in secret ways, and their duties were to go into the mountains and disguise themselves as firewood gatherers to discover and acquire the news about an enemy's territory... they were particularly expert at travelling in disguise. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/170px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/255px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg/340px-Komuso_Buddhist_monk_beggar_Kita-kamakura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="3084" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Komus%C5%8D" title="Komusō">komusō</a></i> monk is one of many possible disguises.</figcaption></figure> <p>A mountain ascetic (<i><a href="/wiki/Yamabushi" title="Yamabushi">yamabushi</a></i>) attire facilitated travel, as they were common and could travel freely between political boundaries. The loose robes of Buddhist priests also allowed concealed weapons, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">tantō</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deal_2007_161_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deal_2007_161-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">Minstrel</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">sarugaku</a></i> outfits could have allowed the ninja to spy in enemy buildings without rousing suspicion. Disguises as a <i><a href="/wiki/Komus%C5%8D" title="Komusō">komusō</a></i>, a mendicant monk known for playing the <i><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi" title="Shakuhachi">shakuhachi</a></i>, were also effective, as the large "basket" hats traditionally worn by them concealed the head completely. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2></div> <p>Ninja used a large variety of tools and weaponry, some of which were commonly known, but others were more specialized. Most were tools used in the infiltration of castles. A wide range of specialized equipment is described and illustrated in the 17th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></i>, including climbing equipment, extending spears,<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_48_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull_2003_48-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a>-propelled arrows, and small collapsible boats.<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_128_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outerwear">Outerwear</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuro-Shozoku-Ninja-Costume-at-Iga-Ninja-Museum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kuro-Shozoku-Ninja-Costume-at-Iga-Ninja-Museum.png/170px-Kuro-Shozoku-Ninja-Costume-at-Iga-Ninja-Museum.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kuro-Shozoku-Ninja-Costume-at-Iga-Ninja-Museum.png/255px-Kuro-Shozoku-Ninja-Costume-at-Iga-Ninja-Museum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Kuro-Shozoku-Ninja-Costume-at-Iga-Ninja-Museum.png/340px-Kuro-Shozoku-Ninja-Costume-at-Iga-Ninja-Museum.png 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Kuro shozoku ninja costume and waraji (sandals). The image of the ninja costume being black is strong. However, in reality, ninjas wore navy blue-dyed farmers' working clothes, which were also believed to repel vipers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gappa_travel_cape_and_zunin_with_kusari_armor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gappa_travel_cape_and_zunin_with_kusari_armor.jpg/170px-Gappa_travel_cape_and_zunin_with_kusari_armor.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gappa_travel_cape_and_zunin_with_kusari_armor.jpg/255px-Gappa_travel_cape_and_zunin_with_kusari_armor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Gappa_travel_cape_and_zunin_with_kusari_armor.jpg/340px-Gappa_travel_cape_and_zunin_with_kusari_armor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Antique Japanese <i>gappa</i> (travel cape) and cloth <i>zukin</i> (hood) with <i>kusari</i> (chain armour) concealed underneath</figcaption></figure> <p>While the image of a ninja clad in black garb (<i>shinobi shōzoku</i>) is prevalent in popular media, there is no hard evidence for such attire. It is theorized that, instead, it was much more common for the ninja to be disguised as civilians. The popular notion of black clothing may be rooted in artistic convention; early drawings of ninja showed them dressed in black to portray a sense of invisibility.; Turnbull uses the name <i>Buke Meimokushō</i>, an alternate reading for the same title. The <i>Buke Myōmokushō</i> cited here is a much more common reading.</ref> This convention may have been borrowed from the puppet handlers of <i><a href="/wiki/Bunraku" title="Bunraku">bunraku</a></i> theater, who dressed in total black in an effort to simulate <a href="/wiki/Prop" title="Prop">props</a> moving independently of their controls.<sup id="cite_ref-Howell_1999_211_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howell_1999_211-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been put forward by some authorities that black robes, perhaps slightly tainted with red to hide bloodstains, was indeed the sensible garment of choice for infiltration. </p><p>Clothing used was similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, but loose garments (such as leggings) were tucked into trousers or secured with belts. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tenugui" title="Tenugui">tenugui</a></i>, a piece of cloth also used in martial arts, had many functions. It could be used to cover the face, form a belt, or assist in climbing. </p><p>The historicity of armor specifically made for ninja cannot be ascertained. While pieces of light armor purportedly worn by ninja exist and date to the right time, there is no hard evidence of their use in ninja operations. Depictions of famous persons later deemed ninja often show them in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">samurai armor</a>. There were lightweight concealable types of armour made with <a href="/wiki/Kusari_(Japanese_mail_armour)" title="Kusari (Japanese mail armour)"><i>kusari</i></a> (chain armour) and small armor plates such as <a href="/wiki/Karuta_(armour)" title="Karuta (armour)"><i>karuta</i></a> that could have been worn by ninja including <i>katabira</i> (jackets) made with armour hidden between layers of cloth. Shin and arm guards, along with metal-reinforced hoods are also speculated to make up the ninja's armor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninpiden_kuroro_kagi_breaker.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ninpiden_kuroro_kagi_breaker.gif/170px-Ninpiden_kuroro_kagi_breaker.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ninpiden_kuroro_kagi_breaker.gif/255px-Ninpiden_kuroro_kagi_breaker.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ninpiden_kuroro_kagi_breaker.gif/340px-Ninpiden_kuroro_kagi_breaker.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <i><a href="/wiki/Ninpiden" title="Ninpiden">Ninpiden</a></i>, showing a tool for breaking locks</figcaption></figure> <p>Tools used for infiltration and espionage are some of the most abundant artifacts related to the ninja. Ropes and <a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">grappling hooks</a> were common, and were tied to the belt. A collapsible ladder is illustrated in the <i>Bansenshukai</i>, featuring spikes at both ends to anchor the ladder.Spiked or hooked climbing gear worn on the hands and feet also doubled as weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Mol_2003_121_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mol_2003_121-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other implements include <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">drills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickaxe" title="Pickaxe">picks</a>, and so forth. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Kunai" title="Kunai">kunai</a></i> was a heavy pointed tool, possibly derived from the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> <a href="/wiki/Trowel" title="Trowel">trowel</a>, which it closely resembles. Although it is often portrayed in popular culture as a weapon, the <i>kunai</i> was primarily used for gouging holes in walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_61_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull_2003_61-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knives and small saws (<i>hamagari</i>) were also used to create holes in buildings, where they served as a foothold or a passage of entry. A portable listening device (<i>saoto hikigane</i>) was used to eavesdrop on conversations and detect sounds. A line reel device known as a Toihikinawa (間引縄 / probing pulling rope) was used in pitch dark for finding the distance and route of entry. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mizugumo" title="Mizugumo">mizugumo</a></i> was a set of wooden shoes supposedly allowing the ninja to walk on water.<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_128_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were meant to work by distributing the wearer's weight over the shoes' wide bottom surface. The word <i>mizugumo</i> is derived from the native name for the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_water_spider" title="Japanese water spider">Japanese water spider</a> (<i>Argyroneta aquatica japonica</i>). The <i>mizugumo</i> was featured on the show <i><a href="/wiki/MythBusters" title="MythBusters">MythBusters</a></i>, where it was demonstrated unfit for walking on water. The <i>ukidari</i>, a similar footwear for walking on water, also existed in the form of a flat round <a href="/wiki/Bucket" title="Bucket">bucket</a>, but was probably quite unstable. Inflatable skins and breathing tubes allowed the ninja to stay underwater for longer periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_329_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_329-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Goshiki-mai</i> (go, <i>five</i>; shiki, <i>color</i>; mai, <i>rice</i>) colored (red, blue, yellow, black, purple)<sup id="cite_ref-japandaily-2630_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japandaily-2630-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rice grains were used in a code system,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to make trails that could be followed later.<sup id="cite_ref-Yoda-978-1-4629-0882-0_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoda-978-1-4629-0882-0-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bull-978-1-932897-51-7_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull-978-1-932897-51-7-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the large array of tools available to the ninja, the <i>Bansenshukai</i> warns one not to be overburdened with equipment, stating "a successful ninja is one who uses but one tool for multiple tasks".<sup id="cite_ref-Green_2001_359_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green_2001_359-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaponry">Weaponry</h3></div> <p>Although shorter swords and daggers were used, the <i><a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">katana</a></i> was probably the ninja's weapon of choice, and was sometimes carried on the back. The <i>katana</i> had several uses beyond normal combat. In dark places, the scabbard could be extended out of the sword, and used as a long probing device.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_52_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_52-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sword could also be laid against the wall, where the ninja could use the sword guard (<i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings#Tsuba" title="Japanese sword mountings">tsuba</a></i>) to gain a higher foothold.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_49_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_49-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>katana</i> could even be used as a device to stun enemies before attacking them, by putting a combination of red pepper, dirt or dust, and iron filings into the area near the top of the scabbard, so that as the sword was drawn the concoction would fly into the enemy's eyes, stunning him until a lethal blow could be made. While straight swords were used before the invention of the <i>katana</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Reed_1880_269_270_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed_1880_269_270-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there's no known historical information about the straight <i><a href="/wiki/Ninjat%C5%8D" title="Ninjatō">ninjatō</a></i> pre-20th century. The first photograph of a <i>ninjatō</i> appeared in a booklet by Heishichirō Okuse in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2025)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A replica of a <i>ninjatō</i> is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Ninja_Museum_of_Igaryu" title="Ninja Museum of Igaryu">Ninja Museum of Igaryu</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kusarigama-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kusarigama-crop.jpg/220px-Kusarigama-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kusarigama-crop.jpg/330px-Kusarigama-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kusarigama-crop.jpg/440px-Kusarigama-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <i><a href="/wiki/Kusarigama" title="Kusarigama">kusarigama</a></i>, on display in <a href="/wiki/Iwakuni_Castle" title="Iwakuni Castle">Iwakuni Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An array of <a href="/wiki/Dart_(missile)" title="Dart (missile)">darts</a>, spikes, <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knives</a>, and sharp, star-shaped discs were known collectively as <i><a href="/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken">shuriken</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not exclusive to the ninja,<sup id="cite_ref-Mol_2003_119_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mol_2003_119-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were an important part of the arsenal, where they could be thrown in any direction.<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_328_329_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_328_329-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bows</a> were used for sharpshooting, and some ninjas' bows were intentionally made smaller than the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">yumi</a></i> (longbow).<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_328_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_328-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chain and sickle (<i><a href="/wiki/Kusarigama" title="Kusarigama">kusarigama</a></i>) was also used by the ninja.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_55_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_55-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This weapon consisted of a weight on one end of a chain, and a sickle (<i><a href="/wiki/Kama_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama (weapon)">kama</a></i>) on the other. The weight was swung to injure or disable an opponent, and the sickle used to kill at close range. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosives</a> introduced from China were known in Japan by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol Invasions</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bunch_Hellemans2004_161_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunch_Hellemans2004_161-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, explosives such as hand-held bombs and <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> were adopted by the ninja.<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_329_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_329-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soft-cased bombs were designed to release smoke or poison gas, along with fragmentation explosives packed with iron or ceramic <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">shrapnel</a>. </p><p>Along with common <i>shinobi buki</i> (ninja weapons), a large assortment of miscellaneous arms were associated with the ninja.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples include <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poison</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Makibishi" title="Makibishi">makibishi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">caltrops</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Mol_2003_176_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mol_2003_176-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings#Shikomizue" title="Japanese sword mountings">shikomizue</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Swordstick" title="Swordstick">cane swords</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Mol_2003_195_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mol_2003_195-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_127_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_127-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fukiya" title="Fukiya">fukiya</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">blowguns</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arrow_poison" title="Arrow poison">poisoned darts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a>-spurting tubes, and <i><a href="/wiki/Teppo_jutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Teppo jutsu">teppo jutsu</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_1991_329_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti_1991_329-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>happō</i>, a small eggshell filled with <i><a href="/wiki/Metsubushi" title="Metsubushi">metsubushi</a></i> (blinding powder), was also used to facilitate escape.<sup id="cite_ref-Mol_2003_124_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mol_2003_124-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legendary_abilities">Legendary abilities</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Superhuman" title="Superhuman">Superhuman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> powers were often associated with the ninja with a style of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> in ninjutsu. Some legends include <a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">flight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">invisibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">shapeshifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleportation</a>, the ability to "split" into multiple bodies (<i>bunshin</i>), the summoning of animals (<i>kuchiyose</i>), and control over the <a href="/wiki/Godai_(Japanese_philosophy)" title="Godai (Japanese philosophy)">five classical elements</a>. These fabulous notions have stemmed from popular imagination regarding the ninja's mysterious status, as well as romantic ideas found in later Japanese art of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. Magical powers were rooted in the ninja's own <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a> efforts to disseminate fanciful information. For example, Nakagawa Shoshunjin, the 17th-century founder of Nakagawa-ryū, claimed in his own writings (<i>Okufuji Monogatari</i>) that he had the ability to transform into birds and animals. </p><p>Perceived control over the elements may be grounded in real tactics, which were categorized by association with forces of nature. For example, the practice of starting fires to cover a ninja's trail falls under <i>katon-no-jutsu</i> ("fire techniques").<sup id="cite_ref-Mol_2003_176_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mol_2003_176-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By dressing in identical clothing, a coordinated team of ninjas could instill the perception of a single assailant being in multiple locations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actor-as-nikki-danjo-kunisada-1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Actor-as-nikki-danjo-kunisada-1857.jpg/170px-Actor-as-nikki-danjo-kunisada-1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Actor-as-nikki-danjo-kunisada-1857.jpg/255px-Actor-as-nikki-danjo-kunisada-1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Actor-as-nikki-danjo-kunisada-1857.jpg/340px-Actor-as-nikki-danjo-kunisada-1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Actor portraying Nikki Danjō, a villain from the kabuki play <i>Sendai Hagi</i>. Shown with hands in a <i><a href="/wiki/Kuji-in" title="Kuji-in">kuji-in</a></i> seal, which allows him to transform into a giant rat. Woodblock print on paper. <a href="/wiki/Kunisada" title="Kunisada">Kunisada</a>, 1857.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ninja's adaption of <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kites</a> in espionage and warfare is another subject of legends. Accounts exist of ninja being lifted into the air by kites, where they flew over hostile terrain and descended into, or dropped bombs on enemy territory.<sup id="cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_128_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kites were indeed used in Japanese warfare, but mostly for the purpose of sending messages and relaying signals.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_257_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002_257-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turnbull suggests that kites lifting a man into midair might have been technically feasible, but states that the use of kites to form a human "<a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">hang glider</a>" falls squarely in the realm of fantasy.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_22_23_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull_2003_22_23-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuji-kiri">Kuji-kiri</h3></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kuji-kiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuji-kiri">Kuji-kiri</a></i> is an esoteric practice which, when performed with an array of hand "seals" (<i><a href="/wiki/Kuji-in" title="Kuji-in">kuji-in</a></i>), was meant to allow the ninja to enact superhuman feats. </p><p>The <i>kuji</i> ("nine characters") is a concept originating from <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, where it was a string of nine words used in charms and incantations.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_2_3_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_2_3-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, this tradition mixed with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> beliefs, assigning each of the nine words to a Buddhist deity. The <i>kuji</i> may have arrived in Japan via Buddhism,<sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_8_11_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_8_11-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it flourished within <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_13_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_13-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here too, each word in the <i>kuji</i> was associated with Buddhist deities, animals from Taoist mythology, and later, Shinto <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_24_27_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_24_27-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudrā</a></i>, a series of hand symbols representing different Buddhas, was applied to the <i>kuji</i> by Buddhists, possibly through the esoteric <i><a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">Mikkyō</a></i> teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_24_25_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_24_25-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Yamabushi" title="Yamabushi">yamabushi</a></i> ascetics of Shugendō adopted this practice, using the hand gestures in spiritual, healing, and <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Teeuwen_Rambelli_2002_327_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teeuwen_Rambelli_2002_327-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the use of <i>kuji</i> passed onto certain <i><a href="/wiki/Bud%C5%8D#Bujutsu" title="Budō">bujutsu</a></i> (martial arts) and <i>ninjutsu</i> schools, where it was said to have many purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_31_33_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_31_33-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application of <i>kuji</i> to produce a desired effect was called "cutting" (<i>kiri</i>) the <i>kuji</i>. Intended effects range from physical and mental concentration, to more incredible claims about rendering an opponent immobile, or even the casting of magical spells.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_29_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_29-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These legends were captured in popular culture, which interpreted the <i>kuji-kiri</i> as a precursor to magical acts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_ninja">Foreign ninja</h2></div> <p>On February 25, 2018, Yamada Yūji, the professor of <a href="/wiki/Mie_University" title="Mie University">Mie University</a> and historian Nakanishi Gō announced that they had identified three people who were successful in early modern <a href="/wiki/Ureshino,_Saga" title="Ureshino, Saga">Ureshino</a>, including the ninja Benkei Musō (弁慶夢想).<sup id="cite_ref-Benkei_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benkei-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benkei2_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benkei2-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musō is thought to be the same person as <a href="/wiki/Denrinb%C5%8D_Raikei" title="Denrinbō Raikei">Denrinbō Raikei</a> (伝林坊頼慶), the Chinese disciple of <a href="/wiki/Marume_Nagayoshi" title="Marume Nagayoshi">Marume Nagayoshi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benkei2_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benkei2-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came as a shock when the existence of a foreign samurai was verified by authorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_people">Famous people</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumawakamaru_by_kuniyoshi_-_24_paragons_of_filial_piety.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kumawakamaru_by_kuniyoshi_-_24_paragons_of_filial_piety.jpg/170px-Kumawakamaru_by_kuniyoshi_-_24_paragons_of_filial_piety.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kumawakamaru_by_kuniyoshi_-_24_paragons_of_filial_piety.jpg/255px-Kumawakamaru_by_kuniyoshi_-_24_paragons_of_filial_piety.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Kumawakamaru_by_kuniyoshi_-_24_paragons_of_filial_piety.jpg/340px-Kumawakamaru_by_kuniyoshi_-_24_paragons_of_filial_piety.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hino_Kunimitsu" title="Hino Kunimitsu">Kumawakamaru</a> escapes his pursuers by swinging across the moat on a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McCullough_2004_49_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCullough_2004_49-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woodblock print on paper. <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi" title="Utagawa Kuniyoshi">Kuniyoshi</a>, 1842–1843.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many famous people in Japanese history have been associated or identified as ninja, but their status as ninja is difficult to prove and may be the product of later imagination. Rumors surrounding famous warriors, such as <a href="/wiki/Kusunoki_Masashige" title="Kusunoki Masashige">Kusunoki Masashige</a> or <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_no_Yoshitsune" title="Minamoto no Yoshitsune">Minamoto no Yoshitsune</a> sometimes describe them as ninja, but there is little evidence for these claims. </p><p>Some well known examples include: </p> <ul><li>Kumawaka (the 16th century): a suppa (ninja) who served <a href="/wiki/Obu_Toramasa" title="Obu Toramasa">Obu Toramasa</a> (1504– 1565), a vassal of <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Shingen" title="Takeda Shingen">Takeda Shingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattori_Hanz%C5%8D" title="Hattori Hanzō">Hattori Hanzō</a> (1542–1596): a samurai serving under <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>. His ancestry in Iga province, along with <i>ninjutsu</i> manuals published by his descendants have led some sources to define him as a ninja.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_34_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_34-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This depiction is also common in popular culture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikawa_Goemon" title="Ishikawa Goemon">Ishikawa Goemon</a> (1558–1594): Goemon reputedly tried to drip poison from a thread into <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>'s mouth through a hiding spot in the ceiling,<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_160_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_160-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many fanciful tales exist about Goemon, and this story cannot be confirmed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a> (d. 1603): a ninja rumored to have killed Hattori Hanzō, with whom he was supposedly rivals. The fictional weapon <i><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D#In_folklore_and_popular_culture" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma shuriken</a></i> is named after him.</li> <li>Momochi Sandayū (16th century): a leader of the Iga ninja clans, who supposedly perished during Oda Nobunaga's attack on Iga province. There is some belief that he escaped death and lived as a farmer in <a href="/wiki/Kii_Province" title="Kii Province">Kii Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1970_42_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1970_42-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Momochi is also a branch of the Hattori clan.</li> <li>Fujibayashi Nagato (16th century): considered to be one of three "greatest" Iga <i>jōnin</i>, the other two being Hattori Hanzō and Momochi Sandayū. Fujibayashi's descendants wrote and edited the <i>Bansenshukai</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Danz%C5%8D" title="Katō Danzō">Katō Danzō</a> (1503–1569): a famed 16th-century ninja master during the Sengoku period who was also known as "Flying Katō".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wada_Koremasa" title="Wada Koremasa">Wada Koremasa</a> (1536–1571): a powerful Kōka samurai ninja who in 1568 allied with the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a>, at which point he relocated to <a href="/wiki/Settsu_Province" title="Settsu Province">Settsu Province</a>.</li> <li>Shimotsuge no Kizaru (16th century): an influential Iga ninja who in 1560 successfully led an attack on <a href="/wiki/Kashihara,_Nara" title="Kashihara, Nara">Tōichi Castle</a>.</li> <li>Takino Jurobei (16th century): The commander of some of the final resistance against Oda Nobunaga in his invasion of Iga. Momochi Sandayu, Fujibayashi Nagato no Kami, and Hattori Hanzō served as his officers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ninjas_in_popular_culture" title="Ninjas in popular culture">Ninjas in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogata_Shuma_vs_Python_from_Suikoden_of_Japanese_Heroes_by_Utagawa_Kuniyoshi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ogata_Shuma_vs_Python_from_Suikoden_of_Japanese_Heroes_by_Utagawa_Kuniyoshi.png/170px-Ogata_Shuma_vs_Python_from_Suikoden_of_Japanese_Heroes_by_Utagawa_Kuniyoshi.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ogata_Shuma_vs_Python_from_Suikoden_of_Japanese_Heroes_by_Utagawa_Kuniyoshi.png/255px-Ogata_Shuma_vs_Python_from_Suikoden_of_Japanese_Heroes_by_Utagawa_Kuniyoshi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ogata_Shuma_vs_Python_from_Suikoden_of_Japanese_Heroes_by_Utagawa_Kuniyoshi.png/340px-Ogata_Shuma_vs_Python_from_Suikoden_of_Japanese_Heroes_by_Utagawa_Kuniyoshi.png 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jiraiya" title="Jiraiya">Jiraiya</a> battles a giant python with the help of his summoned <a href="/wiki/Japanese_common_toad" title="Japanese common toad">toad</a>. Woodblock print on paper. <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Kuniyoshi" title="Utagawa Kuniyoshi">Kuniyoshi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1843</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The image of the ninja entered popular culture in the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">folktales</a> and plays about ninja were conceived. Stories about the ninja are usually based on historical figures. For instance, many similar tales exist about a <i>daimyō</i> challenging a ninja to prove his worth, usually by stealing his pillow or weapon while he slept.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_14_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull_2003_14-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novels were written about the ninja, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Jiraiya" title="Jiraiya">Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari</a></i>, which was also made into a <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> play. Fictional figures such as <a href="/wiki/Sarutobi_Sasuke" title="Sarutobi Sasuke">Sarutobi Sasuke</a> would eventually make their way into comics and television, where they have come to enjoy a <a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">culture hero</a> status outside their original mediums. </p><p>Ninja appear in many forms of Japanese and Western popular media, including books (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Kouga_Ninja_Scrolls" title="The Kouga Ninja Scrolls">Kōga Ninpōchō</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">movies</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Enter_the_Ninja" title="Enter the Ninja">Enter the Ninja</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Ninja" title="Revenge of the Ninja">Revenge of the Ninja</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Assassin" title="Ninja Assassin">Ninja Assassin</a></i>), television (<i><a href="/wiki/Akakage" class="mw-redirect" title="Akakage">Akakage</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_(American_TV_series)" title="The Master (American TV series)">The Master</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sasuke_(TV_series)" title="Sasuke (TV series)">Ninja Warrior</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_video_games" title="List of ninja video games">video games</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shinobi_(series)" title="Shinobi (series)">Shinobi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Gaiden" title="Ninja Gaiden">Ninja Gaiden</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tenchu" title="Tenchu">Tenchu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sekiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekiro">Sekiro</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Tsushima" title="Ghost of Tsushima">Ghost of Tsushima</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naruto" title="Naruto">Naruto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Scroll" title="Ninja Scroll">Ninja Scroll</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gatchaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatchaman">Gatchaman</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Basilisk_(manga)" title="Basilisk (manga)">Basilisk</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Hattori-kun" title="Ninja Hattori-kun">Ninja Hattori-kun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Azumi" title="Azumi">Azumi</a></i>), Western animation (<i><a href="/wiki/Ninjago_(TV_series)" title="Ninjago (TV series)">Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu</a></i>) and American comic books (<i><a href="/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles" title="Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles">Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles</a></i>). From ancient Japan to the modern world media, popular depictions range from the realistic to the fantastically exaggerated, both fundamentally and aesthetically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tekko-Kagi_Ninja1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tekko-kagi, hand claws"><img alt="Tekko-kagi, hand claws" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tekko-Kagi_Ninja1.jpg/139px-Tekko-Kagi_Ninja1.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tekko-Kagi_Ninja1.jpg/209px-Tekko-Kagi_Ninja1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tekko-Kagi_Ninja1.jpg/279px-Tekko-Kagi_Ninja1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Tekko-kagi</i>, hand claws</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashiko_cleats.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashiko, iron climbing cleats"><img alt="Ashiko, iron climbing cleats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ashiko_cleats.JPG/200px-Ashiko_cleats.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ashiko_cleats.JPG/300px-Ashiko_cleats.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ashiko_cleats.JPG/400px-Ashiko_cleats.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ashiko</i>, iron climbing cleats</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashiko_cleats_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashiko, iron climbing cleats"><img alt="Ashiko, iron climbing cleats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ashiko_cleats_1.JPG/200px-Ashiko_cleats_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ashiko_cleats_1.JPG/300px-Ashiko_cleats_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ashiko_cleats_1.JPG/400px-Ashiko_cleats_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ashiko</i>, iron climbing cleats</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaginawa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaginawa, iron climbing hook"><img alt="Kaginawa, iron climbing hook" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kaginawa.JPG/200px-Kaginawa.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kaginawa.JPG/300px-Kaginawa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kaginawa.JPG/400px-Kaginawa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Kaginawa" title="Kaginawa">Kaginawa</a></i>, iron climbing hook</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shikomizue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shikomizue, a cane sword"><img alt="Shikomizue, a cane sword" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shikomizue.JPG/200px-Shikomizue.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shikomizue.JPG/300px-Shikomizue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shikomizue.JPG/400px-Shikomizue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings#Shikomizue" title="Japanese sword mountings">Shikomizue</a></i>, a cane sword</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makibishi.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Makibishi, iron caltrops"><img alt="Makibishi, iron caltrops" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Makibishi.JPG/200px-Makibishi.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Makibishi.JPG/300px-Makibishi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Makibishi.JPG/400px-Makibishi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Makibishi" title="Makibishi">Makibishi</a></i>, iron caltrops</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuriken.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bo-shuriken, throwing darts"><img alt="Bo-shuriken, throwing darts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shuriken.JPG/200px-Shuriken.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shuriken.JPG/300px-Shuriken.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Shuriken.JPG/400px-Shuriken.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken"><i>Bo-shuriken</i></a>, throwing darts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4_bo_shuriken.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bo-shuriken, with linen flights"><img alt="Bo-shuriken, with linen flights" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/4_bo_shuriken.JPG/200px-4_bo_shuriken.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/4_bo_shuriken.JPG/300px-4_bo_shuriken.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/4_bo_shuriken.JPG/400px-4_bo_shuriken.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken"><i>Bo-shuriken</i></a>, with linen flights</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_chigiriki.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chigiriki, chain and weight weapons"><img alt="Chigiriki, chain and weight weapons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2_chigiriki.JPG/150px-2_chigiriki.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2_chigiriki.JPG/225px-2_chigiriki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/2_chigiriki.JPG/300px-2_chigiriki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Chigiriki" title="Chigiriki">Chigiriki</a></i>, chain and weight weapons</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_kusarigama.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kusarigama, a chain and sickle"><img alt="Kusarigama, a chain and sickle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Small_kusarigama.JPG/200px-Small_kusarigama.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Small_kusarigama.JPG/300px-Small_kusarigama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Small_kusarigama.JPG/400px-Small_kusarigama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Kusarigama" title="Kusarigama">Kusarigama</a></i>, a chain and sickle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manriki.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kusari-fundo, a chain weapon"><img alt="Kusari-fundo, a chain weapon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Manriki.JPG/200px-Manriki.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Manriki.JPG/300px-Manriki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Manriki.JPG/400px-Manriki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Kusari-fundo" title="Kusari-fundo">Kusari-fundo</a></i>, a chain weapon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninja_type_weapons.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Various concealable weapons"><img alt="Various concealable weapons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ninja_type_weapons.JPG/200px-Ninja_type_weapons.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ninja_type_weapons.JPG/300px-Ninja_type_weapons.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ninja_type_weapons.JPG/400px-Ninja_type_weapons.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Various concealable weapons</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kusari_katabira4.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chain mail shirt (Kusari katabira)"><img alt="Chain mail shirt (Kusari katabira)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kusari_katabira4.JPG/150px-Kusari_katabira4.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kusari_katabira4.JPG/225px-Kusari_katabira4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Kusari_katabira4.JPG/300px-Kusari_katabira4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">Chain mail</a> shirt (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kusari_(Japanese_mail_armour)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kusari (Japanese mail armour)"><i>Kusari katabira</i></a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khevtuul" class="mw-redirect" title="Khevtuul">Khevtuul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunoichi" title="Kunoichi">Kunoichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_schools_of_ninjutsu" title="Modern schools of ninjutsu">Modern schools of ninjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Museum_of_Igaryu" title="Ninja Museum of Igaryu">Ninja Museum of Igaryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Order of Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Musashi_Shinobi_Samurai" title="Order of Musashi Shinobi Samurai">Order of Musashi Shinobi Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_special_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-modern special forces">Pre-modern special forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Imatani Akira, professor of <a href="/wiki/Tsuru_University" title="Tsuru University">Tsuru University</a>, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida" title="University of Central Florida">University of Central Florida</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> a particularly dangerous groups called <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E3%81%A1%E6%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A" class="extiw" title="jp:落ち武者狩り">"Ochimusha-gari"</a> or "fallen warrior hunter" groups has emerged. these groups were disenfranchised peasant or <a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">Rōnin</a> who has been displaced by war. They formed self-defense forces which operates outside the law, while in actuality they often resorted to hunt samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.<sup id="cite_ref-SAMURAI_HUNTER1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAMURAI_HUNTER1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAMURAIHUNTER2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAMURAIHUNTER3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Unmasking-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unmasking_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2017" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Ninja/c9hgDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1"><i>Ninja: Unmasking the Myth</i></a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473850439" title="Special:BookSources/9781473850439"><bdi>9781473850439</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninja%3A+Unmasking+the+Myth&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.isbn=9781473850439&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.fr%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FNinja%2Fc9hgDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawakami_21-22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kawakami_21-22_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kawakami, pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowdy_2006_50-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowdy_2006_50_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowdy2006">Crowdy 2006</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrederic2002">Frederic 2002</a>, p. 715</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unmasking</ref-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unmasking</ref_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Unmasking</ref</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mind of the Ninja exploring the inner power, Kirtland C. Peterson forwarded by Stephen K. Heyes (1986)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_2001_355-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_2001_355_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_2001_355_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2001">Green 2001</a>, p. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_2001_358-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green_2001_358_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_2001_358_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green_2001_358_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2001">Green 2001</a>, p. 358; based on different readings, <i>Ninpiden</i> is also known as <i>Shinobi Hiden</i>, and <i>Bansenshukai</i> can also be <i>Mansenshukai</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin_of_word_Ninja-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_word_Ninja_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pakninjas.com/is-it-ninja-or-shinobi-no-mono/">Origin of word Ninja</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110502042122/http://pakninjas.com/is-it-ninja-or-shinobi-no-mono/">Archived</a> 2011-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-takagi-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-takagi_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakagiGomiŌno1962">Takagi, Gomi & Ōno 1962</a>, p. 191; the full poem is "<i>Yorozu yo ni / Kokoro ha tokete / Waga seko ga / Tsumishi te mitsutsu / Shinobi kanetsumo</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satake-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-satake_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSatakeYasumadaKudōŌtani2003">Satake et al. 2003</a>, p. 108; the <i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></i> used for "<i>shinobi</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span> is 志乃備, its meaning and characters are unrelated to the later mercenary <i>shinobi</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF吉丸雄哉(associate_professor_of_Mie_University)2017" class="citation book cs1">吉丸雄哉(associate professor of <a href="/wiki/Mie_University" title="Mie University">Mie University</a>) (April 2017). "くのいちとは何か". In 吉丸雄哉、山田雄司編 (ed.). <i>忍者の誕生</i>. 勉誠出版. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-585-22151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-585-22151-7"><bdi>978-4-585-22151-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E3%81%8F%E3%81%AE%E3%81%84%E3%81%A1%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF%E4%BD%95%E3%81%8B&rft.btitle=%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F&rft.pub=%E5%8B%89%E8%AA%A0%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88&rft.date=2017-04&rft.isbn=978-4-585-22151-7&rft.au=%E5%90%89%E4%B8%B8%E9%9B%84%E5%93%89%28associate+professor+of+Mie+University%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, 2nd ed.; <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a></i>, 4th ed.; Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamm-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamm_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamm_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamm2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kamm, Björn-Ole (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iMKZEAAAQBAJ&dq=info:hYmMz5CJDXsJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PT174">"Reenacting Japan's Past That Never Was: The Ninja in Tourism and Larp"</a>. <i>Reenactment Case Studies: Global Perspectives on Experiential History</i>: <span class="nowrap">146–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780429445668-10">10.4324/9780429445668-10</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reenactment+Case+Studies%3A+Global+Perspectives+on+Experiential+History&rft.atitle=Reenacting+Japan%27s+Past+That+Never+Was%3A+The+Ninja+in+Tourism+and+Larp&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780429445668-10&rft.aulast=Kamm&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn-Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiMKZEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dinfo%3AhYmMz5CJDXsJ%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%26pg%3DPT174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2015" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2015). <i>Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies</i>. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-6467-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-6467-4"><bdi>978-1-4833-6467-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercenaries%3A+A+Guide+to+Private+Armies+and+Private+Military+Companies&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-6467-4&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620085044/https://www.sankei.com/article/20220619-TZZ42J6D45NENAYKGQLBDLRPNY/"><bdi lang="ja">甲賀で忍術書の原典発見番犬に吠えられない呪術も「間林清陽」48カ条</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun" title="Sankei Shimbun">Sankei Shimbun</a>. 19 June 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sankei.com/article/20220619-TZZ42J6D45NENAYKGQLBDLRPNY/">the original</a> on 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%94%B2%E8%B3%80%E3%81%A7%E5%BF%8D%E8%A1%93%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%85%B8%E7%99%BA%E8%A6%8B+%E7%95%AA%E7%8A%AC%E3%81%AB%E5%90%A0%E3%81%88%E3%82%89%E3%82%8C%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E5%91%AA%E8%A1%93%E3%82%82%E3%80%8C%E9%96%93%E6%9E%97%E6%B8%85%E9%99%BD%E3%80%8D48%E3%82%AB%E6%9D%A1&rft.pub=Sankei+Shimbun&rft.date=2022-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sankei.com%2Farticle%2F20220619-TZZ42J6D45NENAYKGQLBDLRPNY%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619102048/https://www3.nhk.or.jp/kansai-news/20220619/2000062476.html"><bdi lang="ja">忍者の里甲賀市で忍術書の基となった書の写本初めて見つかる</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>. 19 June 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nhk.or.jp/kansai-news/20220619/2000062476.html">the original</a> on 19 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E9%87%8C+%E7%94%B2%E8%B3%80%E5%B8%82%E3%81%A7%E5%BF%8D%E8%A1%93%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%9F%BA%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E6%9B%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%86%99%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%9D%E3%82%81%E3%81%A6%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%A4%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B&rft.pub=NHK&rft.date=2022-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nhk.or.jp%2Fkansai-news%2F20220619%2F2000062476.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_34-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_34_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_34_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1996">Waterhouse 1996</a>, pp. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chamberlain_2005_249-253-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chamberlain_2005_249-253_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChamberlain2005">Chamberlain 2005</a>, pp. 249–253; Volume 2, section 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratti_1991_325-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_325_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRattiWestbrook1991">Ratti & Westbrook 1991</a>, p. 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-friday_2007_58_60-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-friday_2007_58_60_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriday2007">Friday 2007</a>, pp. 58–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratti_1991_324-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_324_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRattiWestbrook1991">Ratti & Westbrook 1991</a>, p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratti_1991_327-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_327_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_327_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRattiWestbrook1991">Ratti & Westbrook 1991</a>, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_121-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_121_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_121_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraegerSmith1981">Draeger & Smith 1981</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal_2007_165-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deal_2007_165_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeal2007">Deal 2007</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakagawa2015" class="citation conference cs1">Nakagawa, Takaaki (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.human.mie-u.ac.jp/en/projects/iga/lecture/2015/2015-10.html"><i>Lecture No. 4: "The Samurai Powers in the Kinai (Capital Region) and Iga" – (2nd term)</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.human.mie-u.ac.jp/en/projects/iga/">Conference with the Cooperation of Iga on Ninja Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mie_University" title="Mie University">Mie University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Lecture+No.+4%3A+%22The+Samurai+Powers+in+the+Kinai+%28Capital+Region%29+and+Iga%22+%E2%80%93+%282nd+term%29&rft.pub=Mie+University&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nakagawa&rft.aufirst=Takaaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.human.mie-u.ac.jp%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Figa%2Flecture%2F2015%2F2015-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenji2012" class="citation conference cs1">Kenji, Kasai (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.human.mie-u.ac.jp/en/projects/iga/lecture/2012/k20121124.html"><i>Lecture No.2: Activities of Igashu in the Sengoku Period</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.human.mie-u.ac.jp/en/projects/iga/lecture/2015/2015-1.html">Conference with the Cooperation of Iga on Ninja Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mie_University" title="Mie University">Mie University</a>. <q>What we can conclude from the writing is that it was already well-known among people in the end of Sengoku period that sneaking and making night attacks were Ninja's favorite tactics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Lecture+No.2%3A+Activities+of+Igashu+in+the+Sengoku+Period&rft.pub=Mie+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kenji&rft.aufirst=Kasai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.human.mie-u.ac.jp%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Figa%2Flecture%2F2012%2Fk20121124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_2001_357-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_2001_357_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2001">Green 2001</a>, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970_43-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_43_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_43_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1970">Adams 1970</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAMURAI_HUNTER1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAMURAI_HUNTER1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujiki_Hisashi2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fujiki Hisashi (2005). <i>刀狩り: 武器を封印した民衆</i> (in Japanese). 岩波書店. p. 29･30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4004309654" title="Special:BookSources/4004309654"><bdi>4004309654</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Kunio_Yanagita" title="Kunio Yanagita">Kunio Yanagita</a> "History of Japanese Farmers"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%88%80%E7%8B%A9%E3%82%8A%3A+%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E3%82%92%E5%B0%81%E5%8D%B0%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E6%B0%91%E8%A1%86&rft.pages=29%EF%BD%A530&rft.pub=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=4004309654&rft.au=Fujiki+Hisashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAMURAIHUNTER2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirino_Sakuto2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirino Sakuto (2001). <i>真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2)</i> (in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. <span class="nowrap">218–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4059010421" title="Special:BookSources/4059010421"><bdi>4059010421</bdi></a>. <q>Tadashi Ishikawa quote</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%9C%9F%E8%AA%AC%E6%9C%AC%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%BA+%28%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94M%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB+R+%E3%81%8D+2-2%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=4059010421&rft.au=Kirino+Sakuto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAMURAIHUNTER3_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkira_Imatani1993" class="citation book cs1">Akira Imatani (1993). <i>天皇と天下人</i>. 新人物往来社. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>153, <span class="nowrap">157–</span>158, ､167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4404020732" title="Special:BookSources/4404020732"><bdi>4404020732</bdi></a>. <q>Akira Imatani"Practice of attacking fallen warriors"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E4%BA%BA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E153%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158%2C+%EF%BD%A4167&rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%BE%80%E6%9D%A5%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=4404020732&rft.au=Akira+Imatani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAMURAIHUNTER4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAMURAIHUNTER4_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitsuhisa_Takayanagi1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mitsuhisa Takayanagi (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000039-I2973958"><i>戦国戦記本能寺の変・山崎の戦 (1958年)</i></a> (in Japanese). 春秋社. p. 65<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Fr%C3%B3is" title="Luís Fróis">Luís Fróis</a>;<i>History of Japan</i>..; Nihon Yoso-kai Annual Report", Japanese historical materials also show that Ieyasu distributed a large amount of gold and silver to his subordinates) A certain " Ishikawa Tadashi Sosho</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%A6%E8%A8%98%E6%9C%AC%E8%83%BD%E5%AF%BA%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89%E3%83%BB%E5%B1%B1%E5%B4%8E%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6+%281958%E5%B9%B4%29&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Mitsuhisa+Takayanagi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndlsearch.ndl.go.jp%2Fbooks%2FR100000039-I2973958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fujita-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fujita_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF藤田達生2005" class="citation journal cs1">藤田達生 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1">"「神君伊賀越え」再考"</a>. <i>愛知県史研究</i>. <b>9</b>. 愛知県: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24707%2Faichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1">10.24707/aichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%84%9B%E7%9F%A5%E7%9C%8C%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E7%A5%9E%E5%90%9B%E4%BC%8A%E8%B3%80%E8%B6%8A%E3%81%88%E3%80%8D%E5%86%8D%E8%80%83&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24707%2Faichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1&rft.au=%E8%97%A4%E7%94%B0%E9%81%94%E7%94%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24707%2Faichikenshikenkyu.9.0_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IetadaNikkiIgacross-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IetadaNikkiIgacross_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasahiko_Iwasawa1968" class="citation web cs1">Masahiko Iwasawa (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publication/syoho/02/syoho0002-iwazawa.pdf">"(Editorial) Regarding the original of Ietada's diary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>東京大学史料編纂所報第２号</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E7%B7%A8%E7%BA%82%E6%89%80%E5%A0%B1%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%92%E5%8F%B7&rft.atitle=%28Editorial%29+Regarding+the+original+of+Ietada%27s+diary&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Masahiko+Iwasawa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fpublication%2Fsyoho%2F02%2Fsyoho0002-iwazawa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorimoto_Masahiro1999" class="citation book cs1">Morimoto Masahiro (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bookmeter.com/books/20204283"><i>家康家臣の戦と日常松平家忠日記をよむ (角川ソフィア文庫) Kindle Edition</i></a>. KADOKAWA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%B7%E5%AE%B6%E8%87%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%A8%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8+%E6%9D%BE%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%B6%E5%BF%A0%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98%E3%82%92%E3%82%88%E3%82%80+%28%E8%A7%92%E5%B7%9D%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB%29+Kindle+Edition&rft.pub=KADOKAWA&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Morimoto+Masahiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbookmeter.com%2Fbooks%2F20204283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakayama2015-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakayama2015_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakayama2015">Nakayama 2015</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNakayama2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuji_Yamada2017" class="citation book cs1">Yuji Yamada (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2FwUDgAAQBAJ"><i>THE NINJA BOOK: The New Mansenshukai</i></a>. Translated by Atsuko Oda. Mie University Facultyof Humanities, Law and Economics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+NINJA+BOOK%3A+The+New+Mansenshukai&rft.pub=Mie+University+Facultyof+Humanities%2C+Law+and+Economics&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Yuji+Yamada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2FwUDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaku-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaku_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOishi2020" class="citation book cs1">Oishi, Gaku (2020). <i>江戸五百藩-ご当地藩のすべてがわかる</i>. Chuokoron-Shinsha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4128001354" title="Special:BookSources/978-4128001354"><bdi>978-4128001354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E8%97%A9-%E3%81%94%E5%BD%93%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%A9%E3%81%AE%E3%81%99%E3%81%B9%E3%81%A6%E3%81%8C%E3%82%8F%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8B&rft.pub=Chuokoron-Shinsha&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-4128001354&rft.aulast=Oishi&rft.aufirst=Gaku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span><span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kenji_Fukui_2018_165-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kenji_Fukui_2018_165_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kenji_Fukui_2018_165_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenji_Fukui2018">Kenji Fukui (2018</a>, p. 165)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFKenji_Fukui2018 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iga_Musokunin;_Todo_Takatora-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iga_Musokunin;_Todo_Takatora_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iga_Musokunin;_Todo_Takatora_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rekishikaido.gr.jp/catv/2018/906/"><i>254: 藤堂藩を裏で支えた無足人</i></a> (in Japanese). Rekishi Kaido Promotional Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=254%3A+%E8%97%A4%E5%A0%82%E8%97%A9%E3%82%92%E8%A3%8F%E3%81%A7%E6%94%AF%E3%81%88%E3%81%9F%E7%84%A1%E8%B6%B3%E4%BA%BA&rft.pub=Rekishi+Kaido+Promotional+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rekishikaido.gr.jp%2Fcatv%2F2018%2F906%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Count_Todo;_695-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Count_Todo;_695_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIwata_Nishizawa1917">Iwata Nishizawa (1917</a>, p. 695)<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFIwata_Nishizawa1917 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull_2003_51-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_51_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2003">Turnbull 2003</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton_Olenik_2004_122-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morton_Olenik_2004_122_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortonOlenik2004">Morton & Olenik 2004</a>, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowdy_2006_52-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowdy_2006_52_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowdy2006">Crowdy 2006</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2019">Yamada 2019</a>, pp. 176–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2019">Yamada 2019</a>, pp. 188–189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benkei-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benkei_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benkei_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/national/article/397017/">"嬉野に忍者３人いた！江戸初期－幕末市が委託調査氏名も特定"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820203418/https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/nnp/national/article/397017/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AC%89%E9%87%8E%E3%81%AB%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85%EF%BC%93%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%84%E3%81%9F%EF%BC%81+%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%EF%BC%8D%E5%B9%95%E6%9C%AB+%E5%B8%82%E3%81%8C%E5%A7%94%E8%A8%97%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E6%B0%8F%E5%90%8D%E3%82%82%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nishinippon.co.jp%2Fnnp%2Fnational%2Farticle%2F397017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2019">Yamada 2019</a>, pp. 174–175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2019">Yamada 2019</a>, pp. 178–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2019">Yamada 2019</a>, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYamada2019">Yamada 2019</a>, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatusya_1991_443-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tatusya_1991_443_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTatsuya1991">Tatsuya 1991</a>, p. 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawaguchi_2008_215-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kawaguchi_2008_215_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKawaguchi2008">Kawaguchi 2008</a>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livescience-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livescience_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livescience_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livescience_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livescience_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livescience_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livescience_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livescience_55-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Jarus2022" class="citation web cs1">Owen Jarus (14 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311011334/https://www.livescience.com/ancient-ninja-weapons-discovered">"430-year-old ninja weapons possibly identified"</a>. <i>Live Science</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/ancient-ninja-weapons-discovered">the original</a> on 11 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=430-year-old+ninja+weapons+possibly+identified&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft.au=Owen+Jarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fancient-ninja-weapons-discovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOi2012" class="citation web cs1">Oi, Mariko (23 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20135674">"BBC News – Japan's ninjas heading for extinction"</a>. Bbc.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Japan%27s+ninjas+heading+for+extinction&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2012-11-23&rft.aulast=Oi&rft.aufirst=Mariko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-20135674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iganinja.jp/en/exp/learning.html">"Study/Circles｜Ninja Iga-ryu - Iga-ryu Ninja Museum"</a>. Iganinja.jp<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study%2FCircles%EF%BD%9CNinja+Iga-ryu+-+Iga-ryu+Ninja+Museum&rft.pub=Iganinja.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Figaninja.jp%2Fen%2Fexp%2Flearning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2012/01/31/last-ninja-becomes-university-ninjutsu-professor-in-japan">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Last Ninja' Becomes University Ninjutsu Professor"</a>. Crunchyroll. 31 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Last+Ninja%27+Becomes+University+Ninjutsu+Professor&rft.pub=Crunchyroll&rft.date=2012-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crunchyroll.com%2Fanime-news%2F2012%2F01%2F31%2Flast-ninja-becomes-university-ninjutsu-professor-in-japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mie-University-Ninja-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mie-University-Ninja_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mie-University-Ninja_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/japan-university-awards-first-ever-ninja-studies-degree-113916747.html">"Japan university awards first-ever ninja studies degree"</a>. AFP, Yahoo! News. 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+university+awards+first-ever+ninja+studies+degree&rft.pub=AFP%2C+Yahoo%21+News&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fjapan-university-awards-first-ever-ninja-studies-degree-113916747.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telangana-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telangana_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telanganatoday.com/japan-university-ninja-research-facilities">"Japan university to set up ninja research facilities"</a>. Telangana Today. 11 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626191748/https://telanganatoday.com/japan-university-ninja-research-facilities">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+university+to+set+up+ninja+research+facilities&rft.pub=Telangana+Today&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelanganatoday.com%2Fjapan-university-ninja-research-facilities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanrinseiyo-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanrinseiyo_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanrinseiyo_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanrinseiyo_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanrinseiyo_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621091201/https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220621/p2a/00m/0na/025000c">"Copy of legendary book on art of ninja found at shrine in west Japan city"</a>. <i>Mainichi Daily News</i>. 21 June 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220621/p2a/00m/0na/025000c">the original</a> on 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mainichi+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Copy+of+legendary+book+on+art+of+ninja+found+at+shrine+in+west+Japan+city&rft.date=2022-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmainichi.jp%2Fenglish%2Farticles%2F20220621%2Fp2a%2F00m%2F0na%2F025000c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sora1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sora1_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey_Baseel2022" class="citation web cs1">Casey Baseel (27 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628203338/https://soranews24.com/2022/06/26/first-copy-of-centuries-old-ninja-training-manual-discovered-doesnt-understand-dogs%E3%80%90video%E3%80%91/">"First copy of centuries-old ninja training manual discovered, doesn't understand dogs"</a>. <i>Soranews 24</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soranews24.com/2022/06/26/first-copy-of-centuries-old-ninja-training-manual-discovered-doesnt-understand-dogs%E3%80%90video%E3%80%91/">the original</a> on 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soranews+24&rft.atitle=First+copy+of+centuries-old+ninja+training+manual+discovered%2C+doesn%27t+understand+dogs&rft.date=2022-06-27&rft.au=Casey+Baseel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoranews24.com%2F2022%2F06%2F26%2Ffirst-copy-of-centuries-old-ninja-training-manual-discovered-doesnt-understand-dogs%25E3%2580%2590video%25E3%2580%2591%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_128-129-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_128-129_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraegerSmith1981">Draeger & Smith 1981</a>, pp. 128–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fieve_2003_116-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fieve_2003_116_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiévéWaley2003">Fiévé & Waley 2003</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoughari2010" class="citation book cs1">Zoughari, Kacem (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ninjaancientshad0000zoug/page/47"><i>Ninja: Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan (The Secret History of Ninjutsu)</i></a>. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ninjaancientshad0000zoug/page/47">47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3927-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3927-3"><bdi>978-0-8048-3927-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninja%3A+Ancient+Shadow+Warriors+of+Japan+%28The+Secret+History+of+Ninjutsu%29&rft.place=North+Clarendon%2C+VT&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3927-3&rft.aulast=Zoughari&rft.aufirst=Kacem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fninjaancientshad0000zoug%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_2001_359-360-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_2001_359-360_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2001">Green 2001</a>, pp. 359–360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal_2007_156-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deal_2007_156_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeal2007">Deal 2007</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull_2003_14_15-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_14_15_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2003">Turnbull 2003</a>, pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ninja Skills: <i>The Authentic Ninja Training Manual by Antony Cummins</i>, Watkins Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-78678-062-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-78678-062-3">1-78678-062-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_125-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_125_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_125_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_125_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_125_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraegerSmith1981">Draeger & Smith 1981</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowdy_2006_51-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crowdy_2006_51_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowdy2006">Crowdy 2006</a>, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal_2007_161-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Deal_2007_161_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeal2007">Deal 2007</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull_2003_48-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_48_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2003">Turnbull 2003</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_128-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_128_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_128_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_128_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraegerSmith1981">Draeger & Smith 1981</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howell_1999_211-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Howell_1999_211_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowell1999">Howell 1999</a>, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mol_2003_121-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mol_2003_121_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMol2003">Mol 2003</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull_2003_61-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_61_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2003">Turnbull 2003</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratti_1991_329-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_329_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_329_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_329_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRattiWestbrook1991">Ratti & Westbrook 1991</a>, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japandaily-2630-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japandaily-2630_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunnebaum2016" class="citation news cs1">Runnebaum, Achim (22 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japandaily.jp/7-things-didnt-know-ninja-2630/">"7 Things you didn't know about Ninja"</a>. <i>Japan Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>Based on the combination of colors they dropped, or the number of grains, the Ninja could make over 100 different codes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Daily&rft.atitle=7+Things+you+didn%27t+know+about+Ninja&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft.aulast=Runnebaum&rft.aufirst=Achim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapandaily.jp%2F7-things-didnt-know-ninja-2630%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allabout-japan.com/en/article/2010/2/">"10 Stealthy Ninja Tools You Haven't Heard Of"</a>. <i>All About Japan</i>. 28 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+About+Japan&rft.atitle=10+Stealthy+Ninja+Tools+You+Haven%27t+Heard+Of&rft.date=2017-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallabout-japan.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F2010%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703112835/http://xn--2048-ku3hs36n.jp/eninja5.html">"Communication of ninja"</a>. <i>Ninja Encyclopedia</i>. Japan: Ninja Lurking in History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--2048-ku3hs36n.jp/eninja5.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ninja+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Communication+of+ninja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxn--2048-ku3hs36n.jp%2Feninja5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoda-978-1-4629-0882-0-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yoda-978-1-4629-0882-0_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYodaAlt2013" class="citation book cs1">Yoda, Hiroko; Alt, Matt (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUHRAgAAQBAJ&dq=goshiki+mai&pg=PA110"><i>Ninja Attack!: True Tales of Assassins, Samurai, and Outlaws</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0882-0"><bdi>978-1-4629-0882-0</bdi></a>. <q>Goshiki-mai: These dyed rice grains were used to create discreet trails that could be followed either by the original dropper or by sharp-eyed comrades</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninja+Attack%21%3A+True+Tales+of+Assassins%2C+Samurai%2C+and+Outlaws&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0882-0&rft.aulast=Yoda&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rft.au=Alt%2C+Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUHRAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dgoshiki%2Bmai%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bull-978-1-932897-51-7-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bull-978-1-932897-51-7_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullKuroi2008" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Brett; Kuroi, Hiromitsu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1heJafilrAC&dq=goshiki+mai&pg=PA95"><i>More Secrets of the Ninja: Their Training, Tools and Techniques</i></a>. Tokyo: DH Publishing Inc. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932897-51-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932897-51-7"><bdi>978-1-932897-51-7</bdi></a>. <q>DH Publishing is Tokyo's #1 publisher of Japanese pop culture books for the English speaking world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Secrets+of+the+Ninja%3A+Their+Training%2C+Tools+and+Techniques&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=DH+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-932897-51-7&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft.au=Kuroi%2C+Hiromitsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1heJafilrAC%26dq%3Dgoshiki%2Bmai%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinemartialarts.org/bujinkan-budo-taijutsu-weapons/">"Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu Weapons"</a>. <i>Online Martial Arts</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Martial+Arts&rft.atitle=Bujinkan+Budo+Taijutsu+Weapons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinemartialarts.org%2Fbujinkan-budo-taijutsu-weapons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green_2001_359-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green_2001_359_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2001">Green 2001</a>, p. 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970_52-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_52_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1970">Adams 1970</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970_49-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_49_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1970">Adams 1970</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed_1880_269_270-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reed_1880_269_270_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed1880">Reed 1880</a>, pp. 269–270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkuse1956" class="citation book cs1">Okuse, Heishichirō (1956). <i>Ninjutsu</i>. Osaka: Kinki Nippon Tetsudō.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninjutsu&rft.place=Osaka&rft.pub=Kinki+Nippon+Tetsud%C5%8D&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Okuse&rft.aufirst=Heishichir%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Turnbull, Stephen</a> (2018). <i>Ninja: Unmasking the Myth</i>. <a href="/wiki/Frontline_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline Books">Frontline Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5042-2"><bdi>978-1-4738-5042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninja%3A+Unmasking+the+Myth&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-5042-2&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Art of Throwing Weapons, James W. Madden (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mol_2003_119-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mol_2003_119_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMol2003">Mol 2003</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratti_1991_328_329-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_328_329_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRattiWestbrook1991">Ratti & Westbrook 1991</a>, pp. 328–329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratti_1991_328-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ratti_1991_328_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRattiWestbrook1991">Ratti & Westbrook 1991</a>, p. 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970_55-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_55_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1970">Adams 1970</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunch_Hellemans2004_161-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bunch_Hellemans2004_161_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunchHellemans2004">Bunch & Hellemans 2004</a>, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shinobi-no Buki (Ninja Weapons) by Yumio Nawa, August 25, 1967 First Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mol_2003_176-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mol_2003_176_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mol_2003_176_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMol2003">Mol 2003</a>, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mol_2003_195-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mol_2003_195_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMol2003">Mol 2003</a>, p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draeger_smith_1981_127-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-draeger_smith_1981_127_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDraegerSmith1981">Draeger & Smith 1981</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teppojutsu.com/">"Teppo Jutsu : Advanced Firearms Applications"</a>. <i>www.teppojutsu.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.teppojutsu.com&rft.atitle=Teppo+Jutsu+%3A+Advanced+Firearms+Applications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teppojutsu.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mol_2003_124-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mol_2003_124_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMol2003">Mol 2003</a>, p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002_257-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_257_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2002">Buckley 2002</a>, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull_2003_22_23-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_22_23_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2003">Turnbull 2003</a>, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_2_3-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_2_3_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1996">Waterhouse 1996</a>, pp. 2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_8_11-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_8_11_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1996">Waterhouse 1996</a>, pp. 8–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_13-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_13_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1996">Waterhouse 1996</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_24_27-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_24_27_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1996">Waterhouse 1996</a>, pp. 24–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_24_25-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_24_25_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1996">Waterhouse 1996</a>, pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teeuwen_Rambelli_2002_327-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teeuwen_Rambelli_2002_327_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTeeuwenRambelli2002">Teeuwen & Rambelli 2002</a>, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterhouse_1996_31_33-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterhouse_1996_31_33_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1996">Waterhouse 1996</a>, pp. 31–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970_29-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_29_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1970">Adams 1970</a>, p. 29; <a href="#CITEREFWaterhouse1996">Waterhouse 1996</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benkei2-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benkei2_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benkei2_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ureshino-ninja.jimdo.com/第３回/嬉野忍者調査結果/④弁慶夢想/">"嬉野忍者調査結果弁慶夢想（べんけいむそう）【武術家・山伏 / 江戸時代初期】"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214123415/https://ureshino-ninja.jimdo.com/%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%93%E5%9B%9E/%E5%AC%89%E9%87%8E%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C/%E2%91%A3%E5%BC%81%E6%85%B6%E5%A4%A2%E6%83%B3/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%AC%89%E9%87%8E%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C+%E5%BC%81%E6%85%B6%E5%A4%A2%E6%83%B3+%EF%BC%88%E3%81%B9%E3%82%93%E3%81%91%E3%81%84%E3%82%80%E3%81%9D%E3%81%86%EF%BC%89+%E3%80%90%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%B6%E3%83%BB%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%8F+%2F+%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E3%80%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fureshino-ninja.jimdo.com%2F%E7%AC%AC%EF%BC%93%E5%9B%9E%2F%E5%AC%89%E9%87%8E%E5%BF%8D%E8%80%85%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%BB%E7%B5%90%E6%9E%9C%2F%E2%91%A3%E5%BC%81%E6%85%B6%E5%A4%A2%E6%83%B3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCullough_2004_49-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCullough_2004_49_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough2004">McCullough 2004</a>, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syuriken.com/ninja_content/ninja-zinbutsu-kag.htm">熊若</a> 忍者名鑑</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970_34-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_34_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1970">Adams 1970</a>, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970_160-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_160_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1970">Adams 1970</a>, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1970_42-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1970_42_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1970">Adams 1970</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull_2003_14-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_2003_14_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2003">Turnbull 2003</a>, p. 14</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1970" class="citation cs2">Adams, Andrew (1970), <i>Ninja: The Invisible Assassins</i>, Black Belt Communications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89750-030-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89750-030-2"><bdi>978-0-89750-030-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninja%3A+The+Invisible+Assassins&rft.pub=Black+Belt+Communications&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-89750-030-2&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation cs2">Buckley, Sandra (2002), <i>Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14344-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14344-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14344-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+contemporary+Japanese+culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14344-8&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunchHellemans2004" class="citation cs2">Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233"><i>The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today</i></a>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-22123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-22123-3"><bdi>978-0-618-22123-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+science+and+technology%3A+a+browser%27s+guide+to+the+great+discoveries%2C+inventions%2C+and+the+people+who+made+them%2C+from+the+dawn+of+time+to+today&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-22123-3&rft.aulast=Bunch&rft.aufirst=Bryan+H.&rft.au=Hellemans%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618221233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Basil_Hall_Chamberlain" title="Basil Hall Chamberlain">Chamberlain, Basil Hall</a> (2005), <i>The Kojiki: records of ancient matters</i>, Tuttle Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3675-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3675-3"><bdi>978-0-8048-3675-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kojiki%3A+records+of+ancient+matters&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3675-3&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Basil+Hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowdy2006" class="citation cs2">Crowdy, Terry (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemywithinhisto00crow"><i>The enemy within: a history of espionage</i></a>, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-933-2"><bdi>978-1-84176-933-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enemy+within%3A+a+history+of+espionage&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-933-2&rft.aulast=Crowdy&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenemywithinhisto00crow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeal2007" class="citation cs2">Deal, William E. (2007), <i>Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533126-4"><bdi>978-0-19-533126-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Japan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533126-4&rft.aulast=Deal&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraegerSmith1981" class="citation cs2">Draeger, Donn F.; Smith, Robert W. (1981), <i>Comprehensive Asian fighting arts</i>, Kodansha, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-436-6"><bdi>978-0-87011-436-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Asian+fighting+arts&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87011-436-6&rft.aulast=Draeger&rft.aufirst=Donn+F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiévéWaley2003" class="citation cs2">Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003), <i>Japanese capitals in historical perspective: place, power and memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1409-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-1409-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+capitals+in+historical+perspective%3A+place%2C+power+and+memory+in+Kyoto%2C+Edo+and+Tokyo&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1409-4&rft.aulast=Fi%C3%A9v%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Waley%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriday2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Friday" title="Karl Friday">Friday, Karl F.</a> (2007), <i>The first samurai: the life and legend of the warrior rebel, Taira Masakado</i>, Wiley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-76082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-76082-5"><bdi>978-0-471-76082-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+samurai%3A+the+life+and+legend+of+the+warrior+rebel%2C+Taira+Masakado&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-76082-5&rft.aulast=Friday&rft.aufirst=Karl+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell1999" class="citation cs2">Howell, Anthony (1999), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/analysisofperfor0000howe"><i>The analysis of performance art: a guide to its theory and practice</i></a></span>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5755-085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5755-085-0"><bdi>978-90-5755-085-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+analysis+of+performance+art%3A+a+guide+to+its+theory+and+practice&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-5755-085-0&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanalysisofperfor0000howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2001" class="citation cs2">Green, Thomas A. (2001), <i>Martial arts of the world: an encyclopedia, Volume 2: Ninjutsu</i>, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-150-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-150-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+arts+of+the+world%3A+an+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+2%3A+Ninjutsu&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-150-2&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawaguchi2008" class="citation cs2">Kawaguchi, Sunao (2008), <i>Super Ninja Retsuden</i>, PHP Research Institute, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-569-67073-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-569-67073-7"><bdi>978-4-569-67073-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Super+Ninja+Retsuden&rft.pub=PHP+Research+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-4-569-67073-7&rft.aulast=Kawaguchi&rft.aufirst=Sunao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawakami2016" class="citation cs2">Kawakami, Jin'ichi (2016), <i>Ninja no okite</i>, Kadokawa, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-04-082106-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-04-082106-1"><bdi>978-4-04-082106-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninja+no+okite&rft.pub=Kadokawa&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-4-04-082106-1&rft.aulast=Kawakami&rft.aufirst=Jin%27ichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Craig_McCullough" title="Helen Craig McCullough">McCullough, Helen Craig</a> (2004), <i>The Taiheiki: A Chronicle of Medieval Japan</i>, Tuttle Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3538-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3538-1"><bdi>978-0-8048-3538-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taiheiki%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Medieval+Japan&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3538-1&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=Helen+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMol2003" class="citation cs2">Mol, Serge (2003), <i>Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts</i>, Kodansha, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2941-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7700-2941-6"><bdi>978-4-7700-2941-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+weaponry+of+Japan%3A+special+weapons+and+tactics+of+the+martial+arts&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-4-7700-2941-6&rft.aulast=Mol&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortonOlenik2004" class="citation cs2">Morton, William Scott; Olenik, J. Kenneth (2004), <i>Japan: its history and culture, fourth edition</i>, McGraw-Hill Professional, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-141280-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-141280-3"><bdi>978-0-07-141280-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+its+history+and+culture%2C+fourth+edition&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-07-141280-3&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=William+Scott&rft.au=Olenik%2C+J.+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNihon_Hakugaku_Kurabu2006" class="citation cs2">Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2006), <i>Unsolved Mysteries of Japanese History</i>, PHP Research Institute, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-569-65652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-569-65652-6"><bdi>978-4-569-65652-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsolved+Mysteries+of+Japanese+History&rft.pub=PHP+Research+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-4-569-65652-6&rft.au=Nihon+Hakugaku+Kurabu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNihon_Hakugaku_Kurabu2004" class="citation cs2">Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2004), <i>Zuketsu Rekishi no Igai na Ketsumatsu</i>, PHP Research Institute, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-569-64061-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-569-64061-7"><bdi>978-4-569-64061-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zuketsu+Rekishi+no+Igai+na+Ketsumatsu&rft.pub=PHP+Research+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-4-569-64061-7&rft.au=Nihon+Hakugaku+Kurabu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1991" class="citation cs2">Perkins, Dorothy (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofja00perk"><i>Encyclopedia of Japan: Japanese History and Culture, from Abacus to Zori</i></a>, Facts on File, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1934-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1934-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-1934-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Japan%3A+Japanese+History+and+Culture%2C+from+Abacus+to+Zori&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-1934-2&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofja00perk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRattiWestbrook1991" class="citation cs2">Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele (1991), <i>Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan</i>, Tuttle Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1684-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1684-7"><bdi>978-0-8048-1684-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+samurai%3A+a+survey+of+the+martial+arts+of+feudal+Japan&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-1684-7&rft.aulast=Ratti&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft.au=Westbrook%2C+Adele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1880" class="citation cs2">Reed, Edward James (1880), <i>Japan: its history, traditions, and religions: With the narrative of a visit in 1879, Volume 2</i>, John Murray, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1309476">1309476</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%3A+its+history%2C+traditions%2C+and+religions%3A+With+the+narrative+of+a+visit+in+1879%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1309476&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Edward+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatakeYasumadaKudōŌtani2003" class="citation cs2">Satake, Akihiro; Yasumada, Hideo; Kudō, Rikio; Ōtani, Masao; Yamazaki, Yoshiyuki (2003), <i>Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4</i>, Iwanami Shoten, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-00-240004-2" title="Special:BookSources/4-00-240004-2"><bdi>4-00-240004-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shin+Nihon+Koten+Bungaku+Taikei%3A+Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB+Volume+4&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=4-00-240004-2&rft.aulast=Satake&rft.aufirst=Akihiro&rft.au=Yasumada%2C+Hideo&rft.au=Kud%C5%8D%2C+Rikio&rft.au=%C5%8Ctani%2C+Masao&rft.au=Yamazaki%2C+Yoshiyuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakagiGomiŌno1962" class="citation cs2">Takagi, Ichinosuke; Gomi, Tomohide; Ōno, Susumu (1962), <i>Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4</i>, Iwanami Shoten, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-00-060007-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-00-060007-9"><bdi>4-00-060007-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihon+Koten+Bungaku+Taikei%3A+Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB+Volume+4&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=4-00-060007-9&rft.aulast=Takagi&rft.aufirst=Ichinosuke&rft.au=Gomi%2C+Tomohide&rft.au=%C5%8Cno%2C+Susumu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatsuya1991" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tatsuya, Tsuji (1991), <a href="/wiki/John_Whitney_Hall" title="John Whitney Hall">John Whitney Hall</a> (ed.), <i>The Cambridge history of Japan</i>, vol. 4: Early Modern Japan, translated by Harold Bolitho, New York: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22355-3"><bdi>978-0-521-22355-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Japan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22355-3&rft.aulast=Tatsuya&rft.aufirst=Tsuji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeuwenRambelli2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Teeuwen" title="Mark Teeuwen">Teeuwen, Mark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Rambelli" title="Fabio Rambelli">Rambelli, Fabio</a> (2002), <i>Buddhas and kami in Japan: honji suijaku as a combinatory paradigm</i>, RoutledgeCurzon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29747-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29747-9"><bdi>978-0-415-29747-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhas+and+kami+in+Japan%3A+honji+suijaku+as+a+combinatory+paradigm&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29747-9&rft.aulast=Teeuwen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Rambelli%2C+Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Turnbull, Stephen</a> (2003), <i>Ninja AD 1460–1650</i>, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-525-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-525-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninja+AD+1460%E2%80%931650&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-525-9&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2007" class="citation cs2">Turnbull, Stephen (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorsofmediev0000turn"><i>Warriors of Medieval Japan</i></a>, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-220-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-220-2"><bdi>978-1-84603-220-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+Medieval+Japan&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-220-2&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorsofmediev0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterhouse1996" class="citation cs2">Waterhouse, David (1996), Peter F. Kornicki; James McMullen (eds.), <i>Religion in Japan: arrows to heaven and earth, article 1: Notes on the kuji</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55028-4"><bdi>978-0-521-55028-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Japan%3A+arrows+to+heaven+and+earth%2C+article+1%3A+Notes+on+the+kuji&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55028-4&rft.aulast=Waterhouse&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamada2019" class="citation cs2">Yamada, Yūji (2019), Yōko Ymda (ed.), <i>Sengoku Shinobi no Sahō</i>, Chiyoda,Tokyo: G.B., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-906993-76-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-906993-76-5"><bdi>978-4-906993-76-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sengoku+Shinobi+no+Sah%C5%8D&rft.place=Chiyoda%2CTokyo&rft.pub=G.B.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-4-906993-76-5&rft.aulast=Yamada&rft.aufirst=Y%C5%ABji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic2002" class="citation cs2">Frederic, Louis (2002), <i>Japan Encyclopedia</i>, Belknap Harvard, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01753-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01753-6"><bdi>0-674-01753-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Belknap+Harvard&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-674-01753-6&rft.aulast=Frederic&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Fujibayashi, Masatake; Nakajima, Atsumi (1996). <i>Shōninki: Ninjutsu densho</i>. Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōraisha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/222455224">222455224</a>.</li> <li>Fujita, Seiko (2004). <i>Saigo no Ninja Dorondoron</i>. Tokyo: Shinpūsha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7974-9488-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7974-9488-4">978-4-7974-9488-4</a>.</li> <li>Fukai, Masaumi (1992). <i>Edojō oniwaban: Tokugawa Shōgun no mimi to me</i>. Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-12-101073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-12-101073-5">978-4-12-101073-5</a>.</li> <li>Hokinoichi, Hanawa (1923–1933). <i>Buke Myōmokushō</i>. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42921561">42921561</a>.</li> <li>Ishikawa, Masatomo (1982). <i>Shinobi no sato no kiroku</i>. Tokyo: Suiyōsha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-88066-110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-88066-110-0">978-4-88066-110-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMol2008" class="citation book cs1">Mol, Serge (2008). <i>Invisible Armor: An Introduction to the Esoteric Dimension of Japan's Classical Warrior Arts</i>. Eibusha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-813361-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-813361-0-9"><bdi>978-90-813361-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+Armor%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Esoteric+Dimension+of+Japan%27s+Classical+Warrior+Arts&rft.pub=Eibusha&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-813361-0-9&rft.aulast=Mol&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMol2016" class="citation book cs1">Mol, Serge (2016). <i>Takeda Shinobi Hiden: Unveiling Takeda Shingen's Secret Ninja Legacy</i>. Eibusha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-813361-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-813361-3-0"><bdi>978-90-813361-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Takeda+Shinobi+Hiden%3A+Unveiling+Takeda+Shingen%27s+Secret+Ninja+Legacy&rft.pub=Eibusha&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-813361-3-0&rft.aulast=Mol&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nawa. Yumio (1967). <i>Shinobi no buki</i>. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22358689">22358689</a>.</li> <li>Nawa, Yumio (1972). <i>Hisshō no heihō ninjutsu no kenkyū: gendai o ikinuku michi</i>. Tokyo: Nichibō Shuppansha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122985441">122985441</a>.</li> <li>Okuse, Heishichirō (1964). <i>Ninpō: sono hiden to jitsurei</i>. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51008989">51008989</a>.</li> <li>Okuse, Heishichirō (1967). <i>Ninjutsu: sono rekishi to ninja</i>. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22727254">22727254</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2017" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9cNiswEACAAJ"><i>Ninja: Unmasking the Myth</i></a>. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire, UK: Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-5042-2"><bdi>978-1-4738-5042-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninja%3A+Unmasking+the+Myth&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+S.+Yorkshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-5042-2&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9cNiswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANinja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Watatani, Kiyoshi (1972). <i>Bugei ryūha hyakusen</i>. Tokyo: Akita Shoten. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66598671">66598671</a>.</li> <li>Yamaguchi, Masayuki (1968). <i>Ninja no seikatsu</i>. Tokyo: Yūzankaku. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20045825">20045825</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Template:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Template talk:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_(samurai)_weapons,_armour_and_equipment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese (samurai) weapons, armour and equipment"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_weapons,_armour_and_equipment4847" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Japanese weapons, armour and equipment</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword" title="Japanese sword">Swords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chokut%C5%8D" title="Chokutō">Chokutō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtanuki" title="Dōtanuki">Dōtanuki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunt%C5%8D" title="Guntō">Guntō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katana" title="Katana">Katana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kodachi" title="Kodachi">Kodachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagamaki" title="Nagamaki">Nagamaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninjat%C5%8D" title="Ninjatō">Ninjatō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cdachi" title="Ōdachi">Ōdachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikomizue" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikomizue">Shikomizue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tachi" title="Tachi">Tachi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tant%C5%8D" title="Tantō">Tantō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsurugi_(sword)" title="Tsurugi (sword)">Tsurugi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wakizashi" title="Wakizashi">Wakizashi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_swords" title="Glossary of Japanese swords">Glossary</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horimono" title="Horimono">Horimono</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings" title="Japanese sword mountings">Sword mountings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_polishing" title="Japanese sword polishing">Sword polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_swordsmithing" title="Japanese swordsmithing">Swordsmithing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tameshigiri" title="Tameshigiri">Tameshigiri</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Knives and daggers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabutowari" title="Kabutowari">Kabutowari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaiken_(dagger)" title="Kaiken (dagger)">Kaiken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunai" title="Kunai">Kunai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoroi-d%C5%8Dshi" title="Yoroi-dōshi">Yoroi-dōshi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Polearms and spears</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bisento" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisento">Bisento</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoko_yari" title="Hoko yari">Hoko yari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama-yari" title="Kama-yari">Kama-yari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naginata" title="Naginata">Naginata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sasumata" title="Sasumata">Sasumata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodegarami" title="Sodegarami">Sodegarami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torimono_sand%C5%8Dgu" title="Torimono sandōgu">Torimono sandōgu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsukub%C5%8D" title="Tsukubō">Tsukubō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yari" title="Yari">Yari</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Practice weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bokken" title="Bokken">Bokken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iait%C5%8D" title="Iaitō">Iaitō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinai" title="Shinai">Shinai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinken" title="Shinken">Shinken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suburit%C5%8D" title="Suburitō">Suburitō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanren_b%C5%8D" title="Tanren bō">Tanren bō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_armour" title="Japanese armour">Armour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_armours_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary armours of Japan">Auxiliary armours</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8Dgu" title="Bōgu">Bōgu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D_(armour)" title="Dō (armour)">Dō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D-maru" title="Dō-maru">Dō-maru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haramaki_(armour)" title="Haramaki (armour)">Haramaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabuto" title="Kabuto">Kabuto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karuta_(armour)" title="Karuta (armour)">Karuta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kikko_(Japanese_armour)" title="Kikko (Japanese armour)">Kikko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusari_(Japanese_mail_armour)" title="Kusari (Japanese mail armour)">Kusari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Men-yoroi" title="Men-yoroi">Men-yoroi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C-yoroi" title="Ō-yoroi">Ō-yoroi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangu_(armour)" title="Sangu (armour)">Sangu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatami_(Japanese_armour)" title="Tatami (Japanese armour)">Tatami</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigandine" title="Brigandine">Brigandine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame_(armor)" title="Lame (armor)">Lame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_armour" title="Lamellar armour">Lamellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminar_armour" title="Laminar armour">Laminar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_(armour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail (armour)">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_and_plate_armour" title="Mail and plate armour">Mail and plate armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_armour" title="Scale armour">Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Clothing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundoshi" title="Fundoshi">Fundoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">Hachimaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hakama" title="Hakama">Hakama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyahan" title="Kyahan">Kyahan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shitagi" title="Shitagi">Shitagi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">Tabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uwa-obi" title="Uwa-obi">Uwa-obi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waraji" title="Waraji">Waraji</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Samurai accoutrements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abumi_(stirrup)" title="Abumi (stirrup)">Abumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daish%C5%8D" title="Daishō">Daishō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horo_(cloak)" title="Horo (cloak)">Horo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaginawa" title="Kaginawa">Kaginawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate-bukuro" title="Kate-bukuro">Kate-bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubi_bukuro" title="Kubi bukuro">Kubi bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kura_(saddle)" title="Kura (saddle)">Kura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uchi-bukuro" title="Uchi-bukuro">Uchi-bukuro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yebira" title="Yebira">Yebira</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chain and rope weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chigiriki" title="Chigiriki">Chigiriki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kubotan" title="Kubotan">Kubotan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusarigama" title="Kusarigama">Kusarigama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kusari-fundo" title="Kusari-fundo">Kusari-fundo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyoketsu-shoge" title="Kyoketsu-shoge">Kyoketsu-shoge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rope_dart" title="Rope dart">Jōhyō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Clubs and truncheons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabutowari" title="Kabutowari">Hachiwari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jitte" title="Jitte">Jitte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanab%C5%8D" title="Kanabō">Kanabō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tekkan" title="Tekkan">Tekkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_fan" title="Japanese war fan">Tessen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Staff weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C5%8D" title="Bō">Bō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanb%C5%8D" title="Hanbō">Hanbō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8D" title="Jō">Jō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanb%C5%8D" title="Tanbō">Tanbō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yubi-bo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yubi-bo">Yubi-bo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Projectile and throwing weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artillery_of_Japan" title="Artillery of Japan">Artillery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukiya" title="Fukiya">Fukiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makibishi" title="Makibishi">Makibishi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyumi">Oyumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuriken" title="Shuriken">Shuriken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya_(arrow)" title="Ya (arrow)">Ya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">Yumi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Firearms_of_Japan" title="Firearms of Japan">Firearms</a> and guns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baj%C5%8D-zutsu" title="Bajō-zutsu">Bajō-zutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bo-hiya" title="Bo-hiya">Bo-hiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cdzutsu" title="Ōdzutsu">Ōdzutsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanegashima_(gun)" title="Tanegashima (gun)">Tanegashima</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Improvised and other weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama (weapon)">Kama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiseru" title="Kiseru">Kiseru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metsubushi" title="Metsubushi">Metsubushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ono_(axe)" title="Ono (axe)">Ono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctsuchi" title="Ōtsuchi">Ōtsuchi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shobo" title="Shobo">Shobo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suntetsu" title="Suntetsu">Suntetsu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Signal devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_fan" title="Japanese war fan">Gunbai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hata-jirushi" title="Hata-jirushi">Hata-jirushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horagai" title="Horagai">Horagai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabura-ya_(Japanese_signal_arrow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabura-ya (Japanese signal arrow)">Kabura-ya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nobori" title="Nobori">Nobori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saihai" title="Saihai">Saihai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sashimono" title="Sashimono">Sashimono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uma-jirushi" title="Uma-jirushi">Uma-jirushi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Users</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashigaru" title="Ashigaru">Ashigaru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period_police" title="Edo period police">Edo period police</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunoichi" title="Kunoichi">Kunoichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ninja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onna-musha" title="Onna-musha">Onna-musha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dnin" title="Rōnin">Rōnin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">Samurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinsengumi" title="Shinsengumi">Shinsengumi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabusame" title="Yabusame">Yabusame</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamabushi" title="Yamabushi">Yamabushi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_armour" title="Category:Japanese armour">Japanese armour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Weapons_of_Japan" title="Category:Weapons of Japan">Weapons of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_swords" title="Category:Japanese swords">Japanese swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(crafts:_swords)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (crafts: swords)">National Treasure swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_of_Japan" title="Category:Military equipment of Japan">Military equipment of Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-54bc5bdf84-ktznm","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.600","walltime":"1.958","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9396,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":190107,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8041,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":312741,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1703.862 1 -total"," 28.14% 479.416 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.65% 198.478 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[\"CITEREFFujiki_Hisashi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamm2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKawaguchi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKawakami2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenji2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirino_Sakuto2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasahiko_Iwasawa1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitsuhisa_Takayanagi1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMol2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMol2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMol2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorimoto_Masahiro1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortonOlenik2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakagawa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNihon_Hakugaku_Kurabu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNihon_Hakugaku_Kurabu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOishi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkuse1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen_Jarus2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRattiWestbrook1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunnebaum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatakeYasumadaKudōŌtani2003\"] = 1,\n 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