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dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Internal globus pallidus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomie-Basalganglien-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anatomie-Basalganglien-A.jpg/250px-Anatomie-Basalganglien-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anatomie-Basalganglien-A.jpg/375px-Anatomie-Basalganglien-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Anatomie-Basalganglien-A.jpg/500px-Anatomie-Basalganglien-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="1010" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Internal globus pallidus (GPi) is seen in the 2nd image from the left</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Globus_pallidus" title="Globus pallidus">Globus pallidus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>globus pallidus internus, <br />globus pallidus medialis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Acronym(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">GPi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=233">233</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/birnlex_1555">birnlex_1555</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.09.511%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.09.511</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5572">5572</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma61840">61840</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17132761" class="extiw" title="d:Q17132761">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>internal globus pallidus</b> (<b>GPi</b> or <b>medial globus pallidus</b>), and the <a href="/wiki/External_globus_pallidus" title="External globus pallidus">external globus pallidus</a> (GPe) make up the <a href="/wiki/Globus_pallidus" title="Globus pallidus">globus pallidus</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> its homologue is known as the <b>entopeduncular nucleus</b>. The GPi is one of the output <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">nuclei</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a> (the other being the <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">substantia nigra</a> <a href="/wiki/Pars_reticulata" title="Pars reticulata">pars reticulata</a>). The <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a> neurons of the GPi send their axons to the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus" title="Ventral anterior nucleus">ventral anterior nucleus</a> (VA) and the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">ventral lateral nucleus</a> (VL) in the dorsal <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Centromedian" class="mw-redirect" title="Centromedian">centromedian</a> complex, and to the <a href="/wiki/Pedunculopontine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedunculopontine">pedunculopontine</a> complex.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efferent bundle is constituted first of the <a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">ansa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">lenticular fasciculus</a>, then crosses the <a href="/wiki/Internal_capsule" title="Internal capsule">internal capsule</a> within and in parallel to the Edinger's comb system then arrives at the laterosuperior corner of the <a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus" title="Subthalamic nucleus">subthalamic nucleus</a> and constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Fields_of_Forel" title="Fields of Forel">field H<sub>2</sub> of Forel</a>, then H, and suddenly changes its direction to form <a href="/wiki/Fields_of_Forel" title="Fields of Forel">field H<sub>1</sub></a> that goes to the inferior part of the thalamus. The distribution of axonal islands is widespread in the lateral region of the thalamus. The innervation of the central region is done by collaterals.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internal globus pallidus contains <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a> neurons, which allow for its inhibitory function. As the GPi, along with the <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra_pars_reticulata" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantia nigra pars reticulata">substantia nigra pars reticulata</a>, forms the output of the basal ganglia, these neurons extend to the thalamus, the centromedian complex and the pedunculopontine complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_globus_pallidus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basal-ganglia-classic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Basal-ganglia-classic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Direct and indirect striatopallidal pathways: Glutamatergic pathways are red, dopaminergic are magenta and GABAergic pathways are blue. STN: Subthalamic Nucleus SNr: Substantia Nigra pars reticulata SNc: Substantia Nigra pars compacta GPe: External globus pallidus</figcaption></figure> <p>The GPi acts to tonically inhibit the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">ventral lateral nucleus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus" title="Ventral anterior nucleus">ventral anterior nucleus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>. As these two nuclei are needed for movement planning, this inhibition restricts movement initiation and prevents unwanted movements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_pathway">Direct pathway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_globus_pallidus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Direct pathway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The GPi receives inhibitory <a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a> signals from the <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatum</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Striatopallidal_fibres" title="Striatopallidal fibres">striatopallidal fibres</a>, when a movement requirement is signaled from the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. As the GPi is one of the direct output centers of the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>, this causes disinhibition of the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>, increasing overall ease of initiating and maintaining movement. As this pathway only contains one <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a> (from the striatum to the internal globus pallidus), it is known as the <a href="/wiki/Direct_pathway" title="Direct pathway">direct pathway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The direct pathway is modulated by stimulation of the GPi by the <a href="/wiki/External_globus_pallidus" title="External globus pallidus">external globus pallidus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus" title="Subthalamic nucleus">subthalamic nucleus</a>, via the <a href="/wiki/Indirect_pathway" title="Indirect pathway">indirect pathway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_globus_pallidus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dysfunction of the internal globus pallidus has been correlated to <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia" title="Tardive dyskinesia">tardive dyskinesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internal globus pallidus is the target of <a href="/wiki/Deep_brain_stimulation" title="Deep brain stimulation">deep brain stimulation</a> (DBS) for these diseases. Deep brain stimulation sends regulated electrical pulses to the target. In patients with tardive dyskinesia treated with DBS, most people reported more than a 50% improvement in symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tourette syndrome patients have also benefited from this treatment, showing over 50% improvement in <a href="/wiki/Tic" title="Tic">tic</a> severity (compulsive disabling motor tics are symptoms of Tourette patients).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GPi is also considered a "highly effective target for neuromodulation" when using deep brain stimulation on Parkinson's disease patients.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is seen to be only some involvement in <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with mostly the <a href="/wiki/External_globus_pallidus" title="External globus pallidus">external globus pallidus</a> being affected.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_globus_pallidus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_striatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal striatum">Dorsal striatum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putamen" title="Putamen">Putamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudate_nucleus" title="Caudate nucleus">Caudate nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_striatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral striatum">Ventral striatum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">Nucleus accumbens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tubercle" title="Olfactory tubercle">Olfactory tubercle</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pallidus" title="Globus pallidus">Globus pallidus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral globus pallidus">GPe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial globus pallidus">GPi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">Amygdala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claustrum" title="Claustrum">Claustrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrum_semiovale" title="Centrum semiovale">Centrum semiovale</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_capsule" title="Internal capsule">Internal capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior limb of internal capsule">Anterior limb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genu_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Genu of internal capsule">Genu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_radiation" title="Optic radiation">Optic radiation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corona_radiata" title="Corona radiata">Corona radiata</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_capsule" title="External capsule">External capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_capsule" title="Extreme capsule">Extreme capsule</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pallidothalamic_tracts" title="Pallidothalamic tracts">Pallidothalamic tracts</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhinencephalon" title="Rhinencephalon">Rhinencephalon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_olfactory_nucleus" title="Anterior olfactory nucleus">Anterior olfactory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_perforated_substance" title="Anterior perforated substance">Anterior perforated substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">Olfactory bulb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tract" title="Olfactory tract">Olfactory tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_olfactory_stria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial olfactory stria">Medial olfactory stria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_olfactory_stria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral olfactory stria">Lateral olfactory stria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_trigone" title="Olfactory trigone">Olfactory trigone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Basal_forebrain" title="Basal forebrain">basal forebrain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_innominata" title="Substantia innominata">Substantia innominata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_basalis" title="Nucleus basalis">Nucleus basalis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_of_diagonal_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus of diagonal band">Nucleus of diagonal band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_band_of_Broca" title="Diagonal band of Broca">Diagonal band of Broca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stria_terminalis" title="Stria terminalis">Stria terminalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archicortex" title="Archicortex">Archicortex</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">Hippocampal formation</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_anatomy" title="Hippocampus anatomy">Hippocampus anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">Hippocampus proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_proper" title="Hippocampus proper">CA4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_gyrus" title="Dentate gyrus">Dentate gyrus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascia_dentata" title="Fascia dentata">Fascia dentata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiculum" title="Subiculum">Subiculum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveus_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveus of hippocampus">Alveus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbria_of_hippocampus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbria of hippocampus">Fimbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforant_path" title="Perforant path">Perforant path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffer_collateral" title="Schaffer collateral">Schaffer collateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brain_and_spinal_cord:_neural_tracts_and_fasciculi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neural_tracts" title="Template:Neural tracts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neural_tracts" title="Template talk:Neural tracts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neural_tracts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neural tracts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brain_and_spinal_cord:_neural_tracts_and_fasciculi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>: <a href="/wiki/Neural_pathway" title="Neural pathway">neural tracts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerve_fascicle" title="Nerve fascicle">fasciculi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">DCML</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#First_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">1°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Pacinian corpuscle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Meissner's corpuscle</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Posterior_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior column">Posterior column</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">Gracile fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">Cuneate fasciculus</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Gracile_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile nucleus">Gracile nucleus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cuneate_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate nucleus">Cuneate nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#Second_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">2°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>→ <i><a href="/wiki/Sensory_decussation" title="Sensory decussation">sensory decussation</a>/arcuate fibers</i> (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Posterior external arcuate fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_arcuate_fibers" title="Internal arcuate fibers">Internal arcuate fibers</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">VPL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus" title="Ventral posteromedial nucleus">VPM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway#Third_neuron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">3°</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>→ <a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb of internal capsule</a> → <a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterolateral system">Anterolateral</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociception#Neospinothalamic_tract" title="Nociception">Fast</a>/lateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1° (<a href="/wiki/Free_nerve_ending" title="Free nerve ending">Free nerve ending</a> → <a href="/wiki/A_delta_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="A delta fiber">A delta fiber</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure" title="Anterior white commissure">Anterior white commissure</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Lateral_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral spinothalamic tract">Lateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior spinothalamic tract">Anterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinal lemniscus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">VPL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Postcentral_gyrus" title="Postcentral gyrus">Postcentral gyrus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_parietal_cortex" title="Posterior parietal cortex">Posterior parietal cortex</a>)</li></ul> <p>2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Spinomesencephalic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinomesencephalic tract">Spinomesencephalic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Midbrain tectum</a>) </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociception#Paleospinothalamic_tract" title="Nociception">Slow</a>/medial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1° (<a href="/wiki/Group_C_nerve_fiber" title="Group C nerve fiber">Group C nerve fiber</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract" title="Spinoreticular tract">Spinoreticular tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_nucleus" title="Medial dorsal nucleus">MD</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Cingulate_cortex" title="Cingulate cortex">Cingulate cortex</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Pyramidal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>flexion:</i> <a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Posterior_limb_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior limb of internal capsule">Posterior limb of internal capsule</a> → <a href="/wiki/Decussation_of_pyramids" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of pyramids">Decussation of pyramids</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract" title="Lateral corticospinal tract">Lateral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract" title="Anterior corticospinal tract">Anterior</a>)</b> → <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">Neuromuscular junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>flexion:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex" title="Primary motor cortex">Primary motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Genu_of_internal_capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Genu of internal capsule">Genu of internal capsule</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Facial_muscles" title="Facial muscles">Facial muscles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>flexion:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>extension:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum"> Vestibulocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>extension:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum"> Vestibulocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation#Descending_reticulospinal_tracts" title="Reticular formation">Reticulospinal tract</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Midbrain tectum</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></b> → muscles of neck</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">Basal ganglia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Direct_pathway_of_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct pathway of movement"><i>direct:</i></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial globus pallidus">GPi</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_radiations" title="Thalamocortical radiations">Thalamocortical radiations</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a>) → 5° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Indirect_pathway_of_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect pathway of movement"><i>indirect:</i></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Lateral_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral globus pallidus">GPe</a>) → 3° (<a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus" title="Subthalamic nucleus">Subthalamic nucleus</a>) → 4° (<a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Medial_globus_pallidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial globus pallidus">GPi</a>) → 5° (<a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a>) → 6° (<a href="/wiki/Thalamocortical_radiations" title="Thalamocortical radiations">Thalamocortical radiations</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_motor_area" title="Supplementary motor area">Supplementary motor area</a>) → 7° (<a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Nigrostriatal_pathway" title="Nigrostriatal pathway">nigrostriatal pathway</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra_pars_compacta" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantia nigra pars compacta">Pars compacta</a> → <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afferent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum_granule_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellum granule cell">Granule cell</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_nuclei" title="Pontine nuclei">Pontine nuclei</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Pontocerebellar_fibers" title="Pontocerebellar fibers">Pontocerebellar fibers</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Middle_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Middle cerebellar peduncle">MCP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum_granule_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellum granule cell">Granule cell</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">Inferior olivary nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Olivocerebellar_tract" title="Olivocerebellar tract">Olivocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Hemisphere</a> → <a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cell</a> → <a href="/wiki/Deep_cerebellar_nuclei" title="Deep cerebellar nuclei">Deep cerebellar nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Efferent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentate_nucleus" title="Dentate nucleus">Dentate nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interposed_nucleus" title="Interposed nucleus">Interposed nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_hemisphere" title="Cerebellar hemisphere">Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum</a> → <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">Reticular formation</a>, or → <b><a href="/wiki/Cerebellothalamic_tract" title="Cerebellothalamic tract">Cerebellothalamic tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a> → <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a>) → <a href="/wiki/Motor_cortex" title="Motor cortex">Motor cortex</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fastigial_nucleus" title="Fastigial nucleus">Fastigial nucleus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flocculonodular_lobe" title="Flocculonodular lobe">Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocerebellar_tract" title="Vestibulocerebellar tract">Vestibulocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">Vestibular nuclei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bidirectional:<br /><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar tract">Spinocerebellar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprioception#Conscious_and_unconscious_proprioception" title="Proprioception">Unconscious<br /> proprioception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_limb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower limb">lower limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">muscle spindles</a> → <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">DRG</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Posterior_thoracic_nucleus" title="Posterior thoracic nucleus">Posterior thoracic nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal spinocerebellar tract">Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">Cerebellar vermis</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">muscle spindles</a> → <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglion" title="Dorsal root ganglion">DRG</a>) → 2° (<a href="/wiki/Accessory_cuneate_nucleus" title="Accessory cuneate nucleus">Accessory cuneate nucleus</a> → <b><a href="/wiki/Posterior_external_arcuate_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior external arcuate fibers">Cuneocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Anterior_lobe_of_cerebellum" title="Anterior lobe of cerebellum">Anterior lobe of cerebellum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reflex_arc" title="Reflex arc">Reflex arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_limb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower limb">lower limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a>) → 2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral spinocerebellar tract">Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract</a></b>→ <a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">SCP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_vermis" title="Cerebellar vermis">Cerebellar vermis</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limb</a> → 1° (<a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a>) → 2° (<b><a href="/wiki/Rostral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostral spinocerebellar tract">Rostral spinocerebellar tract</a></b> → <a href="/wiki/Inferior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Inferior cerebellar peduncle">ICP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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