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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Feminine forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminine_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compound_ruler_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compound_ruler_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Compound ruler titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compound_ruler_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princely_and_aristocratic_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princely_and_aristocratic_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Princely and aristocratic titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princely_and_aristocratic_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_sultans_and_sultanates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_sultans_and_sultanates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Former sultans and sultanates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Former_sultans_and_sultanates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Former sultans and sultanates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Former_sultans_and_sultanates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sultanates_in_the_Balkans,_Anatolia_and_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultanates_in_the_Balkans,_Anatolia_and_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sultanates in the Balkans, Anatolia and Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultanates_in_the_Balkans,_Anatolia_and_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia_and_North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia_and_North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>West Asia and North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia_and_North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Horn of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Africa_and_Indian_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Africa_and_Indian_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Africa_and_Indian_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maliki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maliki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span><i>Maliki</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maliki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swahili_Coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swahili_Coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Swahili Coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swahili_Coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sultani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sultani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span><i>Sultani</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sultani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_and_Central_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_and_Central_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>West and Central Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_and_Central_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_and_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_and_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Southeast and East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_and_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_sultans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_sultans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Current sultans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_sultans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sultan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sold%C3%A1n" title="Soldán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Soldán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سولطان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سولطان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সুলতান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুলতান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Солтан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Солтан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A0" title="Sultà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swltan" title="Swltan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swltan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σουλτάνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουλτάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultano" title="Sultano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sultano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabhd%C3%A1n" title="Sabhdán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sabhdán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84" title="술탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="술탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սուլթան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուլթան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="सुल्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुल्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultano" title="Sultano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sultano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sold%C3%A1n" title="Soldán – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Soldán" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultano" title="Sultano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="סולטאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולטאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სულთანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სულთანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сұлтан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сұлтан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usultani" title="Usultani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usultani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltan" title="Siltan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siltan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanus" title="Sultanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sultanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C4%81ns" title="Sultāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sultāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultonas" title="Sultonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sultonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szult%C3%A1n" title="Szultán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solt%C3%A0na" title="Soltàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Soltàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="സുൽത്താൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുൽത്താൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სულთანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სულთანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_(rang)" title="Sultan (rang) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sultan (rang)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="スルターン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スルターン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulton" title="Sulton – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sulton" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%82tan" title="Sułtan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sułtan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A3o" title="Sultão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sultão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulltani" title="Sulltani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sulltani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanu" title="Sultanu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sultanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sult%C3%A1n" title="Sultán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sultán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سوڵتان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوڵتان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulttaani" title="Sulttaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulttaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சுல்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுல்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="สุลต่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุลต่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Султон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Султон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soltan" title="Soltan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Soltan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Султан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Султан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sultan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E6%AA%80" title="素檀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="素檀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%EF%BC%88%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93%EF%BC%89" title="苏丹（称谓） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏丹（称谓）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Noble title with several historical meanings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sultan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sultan (disambiguation)">Sultan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sultan" title="Special:EditPage/Sultan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sultan%22">"Sultan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sultan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sultan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sultan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sultan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sultan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melchior_Lorck_Sultan_Suleiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Melchior_Lorck_Sultan_Suleiman.jpg/202px-Melchior_Lorck_Sultan_Suleiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Melchior_Lorck_Sultan_Suleiman.jpg/304px-Melchior_Lorck_Sultan_Suleiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Melchior_Lorck_Sultan_Suleiman.jpg/405px-Melchior_Lorck_Sultan_Suleiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3721" data-file-height="5163" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, the longest-reigning <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of the Ottoman Empire">sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy" title="Category:Monarchy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_(heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/120px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/180px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg/240px-Pahlavi_Crown_of_Imperial_Iran_%28heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbishn" title="Banbishn">Banbishn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_(Sanskrit_term)" title="Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)">Chakravarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor#Indian_subcontinent" title="Emperor">Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana" title="Maharana">Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultana_(title)" title="Sultana (title)">Sultana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahbanu" title="Shahbanu">Shahbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirvanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirvanshah">Shirvanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatun">Hatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_(title)" title="Nizam (title)">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khagan_Bek" title="Khagan Bek">Khagan Bek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> or <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_(title)" title="Rana (title)">Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshid" title="Ikhshid">Ikhshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babu_(title)" title="Babu (title)">Babu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandal_(surname)" title="Mandal (surname)">Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patil_(title)" title="Patil (title)">Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja (title)">Rajkumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahibzada">Sahibzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabzada">Nawabzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuvaraja" title="Yuvaraja">Yuvraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade" title="Şehzade">Şehzade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(name)" title="Mirza (name)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morza" title="Morza">Morza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murzin" title="Murzin">Murzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkhan_(title)" title="Ishkhan (title)">Ishkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzada_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahzada (title)">Shahzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_Ahd" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali Ahd">Vali Ahd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_the_Sa%27id" title="Prince of the Sa'id">Prince of the Sa'id</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(title)" title="Mir (title)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Baghatur</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">Count</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Bahadur" title="Dewan Bahadur">Dewan Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak-bey" title="Sanjak-bey">Sancak bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rao Bahadur">Rao Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_Bahadur" title="Rai Bahadur">Rai Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Bahadur" title="Khan Bahadur">Khan Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparapet" title="Sparapet">Sparapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azat" title="Azat">Azat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">Zamindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Sahib" title="Khan Sahib">Khan Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Kadi (Ottoman Empire)">Kadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a> or <a href="/wiki/Begum" title="Begum">Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%A7_bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Uç bey">Uç bey</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazinedar" title="Hazinedar">Hazinedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rais" title="Rais">Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagirdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagirdar">Jagirdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saranjamdar" title="Saranjamdar">Saranjamdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taluqdar" title="Taluqdar">Taluqdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarafdar" title="Tarafdar">Tarafdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikdar" title="Sikdar">Sikdar</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Royal house: <a href="/wiki/Damat" title="Damat">Damat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Gurkani</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobleman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobleman">Nobleman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jenmi" title="Jenmi">Jenmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankari" title="Mankari">Mankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_(title)" title="Mian (title)">Mian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(name)" title="Mirza (name)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begzada" title="Begzada">Begzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_(title)" title="Bibi (title)">Bibi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; line-height:130%"> <ul><li>Governmental: <a href="/wiki/Lala_(title)" title="Lala (title)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agha (Ottoman Empire)">Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldar" title="Haldar">Haldar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlader" class="mw-redirect" title="Howlader">Hawladar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazinedar" title="Hazinedar">Hazinedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faujdar" title="Faujdar">Faujdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambardar" title="Lambardar">Lambardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mridha" title="Mridha">Mridha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayak_(title)" title="Nayak (title)">Nayak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowdhury" title="Chowdhury">Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostowfi_ol-Mamalek_(title)" title="Mostowfi ol-Mamalek (title)">Mostowfi ol-Mamalek</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Template:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_West,_Central,_Southern_Asia,_and_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, Southern Asia, and North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sultan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سلطان</span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sulṭān</i></span></i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[sʊlˈtˤɑːn,<span class="wrap"> </span>solˈtˤɑːn]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal and noble ranks">position</a> with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic <a href="/wiki/Abstract_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract noun">abstract noun</a> meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the <a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">verbal noun</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سلطة</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">sulṭah</i></span></i>, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>, or to refer to a powerful <a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> and territories ruled by a sultan, as well as his office, are referred to as a <b>sultanate</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سلطنة</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">salṭanah</i></span></i><span style="margin-left:2px">)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is distinct from king (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ملك</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">malik</a></i></span></i>), though both refer to a sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance,<sup id="cite_ref-Montgomery2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montgomery2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kassis1999_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kassis1999-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contrasting the more secular <i>king</i>, which is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> are the only <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a> which retain the title "sultan" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_11th-century_Muslim_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of 11th-century Muslim history">Timeline of 11th-century Muslim history</a></div> <p>The word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root <i>salaṭa</i> "to be hard, strong". The noun <i>sulṭān</i> initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power (as opposed to political power), and it is used in this sense several times in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">early Muslim world</a>, ultimate power and authority was theoretically held by the caliph, who was considered the leader of the caliphate. The increasing political fragmentation of the Muslim world after the 8th century, however, challenged this consensus. Local governors with administrative authority held the title of <i>amīr</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أمير</span></span>, traditionally "commander" or "<a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a>", later also "prince") and were appointed by the caliph, but in the 9th century some of these became <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> independent rulers who founded their own dynasties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0522_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the late 10th century, the term "sultan" begins to be used to denote an individual ruler with practically sovereign authority,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the early evolution of the term is complicated and difficult to establish.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud</a> (r. 998–1030 CE) who controlled an empire over present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and the surrounding region.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuks">Great Seljuks</a> adopted this title after defeating the Ghaznavid Empire and taking control of an even larger territory which included <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs">Abbasid caliphs</a>. The early Seljuk leader <a href="/wiki/Tughril_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril Bey">Tughril Bey</a> was the first leader to adopt the epithet "sultan" on his <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Seljuks acknowledged the caliphs in Baghdad formally as the universal leader of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim community">Muslim community</a>, their own political power clearly overshadowed the latter. This led to various Muslim scholars – notably <a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a> – attempting to develop theoretical justifications for the political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs. In general, the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from the caliph, but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom the caliph recognized. Al-Ghazali, for example, argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law (<i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">shari'a</a></i>), coercive power was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusades</a>, when leaders who held the title of "sultan" (such as <a href="/wiki/Salah_ad-Din" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Salah ad-Din">Salah ad-Din</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a>) led the confrontation against the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">crusader states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Views about the office of the sultan further developed during the crisis that followed the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">destruction of Baghdad</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> in 1258, which eliminated the remnants of Abbasid political power. Henceforth, the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a> and were still nominally recognized by the latter. However, from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across the Sunni Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As protectors of the line of the Abbasid caliphs, the Mamluks recognized themselves as sultans and the Muslim scholar Khalil al-Zahiri argued that only they could hold that title.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, in practice, many Muslim rulers of this period were now using the title as well. Mongol rulers (who had since converted to Islam) and other Turkish rulers were among those who did so.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in the 16th century when the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. The 16th-century Ottoman scholar and jurist, <a href="/wiki/Eb%C3%BCssu%C3%BBd_Mehmet_Efendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi">Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi</a>, recognized the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman sultan">Ottoman sultan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> at the time) as the caliph and universal leader of all Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conflation of sultan and caliph became more clearly emphasized in the 19th century during the Ottoman Empire's territorial decline, when Ottoman authorities sought to cast the sultan as the leader of the entire Muslim community in the face of European (<a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>) <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">colonial expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of this narrative, it was claimed that when Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> captured Cairo in 1517, the last descendant of the Abbasids in Cairo formally passed on the position of caliph to him.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination thus elevated the sultan's religious or spiritual authority, in addition to his formal political authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this later period, the title of sultan was still used outside the Ottoman Empire as well, as with the examples of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali aristocrats">Somali aristocrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles" title="Malay styles and titles">Malay nobles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultans_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans of Morocco">sultans of Morocco</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouite dynasty</a> founded in the 17th century).<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was, however, not used as a sovereign title by <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'a</a> Muslim rulers. The <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, who controlled the largest Shi'a Muslim state of this era, mainly used the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> title <i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a></i>, a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties. The term <i>sultan</i>, by contrast, was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm.<sup id="cite_ref-:052_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:052-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminine_forms">Feminine forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Feminine forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A feminine form of <i>sultan</i>, used by Westerners, is <b><a href="/wiki/Sultana_(title)" title="Sultana (title)">sultana</a></b> or <b>sultanah</b> and this title has been used legally for some (not all) <a href="/wiki/Muslim_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim women">Muslim women</a> monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts. However, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> also uses <i>sultan</i> for imperial lady, as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish grammar</a> uses the same words for both women and men (such as <a href="/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrem Sultan">Hurrem Sultan</a> and Sultan Suleiman Han (<a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>)). The female leaders in <a href="/wiki/Muslim_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history">Muslim history</a> are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> is styled as the "panguian" while the sultan's chief wife in many sultanates of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> are known as "permaisuri", "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan", or "Tengku Ampuan". The <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> especially is known as <i>Raja Isteri</i> with the title of <i>Pengiran Anak</i> suffixed, should the queen consort also be a royal princess. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compound_ruler_titles">Compound ruler titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compound ruler titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralamb-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ralamb-2.jpg/150px-Ralamb-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ralamb-2.jpg/225px-Ralamb-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Ralamb-2.jpg/300px-Ralamb-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> attended by a eunuch and two pages</figcaption></figure> <p>These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.: </p> <ul><li><i>Mani Sultan</i> – <i>Manney Sultan</i> (meaning the "Pearl of Rulers" or "Honoured Monarch") – a subsidiary title, part of the full style of the <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Sultans" title="Sultan of Sultans">Sultan of Sultans</a></i> – the sultanic equivalent of the style <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">King of Kings</a></li> <li>Certain secondary titles have a devout Islamic connotation; e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sultan_ul-Mujahidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan ul-Mujahidin">Sultan ul-Mujahidin</a> as champion of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> (to strive and to struggle in the name of Allah).</li> <li><i>Sultanic Highness</i> – a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Kamel_of_Egypt" title="Hussein Kamel of Egypt">Hussein Kamel of Egypt</a> (a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British protectorate</a> since 1914), who bore it with their primary titles of <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a> (<i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">Amir</a></i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Prens" class="mw-redirect" title="Prens">Prens</a></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">Princess</a>, after 11 October 1917. They enjoyed these titles for life, even after the Royal Rescript regulating the styles and titles of the Royal House following Egypt's <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_Declaration_of_Egyptian_Independence" title="Unilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence">independence in 1922</a>, when the sons and daughters of the newly styled king (<i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">malik</a> Misr</i></span></i>, considered a promotion) were granted the title <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Sahib(at) us-Sumuw al-Malaki</i></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a>.</li> <li><i>Sultan-ul-Qaum</i> – a title meaning King of the Nation, given to 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia">Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</a> by his supporters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Princely_and_aristocratic_titles">Princely and aristocratic titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Princely and aristocratic titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_de_Nicolay-_La_grande_dame_turcque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nicolas_de_Nicolay-_La_grande_dame_turcque.jpg/150px-Nicolas_de_Nicolay-_La_grande_dame_turcque.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nicolas_de_Nicolay-_La_grande_dame_turcque.jpg/225px-Nicolas_de_Nicolay-_La_grande_dame_turcque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nicolas_de_Nicolay-_La_grande_dame_turcque.jpg/300px-Nicolas_de_Nicolay-_La_grande_dame_turcque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">valide sultan</a> (sultana mother) of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably <i>khatun</i> for women and <i>bey</i> for men). This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative. </p><p>Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" (emperor) or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled "sultan", with imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, and imperial princesses carrying it after. For example: <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mehmed" title="Şehzade Mehmed">Şehzade Sultan Mehmed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihrimah_Sultan_(daughter_of_Suleiman_I)" title="Mihrimah Sultan (daughter of Suleiman I)">Mihrimah Sultan</a>, son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of the reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example: <a href="/wiki/Hafsa_Sultan" title="Hafsa Sultan">Hafsa Sultan</a>, Suleiman's mother and first <a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">valide sultan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hürrem Sultan">Hürrem Sultan</a>, Suleiman's chief consort and first <a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">haseki sultan</a>. The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a>, as the position of main consort eroded over the course of the 17th century, with the main consort losing the title of "sultan", which was replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun". Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a> a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty (a direct descendants of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>) elected by clans, i.e. a kind of prince. The best of sultans was elected as <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a> by people at <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_rank">Military rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a number of post-caliphal states under <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> rule, there was a <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">amir</a> as mere rank denominations. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian empire">Persian empire</a>, the rank of sultan was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day <a href="/wiki/Captain_(OF-2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (OF-2)">captain</a> in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled '<a href="/wiki/Ali_Jah" title="Ali Jah">Ali Jah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_sultans_and_sultanates">Former sultans and sultanates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Former sultans and sultanates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sultan" title="Special:EditPage/Sultan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sultanates_in_the_Balkans,_Anatolia_and_Central_Asia"><span id="Sultanates_in_the_Balkans.2C_Anatolia_and_Central_Asia"></span>Sultanates in the Balkans, Anatolia and Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sultanates in the Balkans, Anatolia and Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a>; its ruler, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, was the first <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> sovereign to be known as sultan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasus">Caucasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisu_Sultanate" title="Elisu Sultanate">Elisu Sultanate</a> and a few others. A sultan ranked below a khan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Asia_and_North_Africa">West Asia and North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: West Asia and North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>: <ul><li>Sultans of <a href="/wiki/Baneh" title="Baneh">Baneh</a> (In <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Kurdistan" title="Safavid Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, members of the Ekhtiyar al-Din family governed Baneh as Sultans defending against the Ottoman frontier)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid Sultans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumanbay_II_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tumanbay_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Tumanbay_II_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tumanbay_II_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Tumanbay_II_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Tumanbay_II_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuman_Bay_II" title="Tuman Bay II">Tuman Bay II</a>, last of the Mamluk Sultans</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mameluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mameluks">Mamluk Sultans</a></li></ul></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li>in present-day <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, various small sultanates of the defunct <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a>: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Audhali" title="Audhali">Audhali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fadhli_Sultanate" title="Fadhli Sultanate">Fadhli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haushabi" title="Haushabi">Haushabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Lahej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Aulaqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Aulaqi">Lower Aulaqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Yafa" title="Lower Yafa">Lower Yafa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subeihi" title="Subeihi">Subeihi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Aulaqi_Sultanate" title="Upper Aulaqi Sultanate">Upper Aulaqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wahidi" title="Wahidi">Wahidi</a> sultanates</dd></dl></li> <li>in present-day <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Sultans of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Sultans of the Hejaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Oman">Sultan of Oman</a> (authentically referred to as <i>Hami</i>), on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula, still an independent sultanate, since 1744 (assumed the formal title of Sultan in 1861)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tuggurt_(Touggourt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Tuggurt (Touggourt)">Sultanate of Tuggurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Sultans of Tlemcen</a></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid Sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultans of the Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B8.jpg/150px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B8.jpg/225px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B8.jpg/300px-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Hafid_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Hafid of Morocco">Abd al-Hafid of Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a> changed the style to <a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a> (king) on August 14, 1957, maintaining the subsidiary style <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%27minin" title="Amir al-Mu'minin">Amir al-Mu'minin</a> (Commander of the Faithful)</li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li>Dar al-Masalit</li> <li>Dar Qimr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Funj Sultanate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sinnar" title="Sinnar">Sinnar</a> (Sennar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordofan" title="Kordofan">Kordofan</a></li></ul></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (autonomous provinces)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="366" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Mohamoud_Ali_Shire" title="Mohamoud Ali Shire">Mohamoud Ali Shire</a>, the 20th Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Sultanate of Warsangali</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Somali aristocratic and court titles">Somali aristocratic and court titles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Sultanate</a>, in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>, in western <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harari_Region" title="Harari Region">Harari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a>, in Somaliland and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali region</a> of Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a>, in Somaliland and <a href="/wiki/Somali_Region" title="Somali Region">Somali region</a> of Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a> (Migiurtinia), in northern Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsangali Sultanate</a>, in northern Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a>, in southern Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Sultanate of Aussa</a>, in northeastern Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Harar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Harar">Sultanate of Harar</a>, in eastern Ethiopia</li> <li>Jarso Sultanate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a>, in central Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a>, in Somaliland, Djibouti and eastern Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a>, in south-central Somalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Showa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Showa">Sultanate of Showa</a>, in central Ethiopia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaal#Bimaal_Sultanate" title="Bimaal">Bimaal Sultanate</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title=" (2024-09-03)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>, in south eastern Somalia centred in <a href="/wiki/Merka" class="mw-redirect" title="Merka">Merka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Africa_and_Indian_Ocean">Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angoche_Sultanate" title="Angoche Sultanate">Angoche Sultanate</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambiquan</a> coast (also several neighbouring sheikdoms)</li> <li>various <a href="/wiki/Sultans_on_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans on the Comoros">sultans on the Comoros</a>; however on the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, the normally used styles were alternative native titles, including <a href="/wiki/Mfalme" class="mw-redirect" title="Mfalme">Mfalme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phany" class="mw-redirect" title="Phany">Phany</a> or <i>Jambé</i> and the 'hegemonic' title <a href="/wiki/Sultani_tibe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultani tibe">Sultani tibe</a></li> <li>the Maore (or Mawuti) sultanate on <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (separated from the Comoros)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maliki"><i>Maliki</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maliki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apparently derived from the Arabic <i><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">malik</a></i>, this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Sultanate" title="Kilwa Sultanate">Kilwa Sultanate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania_Mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzania Mainland">Tanganyika</a> (presently the continental part of Tanzania). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swahili_Coast">Swahili Coast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Swahili Coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zanz-Ali_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zanz-Ali_II.jpg/220px-Zanz-Ali_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Zanz-Ali_II.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>The eighth <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Zanzibar" title="List of sultans of Zanzibar">Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_bin_Hamud_of_Zanzibar" title="Ali bin Hamud of Zanzibar">Ali bin Hamud</a>. Photograph taken between 1902 and 1911</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Zanzibar" title="List of sultans of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>: two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> since 1964 union with Tanganyika (part of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>)</li></ul> <p><i>Mfalume</i> is the <span title="Swahili (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="sw-Latn">(Ki)<a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></span></span> title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan: </p> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_Pate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of Pate">Pate</a> on part of <a href="/wiki/Pate_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pate island">Pate island</a> (capital also named Pate), in the <a href="/wiki/Lamu_Archipelago" title="Lamu Archipelago">Lamu Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a>, became a German, then <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">Tanganyika</a> (presently part of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>): of Hadimu, on the island of that name; also styled <i>Jembe</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sultani"><i>Sultani</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sultani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_and_Central_Africa">West and Central Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: West and Central Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bamum" title="Kingdom of Bamum">Bamoun</a> (Bamun, 17th century, founded uniting 17 chieftaincies) 1918 becomes a sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftaincies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibemi" title="Bibemi">Bibemi</a>, founded in 1770 – initially styled <i><a href="/wiki/Lamido" title="Lamido">lamido</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_Kingdom" title="Mandara Kingdom">Mandara</a> Sultanate, since 1715 (replacing <a href="/wiki/Wandala" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandala">Wandala</a> kingdom); 1902 part of Cameroon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rey_Bouba" title="Rey Bouba">Rey Bouba</a> Sultanate founded 1804</li></ul></li> <li>in the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangassou" title="Bangassou">Bangassou</a> created <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1878</span>; 14 June 1890 under <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>, 1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French.</li> <li>Dar al-Kuti – French protectorate since December 12, 1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafai">Rafai</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1875</span> Sultanate, April 8, 1892, under Congo Free State protectorate, March 31, 1909, under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemio" title="Zemio">Zemio</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1872</span> established; December 11, 1894, under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12, 1909, under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate suppressed</li></ul></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baguirmi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Baguirmi Kingdom">Baguirmi</a> (main native title: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Baguirmi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Baguirmi">Mbang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouaddai_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouaddai Kingdom">Wada'i</a> (main native title: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wadai" title="List of rulers of Wadai">Kolak</a>), successor state to Birgu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_Sila" title="Dar Sila">Dar Sila</a> (actually a wandering group of tribes)</li></ul></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Amenokal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenokal">Amenokal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr" class="mw-redirect" title="Aïr">Aïr</a> confederation of <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></li> <li>the Sarkin Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Damagaram" title="Sultanate of Damagaram">Sultanate of Damagaram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinder" title="Zinder">Zinder</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> most monarchies previously had native titles, but when most in the north converted to Islam, Muslim titles were adopted, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a></i> and sometimes <i>sultan</i>. <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Sayfawa_dynasty" title="Sayfawa dynasty">Borno</a> (alongside the native title <i>Mai</i>)</li> <li>since 1817 in <a href="/wiki/Sokoto" title="Sokoto">Sokoto</a>, the suzerain (also styled <a href="/wiki/Amir_al-Mu%C2%B4minin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir al-Mu´minin">Amir al-Mu´minin</a> and Sarkin Musulmi) of all <a href="/wiki/Fulbe_jihad_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulbe jihad state">Fulbe jihad states</a> and premier traditional Muslim leader in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> (according to some once a caliph)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghan Kingdom</a>: Sultan had a different meaning. It was a high title of honour, superior to Amir and Sardar, but ranking below Shah.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a>: Bahmani Shahs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Sultanate of Bengal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesha dynasty">Ganesha</a>, Habshi, <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi</a>, Muhammad Shah and <a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karranis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Sultanates of the Deccan</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adil_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adil Shahi dynasty">Adil Shahi of Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Barid Shahi of Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Imad Shahi of Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Nizam Shahi of Ahmednagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb Shahi dynasty">Qutb Shahi of Golconda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultanate of Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khiljis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaqs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Sultanate of Gujarat</a>: <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Gujarat)" title="Muzaffarids (Gujarat)">Muzaffarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Sultanate of Jaunpur</a>: Sharqi dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooqui_dynasty" title="Farooqui dynasty">Sultanate of Kandesh</a>: Faruqi dynasty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Sultanate of Malwa</a>: three dynasties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Sultanate of Madurai</a></li> <li>Sultanate of Laccadive and Cannanore: <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakkal Kingdom">Arakkal Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Sultanate of Kashmir</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shah_Mir_dynasty" title="Shah Mir dynasty">Shahmirids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chak_dynasty" title="Chak dynasty">Chaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Maldives">Sultanate of Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath_Sultanate" title="Nawayath Sultanate">Sultanate of Hunnur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_and_East_Asia">Southeast and East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Southeast and East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamengkubuwono_x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hamengkubuwono_x.jpg/150px-Hamengkubuwono_x.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hamengkubuwono_x.jpg/225px-Hamengkubuwono_x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hamengkubuwono_x.jpg/300px-Hamengkubuwono_x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_X" title="Hamengkubuwono X">Hamengkubuwono X</a>, the incumbent Sultan of Yogyakarta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pakoe_Boewono_XII_de_Susuhunan_van_Solo_in_de_kraton_TMnr_60052129.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pakoe_Boewono_XII_de_Susuhunan_van_Solo_in_de_kraton_TMnr_60052129.jpg/150px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pakoe_Boewono_XII_de_Susuhunan_van_Solo_in_de_kraton_TMnr_60052129.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pakoe_Boewono_XII_de_Susuhunan_van_Solo_in_de_kraton_TMnr_60052129.jpg/225px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pakoe_Boewono_XII_de_Susuhunan_van_Solo_in_de_kraton_TMnr_60052129.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pakoe_Boewono_XII_de_Susuhunan_van_Solo_in_de_kraton_TMnr_60052129.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Pakoe_Boewono_XII_de_Susuhunan_van_Solo_in_de_kraton_TMnr_60052129.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pakubuwono_XII" title="Pakubuwono XII">Pakubuwono XII</a>, last undisputed Susuhunan of Surakarta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saifuddin_of_Tidore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saifuddin_of_Tidore.JPG/150px-Saifuddin_of_Tidore.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saifuddin_of_Tidore.JPG/225px-Saifuddin_of_Tidore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saifuddin_of_Tidore.JPG/300px-Saifuddin_of_Tidore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Sultan Saifuddin of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Tidore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulu_Sultan_Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sulu_Sultan_Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram.jpg/150px-Sulu_Sultan_Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sulu_Sultan_Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram.jpg/225px-Sulu_Sultan_Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Sulu_Sultan_Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram.jpg/300px-Sulu_Sultan_Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mahakuttah_Abdullah_Kiram" title="Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram">Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram</a>, last recognised Sultan of Sulu</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (formerly in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>): </p> <ul><li>On <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Banjar" title="Sultanate of Banjar">Sultanate of Banjar</a></li> <li>Sultanate of Berau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bulungan" title="Sultanate of Bulungan">Sultanate of Bulungan</a></li> <li>Sultanate of Gunung Tabur</li> <li>Sultanate of Kubu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mempawah_Kingdom" title="Mempawah Kingdom">Sultanate of Mempawah</a></li> <li>Sultanate of Paser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Pontianak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Pontianak">Sultanate of Pontianak</a></li> <li>Sultanate of Sambaliung</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas" title="Sultanate of Sambas">Sultanate of Sambas</a></li></ul></li> <li>On <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buton" title="Sultanate of Buton">Sultanate of Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone state">Sultanate of Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Gowa" title="Sultanate of Gowa">Sultanate of Gowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwu">Sultanate of Luwu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Soppeng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Soppeng (page does not exist)">Sultanate of Soppeng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Soppeng" class="extiw" title="id:Kesultanan Soppeng">id</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajoq" title="Wajoq">Sultanate of Wajoq</a></li></ul></li> <li>On <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Banten" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Banten">Sultanate of Banten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Sultanate of Cirebon</a> – the rulers in three of the four palaces (<i>kraton</i>), from which divided <a href="/wiki/Cirebon" title="Cirebon">Cirebon</a> was ruled: <a href="/wiki/Kraton_Kasepuhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraton Kasepuhan">Kraton Kasepuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kraton_Kanoman" title="Kraton Kanoman">Kraton Kanoman</a> and Kraton Kacirebonan (only in Kraton Kaprabonan was the ruler's title Panembahan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Demak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Demak">Sultanate of Demak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajang" class="mw-redirect" title="Pajang">Sultanate of Pajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumedang_Larang_Kingdom" title="Sumedang Larang Kingdom">Sumedang Larang Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mataram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mataram">Sultanate of Mataram</a> (was divided into two kingdoms: the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Sunanan Surakarta) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Yogyakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Yogyakarta">Sultanate of Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Sunanate of Surakarta</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Susuhunan" title="Susuhunan">susuhunan</a></i>, a high-ranked monarch, equivalent to emperor)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iha" title="Kingdom of Iha">Sultanate of Iha</a> (Saparua)</li> <li>Sultanate of Honimoa/ Siri Sori (Saparua)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Huamual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Huamual (page does not exist)">Sultanate of Huamual</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Huamual" class="extiw" title="id:Kerajaan Huamual">id</a>]</span> (West Seram)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Negeri_Soya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Negeri Soya (page does not exist)">Sultanate of Negeri Soya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Soya" class="extiw" title="id:Negeri Soya">id</a>]</span> (Ambon)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Tanah_Hitu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Tanah Hitu (page does not exist)">Sultanate of Tanah Hitu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Tanah_Hitu" class="extiw" title="id:Kerajaan Tanah Hitu">id</a>]</span> (Ambon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanate_of_Loloda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanate of Loloda (page does not exist)">Sultanate of Loloda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Loloda" class="extiw" title="id:Kerajaan Loloda">id</a>]</span> (North Halmahera)</li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusa Tenggara">Nusa Tenggara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_Sultanate" title="Bima Sultanate">Bima Sultanate</a> on Sumbawa island</li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Riau_Archipelago" title="Riau Archipelago">Riau Archipelago</a>: <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Sultanate of Riau-Lingga</a> by secession in 1818 under the expelled sultan of <a href="/wiki/Johore" class="mw-redirect" title="Johore">Johore</a> (on Malaya) Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a> (full style <i>Sultan Berdaulat Zillullah fil-Alam</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Asahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Asahan">Sultanate of Asahan</a></li> <li>Awak Sungai, established 17th century at the split in four of <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, in 1816 extinguished by Netherlands East Indies colonial government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli" title="Sultanate of Deli">Sultanate of Deli</a></li> <li>Sultanate of Indragiri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Langkat" title="Sultanate of Langkat">Sultanate of Langkat</a> (previous style Raja)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a> (Darussalam), also holding the higher title of <a href="/wiki/Susuhunan" title="Susuhunan">Susuhunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Sultanate of Pagaruyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peureulak" class="mw-redirect" title="Peureulak">Sultanate of Perleuak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Serdang" title="Sultanate of Serdang">Sultanate of Serdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Siak">Sultanate of Siak</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a>, where all seven of the country's present sultanates are located: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Perlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Perlis">Sultanate of Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Johor">Sultanate of Johor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kedah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Kedah">Sultanate of Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Kelantan" title="Sultan of Kelantan">Sultanate of Kelantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Pahang" title="Sultan of Pahang">Sultanate of Pahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Perak" title="Sultan of Perak">Sultanate of Perak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Sultanate of Selangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Terengganu" title="Sultan of Terengganu">Sultanate of Terengganu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Furthermore, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Luak_Jelebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Luak Jelebu">Luak Jelebu</a>, one of the constitutive states of the <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> confederation, had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title <i>Undang Luak Jelebu</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Malacca">Sultanate of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sarawak" title="Sultanate of Sarawak">Sultanate of Sarawak</a></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Brunei">Sultan of Brunei</a>, Brunei (on Borneo island)</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali, Yunnan">Dali, Yunnan</a>, capital of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a> <ul><li>Furthermore, the <i>Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin</i> (Leader of the Community of Muslims) of <a href="/wiki/Pingnan_Guo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingnan Guo">Pingnan Guo</a> ("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili Sultanate">Ili Sultanate</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="zh:伊犁苏丹国">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Buayan" title="Sultanate of Buayan">Sultanate of Buayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> (Sulu, Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi islands and part of eastern Sabah on North Borneo)</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattani_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Kingdom">Sultanate of Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Singgora" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Singgora">Sultanate of Singgora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_sultans">Current sultans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Current sultans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Sultans of sovereign states</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a>, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Negara of <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Brunei,_the_Abode_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace">Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham bin Tariq</a>, Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Sultanate of Oman</a></li></ul> <p><b>Sultans in federal monarchies</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor"><img alt="Johor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Johor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Johor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Ismail_of_Johor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Ismail of Johor">Ibrahim Ismail</a>, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Malaysian State of Johor, The Abode of Dignity</a> and its occupied territories</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah"><img alt="Kedah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Kedah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kedah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sallehuddin_of_Kedah" title="Sallehuddin of Kedah">Sallehuddin</a>, Sultan and Yang-di Pertuan of <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Malaysian State of Kedah, the Abode of Safety</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan"><img alt="Kelantan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Muhammad_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Muhammad V">Sultan Muhammad V</a>, Al-Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of <a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Malaysian State of Kelantan, the Abode of Bliss</a> and its dependencies</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang"><img alt="Pahang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> Al-Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Pahang" title="Abdullah of Pahang">Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin</a>, Sultan and Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Malaysian State of Pahang, the Abode of Tranquility</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak"><img alt="Perak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak" title="Nazrin Shah of Perak">Nazrin Shah</a>, Sultan, Yang di-Pertuan and the Ruler of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Malaysian State of Perak, the Abode of Grace</a> and its dependencies</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor"><img alt="Selangor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sharafuddin_of_Selangor" title="Sharafuddin of Selangor">Sharafuddin Idris Shah</a>, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Malaysian State of Selangor, the Abode of Sincerity</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu"><img alt="Terengganu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Terengganu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Terengganu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_of_Terengganu" title="Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu">Mizan Zainal Abidin</a>, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of <a href="/wiki/Terengganu" title="Terengganu">Malaysian State of Terengganu, the Abode of Faith</a></li></ul> <p><b>Sultan with power within republics</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta"><img alt="Special Region of Yogyakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg/43px-Flag_of_Yogyakarta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></span> Sri Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_X" title="Hamengkubuwono X">Hamengkubuwono X</a>, Sultan and <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Yogyakarta" title="List of governors of Yogyakarta">Governor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Yogyakarta" title="Special Region of Yogyakarta">Indonesian Special Region of Yogyakarta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suratrana" title="Suratrana">Suratrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansa_(title)" title="Mansa (title)">Mansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan (title)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilkhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhan">Ilkhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khakhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakhan">Khakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> (Amir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baig" class="mw-redirect" title="Baig">Baig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_(noble)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza (noble)">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Datu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajah">Maharajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(title)" title="Mir (title)">Mir (title)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n" title="Zoltán">Zoltán</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sultans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sultans">Sultans</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sultan">"sultan"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208012050/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sultan">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sultan&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sultanate">"Sultanate"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151856/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sultanate">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sultanate&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsultanate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/sultanate">"Sultanate"</a>. <i>Britannica Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622151856/https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/sultanate">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sultanate&rft.btitle=Britannica+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsultanate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montgomery2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery2004_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2004" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, James Edward (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZXeOs_xYsC&pg=PA83"><i>ʻAbbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of ʻAbbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6–10 July 2002</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1433-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1433-9"><bdi>978-90-429-1433-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127105529/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZXeOs_xYsC&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CA%BBAbbasid+Studies%3A+Occasional+Papers+of+the+School+of+%CA%BBAbbasid+Studies%2C+Cambridge%2C+6%E2%80%9310+July+2002&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1433-9&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=James+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHZXeOs_xYsC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassis1999-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kassis1999_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiad_Aziz_Kassis1999" class="citation book cs1">Riad Aziz Kassis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zvXrQ7W7PEC&pg=PA65"><i>The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works</i></a>. Brill. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11305-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11305-3"><bdi>90-04-11305-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127105608/https://books.google.com/books?id=_zvXrQ7W7PEC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Proverbs+and+Arabic+Proverbial+Works&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11305-3&rft.au=Riad+Aziz+Kassis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_zvXrQ7W7PEC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:052-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:052_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramersBosworthSchumannKane2012" class="citation book cs1">Kramers, J.H.; Bosworth, C.E.; Schumann, O.; Kane, Ousmane (2012). "Sulṭān". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sul%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kramers&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.E.&rft.au=Schumann%2C+O.&rft.au=Kane%2C+Ousmane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0522-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0522_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuri2012" class="citation book cs1">Duri, A.A. (2012). "Amīr". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Am%C4%ABr&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Duri&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2003" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Sultan". <i>The Islamic World: Past and Present</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sultan&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuran2009" class="citation book cs1">Turan, Ebru (2009). "Sultan". In Esposito, John L. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sultan&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Turan&rft.aufirst=Ebru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2012" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2012). <i>Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923</i>. John Murray Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848547858" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848547858"><bdi>978-1848547858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+Dream%3A+The+Story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1300%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1848547858&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1993" class="citation book cs1">Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). <i>The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507673-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507673-7"><bdi>0-19-507673-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Harem%3A+Women+and+Sovereignty+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-507673-7&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Leslie+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMardūḵ1988" class="citation web cs1">Mardūḵ, 'A. (December 15, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bana-a-sahrestan-in-the-province-of-kurdistan-located-in-a-mountainous-well-forested-region-of-western-iran-at-35-59-">"Bāna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=B%C4%81na&rft.date=1988-12-15&rft.aulast=Mard%C5%AB%E1%B8%B5&rft.aufirst=%27A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbana-a-sahrestan-in-the-province-of-kurdistan-located-in-a-mountainous-well-forested-region-of-western-iran-at-35-59-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1138427/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4209235-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85130398">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956455q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11956455q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign" title="Style of the British sovereign">Commonwealth realms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_and_royal_titles_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Noble and royal titles of the Isle of Man">Man</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_court_ranks,_positions_and_hereditary_titles" title="List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Level_Cap_and_Rank_System" title="Twelve Level Cap and Rank System">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Spanish_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Swedish_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Swedish Crown">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_royal_ranks_and_titles" title="Thai royal ranks and titles">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolished_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolished monarchy">Former monarchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_title_of_the_emperor_of_Austria" title="Grand title of the emperor of Austria">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_royal_titles" title="Burmese royal titles">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy" title="Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy">Byzantium</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine-rank_system" title="Nine-rank system">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_ranks_of_the_Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom" title="Noble ranks of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom">Taiping</a></li></ul></li> <li>Egypt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mamluk_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Mamluk titles and appellations">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Ethiopia</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_the_Crown_of_France" title="Great Officers of the Crown of France">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Dignitaries_of_the_French_Empire" title="Grand Dignitaries of the French Empire">Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_officials_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Court officials of the Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_and_emblems_of_the_German_Emperor_after_1873" title="Titles and emblems of the German Emperor after 1873">Germany</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_titles" title="Maratha titles">Maratha</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone-rank_system" title="Bone-rank system">Silla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_and_titles_in_the_Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles and titles in the Joseon dynasty">Joseon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offices_in_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland and Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Portuguese_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Romanian_ranks_and_titles" title="Historical Romanian ranks and titles">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Ranks" title="Table of Ranks">Russia</a></li> <li>Serbia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_royal_titles" title="Serbian royal titles">royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Serbian_noble_titles" title="Medieval Serbian noble titles">noble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Somali aristocratic and court titles">Somalia</a></li> <li>Turkey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_titles_and_appellations" title="List of Ottoman titles and appellations">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_the_Welsh_Court" title="Titles of the Welsh Court">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template talk:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">Benevolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_dictatorship" title="Constitutional dictatorship">Constitutional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">Dictablanda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Proletarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing authoritarianism">Left-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_strongman" title="Political strongman">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_totalitarian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of totalitarian states">List of totalitarian states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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