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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Arabian_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Arabian_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Western Arabian settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Arabian_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imamate_of_Oman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imamate_of_Oman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Imamate of Oman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imamate_of_Oman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nabhani_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nabhani_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Nabhani dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nabhani_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Portuguese era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yaruba_dynasty_(1624–1744)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yaruba_dynasty_(1624–1744)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Yaruba dynasty (1624–1744) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yaruba_dynasty_(1624–1744)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 18th and 19th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_de_facto_colonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_de_facto_colonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 British de facto colonisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_de_facto_colonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Seeb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Seeb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Treaty of Seeb </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Seeb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign_of_Sultan_Said_(1932–1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign_of_Sultan_Said_(1932–1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Reign of Sultan Said (1932–1970) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reign_of_Sultan_Said_(1932–1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jebel_Akhdar_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jebel_Akhdar_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Jebel Akhdar War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jebel_Akhdar_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhofar_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhofar_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Dhofar War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhofar_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history_(1970–2020)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history_(1970–2020)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Modern history (1970–2020) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history_(1970–2020)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haitham_bin_Tariq_(2020_–_present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haitham_bin_Tariq_(2020_–_present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Haitham bin Tariq (2020 – present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haitham_bin_Tariq_(2020_–_present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Legal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Oil and gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry,_innovation_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry,_innovation_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Industry, innovation and infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry,_innovation_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Agriculture and fishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Music and cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Omani_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Omani_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Omani cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Omani_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Oman</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 236 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-236" aria-hidden="true" > 236 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95" title="ኦማን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦማን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطنة عمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة عمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%98%DC%A1%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܥܘܡܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܘܡܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Օման – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օման" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ওমান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওমান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A3" title="Omã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Omã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ГӀуман – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀуман" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عومان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عومان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ওমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨོ་མན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨོ་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani" title="Omani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Omani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="عومان (بلاد) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عومان (بلاد)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%A2%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޢުމާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޢުމާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidilt%C5%82ish_Shizhah%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Bidiltłish Shizhahí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bidiltłish Shizhahí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaan" title="Omaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Omaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Ομάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omano" title="Omano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Omano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93man" title="Óman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Óman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Omaan" title="Yn Omaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Omaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A0n" title="Omàn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Omàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ઓમાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓમાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%A7%8C" title="오만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBOmana" title="ʻOmana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻOmana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Օման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ওমান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ওমান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93man" title="Óman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Óman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="עומאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עומאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಒಮಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಮಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ომანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ომანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8F%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عُمان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="عُمان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92man" title="Òman – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Òman" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani" title="Omani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Omani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani" title="Omani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Omani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A0n" title="Omàn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Omàn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omana" title="Omana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Omana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C4%81na" title="Omāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Omāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omanas" title="Omanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Omanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92man" title="Òman – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Òman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94m%C3%A0na" title="Ômàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ômàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഒമാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C4%81na" title="Omāna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Omāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ომანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ომანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سلطنة عمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سلطنة عمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯣꯃꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯣꯃꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အိုမန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုမန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="オマーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オマーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ӏоман – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏоман" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaan" title="Omaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Omaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaan" title="Omaan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Omaan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଓମାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓମାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaan" title="Omaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Omaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummon_Sultonligi" title="Ummon Sultonligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ummon Sultonligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਉਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عمان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عمان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អូម៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អូម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A3" title="Omã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Omã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani" title="Omani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Omani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओमान – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ओमान" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱳᱢᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱢᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عمان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عمان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A0n" title="Omàn – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Omàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omani" title="Omani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Omani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%95%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඕමානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඕමානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عمان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عمان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMani" title="IMani – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%AFm%C5%AFn" title="Uůmůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Uůmůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumaan" title="Cumaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cumaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عومان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عومان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓமான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓமான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%90umman" title="Ɛumman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ɛumman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢူဝ်ႇမၢၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢူဝ်ႇမၢၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఒమన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒమన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A1n" title="Omán – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Omán" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศโอมาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโอมาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Умон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Умон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBOmani" title="ʻOmani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻOmani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umman" title="Umman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Umman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨕᨚᨆᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨚᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عمان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئومان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئومان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om%C3%A0n" title="Omàn – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Omàn" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom%C3%A4n" title="Lomän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lomän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaan" title="Omaan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Omaan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿曼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaan" title="Omaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Omaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אמאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אמאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿曼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaan" title="Omaan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Omaan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omans" title="Omans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Omans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaan" title="Omaan – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Omaan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Oman" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%84%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵄⵓⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q842#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="View the 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oman&params=21_N_57_E_type:country_region:OM">21°N 57°E / 21°N 57°E / 21; 57</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"عُمان" redirects here. For the city with the same spelling in Arabic, see <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Oman</div><div class="ib-country-names">سلطنة عُمان (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) Salṭanat ʿUmān</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Oman.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Omannnn"><img alt="Flag of Omannnn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/125px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/188px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/250px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_emblem_of_Oman.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Omannnn"><img alt="Emblem of Omannnn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/National_emblem_of_Oman.svg/85px-National_emblem_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/National_emblem_of_Oman.svg/128px-National_emblem_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/National_emblem_of_Oman.svg/170px-National_emblem_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div>Emblem</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: نشيد السلام السلطاني "<a href="/wiki/As-Salam_as-Sultani" title="As-Salam as-Sultani">as-Salām as-Sultānī</a>" "Sultanic Salutation"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="114" data-mwtitle="Peace_to_the_Sultan_(نشيد_السلام_السلطاني).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Peace_to_the_Sultan_%28%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%29.ogg/Peace_to_the_Sultan_%28%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Peace_to_the_Sultan_%28%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APeace_to_the_Sultan_%28%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%29.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APeace_to_the_Sultan_%28%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%29.ogg&lang=dv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="dv" label="ދިވެހިބަސް ‪(dv)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APeace_to_the_Sultan_%28%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APeace_to_the_Sultan_%28%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%29.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Oman_(better)_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Oman (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Oman (dark green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Oman_%28better%29_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Oman_%28better%29_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Oman_%28better%29_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Oman_%28better%29_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Oman_%28better%29_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Oman_%28better%29_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Oman (dark green)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oman&params=23_35_20_N_58_24_30_E_region:OM-MA_type:city">23°35′20″N 58°24′30″E / 23.58889°N 58.40833°E / 23.58889; 58.40833</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2024)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>88.9% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>) <ul><li>70% <a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li> <li>25.5% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li>5.5% <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li>5.5% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oman" title="Hinduism in Oman">Hinduism</a></li> <li>3.6% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Christianity</a></li> <li>2.0% others<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Omanis" title="Omanis">Omani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary Islamic <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Sultan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham bin Tariq</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Oman" title="Crown Prince of Oman">Crown Prince</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theyazin_bin_Haitham" title="Theyazin bin Haitham">Theyazin bin Haitham</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Oman" title="Council of Oman">Council of Oman</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State of Oman">Council of State (Majlis al-Dawla)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Assembly of Oman">Consultative Assembly (Majlis al-Shura)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a> tribe migration </div></th><td class="infobox-data">130</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Al-Julandie </div></th><td class="infobox-data">629</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Oman" title="Imamate of Oman">Imamate</a> established<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">751</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty" title="Nabhani dynasty">Nabhani dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1154</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Oman" title="Portuguese Oman">Portuguese rule</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1507–1656</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ya%27rubids" title="Ya'rubids">Yarubi dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1624</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/House_of_Busaid" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Busaid">Al Said dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1744</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 January 1856</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Sultanate of Oman </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1970</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Basic_Statute_of_Oman" title="Basic Statute of Oman">Basic Statute</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 1996 (established); 2011 (amended); 2021 (amended)<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">309,500 km2 (119,500 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">70th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">negligible</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,520,471<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-7">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">125th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2010 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,773,479<a href="#cite_note-2010Census-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15/km2 (38.8/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">177th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $200.295 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.OM-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $39,336<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.OM-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">71st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $108.282 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.OM-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">66th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $21,265<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.OM-9">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">55th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">30.75<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.819<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-11">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">59th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Omani_rial" title="Omani rial">Omani rial</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">OMR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+4 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Persian_Gulf_Standard_Time&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persian Gulf Standard Time (page does not exist)">GST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a> is not observed.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B968" class="mw-redirect" title="+968">+968</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.om" title=".om">.om</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86." class="mw-redirect" title="عمان.">عمان.</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oman.om">www.oman.om</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Oman,<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> officially the Sultanate of Oman,<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> is a country on the southeastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It overlooks the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. It shares land borders with <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. The capital and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>. Oman has a population of about 5.28 million as of 2024, which is a 4.60% population increase from 2023.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Countries_with_highest_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries with highest population">123rd most-populous country</a>. The coast faces the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> on the southeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> on the northeast. The <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">Musandam</a> <a href="/wiki/Exclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclaves">exclaves</a> are surrounded by United Arab Emirates on their land borders, with the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> (which it shares with Iran) and the Gulf of Oman forming Musandam's coastal boundaries. From the 17th century, the Omani <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a> was <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">an empire</a>, vying with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> empires for influence in the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean. At its peak in the 19th century, Omani influence and control extended across the Strait of Hormuz to Iran and Pakistan, and as far south as <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-etn.sagepub.com-15">[12]</a> In the 20th century, the sultanate came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. For over 300 years, the relations built between the two empires were based on mutual benefit. The UK recognized Oman's geographical importance as a trading hub that secured British trading-lanes in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and Indian Ocean and protected London's interests in the Indian sub-continent. Oman is an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> led by a <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>, with power passed down through the male line. <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Qaboos bin Said</a> was the Sultan from 1970 until his death on 10 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> Qaboos, who died childless, had named his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham bin Tariq</a>, as his successor in a letter, and the ruling family confirmed him as the new Sultan of Oman.<a href="#cite_note-ALJAZEERA2-17">[14]</a> Formerly a maritime empire, Oman is the oldest continuously independent state in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[16]</a> It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. It has oil reserves ranked 22nd globally.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a> ranked Oman as the most-improved country in the world in terms of development during the preceding 40 years.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> A portion of its economy involves <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Oman" title="Tourism in Oman">tourism</a> and trading fish, <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> and other agricultural produce. The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> categorizes Oman as a <a href="/wiki/High-income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> and as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit">[update]</a> Oman ranks as the 48th most peaceful country in the world according to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The oldest known written mention of "Oman" is on a tomb in the <a href="/wiki/Mleiha_Archaeological_Centre" title="Mleiha Archaeological Centre">Mleiha Archeological Center</a> in the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> The name "Oman" is thought to be several centuries older than <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>’s reference to "Omana"<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s reference to "Omanon". (Ὄμανον ἐμπόριον in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>),<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> Both of those references are probably to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EJoman-26">[23]</a> The city or region is typically etymologized in Arabic as deriving from ʿāmin or ʿamūn ('settled' people, as opposed to the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EJoman-26">[23]</a> Although some have proposed one or another eponymous founder (Oman bin Ibrahim al-Khalil, Oman bin Siba' bin Yaghthan bin Ibrahim, Oman bin Qahtan), others have suggested that "Oman" derives from the name of a valley in Yemen at <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a>, presumed to be the original home of the city's founders, the <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a>, an ancient Bedouin tribe mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic</a> inscriptions — specifically, <a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a> inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Sha%27r_Awtar" title="Sha'r Awtar">Sha'r Awtar</a>'s reign (<a href="/wiki/210" title="210">210</a>–<a href="/wiki/230" title="230">230</a> CE).<a href="#cite_note-Tarbaby-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">History of Oman</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_ancient_history">Prehistory and ancient history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory and ancient history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Heritage_Grave_Al_Ayn_Oman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/World_Heritage_Grave_Al_Ayn_Oman.JPG/250px-World_Heritage_Grave_Al_Ayn_Oman.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/World_Heritage_Grave_Al_Ayn_Oman.JPG/375px-World_Heritage_Grave_Al_Ayn_Oman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/World_Heritage_Grave_Al_Ayn_Oman.JPG/500px-World_Heritage_Grave_Al_Ayn_Oman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3535" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Sites_of_Bat,_Al-Khutm_and_Al-Ayn" title="Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn">Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ad_Dhahirah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Dhahirah Governorate">Ad Dhahirah</a>, built in the 3rd Millennium <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>, are <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage">UNESCO World Heritage</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lia_sites.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lia_sites.JPG/220px-Lia_sites.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lia_sites.JPG/330px-Lia_sites.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lia_sites.JPG/440px-Lia_sites.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2753" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Late_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Iron Age">Late Iron Age</a> sites in Oman</figcaption></figure> At Aybut Al Auwal, in the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar Governorate</a> of Oman, a site was discovered in 2011 containing more than 100 surface scatters of stone tools, belonging to a regionally specific African <a href="/wiki/Lithic_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithic industry">lithic industry</a>—the late <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> Complex—known previously only from the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. Two optically stimulated luminescence age estimates place the Arabian Nubian Complex at 106,000 years old. This supports the proposition that early human populations moved from Africa into Arabia during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> In recent years surveys have uncovered Palaeolithic and Neolithic sites on the eastern coast. Main Palaeolithic sites include Saiwan-Ghunaim in the Barr al-Hikman.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Archaeological remains are particularly numerous for the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Umm_an-Nar" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm an-Nar">Umm an-Nar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Suq_culture" title="Wadi Suq culture">Wadi Suq</a> periods. At the archaeological sites of Bat, Al-Janah, and Al-Ayn wheel-turned pottery, hand-made stone vessels, metals industry artifacts, and monumental architecture have been preserved.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> There is considerable agreement in sources that <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> was used by traders in 1500 BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Frankincense" title="Land of Frankincense">Land of Frankincense</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage site">UNESCO World Heritage site</a>, dramatically illustrates that the incense constituted testimony to <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabian</a> civilizations. During the 8th century BCE, it is believed that the Yaarub, the descendant of <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtan</a>, ruled the entire region of Yemen, including Oman. Wathil bin Himyar bin <a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Abd-Shams (Saba)</a> bin Yashjub (<a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yaman</a>) bin Yarub bin <a href="/wiki/Joktan" title="Joktan">Qahtan</a> later ruled Oman.<a href="#cite_note-YWTATss-31">[28]</a> It is thus believed that the Yaarubah were the first settlers in Oman from Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-MIIDN-32">[29]</a> In the 1970s and 1980s, scholars like <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wilkinson" title="John C. Wilkinson">John C. Wilkinson</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> believed by virtue of oral history that in the 6th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a> exerted control over the Omani peninsula, most likely ruling from a coastal centre such as <a href="/wiki/Suhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhar">Suhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> Central Oman has its own indigenous Samad Late Iron Age cultural assemblage named eponymously from <a href="/wiki/Samad_al-Shan" title="Samad al-Shan">Samad al-Shan</a>. In the northern part of the Oman Peninsula the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Recent Pre-Islamic Period</a> begins in the 3rd century BCE and extends into the 3rd century CE. Whether or not Persians brought south-eastern Arabia under their control is a moot point, since the lack of Persian archeological finds speak against this belief. <a href="/wiki/Armand-Pierre_Caussin_de_Perceval" title="Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval">Armand-Pierre Caussin de Perceval</a> suggests that Shammir bin Wathil bin Himyar recognized the authority of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> over Oman in 536 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-YWTATss-31">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> tablets referred to Oman as "<a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a>"<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> "Makan",<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> a name that links Oman's ancient copper resources.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Arabian_settlement">Western Arabian settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Western Arabian settlement">edit</a>]</div> Over centuries tribes from western Arabia settled in Oman, making a living by fishing, farming, herding or stock breeding, and many present day Omani families trace their ancestral roots to other parts of Arabia. Arab migration to Oman started from northern-western and south-western Arabia and those who chose to settle had to compete with the indigenous population for the best arable land. When Arab tribes started to migrate to Oman, there were two distinct groups. One group, a segment of the <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a> tribe migrated from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in 120<a href="#cite_note-YWTAT-39">[36]</a>/200 CE following the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Marib Dam</a>, while the other group migrated a few centuries before the birth of Islam from <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>), named <a href="/wiki/Nizar_ibn_Ma%27ad" title="Nizar ibn Ma'ad">Nizari</a>. Other historians believe that the Yaarubah from Qahtan, which belong to an older branch, were the first settlers of Oman from Yemen, and then came the Azd.<a href="#cite_note-MIIDN-32">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ruins6.JPG/200px-Ruins6.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ruins6.JPG/300px-Ruins6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ruins6.JPG/400px-Ruins6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Khor_Rori" title="Khor Rori">Khor Rori</a>, built between 100 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a> and 100 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></figcaption></figure> The Azd settlers in Oman are descendants of Nasr bin Azd and were later known as "the Al-Azd of Oman".<a href="#cite_note-YWTAT-39">[36]</a> Seventy years after the first Azd migration, another branch of <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Alazdi</a> under Malik bin Fahm, the founder of Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhites</a> on the west of <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, is believed to have settled in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-YWTAT-39">[36]</a> According to Al-Kalbi, Malik bin Fahm was the first settler of Alazd.<a href="#cite_note-MFFSOO-40">[37]</a> He is said to have first settled in <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a>. By this account, Malik, with an armed force of more than 6000 men and horses, fought against the <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">Marzban</a>, who served an ambiguously named Persian king in the battle of Salut in Oman and eventually defeated the Persian forces.<a href="#cite_note-MIIDN-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-HOM-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiselShoup2009193-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-TIM-43">[40]</a> This account is, however, semi-legendary and seems to condense multiple centuries of migration and conflict as well as an amalgamation of various traditions from not only the Arab tribes but also the region's original inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-HOM-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> In the 7th century CE, Omanis came in contact with and accepted <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_OMAN-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-us-state-dept-47">[44]</a> The conversion of Omanis to Islam is ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_al-As" title="Amr ibn al-As">Amr ibn al-As</a>, who was sent by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Zaid_ibn_Haritha_(Hisma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma)">Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma)</a>. Amr was dispatched to meet with Jaifer and Abd, the sons of Julanda who ruled Oman. They appear to have readily embraced Islam.<a href="#cite_note-INOE-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imamate_of_Oman">Imamate of Oman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imamate of Oman">edit</a>]</div> Omani <a href="/wiki/Azd" title="Azd">Azd</a> used to travel to <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> for trade, which was a centre of Islam, during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> empire. Omani Azd were granted a section of Basra, where they could settle and attend to their needs. Many of the Omani Azd who settled in Basra became wealthy merchants and, under their leader <a href="/wiki/Al-Muhallab_ibn_Abi_Sufra" title="Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra">al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra</a>, started to expand their influence of power eastwards towards <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ibadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadism">Ibadism</a> originated in Basra through its founder, <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">Abd Allah ibn Ibad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:03-49">[46]</a> around the year 650; the Omani Azd in Iraq would subsequently adopt this as their predominant faith. Later, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">al-Hajjaj</a>, the governor of Iraq, came into conflict with the Ibadis, which forced them back to Oman. Among those who returned was the scholar <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jaber bin Zaid</a>. His return (and the return of many other scholars) greatly enhanced the Ibadhi movement in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-OmanForeignPolicy-50">[47]</a> Alhajjaj also made an attempt to subjugate Oman, then ruled by Suleiman and Said (the sons of Abbad bin Julanda). Alhajjaj dispatched Mujjaah bin Shiwah, who was confronted by Said bin Abbad. This confrontation devastated Said's army, after which he and his forces retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_(Oman)" title="Jebel Akhdar (Oman)">Jebel Akhdar</a> (mountains). Mujjaah and his forces went after Said, successfully flushing them out from hiding in Wadi Mastall. Mujjaah later moved towards the coast, where he confronted Suleiman bin Abbad. The battle was won by Suleiman's forces. Alhajjaj, however, sent another force (under Abdulrahman bin Suleiman); he eventually won the war, taking over the governance of Oman.<a href="#cite_note-HRIS-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRIS1-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRIS2-53">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg/170px-Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg/255px-Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg/340px-Bahla_Fort-109699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bahla_Fort" title="Bahla Fort">Bahla Fort</a>, a UNESCO World Heritage site, was built between 12th and 15th c. by the <a href="/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty" title="Nabhani dynasty">Nabhani dynasty</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first elective <a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Oman" title="Imamate of Oman">Imamate of Oman</a> is believed to have been established shortly after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a> in 750/755 CE, when Janaħ bin ʕibadah Alħinnawi was elected.<a href="#cite_note-OmanForeignPolicy-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FEIH-54">[51]</a> Other scholars claim that Janaħ bin Ibadah served as a <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a> (governor) under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> dynasty (and later ratified the Imamate), and that Julanda bin Masud was the first elected Imam of Oman, in 751 CE.<a href="#cite_note-TFIMOOS-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FROI-56">[53]</a> The first Imamate reached its peak power in the ninth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-OmanForeignPolicy-50">[47]</a> The Imamate established a maritime empire whose fleet controlled the Gulf, during the time when trade with the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Dynasty</a>, the Far East, and Africa flourished.<a href="#cite_note-OQ-57">[54]</a> The authority of the Imams started to decline due to power struggles, the constant interventions of Abbasid, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OBG-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-TFIMOOS-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nabhani_dynasty">Nabhani dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nabhani dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty" title="Nabhani dynasty">Nabhani dynasty</a></div> During the 11th and 12th centuries, the Omani coast was in the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>. They were expelled in 1154, when the Nabhani dynasty came to power.<a href="#cite_note-OBG-58">[55]</a> The Nabhanis ruled as muluk, or kings, while the Imams were reduced to largely symbolic significance. The capital of the dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Bahla" title="Bahla">Bahla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RAN-59">[56]</a> The Banu Nabhan controlled the trade in frankincense on the overland route via <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Yabrin" title="Yabrin">Yabrin</a> oasis, and then north to Bahrain, Baghdad and Damascus.<a href="#cite_note-NABH-60">[57]</a> The mango-tree was introduced to Oman during the time of Nabhani dynasty, by ElFellah bin Muhsin.<a href="#cite_note-MIIDN-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIIDN1-61">[58]</a> The Nabhani dynasty started to deteriorate in 1507 when Portuguese colonisers captured the coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, and gradually extended their control along the coast up to <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a> in the north and down to <a href="/wiki/Sur,_Oman" title="Sur, Oman">Sur</a> in the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-THIMAS-62">[59]</a> Other historians argue that the Nabhani dynasty ended earlier in 1435 CE when conflicts between the dynasty and Alhinawis arose, which led to the restoration of the elective Imamate.<a href="#cite_note-MIIDN-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_era">Portuguese era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Portuguese era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/220px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/330px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png/440px-Seydi_Ali-Ambush.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Oman</a> for 143 years (1507–1650)</figcaption></figure> A decade after <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> succeeded in his voyage around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and to India in 1497–1498, the Portuguese arrived in Oman and <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1507)" title="Capture of Muscat (1507)">occupied Muscat</a> for a 143-year period, from 1507 to 1650. In need of an outpost to protect their sea lanes, the Portuguese built up and fortified the city. Remnants of Portuguese architectural style still exist. Later, several more Omani cities were colonized in the early 16th century by the Portuguese, to control the entrances of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and trade in the region as part of a web of fortresses in the region, from <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a>. However, in 1552 an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman fleet</a> briefly <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1552)" title="Capture of Muscat (1552)">captured the fort in Muscat</a>, during their fight for control of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean, but soon departed after destroying the surroundings of the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> Later in the 17th century, using its bases in Oman, Portugal engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Hormuz_(1625)" title="Battle off Hormuz (1625)">largest naval battle ever fought in the Persian Gulf</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> force fought against a combined armada of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (VOC) and <a href="/wiki/English_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="English East India Company">English East India Company</a> supported by the Safavid empire. The result of the battle was a draw but it resulted in the loss of Portuguese influence in the Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-WF-64">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yaruba_dynasty_(1624–1744)">Yaruba dynasty (1624–1744)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Yaruba dynasty (1624–1744)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areas_under_Omani_influence_18th-19th_century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Areas_under_Omani_influence_18th-19th_century.svg/220px-Areas_under_Omani_influence_18th-19th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Areas_under_Omani_influence_18th-19th_century.svg/330px-Areas_under_Omani_influence_18th-19th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Areas_under_Omani_influence_18th-19th_century.svg/440px-Areas_under_Omani_influence_18th-19th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Following the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, Oman became one of the powers in the western Indian Ocean from 1698 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-OQCP-65">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> temporarily captured Muscat from the Portuguese again in 1581 and held it until 1588. During the 17th century, the Omanis were reunited by the <a href="/wiki/Yaruba_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaruba dynasty">Yaruba Imams</a>. Nasir bin Murshid became the first Yaarubah Imam in 1624, when he was elected in Rustaq.<a href="#cite_note-ETENT-66">[63]</a> Imam Nasir and his successor succeeded in the 1650s in expelling the Portuguese from their coastal domains in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-OmanForeignPolicy-50">[47]</a> The Omanis over time established a maritime empire that pursued the Portuguese and expelled them from all their possessions in East Africa, which were then incorporated into the Omani domains. To capture Zanzibar <a href="/wiki/Saif_bin_Sultan" title="Saif bin Sultan">Saif bin Sultan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> of Oman, pressed down the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a>. A major obstacle to his progress was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jesus" title="Fort Jesus">Fort Jesus</a>, housing the garrison of a Portuguese settlement at <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>. After a two-year siege, the fort fell to Imam Saif bin Sultan in 1698. Saif bin Sultan occupied Bahrain in 1700. The rivalry within the house of Yaruba over power after the death of Imam Sultan in 1718 weakened the dynasty. With the power of the Yaruba Dynasty dwindling, Imam Saif bin Sultan II eventually asked for help against his rivals from <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a> of Persia. A Persian force arrived in March 1737 to aid Saif. From their base at Julfar, the Persian forces eventually rebelled against the Yaruba in 1743. The Persian empire then tried to take possession of the coast of Oman until 1747.<a href="#cite_note-OmanForeignPolicy-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ASOD-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan%27s_Palace,_Zanzibar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sultan%27s_Palace%2C_Zanzibar.JPG/220px-Sultan%27s_Palace%2C_Zanzibar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sultan%27s_Palace%2C_Zanzibar.JPG/330px-Sultan%27s_Palace%2C_Zanzibar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sultan%27s_Palace%2C_Zanzibar.JPG/440px-Sultan%27s_Palace%2C_Zanzibar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_Museum,_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace Museum, Zanzibar">Sultan's Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, which was once Oman's capital and residence of its sultans</figcaption></figure> After the Omanis expelled the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, Ahmed bin Sa'id Albusaidi became the elected Imam of Oman in 1749, with <a href="/wiki/Rustaq" title="Rustaq">Rustaq</a> serving as the capital. Since the revival of the Imamate with the Yaruba dynasty, the Omanis continued with the elective system but, provided that the person is deemed qualified, gave preference to a member of the ruling family.<a href="#cite_note-HTSHC-68">[65]</a> Following Imam Ahmed's death in 1783, his son, Said bin Ahmed became the elected Imam. His son, Seyyid Hamed bin Said, overthrew the representative of his father the Imam in Muscat and obtained the possession of Muscat fortress. Hamed ruled as "Seyyid". Afterwards, Seyyid Sultan bin Ahmed, the uncle of Seyyid Hamed, took over power. Seyyid <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Sultan" title="Said bin Sultan">Said bin Sultan</a> succeeded Sultan bin Ahmed.<a href="#cite_note-HTSHC1-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-HTSHC3-70">[67]</a> During the entire 19th century, in addition to Imam Said bin Ahmed who retained the title until he died in 1803, <a href="/wiki/Azzan_bin_Qais" title="Azzan bin Qais">Azzan bin Qais</a> was the only elected Imam of Oman. His rule started in 1868. However, the British refused to accept Imam Azzan as a ruler, as he was viewed as inimical to their interests. This view played an instrumental role in supporting the deposition of Imam Azzan in 1871 by his cousin, Sayyid Turki, a son of the late Sayyid Said bin Sultan, and brother of <a href="/wiki/Barghash_bin_Said_of_Zanzibar" title="Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar">Sultan Barghash of Zanzibar</a>, who Britain deemed to be more acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-ABQOLR-71">[68]</a> Oman's Imam Sultan, defeated ruler of Muscat, was granted sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a>, an area of modern-day Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-72">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_de_facto_colonisation">British de facto colonisation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: British de facto colonisation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/British_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British empire">British empire</a> was keen to dominate southeast Arabia to stifle the growing power of other European states and to curb the Omani maritime power that grew during the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-BOR-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-OQ-57">[54]</a> The British empire over time, starting from the late 18th century, began to establish a series of treaties with the sultans with the objective of advancing British political and economic interest in Muscat, while granting the sultans military protection.<a href="#cite_note-OQ-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-BOR-74">[70]</a> In 1798, the first treaty between the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> and the Albusaidi dynasty was signed by Sayyid Sultan bin Ahmed. The treaty aimed to block commercial competition of the French and the Dutch as well as obtain a concession to build a British factory at <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HOIOO-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-OmanForeignPolicy-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-HTSHC2-76">[72]</a> A second treaty was signed in 1800, which stipulated that a British representative shall reside at the port of Muscat and manage all external affairs with other states.<a href="#cite_note-HTSHC2-76">[72]</a> As the Omani Empire weakened, the British influence over Muscat grew throughout the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-OQCP-65">[62]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscat_Squadron.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Muscat_Squadron.png/220px-Muscat_Squadron.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Muscat_Squadron.png/330px-Muscat_Squadron.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Muscat_Squadron.png/440px-Muscat_Squadron.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="794" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British naval squadron</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a><a href="#cite_note-BNSIM-77">[73]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In 1854, a deed of cession of the Omani <a href="/wiki/Kuria_Muria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuria Muria">Kuria Muria</a> islands to Britain was signed by the sultan of Muscat and the British government.<a href="#cite_note-KMITTB-78">[74]</a> The British government achieved predominating control over Muscat, which, for the most part, impeded competition from other nations.<a href="#cite_note-BPCOM-79">[75]</a> Between 1862 and 1892, the Political Residents, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Pelly" title="Lewis Pelly">Lewis Pelly</a> and Edward Ross, played an instrumental role in securing British supremacy over the Persian Gulf and Muscat by a system of indirect governance.<a href="#cite_note-ABQOLR-71">[68]</a> By the end of the 19th century, and with the loss of its African dominions and its revenues, British influence increased to the point that the sultans became heavily dependent on British loans and signed declarations to consult the British government on all important matters.<a href="#cite_note-BOR-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-QDLM-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-GR-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-HLBB-82">[78]</a> The Sultanate thus came de facto under the British sphere.<a href="#cite_note-GR-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-QoO-83">[79]</a> Zanzibar was a valuable property as the main <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">slave market</a> of the Swahili Coast as well as being a major producer of cloves, and became an increasingly important part of the Omani empire, a fact reflected by the decision of the Sayyid <a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'id ibn Sultan">Sa'id bin Sultan</a>, to make it the capital of the empire in 1837. In 1856, under British arbitration, Zanzibar and Muscat became two different sultanates.<a href="#cite_note-YDAASD-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_Seeb">Treaty of Seeb</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treaty of Seeb">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maskat_%26_Oman_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Maskat_%26_Oman_map.png/220px-Maskat_%26_Oman_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Maskat_%26_Oman_map.png/330px-Maskat_%26_Oman_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Maskat_%26_Oman_map.png/440px-Maskat_%26_Oman_map.png 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>The split between the interior region (orange) and the coastal region (red) of Oman and Muscat</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar Mountains</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_(Oman)" title="Jebel Akhdar (Oman)">Jebel Akhdar</a> is a part, separate the country into two distinct regions: the interior, and the coastal area dominated by the capital, Muscat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The British imperial development over Muscat and Oman during the 19th century led to the renewed revival of the cause of the Imamate in the interior of Oman, which has appeared in cycles for more than 1,200 years in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-OQ-57">[54]</a> The British Political Agent, who resided in Muscat, owed the alienation of the interior of Oman to the vast influence of the British government over Muscat, which he described as being completely self-interested and without any regard to the social and political conditions of the locals.<a href="#cite_note-Conditions-85">[81]</a> In 1913, Imam Salim Alkharusi instigated an anti-Muscat rebellion that lasted until 1920 when the Sultanate established peace with the Imamate by signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seeb" title="Treaty of Seeb">Treaty of Seeb</a>. The treaty was brokered by Britain, which had no economic interest in the interior of Oman during that point of time. The treaty granted autonomous rule to the Imamate in the interior of Oman and recognized the sovereignty of the coast of Oman, the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Sultanate of Muscat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BOR-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-smallwars-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-TOSNT-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-OAOI-88">[84]</a> In 1920, Imam Salim Alkharusi died and Muhammad Alkhalili was elected.<a href="#cite_note-OmanForeignPolicy-50">[47]</a> On 10 January 1923, an agreement between the Sultanate and the British government was signed in which the Sultanate had to consult with the British <a href="/wiki/Political_officer_(British_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political officer (British Empire)">political agent</a> residing in Muscat and obtain the approval of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">High Government of India</a> to extract oil in the Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-agreement-89">[85]</a> On 31 July 1928, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Line_Agreement" title="Red Line Agreement">Red Line Agreement</a> was signed between Anglo-Persian Company (later renamed British Petroleum), Royal Dutch/Shell, Compagnie Française des Pétroles (later renamed Total), Near East Development Corporation (later renamed ExxonMobil) and Calouste Gulbenkian (an Armenian businessman) to collectively produce oil in the post-<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> region, which included the Arabian peninsula, with each of the four major companies holding 23.75 percent of the shares while <a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian" title="Calouste Gulbenkian">Calouste Gulbenkian</a> held the remaining 5 percent shares. The agreement stipulated that none of the signatories was allowed to pursue the establishment of oil concessions within the agreed on area without including all other stakeholders. In 1929, the members of the agreement established <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> (IPC).<a href="#cite_note-RLA-90">[86]</a> On 13 November 1931, Sultan Taimur bin Faisal abdicated.<a href="#cite_note-AOST-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reign_of_Sultan_Said_(1932–1970)">Reign of Sultan Said (1932–1970)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reign of Sultan Said (1932–1970)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Said_bin_Taimur_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Said_bin_Taimur_%28cropped%29.png/170px-Said_bin_Taimur_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Said_bin_Taimur_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur" title="Said bin Taimur">Said bin Taimur</a> ruled from 1932 to 1970.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Said_bin_Taimur" title="Said bin Taimur">Said bin Taimur</a> became the sultan of Muscat officially on 10 February 1932. The rule of sultan Said, a very complex character, was backed by the British government, and has been characterised as being <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> and isolationist.<a href="#cite_note-OAOI-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-OQ-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-GR-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-BA-92">[88]</a> The British government maintained vast administrative control over the Sultanate as the defence secretary and chief of intelligence, chief adviser to the sultan and all ministers except for two were British.<a href="#cite_note-GR-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halliday-93">[89]</a> In 1937, an agreement between the sultan and <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Petroleum_Company" title="Iraq Petroleum Company">Iraq Petroleum Company</a> (IPC), a consortium of oil companies that was 23.75% British owned, was signed to grant oil concessions to IPC. After failing to discover oil in the Sultanate, IPC was intensely interested in some promising geological formations near <a href="/wiki/Fahud" title="Fahud">Fahud</a>, an area located within the Imamate. IPC offered financial support to the sultan to raise an armed force against any potential resistance by the Imamate.<a href="#cite_note-OmansInsurgencies-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FTWAO-95">[91]</a> Upon the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the sultan of Oman declared war on Germany on September 10, 1939.<a href="#cite_note-WWII-96">[92]</a> During the war, Oman had a strategic role in the defence of the United Kingdom's trade routes. Oman was never attacked during the war. In 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> established stations on <a href="/wiki/Masirah_Island" title="Masirah Island">Masirah Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Masirah" title="RAF Masirah">RAF Masirah</a>) and at <a href="/wiki/Ras_al_Hadd" title="Ras al Hadd">Ras al Hadd</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air-sea_rescue" title="Air-sea rescue">Air-sea rescue</a> units were also stationed in Oman. <a href="/wiki/No._244_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 244 Squadron RAF">No. 244 Squadron RAF</a> flew <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Blenheim V">Bristol Blenheim V</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_bomber" title="Light bomber">light bombers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers Wellington XIII">Vickers Wellington XIIIs</a> out of RAF Masirah on anti-submarine duties in the Gulf of Oman and the northern <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, while <a href="/wiki/No._209_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 209 Squadron RAF">No. 209 Squadron RAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._265_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 265 Squadron RAF">No. 265 Squadron RAF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/No._321_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 321 Squadron RAF">No. 321 Squadron RAF</a> flew <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalinas</a> out of Umm Ruşayş on Masirah Island.<a href="#cite_note-RAF-97">[93]</a> On October 16, 1943, the German <a href="/wiki/U-Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Boat">U-Boat</a> <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-533" title="German submarine U-533">U-533</a> was sunk in the Gulf of Oman after being struck by <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a> dropped by a Bristol Blenheim from No. 244 Squadron RAF. The wreck settled at a depth of 108 meters (354 feet) approximately 25 nautical miles (46 kilometres) off the <a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a> coast. 52 crew members died, with the sole survivor, <a href="/wiki/Matrosengefreiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrosengefreiter">Matrosengefreiter</a> Günther Schmidt, taken aboard HMIS Hiravati near <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a> and made a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>. The wreck is now a popular recreational diving site.<a href="#cite_note-UBoat-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-UBoat2-99">[95]</a> The December 1951 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (covering commerce, oil reserves and navigation) between Oman and the United Kingdom recognized the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman as a fully independent state. In 1955, the <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a> coastal <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> strip acceded to Pakistan and was made a district of its <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan province</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Gwadar" title="Gwadar">Gwadar</a> remained in Oman. On 8 September 1958, Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Gwadar_Purchase" title="Gwadar Purchase">purchased the Gwadar enclave</a> from Oman for <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>3 million.<a href="#cite_note-100">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> Gwadar then became a <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> in the Makran district. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jebel_Akhdar_War">Jebel Akhdar War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jebel Akhdar War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></div> Sultan Said bin Taimur expressed his interest in occupying the Imamate right after the death of Imam Alkhalili, thus taking advantage of any potential instability that might occur within the Imamate when elections were due, to the British government.<a href="#cite_note-Planning-102">[97]</a> The British political agent in Muscat believed that the only method of gaining access to the oil reserves in the interior was by assisting the sultan in taking over the Imamate.<a href="#cite_note-idea2-103">[98]</a> In 1946, the British government offered arms and ammunition, auxiliary supplies and officers to prepare the sultan to attack the interior of Oman.<a href="#cite_note-RAFint-104">[99]</a> In May 1954, Imam Alkhalili died and <a href="/wiki/Ghalib_Alhinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalib Alhinai">Ghalib Alhinai</a> was elected Imam.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> Relations between the Sultan Said bin Taimur, and Imam Ghalib Alhinai frayed over their dispute about oil concessions. In December 1955, Sultan Said bin Taimur sent troops of the Muscat and Oman Field Force to occupy the main centres in Oman, including <a href="/wiki/Nizwa" title="Nizwa">Nizwa</a>, the capital of the Imamate of Oman, and <a href="/wiki/Ibri" title="Ibri">Ibri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smallwars-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-owaosa-106">[101]</a> The Omanis in the interior led by Imam Ghalib Alhinai, Talib Alhinai, the brother of the Imam and the Wali (governor) of Rustaq, and Suleiman bin Hamyar, who was the Wali (governor) of Jebel Akhdar, defended the Imamate in the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a> against British-backed attacks by the Sultanate. In July 1957, the Sultan's forces were withdrawing, but they were repeatedly ambushed, sustaining heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-smallwars-86">[82]</a> Sultan Said, however, with the intervention of British infantry (two companies of the <a href="/wiki/Cameronians_(Scottish_Rifles)" title="Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)">Cameronians</a>), armoured car detachments from the British Army and <a href="/wiki/RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF">RAF</a> aircraft, was able to suppress the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-secretops-107">[102]</a> The Imamate's forces retreated to the inaccessible <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_(Oman)" title="Jebel Akhdar (Oman)">Jebel Akhdar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-secretops-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-OmansInsurgencies-94">[90]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_Smiley" title="David Smiley">David Smiley</a>, who had been seconded to organise the Sultan's Armed Forces, managed to isolate the mountain in autumn 1958 and found a route to the plateau from Wadi Bani Kharus.<a href="#cite_note-modernhistoryowtram-108">[103]</a> On 4 August 1957, the British Foreign Secretary gave the approval to carry out air strikes without prior warning to the locals residing in the interior of Oman.<a href="#cite_note-BA-92">[88]</a> Between July and December 1958, the British RAF made 1,635 raids, dropping 1,094 tons and firing 900 rockets at the interior of Oman targeting insurgents, mountain top villages, water channels and crops.<a href="#cite_note-GR-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-BA-92">[88]</a> On 27 January 1959, the Sultanate's forces occupied the mountain in a surprise operation.<a href="#cite_note-modernhistoryowtram-108">[103]</a> Imam Ghalib, his brother Talib and Sulaiman managed to escape to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, where the Imamate's cause was promoted until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-modernhistoryowtram-108">[103]</a> The exiled partisans of the now abolished Imamate of Oman presented the case of Oman to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-LastImam-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-theNYTimes-110">[105]</a> On 11 December 1963, the UN General Assembly decided to establish an Ad-Hoc Committee on Oman to study the 'Question of Oman' and report back to the General Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-Ad-Hoc-111">[106]</a> The UN General Assembly adopted the 'Question of Oman' resolution in 1965, 1966 and again in 1967 that called upon the British government to cease all repressive action against the locals, end British control over Oman and reaffirmed the inalienable right of the Omani people to self-determination and independence.<a href="#cite_note-firstResAd-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-firstresolutiondetails-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-QoO-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-ResAd-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN1966-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN1966resolutions-116">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dhofar_War">Dhofar War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dhofar War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a>, which began in 1963, pro-<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces were pitted against government troops. As the rebellion threatened the Sultan's control of <a href="/wiki/Dhofar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar">Dhofar</a>, Sultan Said bin Taimur was deposed in a <a href="/wiki/1970_Omani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Omani coup d'état">bloodless coup</a> in 1970 by his son <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Qaboos bin Said</a> with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> support. Qaboos expanded the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces</a>, modernized the state's administration and introduced social reforms. The uprising was finally put down in 1976 with the help of forces from Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan and Britain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history_(1970–2020)">Modern history (1970–2020)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern history (1970–2020)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omani_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Omani_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Omani_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Omani_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Omani_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Omani_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Omani_Qaboos_bin_Said_Al_Said_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Qaboos bin Said</a>, whose reign saw a rise in living standards and development, the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion, and the promulgation of Oman's constitution</figcaption></figure> After deposing his father in 1970, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Qaboos">Sultan Qaboos</a> opened up the country, removed "Muscat and" from the country's name, embarked on economic reforms, and followed a policy of modernisation marked by increased spending on health, education and welfare.<a href="#cite_note-econhrot-117">[112]</a> Saudi Arabia invested in the development of the Omani education system, sending Saudi teachers on its own expense.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Slavery</a>, once a cornerstone of the country's trade and development, was outlawed in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-plackett-120">[115]</a> In 1971, Oman joined the United Nations, as did Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. In 1981, Oman became a founding member of the six-nation <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>. Political reforms were eventually introduced. The country adopted its present <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Oman" title="Flag of Oman">national flag</a> in 1995, resembling the previous flag but with a thicker stripe. In 1997, a royal decree was issued granting women the right to vote, and stand for election to the Majlis al-Shura, the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Assembly of Oman">Consultative Assembly of Oman</a>. Two women were duly elected to the body. In 2002, voting rights were extended to all citizens over the age of 21, and the first elections to the Consultative Assembly under the new rules were held in 2003. In 2004, the Sultan appointed Oman's first female minister with portfolio, <a href="/wiki/Aisha_bint_Khalfan_bin_Jameel" title="Aisha bint Khalfan bin Jameel">Sheikha Aisha bint Khalfan bin Jameel al-Sayabiyah</a>, to the post of National Authority for Industrial Craftsmanship.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Despite these changes, there was little change to the actual political makeup of the government. The Sultan continued to rule by decree. Nearly 100 suspected Islamists were arrested in 2005 and 31 people were convicted of trying to overthrow the government. They were ultimately pardoned in June of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-18">[15]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">Beijing Olympics</a>, Oman became the stop of the Middle East's <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay" title="2008 Summer Olympics torch relay">torch relay</a> on 14 April 2008, covering 20 kilometres. Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> uprisings that were taking place throughout the region, <a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">protests occurred in Oman</a> during the early months of 2011. While they did not call for the ousting of the regime, demonstrators demanded political reforms, improved living conditions and the creation of more jobs. They were dispersed by riot police in February 2011. Sultan Qaboos reacted by promising jobs and benefits. In October 2011, elections were held to the Consultative Assembly, to which Sultan Qaboos promised greater powers. The following year, the government began a crackdown on internet criticism. In September 2012, trials began of 'activists' accused of posting "abusive and provocative" criticism of the government online. Six were given jail terms.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> In 2013, Oman achieved its status as the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> diagnoses, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Qaboos, the Arab world's longest-serving ruler, died on 10 January 2020.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-123">[118]</a> Leaving no heir on succession, on 11 January 2020 Qaboos was succeeded by his first cousin <a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham bin Tariq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haitham_bin_Tariq_(2020_–_present)">Haitham bin Tariq (2020 – present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Haitham bin Tariq (2020 – present)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham bin Tariq</a> is the current Sultan of Oman. On 12 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Theyazin_bin_Haitham" title="Theyazin bin Haitham">Theyazin bin Haitham</a>, Sultan Haithan's oldest son became the crown prince as first in line to succeed his father under new fundamental law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">Geography of Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wadi_Shab_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wadi_Shab_%286%29.jpg/170px-Wadi_Shab_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wadi_Shab_%286%29.jpg/255px-Wadi_Shab_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wadi_Shab_%286%29.jpg/340px-Wadi_Shab_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="4236" /></a><figcaption>Wadi Shab</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oman-Oasis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oman-Oasis.jpg/220px-Oman-Oasis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oman-Oasis.jpg/330px-Oman-Oasis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Oman-Oasis.jpg/440px-Oman-Oasis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> in Oman</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SurOman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SurOman.jpg/220px-SurOman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SurOman.jpg/330px-SurOman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SurOman.jpg/440px-SurOman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The coast of <a href="/wiki/Sur,_Oman" title="Sur, Oman">Sur, Oman</a></figcaption></figure> Oman lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/16th_parallel_north" title="16th parallel north">16th parallel north</a> and <a href="/wiki/28th_parallel_north" title="28th parallel north">28th parallel north</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/52nd_meridian_east" title="52nd meridian east">52nd meridian east</a> and <a href="/wiki/60th_meridian_east" title="60th meridian east">60th meridian east</a>. A gravel desert plain covers most of central Oman, with mountain ranges along the north (<a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar Mountains</a>) and southeast coast (<a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Mountains" title="Dhofar Mountains">Dhofar Mountains</a>),<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> where the country's main cities are located: the capital city <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sur,_Oman" title="Sur, Oman">Sur</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">Musandam</a>. Oman's climate is hot and dry in the interior and humid along the coast. The peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Peninsula" title="Musandam Peninsula">Musandam</a> (Musandem), strategically located on the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">exclave</a> separated from the rest of Oman by the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jkrogh-127">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a>, another exclave, is an enclave within UAE territory located halfway between the Musandam Peninsula and the main body of Oman.<a href="#cite_note-jkrogh-127">[122]</a> Madha, part of the Musandam governorate, covers approximately 75 square kilometres (29 sq mi). Madha's boundary was settled in 1969, with the north-east corner of Madha barely 10 metres (33 ft) from the <a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a> road. Within the Madha exclave is a UAE <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclave</a> called <a href="/wiki/Nahwa" title="Nahwa">Nahwa</a>, belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sharjah" title="Emirate of Sharjah">Emirate of Sharjah</a>, situated about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) west of the town of New Madha, and consisting of about forty houses with a clinic and telephone exchange.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> The central desert of Oman is a source of <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> for scientific analysis.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Oman">Climate of Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/220px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/330px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg/440px-Water_Stress%2C_Top_Countries_%282020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Oman is the fourteenth most water stressed country in the world</figcaption></figure> Like the rest of the Persian Gulf, Oman generally has one of the hottest climates in the world—with summer temperatures in Muscat and northern Oman averaging 30 to 40 °C (86.0 to 104.0 °F).<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Oman receives <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">little rainfall</a>, with annual rainfall in Muscat averaging 100 mm (3.9 in), occurring mostly in January. In the south, the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar">Dhofar</a> Mountains area near Salalah has a tropical-like climate and receives seasonal rainfall from late June to late September as a result of monsoon winds from the Indian Ocean, leaving the summer air saturated with cool moisture and heavy fog.<a href="#cite_note-faopasture-131">[126]</a> Summer temperatures in <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a> range from 20 to 30 °C (68.0 to 86.0 °F)—relatively cool compared to northern Oman.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> The mountain areas receive more rainfall, and annual rainfall on the higher parts of the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_(Oman)" title="Jebel Akhdar (Oman)">Jabal Akhdar</a> probably exceeds 400 millimetres (16 in).<a href="#cite_note-bbcweather-133">[128]</a> Low temperatures in the mountainous areas leads to snow cover once every few years.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> Some parts of the coast, particularly near the island of <a href="/wiki/Masirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Masirah">Masirah</a>, sometimes receive no rain at all within the course of a year. The climate is generally very hot, with temperatures reaching around 54 °C (129.2 °F) (peak) in the hot season, from May to September.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> On 26 June 2018 the city of <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Qurayyat</a> set the record for highest minimum temperature in a 24-hour period, 42.6 °C (108.7 °F).<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> In terms of climate action, major challenges remain to be solved, per the United Nations Sustainable Development 2019 index. The CO2 emissions from energy (tCO2/capita) and CO2 emissions embodied in fossil fuel exports (kg per capita) rates are very high, while imported CO2 emissions (tCO2/capita) and people affected by climate-related disasters (per 100,000 people) rates are low.<a href="#cite_note-UNSD3-137">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nakhalfarms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nakhalfarms.jpg/220px-Nakhalfarms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nakhalfarms.jpg/330px-Nakhalfarms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Nakhalfarms.jpg/440px-Nakhalfarms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Nakhal palm tree farms in Oman's <a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah Region</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif/lossy-page1-330px-The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif/lossy-page1-440px-The-Worlds-Most-Isolated-and-Distinct-Whale-Population-Humpback-Whales-of-the-Arabian-Sea-pone.0114162.s001.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Non-migratory Arabian Sea <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Humpback whales">humpback whales</a> off <a href="/wiki/Dhofar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar">Dhofar</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Desert_shrub" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert shrub">Desert shrub</a> and desert grass, common in southern Arabia, are found in Oman, but vegetation is sparse in the interior plateau, which is largely <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> desert. The greater monsoon rainfall in Dhofar and the mountains makes the growth there more luxuriant during summer; <a href="/wiki/Coconut_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut palm">coconut palms</a> grow plentifully on the coastal plains of Dhofar and <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a> is produced in the hills, with abundant <a href="/wiki/Oleander" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleander">oleander</a> and varieties of <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>. The Hajar Mountains are a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, the highest points in eastern Arabia, with <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> that includes the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osprey_yiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Osprey_yiti.jpg/170px-Osprey_yiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Osprey_yiti.jpg/255px-Osprey_yiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Osprey_yiti.jpg/340px-Osprey_yiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption>Osprey in Yiti Beach, Oman</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">Indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">oryx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a>. Birds include the vulture, eagle, stork, bustard, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_partridge" title="Arabian partridge">Arabian partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bee-eater" title="Bee-eater">bee eater</a>, falcon and sunbird. In 2001, Oman had nine endangered species of mammals, five endangered types of birds,<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> and nineteen threatened <a href="/wiki/Plant_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant species">plant species</a>. <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">Decrees</a> have been passed to protect endangered species, including the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_leopard" title="Arabian leopard">Arabian leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">mountain gazelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">goitered gazelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green sea turtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill turtle">hawksbill turtle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive ridley turtle">olive ridley turtle</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Oryx_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Oryx Sanctuary">Arabian Oryx Sanctuary</a> is the first site ever to be deleted from <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s World Heritage List, following the government's 2007 decision to reduce the site's area by 90% to clear the way for oil prospectors.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Local and national entities have noted unethical treatment of animals in Oman. In particular, stray dogs (and to a lesser extent, stray cats) are often the victims of torture, abuse or neglect.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> The only approved method of decreasing the stray dog population is shooting by police officers. The Oman government has refused to implement a spay and neuter programme or create any animal shelters in the country. Cats, while seen as more acceptable than dogs, are nevertheless also viewed as pests and frequently die of starvation or illness.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> In recent years, Oman has become a popular spot for <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a>, highlighting the critically endangered Arabian <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_blue_whale" title="Pygmy blue whale">pygmy blue whales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Politics of Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Human rights in Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oman-Muscat-16-Sultans-Palace-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oman-Muscat-16-Sultans-Palace-2.JPG/220px-Oman-Muscat-16-Sultans-Palace-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oman-Muscat-16-Sultans-Palace-2.JPG/330px-Oman-Muscat-16-Sultans-Palace-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oman-Muscat-16-Sultans-Palace-2.JPG/440px-Oman-Muscat-16-Sultans-Palace-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The Sultan's <a href="/wiki/Al_Alam_Palace" title="Al Alam Palace">Al Alam Palace</a> in Old Muscat</figcaption></figure> Oman is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Oman-abs-144">[139]</a> in which all legislative, executive and judiciary power ultimately rests in the hands of the hereditary Sultan. Consequently, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has routinely rated the country "Not Free".<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> The sultan is the head of state and directly controls the foreign affairs and defence portfolios.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> He has absolute power and issues <a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">laws by decree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fh12-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-econwut-148">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legal system">edit</a>]</div> Oman is an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, with the Sultan's word having the force of law. The judiciary branch is subordinate to the Sultan. According to Oman's constitution, <a href="/wiki/Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a> is one of the sources of legislation. Sharia court departments within the civil court system are responsible for family-law matters, such as divorce and inheritance. While ultimate power is concentrated in the Sultan<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> and Oman does not have an official <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> the late Sultan Qaboos declined to grant the full title Minister of Defence, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Finance to the ministers exercising those responsibilities, preferring to keep them within the Royal Domain. The current Sultan Haitham has granted the ministers responsible of those portfolios the full titles, whilst elevating the defense portfolio to that of a deputy prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> Since 1970 all legislation has been promulgated through royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> The Sultan appoints the ministers, the judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> The Sultan's authority is inviolable and the Sultan expects total subordination to his will.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> The administration of justice is highly personalized, with limited due process protections, especially in political and security-related cases.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Statute_of_Oman" title="Basic Statute of Oman">Basic Statute of the State</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> is supposedly the cornerstone of the Omani legal system and it operates as a constitution for the country. The Basic Statute was issued in 1996 and thus far has only been amended twice: in 2011,<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> in response to <a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">protests</a>; and in 2021, to create the position of <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Oman" title="Crown Prince of Oman">Crown Prince of Oman</a>. Though Oman's legal code theoretically protects civil liberties and personal freedoms, both are regularly ignored by the regime.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> Women and children face legal discrimination in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> Women are excluded from certain state benefits, such as housing loans, and are refused equal rights under the personal status law.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> Women also experience restrictions on their self-determination in respect to health and reproductive rights.<a href="#cite_note-rule-16">[13]</a> The Omani legislature is the bicameral <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Oman" title="Council of Oman">Council of Oman</a>, consisting of an upper chamber, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Oman)" title="Council of State (Oman)">Council of State</a> (Majlis ad-Dawlah) and a lower chamber, the <a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Oman)" title="Consultative Assembly (Oman)">Consultative Assembly</a> (Majlis al-Shura).<a href="#cite_note-arparl-152">[147]</a> Political parties are banned, as are any affiliations based on religion.<a href="#cite_note-econwut-148">[143]</a> The upper chamber has 71 members, appointed by the Sultan from among prominent Omanis; it has only advisory powers.<a href="#cite_note-cialegbr-153">[148]</a> The 84 members of the Consultative Assembly are elected by universal suffrage to serve four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-cialegbr-153">[148]</a> The members are appointed for three-year terms, which may be renewed once.<a href="#cite_note-arparl-152">[147]</a> The last elections were held on <a href="/wiki/2023_Omani_general_election" title="2023 Omani general election">29 October 2023</a>, and the next is due in October 2027. Oman's national anthem, <a href="/wiki/As-Salam_as-Sultani" title="As-Salam as-Sultani">As-Salam as-Sultani</a> is dedicated to former Sultan Qaboos. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Oman" title="Foreign relations of Oman">Foreign relations of Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Haitham_bin_Tariq,_the_Sultan_of_Oman_for_a_bilateral_meeting_in_10_Downing_Street,_London,_United_Kingdom_6_August_2024_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Haitham_bin_Tariq%2C_the_Sultan_of_Oman_for_a_bilateral_meeting_in_10_Downing_Street%2C_London%2C_United_Kingdom_6_August_2024_-_2.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Haitham_bin_Tariq%2C_the_Sultan_of_Oman_for_a_bilateral_meeting_in_10_Downing_Street%2C_London%2C_United_Kingdom_6_August_2024_-_2.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Prime_Minister_Keir_Starmer_meets_Haitham_bin_Tariq%2C_the_Sultan_of_Oman_for_a_bilateral_meeting_in_10_Downing_Street%2C_London%2C_United_Kingdom_6_August_2024_-_2.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7106" data-file-height="4740" /></a><figcaption>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Haitham_bin_Tariq" title="Haitham bin Tariq">Haitham bin Tariq</a> with British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a>, August 2024</figcaption></figure> Since 1970, Oman has pursued a moderate foreign policy, and has expanded its diplomatic relations dramatically. Oman is among the very few Arab countries that have maintained friendly ties with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pop-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_bin_Alawi_bin_Abdullah" title="Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah">Yusuf bin Alawi bin Abdullah</a> is the Sultanate's Minister Responsible for Foreign Affairs. Oman allowed the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> access to the port facilities of <a href="/wiki/Al_Duqm_Port_%26_Drydock" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Duqm Port & Drydock">Al Duqm Port & Drydock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ie-156">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png/220px-Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png/330px-Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png/440px-Portsmouth_korvet_Al-Shamikh_Oman_18-10-2011_15-15-51.png 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_of_Oman" title="Royal Navy of Oman">Royal Navy of Oman</a> <a href="/wiki/Khareef-class_corvette" title="Khareef-class corvette">Khareef-class corvette</a>, Al-Shamikh</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">SIPRI</a>'s estimation of Oman's military and security expenditure as a percentage of GDP in 2020 was 11 percent, making it the world's highest rate in that year, higher than <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (8.4 percent).<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> Oman's on-average military spending as a percentage of GDP between 2016 and 2018 was around 10 percent, while the world's average during the same period was 2.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-WBMS-158">[153]</a> Oman's military manpower totalled 44,100 in 2006, including 25,000 men in the army, 4,200 sailors in the navy, and an air force with 4,100 personnel. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Household" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Household">Royal Household</a> maintained 5,000 Guards, 1,000 in Special Forces, 150 sailors in the Royal Yacht fleet, and 250 pilots and ground personnel in the Royal Flight squadrons. Oman also maintains a modestly sized paramilitary force of 4,400 men.<a href="#cite_note-cordesman-159">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_of_Oman" title="Royal Army of Oman">Royal Army of Oman</a> had 25,000 active personnel in 2006, plus a small contingent of Royal Household troops. Despite a comparative large military spending, it has been relatively slow to modernise its forces. Oman has a relatively limited number of tanks, including 6 <a href="/wiki/M60A1" class="mw-redirect" title="M60A1">M60A1</a>, 73 <a href="/wiki/M60A3" class="mw-redirect" title="M60A3">M60A3</a> and 38 <a href="/wiki/Challenger_2" title="Challenger 2">Challenger 2</a> main battle tanks, as well as 37 aging <a href="/wiki/FV101_Scorpion" title="FV101 Scorpion">Scorpion</a> light tanks.<a href="#cite_note-cordesman-159">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_of_Oman" title="Royal Air Force of Oman">Royal Air Force of Oman</a> has approximately 4,100 men, with 36 combat aircraft and no armed helicopters. Combat aircraft include 20 aging <a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">Jaguars</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems_Hawk" title="BAE Systems Hawk">Hawk</a> Mk 203s, 4 Hawk Mk 103s and 12 <a href="/wiki/PC-9" class="mw-redirect" title="PC-9">PC-9</a> turboprop trainers with a limited combat capability. It has one squadron of 12 <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a>C/D aircraft. Oman also has 4 <a href="/wiki/FFA_AS-202_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="FFA AS-202 Bravo">A202-18 Bravos</a> and 8 <a href="/wiki/PAC_MFI-17_Mushshak" title="PAC MFI-17 Mushshak">MFI-17B Mushshaqs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cordesman-159">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_of_Oman" title="Royal Navy of Oman">Royal Navy of Oman</a> had 4,200 men in 2000, and is headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">Seeb</a>. It has bases at Ahwi, Ghanam Island, <a href="/wiki/Mussandam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussandam">Mussandam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a>. In 2006, Oman had ten surface combat vessels. These included two 1,450-ton <a href="/wiki/Qahir-class_corvette" title="Qahir-class corvette">Qahir class</a> <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a>, and eight ocean-going <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a>. The Omani Navy had one 2,500-ton <a href="/wiki/Nasr_al_Bahr_(L2)" title="Nasr al Bahr (L2)">Nasr al Bahr class</a> LSL (240 troops, 7 tanks) with a helicopter deck. Oman also had at least four <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cordesman-159">[154]</a> Oman ordered three <a href="/wiki/Khareef-class_corvette" title="Khareef-class corvette">Khareef class</a> corvettes from the <a href="/wiki/VT_Group" title="VT Group">VT Group</a> for £400 million in 2007. They were built at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> In 2010 Oman spent US$4.074 billion on military expenditures, 8.5% <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditure_share_of_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditure share of GDP">of the gross domestic product</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> The sultanate has a long history of association with the British military and defence industry.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/SIPRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SIPRI">SIPRI</a>, Oman was the 23rd largest arms importer from 2012 to 2016.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Human rights in Oman</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oman">LGBT rights in Oman</a></div> Torture methods in use in Oman include <a href="/wiki/Mock_execution" title="Mock execution">mock execution</a>, beating, <a href="/wiki/Hooding" title="Hooding">hooding</a>, solitary confinement, subjection to extremes of temperature and to constant noise, abuse and humiliation.<a href="#cite_note-torture-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-prev-165">[160]</a> There have been numerous reports of torture and other inhumane forms of punishment perpetrated by Omani security forces on protesters and detainees.<a href="#cite_note-bti-166">[161]</a> Several prisoners detained in 2012 complained of sleep deprivation, extreme temperatures and solitary confinement.<a href="#cite_note-report-167">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oman">Homosexuality</a> is criminalised within Oman.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Al-fazari.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mohammed_Al-fazari.jpeg/170px-Mohammed_Al-fazari.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mohammed_Al-fazari.jpeg/255px-Mohammed_Al-fazari.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mohammed_Al-fazari.jpeg/340px-Mohammed_Al-fazari.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Al-Fazari" title="Mohammed Al-Fazari">Mohammed Al-Fazari</a>, an exiled Omani writer and journalist now living in the UK, is an author whose <a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">books are banned</a> in Oman. He is also the founder and EIC of <a href="/wiki/Muwatin_Media_Network" title="Muwatin Media Network">Muwatin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-omanhrw-169">[164]</a></figcaption></figure> The Omani government decides who can or cannot be a journalist and this permission can be withdrawn at any time.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Censorship and <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a> are a constant factor.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Omanis have limited access to political information through the media.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> Access to news and information can be problematic: journalists have to be content with news compiled by the official news agency on some issues.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Through a decree by the Sultan, the government has now extended its control over the media to blogs and other websites.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Omanis cannot hold a public meeting without the government's approval.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Omanis who want to set up a non-governmental organisation of any kind need a licence.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> The Omani government does not permit the formation of independent <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> associations.<a href="#cite_note-bti-166">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> issued in 2016, that an Omani court sentenced three journalists to prison and ordered the permanent closure of their newspaper, over an article that alleged corruption in the judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> Omani law prohibits criticism of the Sultan and government in any form or medium.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Oman's police do not need <a href="/wiki/Search_warrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Search warrants">search warrants</a> to enter people's homes.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> The law does not provide citizens with the right to change their government.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> The Sultan retains ultimate authority on all foreign and domestic issues.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Government officials are not subject to financial disclosure laws.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Criticism of government figures and politically objectionable views have been suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Publication of books is limited and the government restricts their importation and distribution, as with other media products.<a href="#cite_note-qaboos-170">[165]</a> Until 2023, Omani citizens needed government permission to marry foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-report-167">[162]</a> In April 2023 the law was changed by a royal decree, allowing Omani citizens to marry foreigners without government permission.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> According to HRW, women in Oman face discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-omanhrw-169">[164]</a> The plight of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic workers</a> in Oman is a taboo subject.<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-taboo-175">[170]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> government determined that out of all the countries in the Middle East, only Oman and Israel qualify as safe for Filipino migrants.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-taboo-175">[170]</a> Migrant workers remained insufficiently protected against exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oman,_administrative_divisions_2011_-_de_-_colored.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oman%2C_administrative_divisions_2011_-_de_-_colored.svg/310px-Oman%2C_administrative_divisions_2011_-_de_-_colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oman%2C_administrative_divisions_2011_-_de_-_colored.svg/465px-Oman%2C_administrative_divisions_2011_-_de_-_colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oman%2C_administrative_divisions_2011_-_de_-_colored.svg/620px-Oman%2C_administrative_divisions_2011_-_de_-_colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Governorates and maritime features of Oman (in German)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regions_and_governorates_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions and governorates of Oman">Regions and governorates of Oman</a></div> The Sultanate is administratively divided into eleven governorates. Governorates are, in turn, divided into 60 <a href="/wiki/Wilayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat">wilayats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dakhiliyah_Governorate" title="Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate">Ad Dakhiliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Dhahirah_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Dhahirah Governorate">Ad Dhahirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_North_Governorate" title="Al Batinah North Governorate">Al Batinah North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_South_Governorate" title="Al Batinah South Governorate">Al Batinah South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Buraimi_Governorate" title="Al Buraimi Governorate">Al Buraimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wusta_Governorate_(Oman)" title="Al Wusta Governorate (Oman)">Al Wusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Sharqiyah_North_Governorate" title="Ash Sharqiyah North Governorate">Ash Sharqiyah North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Sharqiyah_South_Governorate" title="Ash Sharqiyah South Governorate">Ash Sharqiyah South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Governorate" title="Muscat Governorate">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">Musandam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Economy of Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Oman.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Oman.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Oman.svg/495px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Oman.svg/660px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of real GDP per capita in Oman</figcaption></figure> Oman's Basic Statute of the State expresses in Article 11 that the "national economy is based on justice and the principles of a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">free economy</a>".<a href="#cite_note-molabs-180">[175]</a> By regional standards, Oman has a relatively diversified economy, but remains dependent on oil exports. In terms of monetary value, mineral fuels accounted for 82.2 percent of total product exports in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-wteio-181">[176]</a> Tourism is the fastest-growing industry in Oman. Other sources of income, agriculture and industry, are small in comparison and account for less than 1% of the country's exports, but diversification is seen as a priority by the government. Agriculture, often <a href="/wiki/Subsistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence">subsistence</a> in its character, produces <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">limes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grains</a> and vegetables, but with less than 1% of the country under <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">cultivation</a>, Oman is likely to remain a net importer of food. Oman's socio-economic structure is described as being hyper-centralized <a href="/wiki/Rentier_state" title="Rentier state">rentier</a> welfare state.<a href="#cite_note-bti1-182">[177]</a> The largest 10 percent of corporations in Oman are the employers of almost 80 percent of Omani nationals in the private sector. Half of the private sector jobs are classified as elementary. One third of employed Omanis are in the private sector, while the remaining majority are in the public sector.<a href="#cite_note-RSIO-183">[178]</a> A hyper-centralized structure produces a monopoly-like economy.<a href="#cite_note-bti1-182">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSM_Main.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MSM_Main.JPG/220px-MSM_Main.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MSM_Main.JPG/330px-MSM_Main.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MSM_Main.JPG/440px-MSM_Main.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Securities_Market" title="Muscat Securities Market">Muscat Securities Market</a></figcaption></figure> Since a slump in oil prices in 1998, Oman has made active plans to diversify its economy and is placing a greater emphasis on other areas of industry, namely tourism and infrastructure. Oman had a 2020 Vision to diversify the economy established in 1995, which targeted a decrease in oil's share to less than 10 percent of GDP by 2020, but it was rendered obsolete in 2011. Oman then established 2040 Vision.<a href="#cite_note-bti1-182">[177]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Oman–United States Free Trade Agreement">free-trade agreement with the United States</a> took effect 1 January 2009, which eliminated tariff barriers on all consumer and industrial products and provided strong protections for foreign businesses investing in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Oman" title="Tourism in Oman">Tourism</a>, another source of Oman's revenue, is on the rise.<a href="#cite_note-englishplacenames-185">[180]</a> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:74.594114542418px 66.601186743425px 0 0; border-top-color:#08f"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#08f"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:52.51746299613px 85.099448179469px 0 0; border-top-color:#008"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#008"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 791.58150883058px 100px 0; border-right-color:silver"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:silver"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Oman by country as of 2017<a href="#cite_note-eoopaon-186">[181]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  United Kingdom (48%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  United Arab Emirates (10.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Kuwait (4.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (36.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> Oman's <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf region">foreign workers</a> send an estimated US $10 billion annually to their home states in Asia and Africa, more than half of them earning a monthly wage of less than US $400.<a href="#cite_note-wsws.org-187">[182]</a> The largest foreign community is from the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> representing more than half of entire workforce in Oman. Salaries for overseas workers are known to be less than for Omani nationals, though still from two to five times higher than for the equivalent job in India.<a href="#cite_note-wsws.org-187">[182]</a> In terms of foreign direct investment (FDI), total investments in 2017 exceeded US $24 billion. The highest share of FDI went to the oil and gas sector, which represented around US $13 billion (54.2 percent), followed by <a href="/wiki/Financial_intermediary" title="Financial intermediary">financial intermediation</a>, which represented US $3.66 billion (15.3 percent). FDI is dominated by the United Kingdom with an estimated value of US $11.56 billion (48 percent), followed by the UAE, with US $2.6 billion (10.8 percent), and Kuwait with US $1.1 billion (4.6 percent).<a href="#cite_note-eoopaon-186">[181]</a> In 2018, Oman had a budget deficit of 32 percent of total revenue and a government debt-to-GDP ratio of 47.5 percent.<a href="#cite_note-KPMG-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-OmanCEIC-190">[185]</a> Oman's military spending to GDP between 2016 and 2018 averaged 10 percent, while the world's average during the same period was 2.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-OMSB6a8-191">[186]</a> Oman's health spending to GDP between 2015 and 2016 averaged 4.3 percent, while the world's average during the same period was 10 percent.<a href="#cite_note-HSIOTW-192">[187]</a> Oman's research and development spending between 2016 and 2017 averaged 0.24 percent, which is significantly lower than the world's average (2.2 percent) during the same period.<a href="#cite_note-HSRDIO-193">[188]</a> Oman's government spending on education to GDP in 2016 was 6.11 percent, while the world's average was 4.8 percent (2015).<a href="#cite_note-OMSB6a81-194">[189]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Oman's Spending in 2016 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Type </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 35em">Spending (% of GDP)<a href="#cite_note-OE1-195">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-OE2-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-OE3-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-OE4-198">[193]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Military spending </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:16em;"></div>13.73</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Education spending </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:7.1em;"></div>6.11</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Health spending </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:5em;"></div>4.30</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Research & Development spending </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.3em;"></div>0.26</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Oil and gas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sohar_flickr01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sohar_flickr01.jpg/220px-Sohar_flickr01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sohar_flickr01.jpg/330px-Sohar_flickr01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sohar_flickr01.jpg/440px-Sohar_flickr01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3444" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>Petrochemical tanks in <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></figcaption></figure> Oman's proved reserves of petroleum total about 5.5 billion barrels, 25th largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-pop-154">[149]</a> Oil is extracted and processed by <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Development_Oman" title="Petroleum Development Oman">Petroleum Development Oman</a> (PDO), with proven oil reserves holding approximately steady, although oil production has been declining.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[195]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Minerals_(Oman)" title="Ministry of Energy and Minerals (Oman)">Ministry of Energy and Minerals</a> is responsible for all oil and gas infrastructure and projects in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-201">[196]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>, Oman doubled their oil output between 1979 and 1985.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> In 2018, oil and gas represented 71 percent of the government's revenues.<a href="#cite_note-KPMG-189">[184]</a> In 2016, oil and gas share of the government's revenue represented 72 percent.<a href="#cite_note-KPMG1-203">[198]</a> The government's reliance on oil and gas as a source of income dropped by 1 percent from 2016 to 2018. Oil and gas sector represented 30.1 percent of the nominal GDP in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-ooag-204">[199]</a> Between 2000 and 2007, production fell by more than 26%, from 972,000 to 714,800 <a href="/wiki/Barrels_per_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrels per day">barrels per day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tnock-205">[200]</a> Production has recovered to 816,000 barrels in 2009, and 930,000 barrels per day in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-tnock-205">[200]</a> Oman's natural gas reserves are estimated at 849.5 billion cubic metres, ranking 28th in the world, and production in 2008 was about 24 billion cubic metres per year.<a href="#cite_note-pop-154">[149]</a> In September 2019, Oman was confirmed to become the first Middle Eastern country to host the <a href="/wiki/International_Gas_Union" title="International Gas Union">International Gas Union</a> Research Conference (IGRC 2020). This 16th iteration of the event will be held between 24 and 26 February 2020, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Oman_LNG" title="Oman LNG">Oman LNG</a>, under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Minerals_(Oman)" title="Ministry of Energy and Minerals (Oman)">Ministry of Energy and Minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry,_innovation_and_infrastructure">Industry, innovation and infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Industry, innovation and infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> In industry, innovation and infrastructure, Oman is still faced with "significant challenges", as per United Nations Sustainable Development Goals index, as of 2019. Oman has scored high on the rates of internet use, mobile broadband subscriptions, logistics performance and on the average of top 3 university rankings. Meanwhile, Oman scored low on the rate of scientific and technical publications and on research & development spending.<a href="#cite_note-UNSD3-137">[132]</a> Oman's manufacturing value added to GDP rate in 2016 was 8.4 percent, which is lower than the average in the Arab world (9.8 percent) and world average (15.6 percent). In terms of research & development expenditures to GDP, Oman's share was on average 0.20 percent between 2011 and 2015, while the world's average during the same period was 2.11 percent.<a href="#cite_note-UNSD4-207">[202]</a> The majority of firms in Oman operate in the oil and gas, construction and trade sectors.<a href="#cite_note-unedp-208">[203]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Non-hydrocarbon GDP growth</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2016</th> <th>2017</th> <th>2018 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Value (%)<a href="#cite_note-IMFReport-209">[204]</a></td> <td>4.8</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> Oman is refurbishing and expanding the ports infrastructure in Muscat, Duqm, Sohar and Salalah to expand tourism, local production and export shares. Oman is also expanding its downstream operations by constructing a refinery and petrochemical plant in Duqm with a 230,000 barrels per day capacity projected for completion by 2021.<a href="#cite_note-eoopaon-186">[181]</a> The majority of industrial activity in Oman takes place in 8 industrial states and 4 free-zones. The industrial activity is mainly focused on mining-and-services, petrochemicals and construction materials.<a href="#cite_note-unedp-208">[203]</a> The largest employers in the private-sector are the construction, wholesale-and-retail and manufacturing sectors, respectively. Construction accounts for nearly 48 percent of the total labour force, followed by wholesale-and-retail, which accounts for around 15 percent of total employment and manufacturing, which accounts for around 12 percent of employment in the private sector. The percentage of Omanis employed in the construction and manufacturing sectors is nevertheless low, as of 2011 statistics.<a href="#cite_note-RSIO-183">[178]</a> Oman, as per <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> (2019) report, scores "below expectations" in innovation relative to countries classified under high income.<a href="#cite_note-OBEII-210">[205]</a> Oman in 2019 ranked 80 out of 129 countries in innovation index, which takes into consideration factors, such as, political environment, education, infrastructure and business sophistication.<a href="#cite_note-romigi-211">[206]</a> Innovation, technology-based growth and economic diversification are hindered by an economic growth that relies on infrastructure expansion, which heavily depends on a high percentage of 'low-skilled' and 'low-wage' foreign labour. Another challenge to innovation is the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a> phenomenon, which creates an oil and gas investment lock-in, while relying heavily on imported products and services in other sectors. Such a locked-in system hinders local business growth and global competitiveness in other sectors, and thus impedes economic diversification.<a href="#cite_note-unedp-208">[203]</a> The inefficiencies and bottlenecks in business operations that are a result of heavy dependence on natural resources and 'addiction' to imports in Oman suggest a 'factor-driven economy'.<a href="#cite_note-RSIO-183">[178]</a> A third hindrance to innovation in Oman is an economic structure that is heavily dependent on few large firms, while granting few opportunities for SMEs to enter the market, which impedes healthy market-share competition between firms.<a href="#cite_note-unedp-208">[203]</a> The ratio of patent applications per million people was 0.35 in 2016 and the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">MENA</a> region average was 1.50, while the 'high-income' countries' average was approximately 48.0 during the same year.<a href="#cite_note-WorldBankPatents-212">[207]</a> Oman was ranked 74th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_fishing">Agriculture and fishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Agriculture and fishing">edit</a>]</div> Oman's fishing industry contributed 0.78 percent to the GDP in 2016. Fish exports between 2000 and 2016 grew from US $144 million to US $172 million, an increase of 19.4 percent. The main importer of Omani fish in 2016 was <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, which imported almost US $80 million (46.5 percent) in value, and the second biggest importer was the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, which imported around US $26 million (15 percent). The other main importers are Saudi Arabia, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Oman's consumption of fish is almost two times the world's average. The ratio of exported fish to total fish captured in tons fluctuated between 49 and 61 percent between 2006 and 2016. Omani strengths in the fishing industry comes from having a good market system, a long coastline (3,165 km) and wide water area. However, Oman lacks sufficient infrastructure, research and development, quality and safety monitoring, together with a limited contribution by the fishing industry to GDP.<a href="#cite_note-OFIAA-214">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">Dates</a> represent 80 percent of all fruit crop production. Further, date farms employ 50 percent of the total agricultural area in the country. Oman's estimated production of dates in 2016 is 350,000 tons, making it the 9th largest producer of dates. Oman's total export of dates was US$12.6 million in 2016, almost equivalent to Oman's total imported value of dates, which was US$11.3 million in 2016. The main importer is India (around 60 percent of all imports). Oman's date exports remained steady between 2006 and 2016. Oman is considered to have good infrastructure for date production and support provision to cultivation and marketing, but lacks innovation in farming and cultivation, industrial coordination in the supply chain and encounter high losses of unused dates.<a href="#cite_note-OFIAA-214">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Oman" title="Tourism in Oman">Tourism in Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bustan-palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Bustan-palace.jpg/220px-Bustan-palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Bustan-palace.jpg/330px-Bustan-palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Bustan-palace.jpg/440px-Bustan-palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Al-Bustan Palace Hotel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wahiba_Sands_(33).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wahiba_Sands_%2833%29.jpg/170px-Wahiba_Sands_%2833%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wahiba_Sands_%2833%29.jpg/255px-Wahiba_Sands_%2833%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Wahiba_Sands_%2833%29.jpg/340px-Wahiba_Sands_%2833%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2356" data-file-height="3535" /></a><figcaption>Wahiba Sands</figcaption></figure> Tourism in Oman has grown considerably recently, and it is expected to be one of the largest industries in the country.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> The World Travel & Tourism Council stated that Oman is the fastest growing tourism destination in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> Tourism contributed 2.8 percent to the Omani GDP in 2016. It grew from RO 505 million (US$1.3 billion) in 2009 to RO 719 million (US$1.8 billion) in 2017 (+42.3 percent growth). Citizens of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), including Omanis who are residing outside of Oman, represent the highest ratio of all tourists visiting Oman, estimated to be 48 percent. The second highest number of visitors come from other Asian countries, who account for 17 percent of the total number of visitors.<a href="#cite_note-OFIAA-214">[209]</a> A challenge to tourism development in Oman is the reliance on the government-owned firm, Omran, as a key actor to develop the tourism sector, which potentially creates a market <a href="/wiki/Barrier_to_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier to entry">barrier-to-entry</a> of private-sector actors and a <a href="/wiki/Crowding_out_(economics)" title="Crowding out (economics)">crowding out</a> effect. Another key issue to the tourism sector is deepening the understanding of the ecosystem and biodiversity in Oman to guarantee their protection and preservation.<a href="#cite_note-unedp-208">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> is a growing segment of Omani tourism.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> One site in particular – <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Jinz" title="Ras al-Jinz">Ras al-Jinz</a>, also known as "Turtle Beach" – is a popular destination due to the annual nesting of the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">Hawksbill Turtle</a>, the endangered <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">Green Turtle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">Olive Ridley Turtle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">Loggerhead Turtle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a> Oman has one of the most diverse environments in the Middle East with various tourist attractions and is particularly well known for adventure and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">cultural tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-englishplacenames-185">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, the capital of Oman, was named the second best city to visit in the world in 2012 by the travel guide publisher <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> Muscat also was chosen as the Capital of Arab Tourism of 2012.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a> In November 2019, Oman made the rule of <a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">visa</a> on arrival an exception and introduced the concept of e-visa for tourists from all nationalities. Under the new laws, visitors were required to apply for the visa in advance.<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oman" title="Demographics of Oman">Demographics of Oman</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">457,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">537,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.63%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">671,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,017,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.25%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,805,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+5.90%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,344,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,882,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,192,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.78%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,543,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.62%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,644,384</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.74%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">source:<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-7">[6]</a></td></tr></tbody></table>By 2020, Oman's population exceeded 4.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> in 2020 was estimated to be 2.8 children born per woman; this rate has been rapidly decreasing in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a> About half of the population lives in <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Batinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batinah">Batinah</a> coastal plain northwest of the capital. <a href="/wiki/Omanis" title="Omanis">Omanis</a> are predominantly of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omani_Baloch" title="Omani Baloch">Baluchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Omanis" title="Afro-Omanis">African</a> origins.<a href="#cite_note-pop-154">[149]</a> Around 20 percent of Omanis are of Baloch descent whose ancestors migrated to Oman centuries ago, and are now considered native.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a> Omani society is largely <a href="/wiki/Tribal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal">tribal</a><a href="#cite_note-inequal-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-fa-227">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> and encompasses three major identities:<a href="#cite_note-inequal-226">[221]</a> that of the tribe, the Ibadi faith and maritime trade.<a href="#cite_note-inequal-226">[221]</a> The first two identities are closely tied to tradition and are especially prevalent in the interior of the country, owing to lengthy periods of isolation.<a href="#cite_note-inequal-226">[221]</a> The third identity pertains mostly to Muscat and the coastal areas of Oman, and is reflected by business, trade,<a href="#cite_note-inequal-226">[221]</a> and the diverse origins of many Omanis, who trace their roots to Baloch, <a href="/wiki/Al-Lawatia" title="Al-Lawatia">Al-Lawatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persia</a> and historical Omani <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> Gwadar, a region of Balochistan, was a Colony of Oman for more than a century and in the 1960s, Pakistan took over the land. Many people in this area are Omani and Pakistani.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Islam in Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Religion in Oman</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 272.37868371332px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 119.34446716853px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Religion in Oman</a> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-231">[226]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Islam</a> (88.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oman" title="Hinduism in Oman">Hinduism</a> (5.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Christianity</a> (3.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">others</a> (2.0%)</div> </div> </div></div> Even though the Oman government does not keep statistics on religious affiliation, statistics from the US's Central Intelligence Agency state that adherents of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Oman" title="Islam in Oman">Islam</a> are in the majority at 85.9 percent, while 6.4 percent are <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Christians</a>, 5.7 percent <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Oman" title="Hinduism in Oman">Hindus</a>, 0.8 percent <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Buddhists</a>, and fewer than 0.1 percent are <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Jews</a>; members of other religious affiliations comprise 1 percent and the unaffiliated 0.2 percent. Most Omanis are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>; these predominantly follow the <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">school</a> of Islam,<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi`i">Shafi`i</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. Virtually all non-Muslims in Oman are foreign workers. Non-Muslim religious communities include various groups of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a>, Buddhists, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhs</a>, Hindus and Christians. Christian communities are centred in the major urban areas of <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> congregations, organising along linguistic and ethnic lines. More than 50 different Christian groups, fellowships and assemblies are active in the Muscat metropolitan area, formed by migrant workers from Southeast Asia. There are also communities of ethnic Indian Hindus and Christians. There are also a small Sikh<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Qaboos_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sultan_Qaboos_Highway.jpg/250px-Sultan_Qaboos_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sultan_Qaboos_Highway.jpg/375px-Sultan_Qaboos_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sultan_Qaboos_Highway.jpg/500px-Sultan_Qaboos_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Arabic and English road sign in Oman</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is the official language of Oman. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-molabs-180">[175]</a> There are several <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects of Arabic">dialects of Arabic</a> spoken, all part of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Arabic" title="Peninsular Arabic">Peninsular Arabic</a> family: <a href="/wiki/Dhofari_Arabic" title="Dhofari Arabic">Dhofari Arabic</a> (also known as Dhofari, Zofari) is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a> and the surrounding coastal regions (the <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar Governorate</a>);<a href="#cite_note-e18-235">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf Arabic</a> is spoken in parts bordering the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>; whereas <a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Omani Arabic</a>, distinct from the Gulf Arabic of eastern Arabia and Bahrain, is spoken in Central Oman, although with recent oil wealth and mobility has spread over other parts of the Sultanate. According to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA), besides Arabic, English, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Baluchi</a> (Southern Baluchi), <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, Bengali (spoken by Indians and Bangladeshis), Hindi, Tulu and various other Indian languages are the main languages spoken in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-pop-154">[149]</a> English is widely spoken in the business community and is taught at school from an early age. Almost all signs and writings appear in both Arabic and English at tourist sites.<a href="#cite_note-englishplacenames-185">[180]</a> Baluchi is the mother tongue of the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> in western Pakistan, eastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. It is also used by some descendants of <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi</a> sailors.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> Bengali is widely spoken due to a large Bangladeshi expatriate population. A significant number of residents also speak Urdu, due to the influx of Pakistani migrants during the late 1980s and 1990s. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> is widely spoken in the country due to the historical relations between Oman and <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-etn.sagepub.com-15">[12]</a> Today, the <a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri language</a> is limited in its distribution to the area around <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Zafar,_Yemen" title="Zafar, Yemen">Zafar</a> and westward into the Yemen. But until the 18th or 19th century it was spoken further north, perhaps into Central Oman.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baluchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchi language">Baluchi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Baluchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baluchi language">Southern Baluchi</a>) is widely spoken in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> Endangered indigenous languages in Oman include <a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathari language">Bathari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harsusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harsusi language">Harsusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobyot_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobyot language">Hobyot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jibbali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jibbali language">Jibbali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehri_language" title="Mehri language">Mehri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani Sign Language</a> is the language of the deaf community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Education in Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhofar_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dhofar_University.jpg/220px-Dhofar_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dhofar_University.jpg/330px-Dhofar_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Dhofar_University.jpg/440px-Dhofar_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Dhofar University in Salalah</figcaption></figure> Oman scored high as of 2019 on the percentage of students who complete lower secondary school and on the literacy rate between the age of 15 and 24, 99.7 percent and 98.7 percent, respectively. However, Oman's net primary school enrollment rate in 2019, which is 94.1 percent, is rated as "challenges remain" by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG) standard. Oman's overall evaluation in quality of education, according to UNSDG, is 94.8 ("challenges remain") as of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-UNSD3-137">[132]</a> Oman's higher education produces a surplus in humanities and liberal arts, while it produces an insufficient number in technical and scientific fields and required skill-sets to meet the market demand.<a href="#cite_note-unedp-208">[203]</a> Further, sufficient human capital creates a business environment that can compete with, partner or attract foreign firms. Accreditation standards and mechanisms with a quality control that focuses on input assessments, rather than output, are areas of improvement in Oman, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 2014 report.<a href="#cite_note-unedp-208">[203]</a> The transformation Index BTI 2018 report on Oman recommends that the education curriculum should focus more on the "promotion of personal initiative and critical perspective".<a href="#cite_note-bti1-182">[177]</a> Oman was ranked 84th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2020, down from 80th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a> The adult literacy rate in 2010 was 86.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-unescolit-244">[239]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a>, the top-ranking universities in the country are <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_University" title="Sultan Qaboos University">Sultan Qaboos University</a> (1678th worldwide), Dhofar University (6011th) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nizwa" title="University of Nizwa">University of Nizwa</a> (6093rd).<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Oman" title="Healthcare in Oman">Healthcare in Oman</a></div> Since 2003, Oman's undernourished share of the population has dropped from 11.7 percent to 5.4 percent in 2016, but the rate remains high: double the level of high-income economies (2.7 percent) in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-ourworld2-246">[241]</a> The UNSDG targets zero hunger by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-UNSD1-247">[242]</a> Oman's coverage of essential health services in 2015 was 77 percent, which is relatively higher than the world's average of approximately 54 percent during the same year, but lower than high-income economies' level (83 percent) in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-ourworldreport-248">[243]</a> Since 1995, the percentage of Omani children who receive key vaccines has consistently been very high (above 99 percent). As for road incident death rates, Oman's rate has been decreasing since 1990, from 98.9 per 100,000 individuals to 47.1 per 100,000 in 2017, however, the rate remains significantly above average, which was 15.8 per 100,000 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-UNSD2-249">[244]</a> Oman's health spending to GDP between 2015 and 2016 averaged 4.3 percent, while the world's average during the same period averaged 10 percent.<a href="#cite_note-HSIOTW-192">[187]</a> As for mortality due to air pollution (household and ambient air pollution), Oman's rate was 53.9 per 100,000 population as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-WHOREPORT-250">[245]</a> However, in 2019 the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) ranked Oman as the least polluted country in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, with a score of 37.7 in the <a href="/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index" title="Air Pollution Index">pollution index</a>. The country ranked 112th in Asia among the list of highest polluted countries.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a> Life expectancy at birth in Oman was estimated to be 76.1 years in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-mesi-252">[247]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were an estimated 2.1 physicians and 2.1 hospital beds per 1,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-mesi-252">[247]</a> In 1993, 89 percent of the population had access to health care services. In 2000, 99 percent of the population had access to health care services.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> In 2000, Oman's health system was ranked number 8 by the World Health Organization.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Largest cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Oman" title="List of cities in Oman">List of cities in Oman</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Oman <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/OM/largest-cities-in-oman.html">"Oman – 10 Largest Cities"</a>. geonames.org. Retrieved 20 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geonames.org&rft.atitle=Oman+%E2%80%93+10+Largest+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2FOM%2Flargest-cities-in-oman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Oman" title="List of cities in Oman">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Oman" title="Governorates of Oman">Governorate / Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Muscat"><img alt="Muscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG/120px-Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG/180px-Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG/240px-Oman-Muscat-Muttrah-21-Marina.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Seeb_highway-Oman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seeb"><img alt="Seeb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seeb_highway-Oman.jpg/120px-Seeb_highway-Oman.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seeb_highway-Oman.jpg/180px-Seeb_highway-Oman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Seeb_highway-Oman.jpg/240px-Seeb_highway-Oman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seeb,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeb, Oman">Seeb</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Governorate" title="Muscat Governorate">Muscat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">797,000 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Hamilton_Plaza_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salalah"><img alt="Salalah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/View_from_Hamilton_Plaza_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-View_from_Hamilton_Plaza_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/View_from_Hamilton_Plaza_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-View_from_Hamilton_Plaza_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/View_from_Hamilton_Plaza_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-View_from_Hamilton_Plaza_Hotel_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a> <a href="/wiki/File:The_Ministry_of_Legal_Affairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bawshar"><img alt="Bawshar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Ministry_of_Legal_Affairs.jpg/120px-The_Ministry_of_Legal_Affairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Ministry_of_Legal_Affairs.jpg/180px-The_Ministry_of_Legal_Affairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Ministry_of_Legal_Affairs.jpg/240px-The_Ministry_of_Legal_Affairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4885" data-file-height="2488" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bawshar" title="Bawshar">Bawshar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seeb,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeb, Oman">Seeb</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Governorate" title="Muscat Governorate">Muscat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">237,816 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhofar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">163,140 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bawshar" title="Bawshar">Bawshar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Governorate" title="Muscat Governorate">Muscat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">159,487 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">108,274 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Suwayq" title="Suwayq">Suwayq</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">107,143 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ibri" title="Ibri">Ibri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Az_Zahirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Az Zahirah">Az Zahirah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">101,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saham" title="Saham">Saham</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">89,327 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">81,647 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rustaq" title="Rustaq">Rustaq</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Al_Batinah_Region" title="Al Batinah Region">Al Batinah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">79,383 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Culture of Oman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DhowMuscat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DhowMuscat.jpg/220px-DhowMuscat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DhowMuscat.jpg/330px-DhowMuscat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DhowMuscat.jpg/440px-DhowMuscat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhow</a>, an enduring symbol of Oman<a href="#cite_note-coosoo-255">[250]</a></figcaption></figure> Outwardly, Oman shares many of the cultural characteristics of its Arab neighbours, particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kcom-256">[251]</a> Despite these similarities, important factors make Oman unique in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-kcom-256">[251]</a> These result as much from geography and history as from culture and economics.<a href="#cite_note-kcom-256">[251]</a> The relatively recent and artificial nature of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> in Oman makes it difficult to describe a national culture;<a href="#cite_note-kcom-256">[251]</a> however, sufficient cultural heterogeneity exists within its national boundaries to make Oman distinct from other Arab States of the Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-kcom-256">[251]</a> Oman's cultural diversity is greater than that of its Arab neighbours, given its historical expansion to the Swahili Coast and the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-kcom-256">[251]</a> Oman has a long tradition of shipbuilding, as maritime travel played a major role in the Omanis' ability to stay in contact with the civilisations of the ancient world. <a href="/wiki/Sur,_Oman" title="Sur, Oman">Sur</a> was one of the most famous shipbuilding cities of the Indian Ocean. An <a href="/wiki/Ghanjah" title="Ghanjah">al Ghanja</a> ship takes one whole year to build. Other types of Omani ship include As Sunbouq and Al Badan.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanjar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Khanjar.jpg/170px-Khanjar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Khanjar.jpg/255px-Khanjar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Khanjar.jpg/340px-Khanjar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khanjar" title="Khanjar">Khanjar</a>, the traditional <a href="/wiki/Dagger" title="Dagger">dagger</a> of Oman (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1924)</figcaption></figure> The male <a href="/wiki/National_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="National dress">national dress</a> in Oman consists of the <a href="/wiki/Dishdasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishdasha">dishdasha</a>, a simple, ankle-length, collarless gown with long sleeves.<a href="#cite_note-cgso-258">[253]</a> Most frequently white in colour, the dishdasha may also appear in a variety of other colours. Its main adornment, a <a href="/wiki/Tassel" title="Tassel">tassel</a> (furakha) sewn into the neckline, can be impregnated with perfume.<a href="#cite_note-ossc-259">[254]</a> Underneath the dishdasha, men wear a plain, wide strip of cloth wrapped around the body from the waist down. The most noted regional differences in dishdasha designs are the style with which they are embroidered, which varies according to age group.<a href="#cite_note-cgso-258">[253]</a> On formal occasions a black or beige cloak called a <a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">bisht</a> may cover the dishdasha. The embroidery edging the cloak is often in silver or gold thread and it is intricate in detail.<a href="#cite_note-ossc-259">[254]</a> Omani men wear two types of headdress: <ul><li>the ghutra, also called "Musar" a square piece of woven wool or cotton fabric of a single colour, decorated with various embroidered patterns.</li> <li>the kummah, a cap that is the head dress worn during leisure hours.<a href="#cite_note-cgso-258">[253]</a></li></ul> Some men carry the assa, a stick, which can have practical uses or is simply used as an accessory during formal events. Omani men, on the whole, wear sandals on their feet.<a href="#cite_note-ossc-259">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Janbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Janbiya">Janbiya</a> (dagger) forms part of the national dress and men wear the Janbiya on all formal public occasions and festivals.<a href="#cite_note-cgso-258">[253]</a> It is traditionally worn at the waist. Sheaths may vary from simple covers to ornate silver or gold-decorated pieces.<a href="#cite_note-ossc-259">[254]</a> A depiction of a Janbiya appears on the national flag.<a href="#cite_note-cgso-258">[253]</a> Omani women wear eye-catching national costumes, with distinctive regional variations. All costumes incorporate vivid colours and vibrant embroidery and decorations. The Omani women's traditional costume comprises several garments: the kandoorah, which is a long tunic whose sleeves or radoon are adorned with hand-stitched embroidery of various designs. The dishdasha is worn over a pair of loose-fitting trousers, tight at the ankles, known as a <a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">sirwal</a>. Women also wear a head shawl most commonly referred to as the lihaf.<a href="#cite_note-ocde-260">[255]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit">[update]</a> women reserve wearing their traditional dress for special occasions, and instead wear a loose black cloak called an <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a> over their personal choice of clothing, whilst in some regions, particularly amongst the Bedouin, the <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> is still worn.<a href="#cite_note-ocde-260">[255]</a> Women wear <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>, and though some women cover their faces and hands, most do not. The Sultan has forbidden the covering of faces in public office.<a href="#cite_note-coosoo-255">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_cinema">Music and cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Music and cinema">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Music of Oman</a> is extremely diverse due to Oman's imperial legacy. There are over 130 different forms of traditional Omani songs and dances. The Oman Centre for Traditional Music was established in 1984 to preserve them.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> In 1985, Sultan Qaboos founded the Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra. Instead of engaging foreign musicians, he decided to establish an orchestra made up of Omanis.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> On 1 July 1987 at the Al Bustan Palace Hotel's Oman Auditorium the Royal Oman Symphony Orchestra gave its inaugural concert.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> In popular music, a seven-minute music video about Oman went viral, achieving 500,000 views on YouTube within 10 days of being released on YouTube in November 2015. The a cappella production features three of the region's most popular talents: Kahliji musician Al Wasmi, Omani poet Mazin Al-Haddabi and actress Buthaina Al Raisi.<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sur-Cinema_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sur-Cinema_%283%29.JPG/220px-Sur-Cinema_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sur-Cinema_%283%29.JPG/330px-Sur-Cinema_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sur-Cinema_%283%29.JPG/440px-Sur-Cinema_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Cinema in Sur</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">cinema of Oman</a> is very small, there being only one Omani film Al-Boom (2006) as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit">[update]</a>. Oman Arab Cinema Company LLC is the single largest motion picture exhibitor chain in Oman.<a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Oman" title="Mass media in Oman">Mass media in Oman</a></div> The government has continuously held a monopoly on television in Oman. <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Oman_Television" title="Sultanate of Oman Television">Oman TV</a> is the only state-owned national television channel broadcaster in Oman. Oman TV broadcasts four HD channels, including Oman TV General, Oman TV Sport, Oman TV Live and Oman TV Cultural.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> Although private ownership of radio and television stations is permitted, Oman has only one privately owned television channel.<a href="#cite_note-:02-267">[262]</a> Majan TV is the first private TV channel in Oman. It began broadcasting in January 2009. However, Majan TV's official channel website was last updated in early 2010.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> The public has access to foreign broadcasts since the use of satellite receivers is allowed.<a href="#cite_note-:02-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[264]</a> Oman Radio is the first and only state-owned radio channel.<a href="#cite_note-:02-267">[262]</a> It began broadcasting on 30 July 1970.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> It operates both Arabic and English networks. Other private channels include Hala FM, Hi FM, Al-Wisal, Virgin Radio Oman FM and Merge. In early 2018, Muscat Media Group (MMG) launched a new private radio station.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> Oman has nine main newspapers, five in Arabic and four in English.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> The media landscape in Oman has been continuously described as restrictive, censored, and subdued.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> The Ministry of Information censors politically, culturally, or sexually offensive material in domestic or foreign media. The press freedom group <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> ranked the country 127th out of 180 countries on its 2018 World Press Freedom Index. In 2016, the government drew international criticism for suspending the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Azamn" title="Azamn">Azamn</a> and arresting three journalists after a report on corruption in the country's judiciary. Azamn was not allowed to reopen in 2017 although an appeal court ruled in late 2016 that the paper can resume operating.<a href="#cite_note-auto-276">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> Traditional art in Oman stems from its long heritage of material culture. Art movements in the 20th century reveal that the art scene in Oman began with early practices that included a range of tribal handicrafts and self-portraiture in painting since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> However, since the inclusion of several Omani artists in international collections, art exhibitions, and events, such Alia Al Farsi, the first Omani artist to show at the last <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> and Radhika Khimji, the first Omani artist to exhibit at both the <a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Marrakech_(AiM)_International_Biennale" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale">Marrakesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_Biennale" title="Ghetto Biennale">Haiti Ghetto biennale</a>, Oman's position as a newcomer to the contemporary art scene in recent years has been more important for Oman's international exposure.<a href="#cite_note-:1-278">[273]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aflaj_Gallery_in_The_National_Museum_Oman,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aflaj_Gallery_in_The_National_Museum_Oman%2C.jpg/290px-Aflaj_Gallery_in_The_National_Museum_Oman%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aflaj_Gallery_in_The_National_Museum_Oman%2C.jpg/435px-Aflaj_Gallery_in_The_National_Museum_Oman%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Aflaj_Gallery_in_The_National_Museum_Oman%2C.jpg/580px-Aflaj_Gallery_in_The_National_Museum_Oman%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3942" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>Ancient irrigation system and water channels.<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> Aflaj Gallery, The National Museum of Oman.</figcaption></figure> Bait Muzna Gallery is the first art gallery in Oman. Established in 2000 by Sayyida Susan Al Said, Bait Muzna has served as a platform for emerging Omani artists to showcase their talent and place themselves on the wider art scene. In 2016, Bait Muzna opened a second space in <a href="/wiki/Salalah" title="Salalah">Salalah</a> to branch out and support <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art film</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital art</a> scene. The gallery has been primarily active as an art consultancy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> The Omani Society for Fine Arts, established in 1993, offers educational programmes, workshops and artist grants for practitioners across varied disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-:1-278">[273]</a> The Sultanate's flagship cultural institution, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_(Oman)" title="National Museum (Oman)">National Museum of Oman</a>, opened on 30 July 2016 with 14 permanent galleries. It showcases national heritage from the earliest human settlement in Oman two million years ago through to the present day. The museum takes a further step by presenting information on the material in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic Braille</a> script for the visually impaired, the first museum to do this in the Gulf region.<a href="#cite_note-:1-278">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bait_Al_Zubair" title="Bait Al Zubair">Bait Al Zubair Museum</a> is a private, family-funded museum that opened its doors to the public in 1998. In 1999, the museum received <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said_al_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaboos bin Said al Said">Sultan Qaboos</a>' Award for Architectural Excellence. Bait Al Zubair displays the family's collection of Omani artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Omani_cuisine">Omani cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Omani cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg/220px-Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg/330px-Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg/440px-Traditional_Omani_Food.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Omani food</figcaption></figure> Omani cuisine is diverse and has been influenced by many cultures. Omanis usually eat their main daily meal at midday, while the evening meal is lighter. During <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, dinner is typically served after the <a href="/wiki/Taraweeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraweeh">Taraweeh</a> prayers, sometimes as late as 11 pm. Arsia, a festival meal served during celebrations, consists of mashed rice and meat (sometimes chicken). Another popular festival meal, shuwa, consists of meat cooked very slowly (sometimes for up to 2 days) in an underground clay oven. Fish is often used in main dishes too, and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_trevally" title="Giant trevally">kingfish</a> is a popular ingredient. Mashuai is a meal consisting of a whole spit-roasted kingfish served with lemon rice. Rukhal bread is a thin, round bread eaten at any meal, typically served with Omani honey for breakfast or crumbled over curry for dinner. The Omani <a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">halwa</a> is a very popular sweet, consisting of cooked raw sugar with nuts. There are many different flavors, the most popular ones being black halwa (original) and saffron halwa. Halwa is considered a symbol of Omani hospitality, traditionally served with coffee. As is the case with most <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab states of the Persian Gulf</a>, alcohol is only available over the counter to non-Muslims. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuscatGulfCup2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MuscatGulfCup2.jpg/220px-MuscatGulfCup2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MuscatGulfCup2.jpg/330px-MuscatGulfCup2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/MuscatGulfCup2.jpg/440px-MuscatGulfCup2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Oman hosted and won the <a href="/wiki/19th_Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="19th Arabian Gulf Cup">19th Arabian Gulf Cup</a></figcaption></figure> In October 2004, the Omani government set up a Ministry of Sports Affairs to replace the General Organisation for Youth, Sports and Cultural Affairs. The <a href="/wiki/19th_Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="19th Arabian Gulf Cup">19th Arabian Gulf Cup</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, from 4 to 17 January 2009 and was won by the <a href="/wiki/Oman_national_football_team" title="Oman national football team">Omani national football team</a>. The <a href="/wiki/23rd_Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="23rd Arabian Gulf Cup">23rd Arabian Gulf Cup</a> that took place in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, from 22 December 2017 until 5 January 2018 with Oman winning their second title, defeating the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_national_football_team" title="United Arab Emirates national football team">United Arab Emirates</a> in the final. Oman's traditional sports are <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhow</a> racing, <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">camel racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bull_fighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull fighting">bull fighting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">falconry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Your_Middle_East-282">[277]</a> Association football, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterskiing" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterskiing">waterskiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">sandboarding</a><a href="#cite_note-Sandboarding-283">[278]</a> are among the sports that have emerged quickly and gained popularity among the younger generation.<a href="#cite_note-Your_Middle_East-282">[277]</a> Oman, along with <a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, are the only regions in the Middle East that have a variant of <a href="/wiki/Bullfighting" title="Bullfighting">bullfighting</a>, known as 'bull-butting', organised within their territories.<a href="#cite_note-rg_bull-284">[279]</a> Al-Batena area in Oman is specifically prominent for such events. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_tpower1978_-_World_Cup_Qualifiers_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flickr_-_tpower1978_-_World_Cup_Qualifiers_%287%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_tpower1978_-_World_Cup_Qualifiers_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flickr_-_tpower1978_-_World_Cup_Qualifiers_%287%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_tpower1978_-_World_Cup_Qualifiers_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flickr_-_tpower1978_-_World_Cup_Qualifiers_%287%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_tpower1978_-_World_Cup_Qualifiers_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>2010 FIFA World Cup Qualifiers Round 3 match between <a href="/wiki/Oman_national_football_team" title="Oman national football team">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan_national_football_team" title="Japan national football team">Japan</a> at the Royal Oman Police Stadium on 7 June 2008 in Muscat, Oman</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Oman_Olympic_Committee" title="Oman Olympic Committee">Oman Olympic Committee</a> played a major part in organising the highly successful 2003 Olympic Days, which were of great benefit to the sports associations, clubs, and young participants. The <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> association took part, along with the <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, swimming and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> associations. In 2010 Muscat hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_Asian_Beach_Games" title="2010 Asian Beach Games">2010 Asian Beach Games</a>. Oman featured a men's national team in <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a> that competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_AVC_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup" title="2018–2020 AVC Beach Volleyball Continental Cup">2018–2020 AVC Beach Volleyball Continental Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> Oman also hosts tennis tournaments each year. The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Sports_Complex" title="Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex">Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex</a> stadium contains a 50-meter swimming pool that is used for international tournaments. The Tour of Oman, a professional cycling 6-day stage race, takes place in February. Oman hosted the Asian <a href="/wiki/2011_FIFA_Beach_Soccer_World_Cup_qualification_(AFC)" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualification (AFC)">2011 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup qualifiers</a>, where 11 teams competed for three spots at the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Beach_Soccer_World_Cup" title="FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>. Oman hosted the Men's and Women's <a href="/wiki/2012_Beach_Handball_World_Championships" title="2012 Beach Handball World Championships">2012 Beach Handball World Championships</a> at the Millennium Resort in Mussanah, from 8 to 13 July.<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> The first "<a href="/wiki/El_Cl%C3%A1sico" title="El Clásico">El Clasico</a>" to be played outside of Spain, was played on 14 March 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Sports_Complex" title="Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex">Sultan Qaboos Sports Complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> Oman has competed repeatedly for a position in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>, but have not yet qualified to compete in the tournament. In <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, Oman qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2016_ICC_World_Twenty20" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 ICC World Twenty20">2016 ICC World Twenty20</a> and the 2021 T20 Cricket World Cup. On 25 June 2021, it was confirmed that Oman will co-host the <a href="/wiki/2021_ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup">2021</a> edition of the <a href="/wiki/ICC_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ICC Men's T20 World Cup">ICC Men's T20 World Cup</a> alongside the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> In 2024, Oman participated in the <a href="/wiki/Touch_World_Cup#2024_-_England_(Nottingham)" title="Touch World Cup">2024 Touch Rugby World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, which was its first participation in an international rugby tournament.<a href="#cite_note-t340-289">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Muscat, Oman</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:001027-Muscat-IMG_6483-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A mosque in Muscat, Oman"><img alt="A mosque in Muscat, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/001027-Muscat-IMG_6483-2.jpg/180px-001027-Muscat-IMG_6483-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/001027-Muscat-IMG_6483-2.jpg/270px-001027-Muscat-IMG_6483-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/001027-Muscat-IMG_6483-2.jpg/360px-001027-Muscat-IMG_6483-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3201" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A mosque in <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Mutrah_in_Muscat,_Oman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mutrah Fort, Muscat, Oman"><img alt="Mutrah Fort, Muscat, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fort_Mutrah_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/180px-Fort_Mutrah_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fort_Mutrah_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/270px-Fort_Mutrah_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fort_Mutrah_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/360px-Fort_Mutrah_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mutrah Fort, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Amin_Mosque_in_Muscat,_Oman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al Ameen Mosque, Muscat, Oman"><img alt="Al Ameen Mosque, Muscat, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Al_Amin_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/180px-Al_Amin_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Al_Amin_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/270px-Al_Amin_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Al_Amin_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/360px-Al_Amin_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Al Ameen Mosque, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_in_Muscat,_Oman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, Muscat, Oman"><img alt="Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, Muscat, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/180px-Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/270px-Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7c/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg/360px-Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque_in_Muscat%2C_Oman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:001025-Muscat-IMG_5662-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sultan's Ship, Mutrah, Muscat, Oman"><img alt="Sultan's Ship, Mutrah, Muscat, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/001025-Muscat-IMG_5662-2.jpg/180px-001025-Muscat-IMG_5662-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/001025-Muscat-IMG_5662-2.jpg/270px-001025-Muscat-IMG_5662-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/001025-Muscat-IMG_5662-2.jpg/360px-001025-Muscat-IMG_5662-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sultan's Ship, Mutrah, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:001024-Muscat-Pan1-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al Amarat Hills, Muscat, Oman"><img alt="Al Amarat Hills, Muscat, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/001024-Muscat-Pan1-2.jpg/180px-001024-Muscat-Pan1-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/001024-Muscat-Pan1-2.jpg/270px-001024-Muscat-Pan1-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/001024-Muscat-Pan1-2.jpg/360px-001024-Muscat-Pan1-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="3896" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Al Amarat Hills, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:001027-Muscat-IMG_6501-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al Azaiba Beach, Muscat, Oman"><img alt="Al Azaiba Beach, Muscat, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/001027-Muscat-IMG_6501-2.jpg/180px-001027-Muscat-IMG_6501-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/001027-Muscat-IMG_6501-2.jpg/270px-001027-Muscat-IMG_6501-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/001027-Muscat-IMG_6501-2.jpg/360px-001027-Muscat-IMG_6501-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Al Azaiba Beach, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:001026-Muscat-IMG_6183-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Library of Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, Muscat, Oman"><img alt="Library of Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, Muscat, Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/001026-Muscat-IMG_6183-2.jpg/180px-001026-Muscat-IMG_6183-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/001026-Muscat-IMG_6183-2.jpg/270px-001026-Muscat-IMG_6183-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/001026-Muscat-IMG_6183-2.jpg/360px-001026-Muscat-IMG_6183-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Library of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_Grand_Mosque" title="Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque">Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a>, Oman</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/32px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/48px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/64px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oman" title="Portal:Oman">Oman portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omanis" title="Omanis">Omanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Oman" title="Outline of Oman">Outline of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Oman-related_articles" title="Index of Oman-related articles">Index of Oman-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Haitham_City" title="Sultan Haitham City">Sultan Haitham City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> In 1783, when Seyyid Said succeeded to the "masnad" of Muscat and Oman (an independent state founded in 1749), he fell out with his brother Imam Sultan, who fled to safety in Makran and entered into communication with Nasir Khan of Kalat. Said was granted the Kalat share of the revenues of Gwadar and lived there until 1797 when he came to rule over Muscat and Oman. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Gwadar remained an Omani possession as part of the Sultanate until September 1958 </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> For both Omani and foreign citizens. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/oʊˈmɑːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a5\/En-us-Oman.ogg\/En-us-Oman.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Oman.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-Oman.ogg/En-us-Oman.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Oman.ogg" title="File:En-us-Oman.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">oh-MAHN</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: عُمَان, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: ʿUmān, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʕʊˈmaːn]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Arabic: سلْطنة عُمانi, romanized: Salṭanat ʿUmān. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707234954/http://mola.gov.om/eng/legislation/laws/details.aspx?id=1">"Basic Statute of the State promulgated by Royal Decree 101/96"</a>. MINISTRY OF JUSTICE AND LEGAL AFFAIRS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mola.gov.om/eng/legislation/laws/details.aspx?id=1">the original</a> on 7 July 2020. 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MSN Encarta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761561099_7/Oman.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2008. <q>In 751 Ibadi Muslims, established an imamate in Oman. Despite interruptions, the Ibadi imamate survived until the mid-20th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oman&rft.pub=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761561099_7%2FOman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2010/07/15/oman-pub-41227">"Oman"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 15 July 2010. 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National Center for Statistics & Information. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsi.gov.om/documents/Census_2010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Results+of+Census+2010&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Statistics+%26+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncsi.gov.om%2Fdocuments%2FCensus_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.OM-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.OM_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.OM_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.OM_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.OM_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=449,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Oman)"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023. 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QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-HRIS2-53"><a href="#cite_ref-HRIS2_53-0">^</a> Salîl-ibn-Razîk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x0000a7">British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân (166/612).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707160958/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x0000a7">Archived</a> 7 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 166. 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QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-FROI-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FROI_56-0">^</a> Salîl-ibn-Razîk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x0000a9">British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (168/612)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707171313/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x0000a9">Archived</a> 7 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 168. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-OQ-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OQ_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OQ_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OQ_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OQ_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OQ_57-4">e</a> J. C. Wilkinson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797273?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A6b134b0a9b7cd25d12a24320dde2af3e&seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents">The Oman Question: The Background to the Political Geography of South-East Arabia.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616160345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797273?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A6b134b0a9b7cd25d12a24320dde2af3e&seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Oman Question: The Background to the Political Geography of South-East Arabia. Pages 361–371. The Geographical Journal. JSTOR. 1971. </li> <li id="cite_note-OBG-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBG_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBG_58-1">b</a> Uzi Rabi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rgOk3d8hhoC&pg=PA6">Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'Id Bin Taymur.</a> Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'Id Bin Taymur. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAN-59"><a href="#cite_ref-RAN_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabi2011" class="citation book cs1">Rabi, Uzi (11 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtSAeuMq-VgC&pg=PA24">Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'Id Bin Taymur, 1932–1970</a>. Apollo Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845194734" title="Special:BookSources/9781845194734"><bdi>9781845194734</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergence+of+States+in+a+Tribal+Society%3A+Oman+Under+Sa%27Id+Bin+Taymur%2C+1932%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Apollo+Books&rft.date=2011-03-11&rft.isbn=9781845194734&rft.aulast=Rabi&rft.aufirst=Uzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtSAeuMq-VgC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NABH-60"><a href="#cite_ref-NABH_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNabhan2008" class="citation book cs1">Nabhan, Gary Paul (11 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNXdeDu6h9gC&pg=PA78">Arab/American: Landscape, Culture, and Cuisine in Two Great Deserts</a>. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816526581" title="Special:BookSources/9780816526581"><bdi>9780816526581</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab%2FAmerican%3A+Landscape%2C+Culture%2C+and+Cuisine+in+Two+Great+Deserts&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.isbn=9780816526581&rft.aulast=Nabhan&rft.aufirst=Gary+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNXdeDu6h9gC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIIDN1-61"><a href="#cite_ref-MIIDN1_61-0">^</a> Salîl-ibn-Razîk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697836.0x000003">British National Archive: History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân (202/612).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308174935/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697836.0x000003">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of the imâms and seyyids of Omân. British National Archive. Page 202. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-THIMAS-62"><a href="#cite_ref-THIMAS_62-0">^</a> Gavin Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKAtjJoXXpwC&pg=PA222">The Rough Guide to Oman .</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035637/https://books.google.com/books?id=qKAtjJoXXpwC&pg=PA222">Archived</a> 11 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Rough Guide to Oman. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S. and Lewis, Bernard (1977) The Cambridge history of Islam Cambridge University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521291364" title="Special:BookSources/0521291364">0521291364</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WF-64"><a href="#cite_ref-WF_64-0">^</a> Willem Floor, "Dutch Relations with the Persian Gulf", in Lawrence G. Potter (ed.), The Persian Gulf in History (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) p. 240 </li> <li id="cite_note-OQCP-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OQCP_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OQCP_65-1">b</a> Oman Country Profile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/country-profile-oman">Oman Country Profile.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720161203/https://www.qdl.qa/en/country-profile-oman">Archived</a> 20 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British Library Partnership. Qatar Digital Library. 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-ETENT-66"><a href="#cite_ref-ETENT_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000039">"'History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856; translated from the original Arabic, and edited with notes, appendices, and an introduction, continuing the history down to 1870, by George Percy Badger, F.R.G.S., late chaplain in the Presidency of Bombay.' [23] (56/612)"</a>. Qatar Digital Library. 22 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707154525/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000039">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qatar+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=%27History+of+the+im%C3%A2ms+and+seyyids+of+%27Om%C3%A2n+by+Sal%C3%AEl-ibn-Raz%C3%AEk%2C+from+A.D.+661%E2%80%931856%3B+translated+from+the+original+Arabic%2C+and+edited+with+notes%2C+appendices%2C+and+an+introduction%2C+continuing+the+history+down+to+1870%2C+by+George+Percy+Badger%2C+F.R.G.S.%2C+late+chaplain+in+the+Presidency+of+Bombay.%27+%5B23%5D+%2856%2F612%29&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023697835.0x000039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASOD-67"><a href="#cite_ref-ASOD_67-0">^</a> Stefan Siebert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qKAtjJoXXpwC&pg=PA222">The Rough Guide to Oman.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035637/https://books.google.com/books?id=qKAtjJoXXpwC&pg=PA222">Archived</a> 11 February 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Rough Guide to Oman. 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-HTSHC-68"><a href="#cite_ref-HTSHC_68-0">^</a> Salîl-ibn-Razîk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000054">History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (83/612) British National Archive.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310085008/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000054">Archived</a> 10 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 83. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-HTSHC1-69"><a href="#cite_ref-HTSHC1_69-0">^</a> Salîl-ibn-Razîk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000057">History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (86/612).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707162506/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x000057">Archived</a> 7 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 86. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-HTSHC3-70"><a href="#cite_ref-HTSHC3_70-0">^</a> Salîl-ibn-Razîk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x00005d">History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân by Salîl-ibn-Razîk, from A.D. 661–1856 (92/612) British National Archive.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707160946/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023697835.0x00005d">Archived</a> 7 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of the imâms and seyyids of 'Omân. British National Archive. Page 92. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-ABQOLR-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABQOLR_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABQOLR_71-1">b</a> Robert Geran Landen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/598849?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents">Oman Since 1856: Disruptive Modernization in a Traditional Arab Society.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710035950/https://www.jstor.org/stable/598849?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents">Archived</a> 10 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oman Since 1856: Disruptive Modernization in a Traditional Arab Society. Journal of the American Oriental Society. Pages 581–583. JSTOR. 1970. Vol. 90, No. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowasjee2005" class="citation web cs1">Cowasjee, Ardeshir (11 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609072245/http://www.dawn.com.pk/weekly/cowas/20050911.htm">"DAWN – Cowasjee Corner; September 11, 2005"</a>. DAWN Group of Newspapers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com.pk/weekly/cowas/20050911.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAWN+%E2%80%93+Cowasjee+Corner%3B+September+11%2C+2005&rft.pub=DAWN+Group+of+Newspapers&rft.date=2005-09-11&rft.aulast=Cowasjee&rft.aufirst=Ardeshir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com.pk%2Fweekly%2Fcowas%2F20050911.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOR-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BOR_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOR_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOR_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BOR_74-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Francis_Owtram2014" class="citation news cs1">Dr Francis Owtram (11 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/close-relationship-britain-and-oman-1750">"A Close Relationship: Britain and Oman Since 1750"</a>. QDL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308192336/https://www.qdl.qa/en/close-relationship-britain-and-oman-1750">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Close+Relationship%3A+Britain+and+Oman+Since+1750&rft.date=2014-12-11&rft.au=Dr+Francis+Owtram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Fclose-relationship-britain-and-oman-1750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-HOIOO-75"><a href="#cite_ref-HOIOO_75-0">^</a> [Joseph A. 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QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-BNSIM-77"><a href="#cite_ref-BNSIM_77-0">^</a> Muscat and the Monsoon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/muscat-and-monsoon">British National Archive: Muscat and the Monsoon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145949/https://www.qdl.qa/en/muscat-and-monsoon">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-KMITTB-78"><a href="#cite_ref-KMITTB_78-0">^</a> A Collection of Treaties and Engagements. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023550810.0x000037">British National Archives: A Collection of Treaties and Engagements relating to the Persian Gulf Shaikhdoms and the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman in force up to the End of 1953' [26v] (54/92).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706133302/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023550810.0x000037">Archived</a> 6 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archives. Page 54. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-BPCOM-79"><a href="#cite_ref-BPCOM_79-0">^</a> Historical Summary of Events. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000be">British National Archive: Historical Summary of Events 189/222</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308180039/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000be">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive. Page 189. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-QDLM-80"><a href="#cite_ref-QDLM_80-0">^</a> Muscat and Oman Internal Affairs History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000c0">British National Archive: Muscat and Oman Internal Affairs History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308205414/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000c0">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive. Page 191. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-GR-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GR_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR_81-4">e</a> Ian Cobain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/08/britains-secret-wars-oman">The Guardian: Britain's secret wars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930170522/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/sep/08/britains-secret-wars-oman">Archived</a> 30 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Britain's Secret Wars. The Guardian. 8 September 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-HLBB-82"><a href="#cite_ref-HLBB_82-0">^</a> The Financial Troubles of Said bin Taimur.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/financial-troubles-said-bin-taimur">British National Archive: The Financial Troubles of Said bin Taimur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111194717/https://www.qdl.qa/en/financial-troubles-said-bin-taimur">Archived</a> 11 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive. 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MacLaurin "Oman and the Trucial Coast"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117102818/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20694640?read-now=1&seq=10#page_scan_tab_contents">Archived</a> 17 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oman and the Trucial Coast. Pages 65–76. The Australian Quarterly. JSTOR. 1958. </li> <li id="cite_note-Conditions-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Conditions_85-0">^</a> Muscat State Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100070535087.0x000015">British National Archive: File 8/67 Muscat State Affairs: Muscat– Oman Treaty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708103001/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100070535087.0x000015">Archived</a> 8 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive. File 8/67. Page 20. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-smallwars-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smallwars_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smallwars_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smallwars_86-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917071704/http://www.britains-smallwars.com/SAS/JebelAkhdar.html">"Jebel Akhdar"</a>. Britain's Small Wars. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britains-smallwars.com/SAS/JebelAkhdar.html">the original</a> on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jebel+Akhdar&rft.pub=Britain%27s+Small+Wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britains-smallwars.com%2FSAS%2FJebelAkhdar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOSNT-87"><a href="#cite_ref-TOSNT_87-0">^</a> Muscat Rising. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100070535087.0x000033">British National Archive: Muscat Rising, from April 1917 to January 1918 & resumed from April 1920 to Oct 1920</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707112144/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100070535087.0x000033">Archived</a> 7 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive QDL </li> <li id="cite_note-OAOI-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OAOI_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OAOI_88-1">b</a> Oman profile – Timeline. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14654492">"BBC Middle East: Oman profile – Timeline (25 April 2018)"</a>. BBC News. 25 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611185919/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14654492">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+Middle+East%3A+Oman+profile+%E2%80%93+Timeline+%2825+April+2018%29&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-14654492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> 25 April 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-agreement-89"><a href="#cite_ref-agreement_89-0">^</a> Undertaking by Sultan Taimur Regarding Oil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023550810.0x00003d">Undertaking by Sultan Taimur Regarding Oil.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309043538/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023550810.0x00003d">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archives page 60 QDL </li> <li id="cite_note-RLA-90"><a href="#cite_ref-RLA_90-0">^</a> The 1928 Red Line Agreement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/red-line">United States Office of the Historian: The 1928 Red Line Agreement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717191817/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/red-line">Archived</a> 17 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United States Office of the Historian. </li> <li id="cite_note-AOST-91"><a href="#cite_ref-AOST_91-0">^</a> Muscat Rising. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000bf">British National Archive: Muscat Rising, from April 1917 to January 1918 & resumed from April 1920 to Oct 1920</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225054303/https://qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415995.0x0000bf">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive page 190 QDL </li> <li id="cite_note-BA-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BA_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BA_92-2">c</a> Mark Curtis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markcurtis.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pro.Oman-1957-9.-Declassified.pdf">British National Archives.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303221405/http://markcurtis.info/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/pro.Oman-1957-9.-Declassified.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oman 1957-9. British National Archives. 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Halliday-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Halliday_93-0">^</a> Fred Halliday. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VkYhBQAAQBAJ&dq=Fred%20Halliday%20arabia&pg=PT19">Arabia by Fred Halliday</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406013854/https://books.google.com/books?id=VkYhBQAAQBAJ&dq=Fred%20Halliday%20arabia&pg=PT19">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Arabia. The Arabian Peninsula. Saqi Books. University of California. published 1974. </li> <li id="cite_note-OmansInsurgencies-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OmansInsurgencies_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OmansInsurgencies_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2013" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, J. E. (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&q=moff+oman&pg=PT59">Oman's Insurgencies: The Sultanate's Struggle for Supremacy</a>. Saqi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863567025" title="Special:BookSources/9780863567025"><bdi>9780863567025</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035638/https://books.google.com/books?id=wkUhBQAAQBAJ&q=moff+oman&pg=PT59">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oman%27s+Insurgencies%3A+The+Sultanate%27s+Struggle+for+Supremacy&rft.pub=Saqi&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.isbn=9780863567025&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkUhBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmoff%2Boman%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FTWAO-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FTWAO_95-0">^</a> Historical Summary of Events in the Persian Gulf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723150646/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415996.0x000009">"British National Archive: Historical Summary of Events in the Persian Gulf (208/222)"</a>. QDL. 30 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023415996.0x000009">the original</a> on 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+National+Archive%3A+Historical+Summary+of+Events+in+the+Persian+Gulf+%28208%2F222%29&rft.pub=QDL&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100023415996.0x000009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> British National Archive. Page 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-WWII-96"><a href="#cite_ref-WWII_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nevingtonwarmuseum.com/oman.html">"Oman"</a>. NevingtonWarMuseum.com. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NevingtonWarMuseum.com&rft.atitle=Oman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nevingtonwarmuseum.com%2Foman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF-97"><a href="#cite_ref-RAF_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history/oman-and-the-second-world-war">"The Second World War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum" title="Royal Air Force Museum">Royal Air Force Museum</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Royal+Air+Force+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fonline-exhibitions%2Fan-enduring-relationship-a-history%2Foman-and-the-second-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UBoat-98"><a href="#cite_ref-UBoat_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.xray-mag.com/content/german-ww2-u-boat-located-oman">"German WW2 u-boat located off Oman"</a>. X-Ray Mag. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=X-Ray+Mag&rft.atitle=German+WW2+u-boat+located+off+Oman&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.xray-mag.com%2Fcontent%2Fgerman-ww2-u-boat-located-oman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UBoat2-99"><a href="#cite_ref-UBoat2_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2009" class="citation web cs1">Baldwin, Derek (17 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/uae/what-lies-beneath-nazi-wreck-off-fujairah-1.554341">"What lies beneath: Nazi wreck off Fujairah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gulf_News" title="Gulf News">Gulf News</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=What+lies+beneath%3A+Nazi+wreck+off+Fujairah&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fuae%2Fwhat-lies-beneath-nazi-wreck-off-fujairah-1.554341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolin,_Beatrice1998" class="citation web cs1">Nicolin, Beatrice (25 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104031644/http://www.oman.org/bonn_007.htm">"International trade networks: The Omani Enclave of Gwadar – Conference on German and International Research on Oman, Bonn 1998: abstracts"</a>. Bonn: Conference on German and International Research on Oman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oman.org/bonn_007.htm">the original</a> on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+trade+networks%3A+The+Omani+Enclave+of+Gwadar+%E2%80%93+Conference+on+German+and+International+Research+on+Oman%2C+Bonn+1998%3A+abstracts&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Conference+on+German+and+International+Research+on+Oman&rft.date=1998-05-25&rft.au=Nicolin%2C+Beatrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oman.org%2Fbonn_007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planning-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Planning_102-0">^</a> Muscat State Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776091.0x000046">A.C.Gallowey: File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman' [35r] (69/296).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308132954/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776091.0x000046">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman. British National Archive. Page 69. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-idea2-103"><a href="#cite_ref-idea2_103-0">^</a> Muscat State Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776091.0x00009a">British Consulate Muscat: File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308161726/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776091.0x00009a">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive. File 8/62. Page 153. 25 May 1946. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-RAFint-104"><a href="#cite_ref-RAFint_104-0">^</a> Muscat State Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776092.0x00005c">The Foreign Office London: File 8/62 Muscat State Affairs: Principal Shaikhs and Tribes of Oman [146r] (291/296).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308185519/https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100055776092.0x00005c">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British National Archive. Page 291. QDL. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1978" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, John E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsUOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA182">Oman in the Twentieth Century: Political Foundations of an Emerging State</a>. Croom Helm. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780856646294" title="Special:BookSources/9780856646294"><bdi>9780856646294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oman+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Political+Foundations+of+an+Emerging+State&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780856646294&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsUOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-owaosa-106"><a href="#cite_ref-owaosa_106-0">^</a> Liquid Oman: oil, water, and causality in Southern Arabia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-9655.12398">Liquid Oman: oil, water, and causality in Southern Arabia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117111638/https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1467-9655.12398">Archived</a> 17 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Royal Anthropological Institute. P. 147–162. 2016. City University of New York. </li> <li id="cite_note-secretops-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secretops_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secretops_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2003" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Mike (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8fiduMeiYAC&pg=PA68">Secret Operations of the Sas</a>. Zenith Imprint. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760314142" title="Special:BookSources/9780760314142"><bdi>9780760314142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Operations+of+the+Sas&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=Zenith+Imprint&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780760314142&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8fiduMeiYAC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-modernhistoryowtram-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modernhistoryowtram_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modernhistoryowtram_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modernhistoryowtram_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwtram2004" class="citation book cs1">Owtram, Francis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=41h0bXfVtfYC&pg=PA106">A Modern History of Oman: Formation of the State since 1920</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860646171" title="Special:BookSources/9781860646171"><bdi>9781860646171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+History+of+Oman%3A+Formation+of+the+State+since+1920&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781860646171&rft.aulast=Owtram&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D41h0bXfVtfYC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LastImam-109"><a href="#cite_ref-LastImam_109-0">^</a> The Last Imam of Oman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/12/1/imam.oman/index.html">CNN Arabic: وفاة آخر أئمة عُمان في منفاه السياسي بالسعودية</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411114926/http://archive.arabic.cnn.com/2009/middle_east/12/1/imam.oman/index.html">Archived</a> 11 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN Arabic News. 1 December 2009. Muscat, Oman. </li> <li id="cite_note-theNYTimes-110"><a href="#cite_ref-theNYTimes_110-0">^</a> 10 Arab States Ask U.N. 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text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191008220147/https://tcdata360.worldbank.org/indicators/entrp.pct%3Fcountry%3DOMN%26indicator%3D3441%26viz%3Dbar_chart%26years%3D2016">Archived</a> 8 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The World Bank. 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi 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Al-Azri (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eb6Pgy1Q0vQC&pg=PA40">Social and Gender Inequality in Oman: The Power of Religious and Political Tradition</a>. Routledge. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138816794" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138816794"><bdi>978-1138816794</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035639/https://books.google.com/books?id=eb6Pgy1Q0vQC&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Gender+Inequality+in+Oman%3A+The+Power+of+Religious+and+Political+Tradition&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1138816794&rft.au=Khalid+M.+Al-Azri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deb6Pgy1Q0vQC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fa-227"><a href="#cite_ref-fa_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Miller1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Miller" title="Judith Miller">Judith Miller</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53039/judith-miller/creating-modern-oman-an-interview-with-sultan-qabus">"Creating Modern Oman: An Interview with Sultan Qabus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 76 (May/June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228174118/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/53039/judith-miller/creating-modern-oman-an-interview-with-sultan-qabus">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2014. Retrieved 29 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Creating+Modern+Oman%3A+An+Interview+with+Sultan+Qabus&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=May%2FJune+1997&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Judith+Miller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F53039%2Fjudith-miller%2Fcreating-modern-oman-an-interview-with-sultan-qabus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulaiman_al-Farsi2013" class="citation book cs1">Sulaiman al-Farsi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ghbC-V8YKyEC&pg=PA196">Democracy and Youth in the Middle East: Islam, Tribalism and the Rentier State in Oman</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 170–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780760902" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780760902"><bdi>978-1780760902</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211035639/https://books.google.com/books?id=ghbC-V8YKyEC&pg=PA196">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Youth+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Islam%2C+Tribalism+and+the+Rentier+State+in+Oman&rft.pages=170-197&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780760902&rft.au=Sulaiman+al-Farsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DghbC-V8YKyEC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal_Shaibany2010" class="citation news cs1">al Shaibany, Saleh (4 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/omanis-flocking-to-zanzibar-their-ancestral-home">"Omanis flocking to Zanzibar, their ancestral home"</a>. The National. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408183502/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/middle-east/omanis-flocking-to-zanzibar-their-ancestral-home">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Omanis+flocking+to+Zanzibar%2C+their+ancestral+home&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.aulast=al+Shaibany&rft.aufirst=Saleh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fomanis-flocking-to-zanzibar-their-ancestral-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1489531/world">"Arab legacy lingers as Pakistan's Gwadar grows from tiny fishing town into port city"</a>. 29 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007095109/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1489531/world">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+legacy+lingers+as+Pakistan%27s+Gwadar+grows+from+tiny+fishing+town+into+port+city&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1489531%2Fworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIATONGA-231"><a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/">"Middle East OMAN"</a>. CIA The World Factbook. 21 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210313050143/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+OMAN&rft.pub=CIA+The+World+Factbook&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Foman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely2014" class="citation web cs1">Vallely, Paul (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-vicious-schism-between-sunni-and-shia-has-been-poisoning-islam-for-1400-years--and-its-getting-worse-9139525.html">"Schism between Sunni and Shia has been poisoning Islam for 1,400 years – and it's getting worse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-vicious-schism-between-sunni-and-shia-has-been-poisoning-islam-for-1400-years--and-its-getting-worse-9139525.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2022. <q>Oman is unusual because its Sunni and Shia residents are outnumbered by a third sect, the Ibadis, who constitute more than half the population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Schism+between+Sunni+and+Shia+has+been+poisoning+Islam+for+1%2C400+years+%E2%80%93+and+it%27s+getting+worse&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fthe-vicious-schism-between-sunni-and-shia-has-been-poisoning-islam-for-1400-years--and-its-getting-worse-9139525.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reuters.screenocean.com/record/794967">"The Ibadi sect of Islam thrives in the Sultanate of Oman"</a>. Reuters Archive Licensing. Retrieved 31 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters+Archive+Licensing&rft.atitle=The+Ibadi+sect+of+Islam+thrives+in+the+Sultanate+of+Oman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freuters.screenocean.com%2Frecord%2F794967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129023102/http://sify.com/news/oman-to-allow-temple-gurdwara-news-national-klytaydgdgd.html">"Oman to allow temple, gurdwara"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sify" title="Sify">Sify</a>. 24 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sify.com/news/oman-to-allow-temple-gurdwara-news-national-klytaydgdgd.html">the original</a> on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sify&rft.atitle=Oman+to+allow+temple%2C+gurdwara&rft.date=2010-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sify.com%2Fnews%2Foman-to-allow-temple-gurdwara-news-national-klytaydgdgd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e18-235"><a href="#cite_ref-e18_235-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ell/">Dhofari Arabic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalman,_AmelKharusi,_Nafla_S.2012" class="citation journal cs1">Salman, Amel; Kharusi, Nafla S. (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023244/http://www.jourlib.org/paper/2843775">"The Sound System of Lawatiyya"</a>. Journal of Academic and Applied Studies. 2 (5): 36–44. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jourlib.org/paper/2843775">the original</a> on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Academic+and+Applied+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Sound+System+of+Lawatiyya&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=36-44&rft.date=2012-05&rft.au=Salman%2C+Amel&rft.au=Kharusi%2C+Nafla+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jourlib.org%2Fpaper%2F2843775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Alan_Yule" title="Paul Alan Yule">Paul Yule</a>, Late Pre-Islamic Oman: The Inner Evidence – The Outside View, in: M. Hoffmann-Ruf–A. al-Salami (eds.), Studies on Ibadism and Oman, Oman and Overseas, vol. 2, Hildesheim, 2013, 13–33, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783487147987" title="Special:BookSources/9783487147987">9783487147987</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205155257/http://www.omannews.gov.om/ona/english/Basic_Information_on_Oman.jsp">"Basic Information on Oman"</a>. Oman News Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omannews.gov.om/ona/english/Basic_Information_on_Oman.jsp">the original</a> on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Basic+Information+on+Oman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omannews.gov.om%2Fona%2Fenglish%2FBasic_Information_on_Oman.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php">"Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812000456/http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> Khojki and Zidjali were also reported, but <a href="/wiki/Khojki" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojki">Khojki</a> is an alphabet, not a language, and Zidjali AKA Makrani is a dialect of Southern Baluchi </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html">"Release of the Global Innovation Index 2020: Who Will Finance Innovation?"</a>. wipo.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603121259/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2020/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipo.int&rft.atitle=Release+of+the+Global+Innovation+Index+2020%3A+Who+Will+Finance+Innovation%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2020%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html">"Global Innovation Index 2019"</a>. wipo.int. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101818/https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2019%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898">"RTD – Item"</a>. European Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902140715/https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/rtd/items/691898">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RTD+%E2%80%93+Item&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fnewsroom%2Frtd%2Fitems%2F691898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930">"Global Innovation Index"</a>. INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930">the original</a> on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=INSEAD+Knowledge&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.insead.edu%2Fentrepreneurship-innovation%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescolit-244"><a href="#cite_ref-unescolit_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210">"National adult literacy rates (15+), youth literacy rates (15–24) and elderly literacy rates (65+)"</a>. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183908/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=210">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+adult+literacy+rates+%2815%2B%29%2C+youth+literacy+rates+%2815%E2%80%9324%29+and+elderly+literacy+rates+%2865%2B%29&rft.pub=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.uis.unesco.org%2Funesco%2FTableViewer%2FtableView.aspx%3FReportId%3D210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221185619/http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Oman">"Oman"</a>. Ranking Web of Universities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webometrics.info/en/aw/Oman">the original</a> on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oman&rft.pub=Ranking+Web+of+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webometrics.info%2Fen%2Faw%2FOman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ourworld2-246"><a href="#cite_ref-ourworld2_246-0">^</a> Share of the Population that is Undernourished. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment?tab=chart&country=OMN+High%20income">Our World in Data: Share of the population that is undernourished</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806082059/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment?tab=chart&country=OMN+High%20income">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Our World in Data. 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Retrieved 24 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Beach+Handball+2012+World+Championships&rft.date=2012-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muscatmutterings.com%2F2012%2F07%2Fbeach-handball-2012-world-championships.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/oman/times-of-oman/20140312/282166469117894">"Legends Cup promises to be true battle for honours - 'a la clasico'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407142147/https://www.pressreader.com/oman/times-of-oman/20140312/282166469117894">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 9 November 2020 – via PressReader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legends+Cup+promises+to+be+true+battle+for+honours+-+%27a+la+clasico%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Foman%2Ftimes-of-oman%2F20140312%2F282166469117894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2021" class="citation web cs1">Acharya, Shayan (16 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/t20-world-cup-oman-to-host-minimum-six-matches-bcci-icc-sourav-ganguly-jay-shah/article35370648.ece">"T20 World Cup: Oman to host 'minimum six' games"</a>. Sportstar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716183900/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/t20-world-cup-oman-to-host-minimum-six-matches-bcci-icc-sourav-ganguly-jay-shah/article35370648.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sportstar&rft.atitle=T20+World+Cup%3A+Oman+to+host+%27minimum+six%27+games&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Shayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsportstar.thehindu.com%2Fcricket%2Ft20-world-cup-oman-to-host-minimum-six-matches-bcci-icc-sourav-ganguly-jay-shah%2Farticle35370648.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t340-289"><a href="#cite_ref-t340_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_Al_Kaabi2024" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed Al Kaabi (25 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1152836/sports/other-sports/oman-qualify-for-touch-rugby-world-cup-in-uk">"Oman qualify for Touch Rugby World Cup in UK"</a>. Oman Observer. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oman+Observer&rft.atitle=Oman+qualify+for+Touch+Rugby+World+Cup+in+UK&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.au=Ahmed+Al+Kaabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omanobserver.om%2Farticle%2F1152836%2Fsports%2Fother-sports%2Foman-qualify-for-touch-rugby-world-cup-in-uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOman" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oman&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Oman at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Oman" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Oman">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="c:عمان (سلطنة)">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Oman" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Oman">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Oman" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Oman">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Oman" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Oman">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Oman" class="extiw" title="voy:Oman">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omantourism.gov.om/">Ministry of Tourism</a> (official government website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010124752/http://www.omanet.om/">Ministry of Information</a> (official government website) (archived 10 October 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/428217/Oman">"Oman"</a> – <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/oman/">Oman</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=oman">Oman</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14654150">Oman</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/an-enduring-relationship-a-history/the-sultanate-of-oman/">The Sultanate of Oman</a> at RAF Museum</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Oman" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Oman">Wikimedia Atlas of Oman</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oman_topics" title="Template:Oman topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oman_topics" title="Template talk:Oman topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oman_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oman topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oman_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Oman-related_articles" title="Index of Oman-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Oman" title="Archaeology of Oman">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magan_(civilization)" title="Magan (civilization)">Magan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Tribes of Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Oman" title="Imamate of Oman">Imamate of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dhank" title="Battle of Dhank">Battle of Dhank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mirbat" title="Battle of Mirbat">Battle of Mirbat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Omani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Omani coup d'état">1970 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Omani_protests" title="2011 Omani protests">2011 protests (Arab Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Omani_protests" title="2018–2019 Omani protests">2018–2019 unemployment protests</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Oman" title="National emblem of Oman"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/National_emblem_of_Oman.svg/100px-National_emblem_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/National_emblem_of_Oman.svg/150px-National_emblem_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/National_emblem_of_Oman.svg/200px-National_emblem_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Oman" title="Geography of Oman">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Oman" title="Template:Borders of Oman">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Oman" title="List of cities in Oman">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Oman" title="List of ecoregions in Oman">Eco-regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Oman" title="Geology of Oman">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Oman" title="Governorates of Oman">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Oman" title="Provinces of Oman">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Oman" title="List of wadis of Oman">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%27_al_Khali" title="Rub' al Khali">Rub' al Khali (desert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States">World heritage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Oman" title="Wildlife of Oman">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Oman" title="Foreign relations of Oman">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oman">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Oman_Police" title="Royal Oman Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Sultan of Oman's Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Oman" title="Visa policy of Oman">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Oman">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Oman" title="Crown Prince of Oman">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Oman" title="Cabinet of Oman">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Oman" title="Council of Oman">Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Oman)" title="Council of State (Oman)">Council of State (upper house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Oman)" title="Consultative Assembly (Oman)">Consultative Assembly (lower house)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Oman" title="Agriculture in Oman">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Oman" title="National Bank of Oman">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Oman" title="List of companies of Oman">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Development_Oman" title="Petroleum Development Oman">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_rial" title="Omani rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Oman" title="Telecommunications in Oman">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Oman" title="Tourism in Oman">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Oman" title="Transport in Oman">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Oman" title="List of airports in Oman">airports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Oman" title="Category:Society of Oman">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As-Salam_as-Sultani" title="As-Salam as-Sultani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oman" title="Cinema of Oman">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Oman" title="Crime in Oman">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Eastern_Arabia" title="Culture of Eastern Arabia">regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Oman" title="Demographics of Oman">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Oman" title="Education in Oman">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Oman" title="National emblem of Oman">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Oman" title="Flag of Oman">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Oman" title="Healthcare in Oman">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Oman" title="International rankings of Oman">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Arabic" title="Omani Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omanis" title="Omanis">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Oman" title="Public holidays in Oman">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Oman">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_games_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="List of games in Oman">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Oman" title="Outline of Oman">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Oman-related_articles" title="Index of Oman-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oman" title="Category:Oman">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oman" title="Portal:Oman">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories bordering the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories bordering the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indianocean.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Indian Ocean"><img alt="Map of the Indian Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/100px-Indianocean.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/150px-Indianocean.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Indianocean.PNG/200px-Indianocean.PNG 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="330" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Template talk:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions in the Arabian Plate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_in_the_Arabian_Plate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia Region">Southeastern Anatolia Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Denkalya_Subregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Denkalya Subregion">Southern Denkalya Subregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sinai_Governorate" title="South Sinai Governorate">South Sinai Governorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gulf_Cooperation_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Template talk:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gulf Cooperation Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_Cooperation_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf"><img alt="Flag of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the (Persian) Gulf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="216" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_Gas_Project" title="Dolphin Gas Project">Dolphin Gas Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Patent_Office" title="GCC Patent Office">GCC Patent Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Standardization_Organization" title="GCC Standardization Organization">GCC Standardization Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_and_Arabian_Peninsula_Unity_Forum" title="Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum">Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Conformity_mark" title="Gulf Conformity mark">Gulf Conformity mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Organization_for_Industrial_Consulting" title="Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting">Gulf Organization for Industrial Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Railway" title="Gulf Railway">Gulf Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleeji_(currency)" title="Khaleeji (currency)">Khaleeji currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free-trade_agreements#Gulf_Cooperation_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bilateral free-trade agreements">Bilateral free-trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_the_Gulf_Cooperation_Council_region" title="Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region">Migrant workers in the GCC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_homosexuality_test" title="GCC homosexuality test">homosexuality test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workforce_nationalization" title="Workforce nationalization">Workforce nationalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geopolitical history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Shield_Force" title="Peninsula Shield Force">Peninsula Shield Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_North_Thunder" title="Exercise North Thunder">Exercise North Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Cup" title="Arabian Gulf Cup">Arabian Gulf Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_Futsal_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup">Arabian Gulf Futsal Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Gulf_rugby_union_team" title="Arabian Gulf rugby union team">Arabian Gulf rugby team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Club_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="GCC Club Cup">GCC Club Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Games" title="GCC Games">GCC Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_GCC_Games" title="2011 GCC Games">2011 Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Athletics Championships">GCC Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Ice_Hockey_Championship" title="Gulf Ice Hockey Championship">Gulf Ice Hockey Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-17_Championship" title="GCC U-17 Championship">GCC U-17 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-19_Championship" title="GCC U-19 Championship">GCC U-19 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_U-23_Championship" title="GCC U-23 Championship">GCC U-23 Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCC_Volleyball_Club_Championship" title="GCC Volleyball Club Championship">GCC Volleyball Club Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council_Youth_Athletics_Championships" title="Gulf Cooperation Council Youth Athletics Championships">GCC Youth Athletics Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Category:Gulf Cooperation Council">Category:Gulf Cooperation Council</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123150309">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137795373">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212768/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMkkM3XYkYtjG6c8khpP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075653-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81035932">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865205d">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152832840">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943001r">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865205d">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152832840">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943001r">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567516">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134412&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453551">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000615221&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266146905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7ccdff29-2e00-3e50-9520-b9ea1e918bc2">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/dfc18d0a-dd51-44e9-a48e-4cb56c56327a">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/iWKGNnMz">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/077828895">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035748">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/umman">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oman&params=21_N_57_E_type:country_region:OM">21°N 57°E / 21°N 57°E / 21; 57</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oman&oldid=1258405595">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oman&oldid=1258405595</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oman" title="Category:Oman">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:750s_establishments" title="Category:750s establishments">750s establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:751_establishments" title="Category:751 establishments">751 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_Peninsula" title="Category:Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li><li><a 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