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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stories_with_Khosrow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stories with Khosrow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stories_with_Khosrow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Music and poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C9%99rb%C9%99d_M%C9%99rv%C9%99zi" title="Bərbəd Mərvəzi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bərbəd Mərvəzi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Барбад Мервезі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Барбад Мервезі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81rbad" title="Bārbad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bārbad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barbad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AF" title="باربد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باربد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barbad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barbad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borbad" title="Borbad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Borbad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barbad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Барбад Мервези – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Барбад Мервези" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barbad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Борбад – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Борбад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Барбад Мервезі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барбад Мервезі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Persian musician-poet under Khosrow II (r. 590–628)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bārbad</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">باربد‎</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BarbadPahlbod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/BarbadPahlbod.jpg/220px-BarbadPahlbod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/BarbadPahlbod.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="232" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Detail_(work_of_art)" title="Detail (work of art)">Detail</a> of Barbad playing the <i><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">barbat</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a>. Imaginary painting by Muhammad-Mukim, 1664</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jahrom" title="Jahrom">Jahrom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a>?</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 6th – early 7th century CE</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Grove''2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Grove''2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_music" title="Sasanian music">Sasanian music</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Barbad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">باربد</span>; <abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 6th – early 7th century CE</span>) was a Persian musician-poet, <a href="/wiki/Music_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music theorist">music theorist</a> and composer of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_music" title="Sasanian music">Sasanian music</a>. He served as chief minstrel-poet under the Shahanshah <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 590–628</span>). A <i><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">barbat</a></i> player, he was the most distinguished Persian musician of his time and is regarded among the major figures in the history of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian music">Persian music</a>. </p><p>Despite scarce biographical information, Barbad's <a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">historicity</a> is generally secure. He was highly regarded in the court of Khosrow, and interacted with other musicians, such as <a href="/wiki/Nagisa_(harpist)" title="Nagisa (harpist)">Sarkash</a>. Although he is traditionally credited with numerous innovations in Persian music theory and practice, the attributions remain tentative since they are ascribed centuries after his death. Practically all Barbad's music or poetry is lost, except a single poem fragment and the titles of a few compositions. </p><p>No Sasanian sources discuss Barbad, suggesting his reputation was preserved through <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, until at least the earliest written account by the poet Khaled ibn Fayyaz (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 718</span>). Barbad appears frequently in later <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a>, most famously in <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>. The content and abundance of such references demonstrate his unique influence, inspiring musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Mawsili" title="Ishaq al-Mawsili">Ishaq al-Mawsili</a>. Often described as the "founder of Persian music", Barbad remains a celebrated figure in modern-day Iran, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_(d._1020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Bahram_Gur_and_Courtiers_Entertained_by_Barbad_the_Musician_Page_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_of_Firdawsi_%28d._1020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Bahram Gur and Courtiers Entertained by Barbad the Musician</i> (Barbad bottom right). From a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, second half 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooklyn_Museum_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooklyn_Museum-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Posthumous sources refer to the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> musician with little consistency. Persian sources record "Barbād" while Arabic scholars use Fahl(a)bad, Bahl(a)bad, Fahl(a)wad, Fahr(a)bad, Bahr(a)bad and Bārbad/ḏ.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern sources most often use "Barbad",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a spelling that Danish orientalist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Christensen" title="Arthur Christensen">Arthur Christensen</a> first asserted to be correct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the German orientalist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Theodor Nöldeke</a> suggested that spellings from Arabic commentators such as "Fahl(a)bad" were really an <a href="/wiki/Arabicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabicization">arabicization</a> of his actual name, probably Pahrbad/Pahlbad. Nöldeke furthered that "Bārbad" was a mistake in the interpretation of ambiguous <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iranologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranologist">Iranologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Ahmad Tafazzoli</a> agreed with Nöldeke, citing a Sasanian <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> which includes the name "Pahrbad/Pahlbad" and the earliest mention of the Sasanian musician, which uses a spelling—"Bahrbad/Bahlbad"—that suggests the name had been arabicized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">music of Iran/Persia</a> stretches to at least the depictions of <a href="/wiki/Arched_harp" title="Arched harp">arched harps</a> from 3300–3100 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§1_"Introduction",_§2_"3rd_millennium_BCE"_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§1_"Introduction",_§2_"3rd_millennium_BCE"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though not until the period of the Sasanian Empire in 224–651 CE is substantial information available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This influx of Sasanian records suggests a prominent musical culture in the Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2012"Historic_Retrospective"_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2012"Historic_Retrospective"-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the areas dominated by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Sasanian <a href="/wiki/Shahanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahanshah">Shahanshahs</a> were ardent supporters of music, including the founder of the empire <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 590–628</span>) was the most outstanding <a href="/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">patron</a>, his reign being regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> of Persian music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musicians in Khosrow's service include Āzādvar-e Changi,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/B%C4%81msh%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāmshād">Bāmshād</a>, the harpist <a href="/wiki/Nagisa_(harpist)" title="Nagisa (harpist)">Nagisa</a> (Nakisa), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramtin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramtin (page does not exist)">Ramtin</a>, Sarkash (also Sargis or Sarkas)<sup id="cite_ref-Nakisa_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakisa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Barbad,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was by-far the most famous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These musicians were usually active as <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrels</a>, which were performers who worked as both court poets and musicians;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Sasanian Empire there was little distinction between poetry and music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991b154_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuring1991b154-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though many <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (Pahlavi) texts of the Sasanian Empire survive, only one—<i>Khusraw qubadan va ridak</i>—includes commentary on music, though neither it or any other Sasanian sources discuss Barbad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016165_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbad's reputation must have been transmitted through <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170–171_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170–171-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until at least the earliest source: an Arabic poem by Khaled ibn Fayyaz (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 718</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fayyaz_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fayyaz-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later ancient Arabic and Persian sources Barbad is the most discussed Sasanian musician, though he is rarely included in writings dedicated solely to music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucas201959_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas201959-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rare exception to this is a brief mention in Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Muhammad Nishābūrī's music treatise <i>Rasaleh-i musiqi-i</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucas201959,_244_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas201959,_244-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient sources in general give little biographical information and most of what is available is shrouded in mythological anecdotes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tales from the poet <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, written during the late 10th century, include the most celebrated accounts of Barbad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016169_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016169-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important sources included Ferdowsi's contemporary, the poet <a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27alibi" title="Al-Tha'alibi">al-Tha'alibi</a> in his <i>Ghurar al-saya</i>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Haft_Peykar" title="Haft Peykar">Haft Peykar</a></i> from the poet <a href="/wiki/Nezami_Ganjavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezami Ganjavi">Nezami Ganjavi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Khamsa_of_Nizami" title="Khamsa of Nizami">Khamsa of Nizami</a></i> from the late 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1–7_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1–7-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this plethora of stories depicting him in a legendary context, scholars generally consider Barbad a wholly <a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">historical person</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016171_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016171-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 212px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 210px; height: 174px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -7px; left: -8px; width: 260px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Khusraw_and_Barbad,_Folio_from_a_Shahnama_(Book_of_Kings)_LACMA_57.17.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration from a manuscript of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, depicting Barbad (top left) hidden in the trees playing for Khosrow (bottom right).[21]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/King_Khusraw_and_Barbad%2C_Folio_from_a_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_LACMA_57.17.4.jpg/260px-King_Khusraw_and_Barbad%2C_Folio_from_a_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_LACMA_57.17.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/King_Khusraw_and_Barbad%2C_Folio_from_a_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_LACMA_57.17.4.jpg/390px-King_Khusraw_and_Barbad%2C_Folio_from_a_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_LACMA_57.17.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/King_Khusraw_and_Barbad%2C_Folio_from_a_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_LACMA_57.17.4.jpg/520px-King_Khusraw_and_Barbad%2C_Folio_from_a_Shahnama_%28Book_of_Kings%29_LACMA_57.17.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1673" data-file-height="2055" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Khusraw_and_Barbad,_Folio_from_a_Shahnama_(Book_of_Kings)_LACMA_57.17.4.jpg" title="File:King Khusraw and Barbad, Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) LACMA 57.17.4.jpg"> </a></div>An illustration from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>, depicting Barbad (top left) hidden in the trees playing for Khosrow (bottom right).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016152_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016152-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </div> </div> <p>There are contradictory ancient accounts as to the location of Barbad's birthplace. Older sources record the city of <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016151_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while later works give <a href="/wiki/Jahrom" title="Jahrom">Jahrom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a small city south of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pars_(Sasanian_province)" title="Pars (Sasanian province)">Pars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tafazzoli postulated that the writers who recorded Jahrom were referencing a line of Ferdowsi's <i>Shahnameh</i> that says Barbad traveled from Jarom to the capital in <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> when Khosrow was murdered;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the modern historian <a href="/wiki/Mehrdad_Kia" title="Mehrdad Kia">Mehrdad Kia</a> records only Merv.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016151_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdowsi and al-Tha'alibi both relay a story that Barbad was a gifted young musician who sought a place as a court minstrel under Khosrow II but the jealous chief court minstrel Sarkash<sup id="cite_ref-Nakisa_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakisa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supposedly prevented this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Barbad hid in the royal garden by dressing in all green.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016151_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016151-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Khosrow walked by Barbad sang three songs with his lute: <i>Dād-āfrīd</i> ("created by god"), <i>Peykār-e gord</i> ("battle of the hero" or "splendor of <a href="/wiki/Farkhar_District" title="Farkhar District">Farkar</a>") and <i>Sabz dar sabz</i> ("green in the green").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khosrow was immediately impressed and ordered that Barbad be appointed chief minstrel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20126_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20126-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a position known as the <i>shah-i ramishgaran</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Nizami's <i>Khosrow and Shirin</i>, Khosrow II is said to have had a dream where his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> prophesied that he would have a "have a minstrel called Barbad whose art could make even poison taste delicious".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003142_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003142-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stories_with_Khosrow">Stories with Khosrow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stories with Khosrow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since his appointment at court, Barbad was Khosrow's favorite musician, and many stories exist about this prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His relationship with Khosrow was reportedly such that other members of the court would seek his assistance in mediating conflicts between them and the Shahanshah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A story in Nizami's <i>Khosrow and Shirin</i>, tells of Khosrow and <a href="/wiki/Shirin" title="Shirin">Shirin</a> as previously together, but forced to separate for political reasons; Khosrow marries someone else, but is soon reminded of Shirin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003143–144_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003143–144-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two later met and arranged for the Nagisa to sing of Shirin's love for Khosrow, while Barbad sung of Khosrow's love for Shirin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duet reconciled the couple and was recorded by Nizami in 263 <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of setting music to poetry in order to represent the emotions of characters was unprecedented in Persian music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 10th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih_al-Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadani">Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadani</a>'s <i>Kitab al-buldan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khosrow's wife Shirin asked Barbad to remind Khosrow of his promise to build her a castle. To do so, he sung a song and was rewarded with an estate near <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> for him and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a>, Barbad visited a courtier who had been imprisoned by Khosrow and upon being scolded by the Shahanshah, a "witty remark" was enough to resolve the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbad_playing_for_Khosrau_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barbad_playing_for_Khosrau_II.jpg/260px-Barbad_playing_for_Khosrau_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barbad_playing_for_Khosrau_II.jpg/390px-Barbad_playing_for_Khosrau_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Barbad_playing_for_Khosrau_II.jpg/520px-Barbad_playing_for_Khosrau_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Barbad (left) playing music for <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani">Kitab al-Aghani</a></i>, a jealous rival musician once untuned the strings of Barbad's lute during a royal banquet. Upon returning to perform, Barbad began to play; royal rules forbade the tuning instruments in the Shahanshah's presence, but Barbad's skill was such that he could adapt to the untuned strings and play the pieces regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._5_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._5-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Isfahani attributed this story to <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Mawsili" title="Ishaq al-Mawsili">Ishaq al-Mawsili</a> (776–856)—a renowned minstrel under <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>—who purportedly relayed the story to friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most popular legends about Barbad involves Khosrow's beloved horse <a href="/wiki/Shabdiz" title="Shabdiz">Shabdiz</a>. In this story, Khosrow declared that when Shabdiz died, anyone who announced the news would be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20126_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20126-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Shabdiz's death, no members of the court wished to risk conveying the news.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To resolve the issue, Barbad sang a sad song, and Khosrow, understanding the purpose of the song, stated "Shabdiz is dead"; Barbad responded "Yes and it is your majesty who announced it", thereby preventing any possibility of death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20126_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20126-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story was relayed earliest by the poet Khaled ibn Fayyaz (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 718</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Fayyaz_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fayyaz-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with later accounts by al-Tha'alibi and the 13th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many similar ancient stories originated in Iran, Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> that pertain to musicians using music to express the death of a ruler's horse, as to avoid the ruler's wrath against the announcer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§2_"Musicians"_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§2_"Musicians"-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various pieces for the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazm</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">dutar</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Komuz" title="Komuz">komuz</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dombra" title="Dombra">dombra</a></i> relay equivalent stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§2_"Musicians"_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§2_"Musicians"-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tafazzoli asserts that the story demonstrates Barbad's unique influence on Khosrow,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while musicologist <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Miller_(musician)" title="Lloyd Miller (musician)">Lloyd Miller</a> suggest that this and similar stories suggest that music and musicians in general exerted a significant influence on their political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201219_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201219-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like his birthplace, there are conflicting accounts surrounding the final years of Barbad's life. According to Ferdowsi, upon the murder of Khosrow by <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a>, Barbad rushed from Jahrom to the capital of Ctesiphon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After arriving he sang <a href="/wiki/Elegies" class="mw-redirect" title="Elegies">elegies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cut off his fingers and burned his instruments out of respect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Tha'alibi's account holds that Sarkash,<sup id="cite_ref-Nakisa_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakisa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had remained at the court since being ousted from the chief minstrel position, poisoned Barbad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9th-century geographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a>'s <i>Kitāb al-lahw wa-l-malahi</i>, however, records the opposite, stating that Barbad poisoned Sarkash but was spared from Khosrow's punishment by way of a "witty remark".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a>'s <i>‘Uyūn al-Akhbār</i> and the 10th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_Rabbih" title="Ibn Abd Rabbih">Ibn Abd Rabbih</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Al-%CA%BFIqd_al-Far%C4%ABd" title="Al-ʿIqd al-Farīd">al-ʿIqd al-Farīd</a></i> state that Barbad was killed by a different musician, variously recorded as Yošt, Rabūst, Rošk and Zīwešt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_and_poetry">Music and poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music and poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8._1539-43._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8._1539-43._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB..jpg/260px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8._1539-43._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB..jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="430" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8._1539-43._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB..jpg/390px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8._1539-43._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8._1539-43._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB..jpg/520px-%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0.%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8._1539-43._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82.%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2646" /></a><figcaption>1539 illustration, Barbad in the middle with a <i>barbat</i>, attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="میرزا علی نگارگر (page does not exist)">Mirza Ali</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:میرزا علی نگارگر">fa</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003137_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003137-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2001a834_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2001a834-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Barbad was active as a musician-poet,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016163_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016163-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutenist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music theorist">music theorist</a> and composer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Grove''2001_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Grove''2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His compositions included <a href="/wiki/Panegyric" title="Panegyric">panegyrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verse_(poetry)" title="Verse (poetry)">verses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were performed by himself at festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehregan</a>, as well as state banquets and victory celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While none of the compositions are extant, the names have survived for some, and they suggest a wide variety in the topics he musically engaged with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethnomusicologist <a href="/wiki/Hormoz_Farhat" title="Hormoz Farhat">Hormoz Farhat</a> has tentatively sorted them into different groupings: epic forms based on historical events, <i>kin-i <a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Vengeance of Iraj</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), <i>kin-i <a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">siavash</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Vengeance of Siavash</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), and <i>Taxt-i <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Throne of Ardashir</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>); songs connected to the Sasanian royal court, <i>Bagh-i shirin</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the garden of Shirin</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), <i>Bagh-i Shahryar</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Sovereign's Garden</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), and <i>haft Ganj</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the seven treasures</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>); and "compositions of a descriptive nature", <i>roshan charagh</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">bright lights</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to both scholars Ibn al-Faqih and the 13th-century geographer <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>, Barbad wrote <i>Bag-e nakjiran</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">garden of the game</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) for workers who had recently finished the gardens of <a href="/wiki/Qasr-e_Shirin" title="Qasr-e Shirin">Qasr-e Shirin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single poem by Barbad survives, though in a quoted state from the <i>Kitab al-lahw wa al-malahi</i> by Ibn Khordadbeh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is a 3-<a href="/wiki/Hemistich" title="Hemistich">hemistich</a> panegyric in Middle Persian, but with an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> none of its music is extant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem is as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Ceasar resembles the moon and Khaqan the sun,<br /> [but] my lord is like the rich clouds,<br /> whenever he wants he hides the moon or the sun. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Barbad, in the <i>Kitab al-lahw wa al-malahi</i> by Ibn Khordadbeh<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1974338_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1974338-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Christensen suggested in 1936 that the text <i>Khvarshēdh ī rōshan</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The shining sun</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is from a poem that was written and performed by Barbad himself or another musician-poet of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is found in a group of <a href="/wiki/Manichaean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaean">Manichaean</a> manuscripts in <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China and is written in Middle Persian, which Barbad would have used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has four 11-syllable lines and its title recalls the Sasanian melody <i>Arāyishn ī khvarshēdh</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The beauty of the sun</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The shining sun, the beaming full moon<br /> Resplendent and beaming behind the trunk of a tree;<br /> The eager birds strut about it full of joy,<br /> The doves and the colorful peacocks strut about. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Khvarshēdh ī rōshan</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">The shining sun</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), <abbr title="attributed">attri.</abbr> unknown Sasanian musician, possibly Barbad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Barbad is traditionally regarded as the inventor of numerous aspects of Persian music theory and practice. Al-Tha'alibi first credited him with creating an organized <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modal</a> system of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="هفت خسروانی (page does not exist)">seven "Royal modes" (<i>al-ṭoruq al-molukiya</i>)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:هفت خسروانی">fa</a>]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known variously as <i>xosrovani</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سرود خسروانى</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Haft Ḵosravāni</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>khosravani</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attribution is later repeated by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Masudi</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From these royal modes, Barbad created <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سی لحن باربد (page does not exist)">30 "derivative modes" (<i>lahn</i>)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="fa:سی لحن باربد">fa</a>]</span>, and 360 <a href="/wiki/Melodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodies">melodies</a> (<i>dastan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The structure of seven, 30 and 360 variations corresponds to the number of days, weeks and months of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farhat notes that the exact reason for this is not known,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though according to the 14th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh-i_guzida" title="Tarikh-i guzida">Tarikh-i guzida</a></i>, Barbad sang one of the 360 melodies each day for the Shahanshah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Tha'alibi recorded that the seven royal modes were still in use during his lifetime,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from 961 to 1039.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrfali2009273_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrfali2009273-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further information on the nature of these subjects, theories or compositions has not survived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her analysis of the historical and literary sources concerning Barbad, musicologist Firoozeh Khazrai stated that "until a new independent source on the subject comes to light, many of these attributions should be regarded as authorial inventions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016171_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016171-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She noted that many of the attributions to Barbad date centuries after his death and the 30 modes in particular are first connected to Barbad by Nizami, who lived in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170–171_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170–171-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, in his <a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)">divan</a> (collection of poems), the 11th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Manuchehri" title="Manuchehri">Manuchehri</a> names a few of the modes that Nizami mentioned but does not associate them with Barbad, even though he references the Sasanian musician elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbod_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barbod_relief.jpg/260px-Barbod_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barbod_relief.jpg/390px-Barbod_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Barbod_relief.jpg/520px-Barbod_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Relief of Barbad in the <a href="/wiki/Sangtarashan_cave" title="Sangtarashan cave">Sangtarashan cave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jahrom" title="Jahrom">Jahrom</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>Barbad's lute was the four-stringed <i><a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">barbat</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§4_"Instruments"_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§4_"Instruments"-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2012"Instruments"_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2012"Instruments"-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been popular in his time, but no traces of the instrument survive and it was eventually substituted for the <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a106_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a106-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musicologists <a href="/wiki/Jean_During" title="Jean During">Jean During</a> and Zia Mirabdolbaghi note that despite the instrument's gradual disuse, "the term <i>barbat</i> survived for centuries, through classical poetry, as a symbol of the golden age of the Persian musical tradition, served by artists such as Bārbad."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a106_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a106-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later sources regularly praise Barbad and some offer him the <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> as the "founder of Persian music".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is regarded as the most significant musician of his time,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being among the major figures in the history of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian music">Iranian/Persian music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Sharh bar Kitāb al-adwar</i>, the 14th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a>—whom the work is attributed to—says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Among the ancient musicians, there were those who never played the same melody twice in presence of the king. Such was Barbad, who lived during the time of [Khosrow II]. He took care to study his audience well. He paid attention to the disposition of his listeners' souls, and then he would improvise words and a melody suited to the occasion and corresponding perfectly to each person's desire. His fame spread throughout the world, and [Khosrow] boasted about the fact that neither the kings of the past, nor those of his time, possessed such an artist."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">al-Jurjani</a> (<abbr title="attributed">attri.</abbr>), <i>Sharh bar Kitāb al-adwar</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The preponderance and frequent transmission of stories involving Barbad attest to his popularity long after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016153_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016153-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern-day Iran, Afghanistan and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, Barbad continues to be a celebrated figure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016153_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016153-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989 and 1990 the cultural establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajik</a> government encouraged their people to find pride in Barbad's achievements; the panegyrics given for Barbad are part of a larger effort by the Tajik government to pass off the "achievements of pre-Islamic Iranian civilization" as Tajik ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManz1998137_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManz1998137-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest musical hall of <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, Tajikistan, is named "Kokhi Borbad" after Barbad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016153_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016153-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musicologist Firoozeh Khazrai sums up Barbad's legacy as such: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"From the sources and nature of the things attributed to Barbad, we can conclude that Barbad survived in an oral popular culture that immortalized him by continually retelling old stories about him, and the legendary power of his music, and by spinning out new ones. While all these stories mythologize Barbad without telling us any solid information about the actual nature of his music, they underscore the unparalleled authority of the minstrel and the powerful grip he and his music continued to exercise on the imagination of the people in the post-Sasanian era."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Firoozeh Khazrai<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Khusraw_Parviz_Listening_to_Barbad_the_Concealed_Musician-_Illustration_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_(Book_of_kings)_LACMA_M.73.5.406.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration from the Shahnameh with Barbad in a tree in the top right. The work is kept at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art[49]"><img alt="Illustration from the Shahnameh with Barbad in a tree in the top right. The work is kept at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art[49]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/King_Khusraw_Parviz_Listening_to_Barbad_the_Concealed_Musician-_Illustration_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_kings%29_LACMA_M.73.5.406.jpg/376px-King_Khusraw_Parviz_Listening_to_Barbad_the_Concealed_Musician-_Illustration_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_kings%29_LACMA_M.73.5.406.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/King_Khusraw_Parviz_Listening_to_Barbad_the_Concealed_Musician-_Illustration_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_kings%29_LACMA_M.73.5.406.jpg/564px-King_Khusraw_Parviz_Listening_to_Barbad_the_Concealed_Musician-_Illustration_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_kings%29_LACMA_M.73.5.406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/King_Khusraw_Parviz_Listening_to_Barbad_the_Concealed_Musician-_Illustration_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_kings%29_LACMA_M.73.5.406.jpg/752px-King_Khusraw_Parviz_Listening_to_Barbad_the_Concealed_Musician-_Illustration_from_a_manuscript_of_the_Shahnama_%28Book_of_kings%29_LACMA_M.73.5.406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration from the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> with Barbad in a tree in the top right. The work is kept at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELA_County_Museum_of_Art_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELA_County_Museum_of_Art-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_MSS_1030-731a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1535 painting of Barbad (pictured in the tree), attributed to Mirza Ali [fa]"><img alt="1535 painting of Barbad (pictured in the tree), attributed to Mirza Ali [fa]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_MSS_1030-731a.jpg/278px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_MSS_1030-731a.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_MSS_1030-731a.jpg/417px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_MSS_1030-731a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_MSS_1030-731a.jpg/557px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_MSS_1030-731a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1535 painting of Barbad (pictured in the tree), attributed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="میرزا علی نگارگر (page does not exist)">Mirza Ali</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:میرزا علی نگارگر">fa</a>]</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virtually all sources in this article use the form "Barbad"—albeit sometimes differing in use of the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">transliterated</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> marking over the "a" (e.g. "Bārbad")—see <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis (2003</a>, pp. 137–138), <a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia (2016</a>, p. 151), <a href="#CITEREFMiller2012">Miller (2012</a>, p. 6) and <a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli (1988</a>, § para. 1) for instance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Āzādvar-e Changi is also known as simply Āzād.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakisa-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nakisa_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakisa_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nakisa_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">There is much contradiction in modern sources over the musicians <a href="/wiki/Nagisa_(harpist)" title="Nagisa (harpist)">Nagisa</a> (Nakisa) and Sarkash (also Sargis or Sarkas). Some sources, such as <a href="#CITEREFDuring1991a">During (1991a</a>, p. 39) and <a href="#CITEREFFarhat2004">Farhat (2004</a>, p. 3) present them as separate individuals, listing them both as among the musicians of Khosrow's court. Other sources, such as <a href="#CITEREFLawergren2001">Lawergren (2001</a>, §5 "Sassanian period, 224–651 CE") and <a href="#CITEREFFarhat2001">Farhat (2001</a>, §1 "History") suggest the two are the same person: "harpist Sarkash (also called Nakisā)",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Nakisa or Sarkash".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matters are made more confusing by the fact that <a href="/wiki/Hormoz_Farhat" title="Hormoz Farhat">Hormoz Farhat</a> presented the two musicians differently.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fayyaz-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fayyaz_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fayyaz_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai (2016</a>, p. 168) for an English translation of Fayyaz's poem</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Older sources that give <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> as Barbad's birthplace include <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a>'s <i>Kitāb al-lahw wa-l-malahi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nuzhat_al-Qulub" title="Nuzhat al-Qulub">Nuzhat al-Qulub</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tha%27alibi" title="Al-Tha'alibi">al-Tha'alibi</a>'s <i>Ghurar al-saya</i>, as well as accounts by <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">al-Jahiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later sources that give <a href="/wiki/Jahrom" title="Jahrom">Jahrom</a> as Barbad's birthplace include the <i><a href="/wiki/Farhang-e_Jahangiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Farhang-e Jahangiri">Farhang-e Jahangiri</a></i> by Jamal al-Din Hosayn Enju Shirazi and an account by <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The purported story on Barbad's accession to the chief court minstrel post exists in slightly different variants depending on its source. See <a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai (2016</a>, p. 169–170) for a discussion on the differences between the accounts of Ferdowsi and al-Tha'alibi. See modern retellings from unspecified sources in <a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis (2003</a>, pp. 137–138), <a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia (2016</a>, p. 151), <a href="#CITEREFMiller2012">Miller (2012</a>, p. 6) and <a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli (1988</a>, § para. 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The minstrel title alone may be referred to as <i>rāmeshgar</i>, <i>gosān</i>, or <i>khunyāgar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Poet-minstrel" is <i>khunyagaran</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016165_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016165-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFFarmer1926">Farmer (1926)</a> for a list of all the purported 30 modes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scholar <a href="/wiki/Bo_Lawergren" title="Bo Lawergren">Bo Lawergren</a> notes that having 360 to match the days of a year ignores the five <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalary</a> days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Recorded by <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_d%27Erlanger" title="Rodolphe d'Erlanger">Rodolphe d'Erlanger</a> (1938).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Grove''2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Grove''2001_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Grove''2001_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrove2001"><i>Grove</i> 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooklyn_Museum-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooklyn_Museum_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrooklyn_Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli 1988</a>, § para. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§1_"Introduction",_§2_"3rd_millennium_BCE"-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§1_"Introduction",_§2_"3rd_millennium_BCE"_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawergren2001">Lawergren 2001</a>, §1 "Introduction", §2 "3rd millennium BCE".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawergren2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawergren2001">Lawergren 2001</a>, §5 "Sassanian period, 224–651 CE".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2012"Historic_Retrospective"-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2012"Historic_Retrospective"_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarhat2012">Farhat 2012</a>, "Historic Retrospective".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat20043_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarhat2004">Farhat 2004</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§1_"History"_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarhat2001">Farhat 2001</a>, §1 "History".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991a39_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuring1991a">During 1991a</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003138_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuring1991b154-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuring1991b154_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuring1991b">During 1991b</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016165-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016165_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016165_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170–171-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170–171_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170–171_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016166_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas201959-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucas201959_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLucas2019">Lucas 2019</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas201959,_244-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucas201959,_244_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLucas2019">Lucas 2019</a>, pp. 59, 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._2_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli 1988</a>, § para. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016169-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016169_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1–7-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._1–7_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli 1988</a>, § para. 1–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016171-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016171_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016171_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016152-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016152_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016151-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016151_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016151_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016151_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._3_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli 1988</a>, § para. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20126-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20126_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20126_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20126_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2012">Miller 2012</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016164_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003142-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003142_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._4_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli 1988</a>, § para. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003143–144-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003143–144_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016167_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._5-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._5_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli 1988</a>, § para. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§2_"Musicians"-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§2_"Musicians"_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§2_"Musicians"_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlum2001b">Blum 2001b</a>, §2 "Musicians".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201219-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201219_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2012">Miller 2012</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._7_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli 1988</a>, § para. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis2003137-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis2003137_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurtis2003">Curtis 2003</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2001a834-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2001a834_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlum2001a">Blum 2001a</a>, p. 834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016163-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016163_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1988§_para._6_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1988">Tafazzoli 1988</a>, § para. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1974338-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETafazzoli1974338_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTafazzoli1974">Tafazzoli 1974</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoussefzadeh2012_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYoussefzadeh2012">Youssefzadeh 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2001§5_"Sassanian_period,_224–651_CE"_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarhat2001">Farhat 2001</a>, §5 "Sassanian period, 224–651 CE".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrfali2009273-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrfali2009273_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrfali2009">Orfali 2009</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhazrai2016170_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhazrai2016">Khazrai 2016</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§4_"Instruments"-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum2001b§4_"Instruments"_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlum2001b">Blum 2001b</a>, §4 "Instruments".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarhat2012"Instruments"-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarhat2012"Instruments"_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFarhat2012">Farhat 2012</a>, "Instruments".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a106-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a106_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a106_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a">During & Mirabdolbaghi 1991a</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettl2012-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettl2012_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNettl2012">Nettl 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKia2016153-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016153_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016153_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKia2016153_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKia2016">Kia 2016</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManz1998137-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManz1998137_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManz1998">Manz 1998</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELA_County_Museum_of_Art-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELA_County_Museum_of_Art_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLA_County_Museum_of_Art">LA County Museum of Art</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><b>Books</b></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vesta_Sarkhosh_Curtis" title="Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis">Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh</a> (2003). "Persian Myths". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xr7wES9T-ksC"><i>World of Myths</i></a>. Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70607-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70607-1"><bdi>978-0-292-70607-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persian+Myths&rft.btitle=World+of+Myths&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70607-1&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxr7wES9T-ksC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuringMirabdolbaghi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_During" title="Jean During">During, Jean</a>; Mirabdolbaghi, Zia, eds. (1991). <i>The Art of Persian Music</i>. Washington D.C.: Mage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-934211-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-934211-22-2"><bdi>978-0-934211-22-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Persian+Music&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-934211-22-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFDuring1991a" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Jean_During" title="Jean During">During, Jean</a> (1991a). "Historical Survey". In <a href="#CITEREFDuringMirabdolbaghi1991">During & Mirabdolbaghi (1991)</a>, pp. 31–56.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFDuring1991b" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Jean_During" title="Jean During">During, Jean</a> (1991b). "Poetry and Music". In <a href="#CITEREFDuringMirabdolbaghi1991">During & Mirabdolbaghi (1991)</a>, pp. 153–166.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFDuringMirabdolbaghi1991a" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Jean_During" title="Jean During">During, Jean</a>; Mirabdolbaghi, Zia (1991a). "The Instruments of Yesterday and Today". In <a href="#CITEREFDuringMirabdolbaghi1991">During & Mirabdolbaghi (1991)</a>, pp. 99–152.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhat2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hormoz_Farhat" title="Hormoz Farhat">Farhat, Hormoz</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NiMhWnYDuQMC"><i>The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54206-7"><bdi>978-0-521-54206-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dastgah+Concept+in+Persian+Music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54206-7&rft.aulast=Farhat&rft.aufirst=Hormoz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNiMhWnYDuQMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhazrai2016" class="citation book cs1">Khazrai, Firoozeh (2016) [2000]. "Music in <i>Khusraw Va Shirin</i>". In <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Talattof" title="Kamran Talattof">Talattof, Kamran</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Clinton" title="Jerry Clinton">Clinton, Jerome W.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3AYDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Poetry of Nizami Ganjavi: Knowledge, Love, and Rhetoric</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-09836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-09836-8"><bdi>978-1-137-09836-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+in+Khusraw+Va+Shirin&rft.btitle=The+Poetry+of+Nizami+Ganjavi%3A+Knowledge%2C+Love%2C+and+Rhetoric&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-09836-8&rft.aulast=Khazrai&rft.aufirst=Firoozeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS3AYDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKia2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mehrdad_Kia" title="Mehrdad Kia">Kia, Mehrdad</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Empires of the World. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-391-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-391-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-391-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.series=Empires+of+the+World&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-391-2&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=Mehrdad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5BHDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2019" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Ann E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mln0DwAAQBAJ"><i>Music of a Thousand Years: A New History of Persian Musical Traditions</i></a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97203-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97203-2"><bdi>978-0-520-97203-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1f884pp">j.ctv1f884pp</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+a+Thousand+Years%3A+A+New+History+of+Persian+Musical+Traditions&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1f884pp%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-520-97203-2&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMln0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManz1998" class="citation book cs1">Manz, Beatrice F., ed. (1998) [1994]. <i>Central Asia In Historical Perspective</i>. The John M. Olin Critical Issue Series. Boulder: <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3638-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3638-1"><bdi>978-0-8133-3638-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+In+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Boulder&rft.series=The+John+M.+Olin+Critical+Issue+Series&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3638-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Miller_(musician)" title="Lloyd Miller (musician)">Miller, Lloyd</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zfr1odMhpUsC"><i>Music and Song in Persia: The Art of Avaz</i></a>. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81487-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81487-7"><bdi>978-1-136-81487-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+Song+in+Persia%3A+The+Art+of+Avaz&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81487-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzfr1odMhpUsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafazzoli1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Tafazzoli, A.</a> (1974). "Some Middle-Persian Quotations in Classical Arabic and Persian Texts". In Gignoux, Ph.; Tafazzoli, A. (eds.). <i>Mémorial Jean de Menasce</i>. Tehran and Liège: Imprimerie Orientaliste Louvain. pp. 337–349. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/469830825">469830825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Middle-Persian+Quotations+in+Classical+Arabic+and+Persian+Texts&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9morial+Jean+de+Menasce&rft.place=Tehran+and+Li%C3%A8ge&rft.pages=337-349&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Orientaliste+Louvain&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F469830825&rft.aulast=Tafazzoli&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dd><b>Articles</b></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2001a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Blum" title="Stephen Blum">Blum, Stephen</a> (2001a). "Iran: An Introduction". In Danielson, Virginia; Reynolds, Dwight; Marcus, Scott (eds.). <i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The world's music : General perspectives and reference tools</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Garland_Encyclopedia_of_World_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music">The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</a>: The Middle East</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6042-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6042-8"><bdi>978-0-8240-6042-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+The+world%27s+music+%3A+General+perspectives+and+reference+tools&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+The+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-6042-8&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum2001b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Blum" title="Stephen Blum">Blum, Stephen</a> (2001b). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000005284">"Central Asia"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.05284">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.05284</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Asia&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.05284&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000005284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarhat2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hormoz_Farhat" title="Hormoz Farhat">Farhat, Hormoz</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dl.edi-info.ir/An%20Introduction%20to%20Persian%20Music.pdf">"An Introduction to Persian Music"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Catalogue of the Festival of Oriental Music</i>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">University of Durham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalogue+of+the+Festival+of+Oriental+Music&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Persian+Music&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Farhat&rft.aufirst=Hormoz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dl.edi-info.ir%2FAn%2520Introduction%2520to%2520Persian%2520Music.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Farmer" title="Henry George Farmer">Farmer, Henry George</a> (January 1926). "The Old Persian Musical Modes". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 93–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00055593">10.1017/S0035869X00055593</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25220900">25220900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163387136">163387136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Old+Persian+Musical+Modes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-95&rft.date=1926-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163387136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25220900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00055593&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawergrenFarhatBlum2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bo_Lawergren" title="Bo Lawergren">Lawergren, Bo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hormoz_Farhat" title="Hormoz Farhat">Farhat, Hormoz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Blum" title="Stephen Blum">Blum, Stephen</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000013895">"Iran"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.13895">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13895</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.13895&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Lawergren&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft.au=Farhat%2C+Hormoz&rft.au=Blum%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000013895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFLawergren2001" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Bo_Lawergren" title="Bo Lawergren">Lawergren, Bo</a>. "I. Pre-Islamic". In <a href="#CITEREFLawergrenFarhatBlum2001">Lawergren, Farhat & Blum (2001)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFFarhat2001" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Hormoz_Farhat" title="Hormoz Farhat">Farhat, Hormoz</a>. "II. Classical traditions". In <a href="#CITEREFLawergrenFarhatBlum2001">Lawergren, Farhat & Blum (2001)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettl2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nettl" title="Bruno Nettl">Nettl, Bruno</a> (2012) [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-xi-persian-music">"Iran xi. Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran+xi.+Music&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Nettl&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-xi-persian-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrfali2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bilal_Orfali" title="Bilal Orfali">Orfali, Bilal</a> (2009). "The Works of Abū Manṣūr al-Tha'ālibī (350-429/961-1039)". <i>Journal of Arabic Literature</i>. <b>40</b> (3). Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 273–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F008523709X12554960674539">10.1163/008523709X12554960674539</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20720591">20720591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arabic+Literature&rft.atitle=The+Works+of+Ab%C5%AB+Man%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABr+al-Tha%27%C4%81lib%C4%AB+%28350-429%2F961-1039%29&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-318&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F008523709X12554960674539&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20720591%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Orfali&rft.aufirst=Bilal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTafazzoli1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Tafazzoli" title="Ahmad Tafazzoli">Tafazzoli, A.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/barbad-minstrel">"Bārbad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C4%81rbad&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Tafazzoli&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbarbad-minstrel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussefzadeh2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Youssefzadeh, Ameneh (2012) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/haft-kosravani">"Haft Ḵosravāni"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Haft+%E1%B8%B4osrav%C4%81ni&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Youssefzadeh&rft.aufirst=Ameneh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhaft-kosravani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrove2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000001979">"Bārbad"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.01979">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.01979</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C4%81rbad&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.01979&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000001979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dd><b>Web</b></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Museum" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/43541">"Bahram Gur and Courtiers Entertained by Barbad the Musician, Page from a manuscript of the Shahnama of Firdawsi (d. 1020)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahram+Gur+and+Courtiers+Entertained+by+Barbad+the+Musician%2C+Page+from+a+manuscript+of+the+Shahnama+of+Firdawsi+%28d.+1020%29&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brooklynmuseum.org%2Fopencollection%2Fobjects%2F43541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLA_County_Museum_of_Art" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.lacma.org/node/239673">"King Khusraw Parviz Listening to Barbad the Concealed Musician, Page from a Manuscript of the Shahnama (Book of Kings) of Firdawsi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">Los Angeles County Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Khusraw+Parviz+Listening+to+Barbad+the+Concealed+Musician%2C+Page+from+a+Manuscript+of+the+Shahnama+%28Book+of+Kings%29+of+Firdawsi&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.lacma.org%2Fnode%2F239673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Boyce" title="Mary Boyce">Boyce, Mary</a> (1957). "The Parthian Gōsān and Iranian Minstrel Tradition". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></i>. <b>89</b> (1–2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 10–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X0010735X">10.1017/S0035869X0010735X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25201987">25201987</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161761104">161761104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Parthian+G%C5%8Ds%C4%81n+and+Iranian+Minstrel+Tradition&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=10-45&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161761104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25201987%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X0010735X&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Browne, Edward G.</a> (January 1899). "The Sources of Dawlatshāh; With Some Remarks on the Materials Available for a Literary History of Persia, and an Excursus on Bārbad and Rūdagī". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 37–69. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208066">25208066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Sources+of+Dawlatsh%C4%81h%3B+With+Some+Remarks+on+the+Materials+Available+for+a+Literary+History+of+Persia%2C+and+an+Excursus+on+B%C4%81rbad+and+R%C5%ABdag%C4%AB&rft.pages=37-69&rft.date=1899-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25208066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Christensen" title="Arthur Christensen">Christensen, Arthur</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510021032718&view=1up&seq=390&skin=2021">"Some Notes on Persian Melody-Names of the Sasanian Period"</a>. In Gatha Society (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510021032718&view=1up&seq=13&skin=2021"><i>Dastur Hoshang Memorial Volume: Being Papers on Iranian Subjects</i></a>. Bombay: Fort Printing Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500234890">500234890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Notes+on+Persian+Melody-Names+of+the+Sasanian+Period&rft.btitle=Dastur+Hoshang+Memorial+Volume%3A+Being+Papers+on+Iranian+Subjects&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Fort+Printing+Press&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500234890&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.319510021032718%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D390%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Key, Alexander (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/jas/5/1-2/article-p146_6.xml?language=en">"Translation of Poetry from Persian to Arabic: ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī and Others"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Abbasid_Studies" title="Journal of Abbasid Studies">Journal of Abbasid Studies</a></i>. <b>5</b> (1–2): 146–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22142371-12340037">10.1163/22142371-12340037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201011701">201011701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Abbasid+Studies&rft.atitle=Translation+of+Poetry+from+Persian+to+Arabic%3A+%CA%BFAbd+al-Q%C4%81hir+al-Jurj%C4%81n%C4%AB+and+Others&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=146-176&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22142371-12340037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201011701%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Key&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fjas%2F5%2F1-2%2Farticle-p146_6.xml%3Flanguage%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tafazzoli, Ahmad (1988). "Bārbad yā Pahlbad". In Afsar, Iraj; Esfahanian, Karim (eds.). <i>Namvara-ye Doktor Mahmud Afsar</i>. Vol. IV. Tehran: Bonyadie Mowqufat-e Afsar. pp. 2222–2235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=B%C4%81rbad+y%C4%81+Pahlbad&rft.btitle=Namvara-ye+Doktor+Mahmud+Afsar&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pages=2222-2235&rft.pub=Bonyadie+Mowqufat-e+Afsar&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Tafazzoli&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Barbad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Barbad">Barbad</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/5-10-Nakisa-va-Barbad">"Barbad and Nakisā"</a>, a song inspired by Barbad performed by the <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">Tanbur</a> player Nur ʿAli Elāhi on <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" title="Template:Medieval Perso-Arab music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" title="Template talk:Medieval Perso-Arab music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Perso-Arab music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_Perso-Arab_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medieval Perso-Arab music</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab music">Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Persian traditional music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Achaemenid" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_music" title="Achaemenid music">Achaemenid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">Karnay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_music" title="Parthian music">Parthian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gusans" title="Gusans">gōsān</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoptron" title="Rhoptron">Rhoptron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_music" title="Sasanian music">Sasanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamshad" title="Bamshad">Bamshad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagisa_(harpist)" title="Nagisa (harpist)">Nagisa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umayyad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACuways" title="Ṭuways">Ṭuways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashit" title="Nashit">Nashit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ib_Khathir" title="Sa'ib Khathir">Sa'ib Khathir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Misja%E1%B8%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Misjaḥ (page does not exist)">Ibn Misjaḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Gharid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Gharid (page does not exist)">al-Gharid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunain_al-Hiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunain al-Hiri (page does not exist)">Hunain al-Hiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algharid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algharid (page does not exist)">Algharid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Surayj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Surayj (page does not exist)">Ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma%27bad_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma'bad (musician) (page does not exist)">Ma'bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_al-Katib_al-Mughanni" title="Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni">Yunus al-Katib al-Mughanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muhriz" title="Ibn Muhriz">Ibn Muhriz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malik_al-Ta%27i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malik al-Ta'i (page does not exist)">Malik al-Ta'i</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qiyan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atika_bint_Shuhda" title="Atika bint Shuhda">Atika bint Shuhda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azza_al-Mayla" title="Azza al-Mayla">Azza al-Mayla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djamila_(singer)" title="Djamila (singer)">Djamila/Jamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hababah_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hababah (slave)">Hababah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubayda" title="Ubayda">Ubayda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abbasid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyat (page does not exist)">Siyat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Jami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Jami (page does not exist)">Ibn Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Mawsili" title="Ibrahim al-Mawsili">Ibrahim al-Mawsili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulayya_bint_al-Mahdi" title="Ulayya bint al-Mahdi">Ulayya bint al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%E1%B8%A5ya_al-Makki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaḥya al-Makki (page does not exist)">Yaḥya al-Makki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_Zalzal" title="Mansour Zalzal">Mansour Zalzal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhariq" title="Mukhariq">Mukhariq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Mawsili" title="Ishaq al-Mawsili">Ishaq al-Mawsili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allawayh_al-Asar" title="Allawayh al-Asar">Allawayh al-Asar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amr_ibn_Banah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amr ibn Banah (page does not exist)">Amr ibn Banah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jahzah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jahzah (page does not exist)">Jahzah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Tahhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Tahhan (page does not exist)">Ibn al-Tahhan</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qiyan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irfan_(singer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irfan (singer) (page does not exist)">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahbubah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahbubah (page does not exist)">Mahbubah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milh_Al-Attara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milh Al-Attara (page does not exist)">Milh Al-Attara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inan_bint_Abdallah" title="Inan bint Abdallah">Inan bint Abdallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C4%81riyah" title="Shāriyah">Shāriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%E1%B8%8Dl_al-Sh%C4%81%CA%BBirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Faḍl al-Shāʻirah">Faḍl al-Shāʻirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arib_al-Ma%27muniyya" title="Arib al-Ma'muniyya">Arib al-Ma'muniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarirah_al-Ra%E2%80%99iqiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarirah al-Ra’iqiyya (page does not exist)">Sarirah al-Ra’iqiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andalusian-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziryab" title="Ziryab">Ziryab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Majd_ibn_Abi_al-Hakam" title="Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam">Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theorists‎</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_al-Tayyib_al-Sarakhsi" title="Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziryab" title="Ziryab">Ziryab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Faraj_al-Isfahani" title="Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani">Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safi_al-Din_al-Urmawi" title="Safi al-Din al-Urmawi">Safi al-Din al-Urmawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kurr" title="Ibn Kurr">Ibn Kurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ahmad_Monajjem" title="Abu Ahmad Monajjem">Abu Ahmad Monajjem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani">Kitab al-Aghani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir">Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_bint_Utba" title="Hind bint Utba">Hind bint Utba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shahnameh" title="Template talk:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pishdadian_dynasty" title="Pishdadian dynasty">Pishdadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang">Hushang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras">Tahmuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr">Manuchehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar">Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaav" title="Zaav">Zaav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (Shahnameh)">Garshasp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Kaw%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kawād">Kay Kawād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Khosrow" title="Kay Khosrow">Kay Khosrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lohrasp" title="Kay Lohrasp">Kay Lohrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshtasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshtasp (Shahnameh)">Goshtasb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humay_Chehrzad" title="Humay Chehrzad">Humay Chehrzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Darab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Darab">Kay Darab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_II" title="Dara II">Dara II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Male characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_(sage)" title="Jamasp (sage)">Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak" title="Siamak">Siamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrasb_(Shahnameh)" title="Shahrasb (Shahnameh)">Shahrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtin" title="Abtin">Abtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayanoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanoush">Kayanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāve">Kāve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qob%C3%A1d_(Shahnameh)" title="Qobád (Shahnameh)">Qobád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaren" title="Qaren">Qaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tous_son_of_Nowzar" title="Tous son of Nowzar">Tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostaham" title="Gostaham">Gostaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(gladiator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (gladiator)">Gershasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Pashotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariburz_(Shahnameh)" title="Fariburz (Shahnameh)">Fariborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siyâvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farud" title="Farud">Farud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangay-i_Shavaran" title="Zangay-i Shavaran">Zangay-i Shavaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudarz" title="Goudarz">Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv_(Shahnameh)" title="Giv (Shahnameh)">Giv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhan_(Shahnameh)" title="Bizhan (Shahnameh)">Bizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohham" title="Rohham">Rohham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_(Shahnameh)" title="Bahram (Shahnameh)">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojir" title="Hojir">Hojir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgin_(Shahnameh)" title="Gorgin (Shahnameh)">Gorgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Farrokhz%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostam Farrokhzād">Rostam Farrokhzād</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Eskandar (Alexander)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_Shahnameh" title="List of women in Shahnameh">Female characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faranak" title="Faranak">Faranak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnav%C4%81z" title="Arnavāz">Arnavāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrn%C4%81z" title="Shahrnāz">Shahrnāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindukht" title="Sindukht">Sindukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmina" title="Tahmina">Tahmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordafarid" title="Gordafarid">Gordafarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis">Farangis</a></li> <li>Manizheh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C4%81youn" title="Katāyoun">Katāyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadeh_(Shahnameh)" title="Azadeh (Shahnameh)">Azadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tazian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mardas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli">Mehrab Kaboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadashm" title="Zadashm">Zadashm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashang" title="Pashang">Pashang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghrirat" title="Aghrirat">Aghrirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tageuo_(Shahnameh)" title="Tageuo (Shahnameh)">Tageuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shideh_(Shahnameh)" title="Shideh (Shahnameh)">Shideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjasp" title="Arjasp">Arjasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viseh" title="Viseh">Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piran_Viseh" title="Piran Viseh">Piran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houman" title="Houman">Houman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barman_(Shahnameh)" title="Barman (Shahnameh)">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastihan" title="Nastihan">Nastihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biderafsh" title="Biderafsh">Biderafsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans and<br />families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Goudarz" title="House of Goudarz">House of Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Viseh" title="House of Viseh">House of Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nowzar" title="House of Nowzar">House of Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></li> <li>House of Sām</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf,_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/80px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/120px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/160px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="5929" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/80px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/120px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/160px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_of_Gayumars_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/80px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/120px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/160px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creatures <br />and animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvan_Div" title="Akvan Div">Akvan Div</a></li> <li>Kharvazan Div</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang Div</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Div-e Sepid</a></li> <li>Koulad-Ghandi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabdiz" title="Shabdiz">Shabdiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrang" title="Shabrang">Shabrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Elephant_(Shahnameh)" title="White Elephant (Shahnameh)">White Elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Shahnameh)" title="Iran (Shahnameh)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Estakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_(Shahnameh)" title="Mazandaran (Shahnameh)">Mazandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti" title="Hara Berezaiti">Alborzkouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammisha" title="Tammisha">Tammisha</a></li> <li>Kasa-Roud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Shahnameh" title="List of places in Shahnameh">Other locations...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)</li> <li>Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)</li> <li>Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid</li> <li>Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)</li> <li>Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan</li> <li>Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Shahnameh" title="Florence Shahnameh">Florence <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol <i>Shahnameh</i></a> (or Demotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baysonghor_Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baysonghor Shahnameh">Baysonghor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Shah Tahmasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Rashida" title="Shahnameh of Rashida"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Rashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Shahnameh" title="Windsor Shahnameh">Windsor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davari_Shahnameh" title="Davari Shahnameh">Davari <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansuri_Shahnameh" title="Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh">Abu-Mansuri <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_and_Rudabeh" title="Zal and Rudabeh">Zal and Rudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Rostam and Esfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davazdah_Rokh" title="Davazdah Rokh">Davazdah Rokh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bijan and Manijeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Shahnameh" title="Category:Shahnameh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970487#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970487#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000382016761">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262864698">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1808914/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkttYRrX7CfBqWVw4RtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128601701">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91087155">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbad&oldid=1254240685">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbad&oldid=1254240685</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_the_Sasanian_Empire" title="Category:Musicians from the Sasanian Empire">Musicians from the Sasanian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shahnameh_characters" title="Category:Shahnameh characters">Shahnameh characters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Jahrom" title="Category:People from Jahrom">People from Jahrom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Merv" title="Category:People from Merv">People from Merv</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_musicians" title="Category:Iranian musicians">Iranian musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_lutes_players" title="Category:Eastern lutes players">Eastern lutes players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_Iranian_people" title="Category:7th-century Iranian people">7th-century Iranian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7th-century_musicians" 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