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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In tradition and folklore</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_tradition_and_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In tradition and folklore subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_tradition_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Zoroastrian_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Zoroastrian_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In Zoroastrian tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Zoroastrian_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Sistan_heroic_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Sistan_heroic_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In the Sistan heroic cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Sistan_heroic_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Greek_and_Roman_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Greek_and_Roman_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In Greek and Roman thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Greek_and_Roman_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vishtaspa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="جوشتاسب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوشتاسب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1t%C3%A1spa" title="Vištáspa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vištáspa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goschtasp" title="Goschtasp – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goschtasp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE" title="گشتاسپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گشتاسپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C" title="비슈타스파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비슈타스파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshtasp" title="Goshtasp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goshtasp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%CA%BBshtasp" title="Goʻshtasp – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Goʻshtasp" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histaspes_(seguidor_de_Zoroastro)" title="Histaspes (seguidor de Zoroastro) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Histaspes (seguidor de Zoroastro)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Виштаспа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виштаспа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishtaspa" title="Vishtaspa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vishtaspa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Виштаспа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Виштаспа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF" title="Гуштосп – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гуштосп" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Віштаспа (міфологія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віштаспа (міфологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE" title="گشتاسپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گشتاسپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1147021#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goshtasp_(Shahnameh)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshtasp (Shahnameh)">Goshtasp (Shahnameh)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Figure in Zoroastrianism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vishtaspa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <span lang="ae" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%AC%AC%F0%90%AC%8C%F0%90%AC%B1%F0%90%AC%99%F0%90%AC%81%F0%90%AC%AF%F0%90%AC%9E%F0%90%AC%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀">𐬬𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬁𐬯𐬞𐬀</a></span></span> <span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Vištāspa</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%BB%F0%90%8F%81%F0%90%8E%AB%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BF%F0%90%8E%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱">𐎻𐏁𐎫𐎠𐎿𐎱</a></span> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Vištāspa</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:گشتاسپ">گشتاسپ</a></span> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Guštāsp</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%99%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ὑστάσπης">Ὑστάσπης</a></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Hustáspēs</i></span>) is the Avestan-language name of a figure appearing in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> scripture and tradition, portrayed as an early follower of <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, and his patron, and instrumental in the diffusion of the prophet's message. Although Vishtaspa is not epigraphically attested, he is – like Zoroaster – traditionally assumed to have been a historical figure, although obscured by accretions from <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a>. </p><p>In Zoroastrian tradition, which builds on allusions found in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, Vishtaspa is a righteous king who helped propagate and defend the faith. In the non-Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> cycle texts, Vishtaspa is a loathsome ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian dynasty</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who intentionally sends his eldest son to a certain death. In <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman</a> literature, Zoroaster's patron was the <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudo-anonymous author</a> of a set of prophecies written under his name. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_scripture">In scripture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishtaspa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In scripture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vishtaspa is referred to in the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>, the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism which were considered to have been composed by Zoroaster himself. In these hymns, the poet speaks of Vishtaspa as his ally (<i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 46. 14), follower of the path of <a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a> (<i>Y</i>. 51. 16), and committed to spreading the prophet's message (<i>Y</i>. 51. 16, 46. 15, 53. 2). In <i>Yasna</i> 28. 1–28. 7, Zoroaster appeals to Mazda for several boons, including the power to vanquish their foes for Vishtaspa and himself. Considered collectively, the Gathas celebrate Vishtaspa as the "patron of Zoroaster and the establisher of the first Zoroastrian community. "<sup id="cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_171_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabazi_2003_171-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gathic allusions recur in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Avesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Younger Avesta">Younger Avesta</a>. The appeal to Mazda for a boon reappears in <i>Yasht</i> 5. 98, where the boon is asked for the Haugvan<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Naotara families, and in which Vishtaspa is said to be a member of the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the same hymn, Zoroaster is described as appealing to Mazda to "bring Vishtaspa, son of Aurvataspa, to think according to <a href="/wiki/Daena" title="Daena">Daena</a> (Religion), to speak according to the Religion, to act according to the Religion." (<i>Yt</i>. 5. 104–105). In <i>Yasht</i> 9. 25–26, the last part of which is an adaptation of the Gathic <i>Yasna</i> 49. 7,<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_187_n35_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_187_n35-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prophet makes the same appeal with regard to Hutaosa, wife of Vishtaspa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975187_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975187-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Yasht</i> 9.30, Vishtaspa himself appeals for the ability to drive off the attacks of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">daeva</a></i>-worshipping Arejat.aspa and other members of <i>drujvant</i> Hyaona family. Similarly in <i>Yasht</i> 5. 109, Vishtaspa pleads for strength that he may "crush Tathryavant of the bad religion, the <i>daeva</i>-worshipper Peshana, and the wicked Arejataspa."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_188_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_188-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere (<i>Yt</i>. 5. 112–113), Vishtaspa also pleads for strength on behalf of Zairivairi (Pahl. Zarēr), who in later tradition is said to be Vishtaspa's younger brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allusions to conflicts (perhaps battles, see <a href="#battles">below</a>) are again obliquely referred to in <i>Yasht</i> 13. 99–100, in which the <a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">fravashis</a> of Zoroaster and Vishtaspa are described as victorious combatants for <a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a>, and the rescuers and furtherers of the religion. This description is repeated in <i>Yasht</i> 19. 84–87, where Zoroaster, Vishtaspa and Vishtaspa's ancestors are additionally said to possess <i><a href="/wiki/Khvarenah" title="Khvarenah">khvarenah</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_67_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_67-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the chief hero of the conflicts is said to be Vishtaspa's son, Spentodhata, (<i>Yt. </i> 13. 103)<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_188_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_188-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i>Yasht</i> 13. 100, Vishtaspa is proclaimed to have set his adopted faith "in the place of honor" amongst peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_187_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_187-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_249_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passages in the <i>Frawardin Yasht</i> (<i>Yt. </i> 13. 99–103) and elsewhere have enabled commentators to infer family connections between Vishtaspa and several other figures named in the Avesta.<sup id="cite_ref-cf_Christensen_1931_24-25_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cf_Christensen_1931_24-25-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summaries of several lost Avestan texts (<i>Wishtasp sast nask</i>, <i>Spand nask</i>, <i>Chihrdad nask</i>, and <i>Varshtmansar nask</i>), as reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Denkard</a></i> (respectively 8. 11, 8. 13, 8. 14, and 9. 33. 5), suggest that there once existed a detailed "history" of Vishtaspa and his ancestors in scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_175_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabazi_2003_175-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Yasht</i> 13 mentions Zairiuuairi, Piší šiiaoθna (Vishtaspa's eschatological son Pišišōtan), Spəṇtōδāta (Spandyād), Bastauuairi (Bastwar), Kauuarazman, Frašaoštra and Jāmāspa (the Huuōguua brothers in the Gathas), all of whom are featured in the Pahlavi narrative about the war between Vishtaspa and Arzāsp (Arjāsp, king of the <a href="/wiki/Xionites" title="Xionites">Xiiaonas</a>). In <i>Yasht</i> 9.31, Vishtaspa prays to Druuāspā that he may successfully fight and kill various opponents and, apparently, turn Humaiiā and Varəδakanā away from the lands of the Xiiaonas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Yasna</i> 12, the Zarathustra, Vishtaspa, Frašaoštra and Jāmāspa, and the three Saošiiaṇts, Zarathustra's eschatological sons, and in <i>Yasna</i> 23.2 and 26.5, the fravashi of Gaiia Marətān, Zarathustra, Vishtaspa, and Isaṯ.vāstra (another of Zarathustra's eschatological sons) are listed as the principal fighters for Asha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meaning of Vishtaspa's name is uncertain. Interpretations include "'he whose horses have (<i>or</i> horse has) come in ready (for riding, etc.)'";<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "'he who has trained horses'";<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "'whose horses are released (for the race)'".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It agrees with the description from Yasht 5.132 in which was a prototypical winner of the chariot race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_tradition_and_folklore">In tradition and folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishtaspa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In tradition and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Zoroastrian_tradition">In Zoroastrian tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishtaspa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In Zoroastrian tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Gathas, Vishtaspa is repeatedly (<i>Y. </i> 46. 14, 51. 16, 53. 2) referred to as a <i>kavi</i>, which is etymologically a term for a mantic seer, or poet-priest, and in <i>Yasna</i> 28. 11 is also used of Zoroaster's enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Younger Avesta the term is also applied to wise men generally, to include Vishtaspa and his ancestors. In tradition however, the kavis are kings, "evidently because Vīštāspa and his forebears, the 'kavis' <i>par excellence</i>, were princely rulers. Presumably the gift of prophecy, of mantic poetry, was hereditary in their family. "<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_11_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both scripture and tradition refer to Vishtaspa's ancestors but do not mention Vishtaspa's successors; Vishtaspa was apparently the last of his line, and the last of the kavis.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_249_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Zoroastrian apocalyptic chronology, the dynasties of the world are divided into seven ages, each named after a metal. According to this chronology (<i><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand-i Wahman yasn</a></i> 2. 16, <i>Dabistan</i> 140), Vishtaspa (in Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> <i>Wishtasp</i>) ascent to the throne ended the reign of silver, and his reign was over the age of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_288_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_288-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In tradition, the works of Zoroaster were said to have been kept in a royal library that was then destroyed by Alexander the Great. In <i>Denkard</i> 3. 420, it is Vishtaspa who is said to have been the king who had those texts made and placed in the royal library. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="battles"></span> The <i>Yasht</i>'s allusions to conflicts are amplified in the 9th–11th century books of Zoroastrian tradition, where the conflicts are portrayed as outright battles of the faith. So for example the surviving fragments of a fragmentary text that celebrates the deeds of Zairivairi, Vishtaspa's brother and captain of his forces against Arejat.aspa, chief of the Hyonas. According to that text (<i>Ayadgar i Zareran</i>, 10–11), upon hearing of Vishtaspa's conversion, Arejat.aspa sent messengers to demand that Vishtaspa "abandon 'the pure Mazda-worshipping religion which he had received from Ohrmazd', and should become once more 'of the same religion'" as himself. The battle that following Vishtaspa's refusal left Vishtaspa victorious.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_249_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion of Vishtaspa is likewise a theme of the 9th–11th century books, and these legends remain the "best known and most current" among Zoroastrians today.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_279_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_279-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this tradition, when Zoroaster arrived at Vishtaspa's court, the prophet was "met with hostility from the <i>kayag</i>s and <i>karab</i>s (<i>kavi</i>s and <i>karapan</i>s), with whom he disputed at a great assembly–a tradition which may well be based on reality, for [Vishtaspa] must have had his own priests and seers, who would hardly have welcomed a new prophet claiming divine authority. "<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_280_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_280-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition goes on to relate that Zoroaster triumphed after three days of debate, only to be maligned by his enemies to Vishtaspa, who then had the prophet imprisoned. But, from prison, Zoroaster cured one of Vishtaspa's favourite horses (which had suddenly become paralyzed), for which the prophet then gained Vishtaspa's support and admiration. The tale is obliquely referred to in the <i>Anthology of Zadspram</i> (24. 6), which seems to presume that the reader already knows it,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is summarized in the <i>Denkard</i> (7. 4. 64–86), and – as "workings of popular fancy"<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_280_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_280-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – described in detail in the later <i>Book of Zoroaster</i> (942–1094).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the myth, Zoroaster cures each of the horse's four legs in exchange for four concessions: first, that Vishtaspa himself accept Zoroaster's message; secondly, that Vishtaspa's son Spentodata (MP: Esfandiar) do the same; third, that Vishtaspa's wife Hutaosa (MP: Hutos) also convert;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally that the men who maligned Zoroaster be put to death. When these four wishes are granted, the horse stands up rejuvenated.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="trance">Vishtaspa, having accepted the faith from Zoroaster, then asks for four favours in return:<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_281_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_281-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first, that he, Vishtaspa, should know his place in the next world; secondly, that he should become invulnerable; third, that he should know the future; and fourth that his body should not leave his soul until the resurrection. Zoroaster replies that these are too great to all be given to one man, and that he should choose one. Vishtaspa agrees, and chooses the first. Zoroaster then gives him consecrated wine to drink, which puts Vishtaspa in a trance in which he has an epiphany; he sees his spirit ascend to heaven where it beholds the glories of God.</cite><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vishtaspa's conversion is traditionally said to have taken place during Zoroaster's forty-second year, "a figure undoubtedly reached by later calculation".<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_187_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_187-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="zt_ident">In medieval Zoroastrian chronology, Vishtaspa is identified as a grandfather of "Ardashir", i.e. the 5th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">II</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite> This myth is tied to the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid">Sassanid</a> (early 3rd–early 7th century) claim of descent from Artaxerxes, and the claim of relationship to the Kayanids, that is, with Vishtaspa and his ancestors. The full adoption of Kayanid names, titles and myths from the Avesta by the Sassanids was a "main component of [Sassanid] ideology. "<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of Artaxerxes with the Kayanids occurred through the identification of Artaxerxes II's title ('Mnemon' in Greek) with the name of Vishtaspa's legendary grandson and successor, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Bahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Bahman">Wahman</a>: both are theophorics of Avestan <a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a> "Good Mind(ed)"; Middle Persian 'Wahman' is a contraction of the Avestan name, while Greek 'Mnemon' is a calque of it. The Sassanid association of their dynasty with Vishtaspa's is a development dated to the end of the 4th century, and which "arose to some extent because this was when the Sasanians conquered <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, the birthplace of Vishtasp and the 'holy land' of Zoroastrianism. "<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As was also the case for the fourth century Roman identification of Zoroaster's patron with the late-6th century BCE father of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (see <a href="#am_ident">below</a>) – the identification of Vishtaspa as a grandfather of "Ardashir" (Artaxerxes I/II) was once perceived to substantiate the "traditional date" of Zoroaster, which places the prophet in the 6th century BCE. The traditional descriptions of Vishtaspa's ancestors as having chariots (a description that puts them fully in the Bronze Age) also contribute to the academic debate on the dating of Zoroaster; for a summary of the role of Vishtaspa's ancestors in this issue, see <a href="#CITEREFBoyce1984">Boyce 1984</a>, p. 62, n. 38.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Sistan_heroic_cycle">In the Sistan heroic cycle <span class="anchor" id="Sistan_cycle"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishtaspa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the Sistan heroic cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gushtasp_Slays_the_Dragon_of_Mount_Saqila,_Folio_from_the_Shahnameh_(Book_of_Kings)_of_Shah_Tahmasp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gushtasp_Slays_the_Dragon_of_Mount_Saqila%2C_Folio_from_the_Shahnameh_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Shah_Tahmasp.jpg/220px-Gushtasp_Slays_the_Dragon_of_Mount_Saqila%2C_Folio_from_the_Shahnameh_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Shah_Tahmasp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gushtasp_Slays_the_Dragon_of_Mount_Saqila%2C_Folio_from_the_Shahnameh_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Shah_Tahmasp.jpg/330px-Gushtasp_Slays_the_Dragon_of_Mount_Saqila%2C_Folio_from_the_Shahnameh_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Shah_Tahmasp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gushtasp_Slays_the_Dragon_of_Mount_Saqila%2C_Folio_from_the_Shahnameh_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Shah_Tahmasp.jpg/440px-Gushtasp_Slays_the_Dragon_of_Mount_Saqila%2C_Folio_from_the_Shahnameh_%28Book_of_Kings%29_of_Shah_Tahmasp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i>Gushtasp Slays the Dragon of Mount Saqila</i>. Miniature by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Samad" title="Abd al-Samad">Mirza Ali</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp">Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, c. 1530-35 <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Museum" title="Aga Khan Museum">Aga Khan Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Non-Zoroastrian literature in <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> uniformly reflects the regular development of Middle Persian <i>wi-</i> into <i>gu-</i>, with Middle Persian <i>Wishtasp</i> thus becoming <i>Goshtasb</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> national history (<i>Tarikh-e Sistan</i>), <i>Goshtasp</i> in Firdausi's <i>Book of Kings</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>), <i>Goshtasf</i> in the <i>Mojmal al-tawarikh</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_171_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabazi_2003_171-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Beshtashb</i> by <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>. </p><p>In several respects, for instance in Goshtasb's/Goshtasf's (etc.) mythological genealogy, the Sistan cycle texts continue the Zoroastrian tradition. So, for example, Goshtasp is identified as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian dynasty</a>, is the son of <a href="/wiki/Kai_Lohrasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Lohrasp">Lohrasp</a>/Lohrasb (etc.), is the brother of <a href="/wiki/Zareh" title="Zareh">Zareh</a>/Zarer (etc.), is the father of <a href="/wiki/Esfandiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Esfandiar">Esfandiar</a>/Isfandiar (etc.) and Bashutan/<a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Beshotan</a> (etc.), and so on. However, in the Sistan legends, Goshtasb/Goshtasf (etc.) is an abominable figure, altogether unlike the hero of Zoroastrian tradition. The reason for this discrepancy is unknown. According to the Sistan tradition, Goshtasb demands the throne from his father <a href="/wiki/Kai_Lohrasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Lohrasp">Lohrasp</a>, but storms off to India ("Hind") when the king declines. Goshtasb's brother <a href="/wiki/Zareh" title="Zareh">Zareh</a> (Zareh/Zarer etc., Avestan Zairivairi) is sent to fetch him, but Goshtasb flees to "<a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rûm">Rome</a>" where he marries <a href="/wiki/Katayoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Katayoun">Katayoun</a> (Katayun/Katayoun etc.), the daughter of the '<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">qaysar</a>'. Goshtasb subsequently becomes a military commander for the Roman emperor, and encourages the emperor to demand tribute from Iran. Again Zareh is sent to fetch Goshtasb, who is then promised the throne, and is thus persuaded to return. </p><p>Back in Sistan, Goshtasb imprisons his own son <a href="/wiki/Esfandiar" class="mw-redirect" title="Esfandiar">Esfandiar</a> (Esfandiar/Isfandiar etc., Avestan Spentodata), but then has to seek Esfandiar's help in defeating Arjasp (Avestan Aurvataspa) who is threatening <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>. Goshtasb promises Esfandiar the throne in return for his help, but when Esfandiar is successful, his father stalls and instead sends him off on another mission to suppress a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a>. Esfandiar is again successful, and upon his return Goshtasb hedges once again and – aware of a prediction that foretells the death of Esfandiar at the hand of Rostam – sends him off on a mission in which Esfandiar is destined to die. In the <i>Shahnameh</i>, the nobles upbraid Goshtasb as a disgrace to the throne; his daughters denounce him as a heinous criminal; and his younger son Bashutan (Avestan <a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Peshotanu</a>) condemns him as a wanton destroyer of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_175_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabazi_2003_175-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in Zoroastrian tradition, in the Sistan cycle texts Goshtasp is succeeded by Esfandiar's son, <a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Bahman</a> (< <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">MP</a> Wahman).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identification of Bahman with 'Ardashir' (see <a href="#zt_ident">above</a>) reappears in the Sistan cycle texts as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Greek_and_Roman_thought">In Greek and Roman thought <span class="anchor" id="Pseudo-Hystaspes"></span><span class="anchor" id="Oracles_of_Hystaspes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishtaspa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Greek and Roman thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Visthaspa" is "<a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Hystaspes (disambiguation)">Hystaspes</a>" in the Greek and Latin texts of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic era</a>. Besides referring to historically attested persons named Vishtaspa, it was also applied to Zoroaster's patron, who the Greeks and Romans imagined to be a sage of great antiquity, and the <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">putative author</a> of a set of prophecies written under his name.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the works attributed to Pseudo-Hystaspes draw on real Zoroastrian sources, the Greek and Roman portraits of his person are just as fanciful as those of the other two <i>les Mages hellénisés</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Zoroaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Zoroaster">Pseudo-Zoroaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Pseudo-Ostanes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Pseudo-Zoroaster was identified as the "inventor" of astrology, and Pseudo-Ostanes was imagined to be a master sorcerer, Pseudo-Hystaspes seems to have been stereotyped as an apocalyptic prophet. </p><p>None of the works attributed to him are still extant, but quotations and references have survived in the works of others, especially in those of two early Christian writers – <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a> (ca. 100-165 CE) in Samaria and the mid-3rd century <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> in North Africa – who drew on them by way of confirmation that what themselves held to be revealed truth had already been uttered.<sup id="cite_ref-BoyceGrenet_1991_376-377_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoyceGrenet_1991_376-377-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one of these <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphic">pseudepigraphic</a> works – referred to as the <i>Book of Hystaspes</i> or the <i>Oracles of Hystaspes</i> or just <i>Hystaspes</i> – is known by name. This work (or set of works) of the first century BCE is referred to by Lactantius, Justin Martyr, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Laurentius_Lydus" class="mw-redirect" title="Joannes Laurentius Lydus">Lydus</a>, and Aristokritos, all of whom describe it as foretelling the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a>, the return of rule to the east, and of the coming of the saviour.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lactantius provides a detailed summary of the <i>Oracles of Hystaspes</i> in his <i>Divinae Institutiones</i> (Book VII, from the end of chapter 15 through chapter 19). It begins with Hystaspes awaking from a dream, and needing to have it interpreted for him. This is duly accomplished by a young boy, "here representing, according to convention, the openness of youth and innocent to divine visitations. "<sup id="cite_ref-BoyceGrenet_1991_378_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoyceGrenet_1991_378-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As interpreted by the boy, the dream "predicts" the iniquity of the last age, and the impending destruction of the wicked by fire. The divine fire will burn both the righteous and the wicked, but only the wicked will be hurt and neither will be destroyed. During the eschatological inferno, the "followers of truth" will separate themselves from the wicked and ascend a mountain. The evil king who dominates the world will be angered on hearing this, and he will resolve to encircle the mountain with his army. The righteous implore to "Jupiter", who sends them a saviour, who will descend from heaven accompanied by angels and before him a flaming sword. Hystaspes "prophesies" that the wicked king (i.e. the Roman emperor) will survive the destruction of his armies, but will lose power. It was "presumably"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prophecy of the destruction of a victorious power (i.e. the Roman empire) that caused the work to be proscribed by Rome; according to Justin Martyr (<i>Apologia</i>, I. 44. 12), reading the work was punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the works attributed to the other two <i>les Mages hellénisés</i>, the <i>Oracles of Hystaspes</i> was apparently based on the genuine Zoroastrian myths, and "the argument for ultimate magian composition is a strong one. [...] As prophecies they have a political context, a function, and a focus which radically distinguish them from the philosophical and encyclopedic wisdom of the other pseudepigrapha. "<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although "[p]rophecies of woes and iniquities in the last age are alien to orthodox Zoroastrianism", there was probably a growth of Zoroastrian literature in the late fourth-early third centuries denouncing the evils of the Hellenistic age, and offering hope of the coming kingdom of Ahura Mazda.<sup id="cite_ref-BoyceGrenet_1991_382_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoyceGrenet_1991_382-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greco-Roman obsession with Zoroaster as the "inventor" of astrology also influenced the image of Hystaspes. So for example in <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Laurentius_Lydus" class="mw-redirect" title="Joannes Laurentius Lydus">Lydus</a>' <i>On the months</i> (<i>de Mensibus</i> II. 4), which credits "the <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a> in the circle of Zoroaster and Hystaspes and the Egyptians" for the creation of the seven-day week after the number of planets.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="am_ident">The fourth century <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a> (xxiii. 6. 32) identifies Zoroaster's patron with another Vishtaspa, better known as <a href="/wiki/Hystaspes_(father_of_Darius_I)" title="Hystaspes (father of Darius I)">Hystaspes</a> in English, the (late-6th century BCE) father of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>.</cite> The sixth century Agathias was more ambivalent, observing that it wasn't clear to him whether the name of Zoroaster's patron referred to the father of Darius or to another Hystaspes (ii. 24). As with the medieval Zoroastrian chronology that identifies Vishtaspa with "Ardashir" (see <a href="#zt_ident">above</a>), Ammianus' identification was once considered to substantiate the "traditional date" of Zoroaster. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams_Jackson1899158–160_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams_Jackson1899158–160-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishtaspa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">YAv. Haugvan is Gathic Hvogva. Named members of this clan are Jamaspa and Frashaoshtra (<i>Y</i> 51. 17-18, Gatha 3), two members of Vishtaspa's court. In <i>Yasna</i> 53 (Gatha 5), Zoroaster is the celebrant priest at the marriage of his daughter, Pouruchista, to Jamaspa Hvogva. In Zoroastrian tradition (e.g. <i>Denkard</i> 21. 17), one of Zoroaster's wives, Hvovi, is the daughter of the other named Hvogva, Frashaoshtra.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In <i>Yasht</i> 15. 95–96, Vishtaspa's wife Hutaosa is also said to be a member of the Naotara clan. In <i>Yasht</i> 17, <a href="/wiki/Ashi" title="Ashi">Ashi</a> (Fortune) is said to have fled from the "swift-horsed" Naotaras. The meaning of this myth is obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a review of older (early 20th century) interpretations, see <a href="#CITEREFKent1945">Kent 1945</a>, pp. 55–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"On theological issues, the <i>Book of Zoroaster</i> does not demonstrate significant differences to the older Middle Persian tractates. However, the untypical focus on the figure of Zoroaster on the one hand, and the assimilation of the figure of Zoroaster with the prophetic "type" intrinsic to Mohammed on the other hand, are unmistakable. Without losing its Zoroastrian character, the text portrays Zoroaster as the bearer of the perfect book, as the figure of a prophet in the Islamic sense. The perhaps most obvious example of the Islamization of Zoroaster's functions is in the scene in which, according to the <i>Book of Zoroaster</i>, Zoroaster presents himself to Vishtaspa with 'I am the prophet that God has sent to you' [ZN 281], in which the originally Arabic word <i>rasul</i> – in Islam used for the 'Prophet of God' – is used. "<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an alternate tradition based on <i>Yasht</i> 9. 25–26, Hutaosa is said to have been the first to listen to Zoroaster's teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_187_n35_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_187_n35-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the <i>Book of Zoroaster</i>, Zoroaster performs the <i>dron yasht</i>, a lesser service at which he consecrates wine, milk, incense and a pomegranate. The wine he gives to Vistaspa, who then falls into a dream in which he learns of his soul's ascent to heaven. The remaining three favors are distributed among Vishtaspa's son <a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Peshotanu</a> (MP: Peshotan), who becomes undying by drinking the milk: Vishtaspa's minister Jamasp, who gains all knowledge by inhaling the incense; and Spentodata, who attains invincibility by eating the pomegranate.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In "a legend [that] persisted down to <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> times and beyond, [...] both Zoroaster and his patron Vishtaspa [were associated] with the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_1975_275-276_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_1975_275-276-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bactria was not the only region that claimed Vishtaspa for its own; as recorded in post-Sassanid sources (but apparently older), at least four other Iranian provinces – <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drangiana" title="Drangiana">Drangiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persia</a> – also attributed events in their local history to Vishtaspa.<sup id="cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_174_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shabazi_2003_174-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Additionally, and within the framework of the arguments that <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> was a Zoroastrian, <a href="#CITEREFBoyce1982">Boyce 1982</a>, pp. 68–69 speculates that the reason why "[Cyrus'] name is never mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Middle_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Middle Persian">Pahlavi books</a> or in the later royal genealogies" was because tradition identified Cyrus with Vishtaspa, with the use of Vishtaspa's name instead of Cyrus', thus leading to "complete oblivion for Cyrus in Zoroastrian tradition".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the primary sources, see <a href="#CITEREFBidezCumont1938">Bidez & Cumont 1938</a>, vol. I: pp. 215–223; vol. II: pp. 359–377.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishtaspa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkjaervo2013_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkjaervo2013">Skjaervo 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shabazi_2003_171-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_171_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_171_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShabazi2003">Shabazi 2003</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_187_n35-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_187_n35_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_187_n35_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 187, n. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975187-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyce1975187_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_188-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_188_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_188_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_67-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_67_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_187-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_187_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_187_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_249-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_249_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_249_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_249_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cf_Christensen_1931_24-25-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cf_Christensen_1931_24-25_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf. </i> <a href="#CITEREFChristensen1931">Christensen 1931</a>, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shabazi_2003_175-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_175_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_175_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShabazi2003">Shabazi 2003</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent1945">Kent 1945</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 187, n. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayrhofer1977">Mayrhofer 1977</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_11_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_11_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_288-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_288_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_279-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_279_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf. </i> <a href="#CITEREFStausberg2002">Stausberg 2002</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_280-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_280_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_280_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStausberg2002">Stausberg 2002</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStausberg2002">Stausberg 2002</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_281-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_281_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1984">Boyce 1984</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf. </i> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams_Jackson1899">Williams Jackson 1899</a>, pp. 158–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaryaee1995">Daryaee 1995</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLukonin1983">Lukonin 1983</a>, pp. 697–698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_1975_275-276-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_1975_275-276_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyce1975">Boyce 1975</a>, pp. 275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shabazi_2003_174-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shabazi_2003_174_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShabazi2003">Shabazi 2003</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1991">Beck 1991</a>, pp. 491ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoyceGrenet_1991_376-377-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoyceGrenet_1991_376-377_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991">Boyce & Grenet 1991</a>, pp. 376–377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinnels1973">Hinnels 1973</a>, pp. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoyceGrenet_1991_378-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoyceGrenet_1991_378_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991">Boyce & Grenet 1991</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991">Boyce & Grenet 1991</a>, pp. 378–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991">Boyce & Grenet 1991</a>, p. 379, n. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf. </i> <a href="#CITEREFHinnels1973">Hinnels 1973</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1991">Beck 1991</a>, p. 493, n. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoyceGrenet_1991_382-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoyceGrenet_1991_382_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyceGrenet1991">Boyce & Grenet 1991</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>cf. </i> <a href="#CITEREFBeck1991">Beck 1991</a>, p. 524, n. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams_Jackson1899158–160-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams_Jackson1899158–160_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams_Jackson1899">Williams Jackson 1899</a>, pp. 158–160.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishtaspa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChristensen1931" class="citation cs2">Christensen, Arthur (1931), <i>Les Kayanides</i>, Copenhagen: AF Høst & Søn</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Kayanides&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=AF+H%C3%B8st+%26+S%C3%B8n&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1991" class="citation cs2">Beck, Roger (1991), "Thus Spake Not Zarathushtra: Zoroastrian Pseudepigrapha of the Greco-Roman World", in Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (eds.), <i>A History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 3</i>, Leiden: Brill, pp. 491–565</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thus+Spake+Not+Zarathushtra%3A+Zoroastrian+Pseudepigrapha+of+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+vol.+3&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=491-565&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidezCumont1938" class="citation cs2">Bidez, Joseph; Cumont, Franz (1938), <i>Les Mages Hellénisés</i>, Le Muséon 512, Paris: Société d'Éditions Les Belles Lettres</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Mages+Hell%C3%A9nis%C3%A9s&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Le+Mus%C3%A9on+512&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27%C3%89ditions+Les+Belles+Lettres&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Bidez&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Cumont%2C+Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1975" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1975), <i>History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 1</i>, Leiden: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+vol.+1&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1982" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1982), <i>History of Zoroastrianism, vol. 2</i>, Leiden: Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+vol.+2&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1984" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1984), "On the Antiquity of Zoroastrian Apocalyptic", <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, <b>47</b> (1): 57–75, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X0002214X">10.1017/S0041977X0002214X</a>, <a 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Shapur (2003), "Goštāsp", <i>Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 11</i>, Costa Mesa: University of California Press, pp. 171–176</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Go%C5%A1t%C4%81sp&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica%2C+vol.+11&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pages=171-176&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Shabazi&rft.aufirst=A.+Shapur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjaervo2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Prods_Oktor_Skjaervo" title="Prods Oktor Skjaervo">Skjaervo, Prods Oktor</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kayanian-ix"><i>Kauui Vištāspa, Kay Wištāsp, Kay Beštāsb/Goštāsb</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kauui+Vi%C5%A1t%C4%81spa%2C+Kay+Wi%C5%A1t%C4%81sp%2C+Kay+Be%C5%A1t%C4%81sb%2FGo%C5%A1t%C4%81sb&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Skjaervo&rft.aufirst=Prods+Oktor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkayanian-ix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStausberg2002" class="citation cs2">Stausberg, Michael (2002), <i>Die Religion Zarathushtras, vol. 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(1893), "Where Was Zoroaster's Native Place?", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <b>15</b>: 221–232, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F592356">10.2307/592356</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592356">592356</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Where+Was+Zoroaster%27s+Native+Place%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=221-232&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F592356&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams+Jackson&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams_Jackson1899" class="citation cs2">Williams Jackson, A. V. (1899), <i>Zoroaster, the prophet of ancient Iran</i>, New York: Columbia UP</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroaster%2C+the+prophet+of+ancient+Iran&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+UP&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Williams+Jackson&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVishtaspa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lohrasp" title="Kay Lohrasp">Kay Lohrasp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Legendary Kings of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shāhnāma</a></i> </b><br /><b>120 years</b> (<b>2871–2991</b> after <a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a>) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shahnameh" title="Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shahnameh" title="Template talk:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shahnameh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shahnameh_of_Ferdowsi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pishdadian_dynasty" title="Pishdadian dynasty">Pishdadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang">Hushang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras">Tahmuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid" title="Jamshid">Jamshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydun" title="Fereydun">Fereydun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehr" title="Manuchehr">Manuchehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowzar" title="Nowzar">Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaav" title="Zaav">Zaav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (Shahnameh)">Garshasp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayanian_dynasty" title="Kayanian dynasty">Kayanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Kaw%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Kawād">Kay Kawād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_K%C4%81vus" title="Kay Kāvus">Kay Kāvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Khosrow" title="Kay Khosrow">Kay Khosrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Lohrasp" title="Kay Lohrasp">Kay Lohrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshtasp_(Shahnameh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshtasp (Shahnameh)">Goshtasb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bahman" title="Kay Bahman">Kay Bahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humay_Chehrzad" title="Humay Chehrzad">Humay Chehrzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Darab" class="mw-redirect" title="Kay Darab">Kay Darab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_II" title="Dara II">Dara II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shahnameh_characters" title="List of Shahnameh characters">Male characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_(sage)" title="Jamasp (sage)">Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak" title="Siamak">Siamak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrasb_(Shahnameh)" title="Shahrasb (Shahnameh)">Shahrasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abtin" title="Abtin">Abtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayanoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanoush">Kayanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāve">Kāve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arash" title="Arash">Arash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salm_(Shahnameh)" title="Salm (Shahnameh)">Salm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_(Shahnameh)" title="Tur (Shahnameh)">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qob%C3%A1d_(Shahnameh)" title="Qobád (Shahnameh)">Qobád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaren" title="Qaren">Qaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tous_son_of_Nowzar" title="Tous son of Nowzar">Tous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gostaham" title="Gostaham">Gostaham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershasp_(gladiator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershasp (gladiator)">Gershasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nariman_(Shahnameh)" title="Nariman (Shahnameh)">Nariman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m" title="Sām">Sām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81l" title="Zāl">Zāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Esfandiyār">Esfandiyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshotanu" title="Peshotanu">Pashotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramarz" title="Faramarz">Faramarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariburz_(Shahnameh)" title="Fariburz (Shahnameh)">Fariborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siyâvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farud" title="Farud">Farud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangay-i_Shavaran" title="Zangay-i Shavaran">Zangay-i Shavaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudarz" title="Goudarz">Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giv_(Shahnameh)" title="Giv (Shahnameh)">Giv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizhan_(Shahnameh)" title="Bizhan (Shahnameh)">Bizhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohham" title="Rohham">Rohham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_(Shahnameh)" title="Bahram (Shahnameh)">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojir" title="Hojir">Hojir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgin_(Shahnameh)" title="Gorgin (Shahnameh)">Gorgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavara" title="Zavara">Zavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaghad" title="Shaghad">Shaghad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_Farrokhz%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostam Farrokhzād">Rostam Farrokhzād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Eskandar (Alexander)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_Shahnameh" title="List of women in Shahnameh">Female characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faranak" title="Faranak">Faranak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnav%C4%81z" title="Arnavāz">Arnavāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrn%C4%81z" title="Shahrnāz">Shahrnāz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindukht" title="Sindukht">Sindukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaba" title="Rudaba">Rudaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudabeh" title="Sudabeh">Sudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmina" title="Tahmina">Tahmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Goshasp" title="Banu Goshasp">Banu Goshasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordafarid" title="Gordafarid">Gordafarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farangis" title="Farangis">Farangis</a></li> <li>Manizheh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C4%81youn" title="Katāyoun">Katāyoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadeh_(Shahnameh)" title="Azadeh (Shahnameh)">Azadeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tazian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mardas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahhak" title="Zahhak">Zahhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrab_Kaboli" title="Mehrab Kaboli">Mehrab Kaboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadashm" title="Zadashm">Zadashm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashang" title="Pashang">Pashang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghrirat" title="Aghrirat">Aghrirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garsivaz" title="Garsivaz">Garsivaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab" title="Afrasiab">Afrasiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tageuo_(Shahnameh)" title="Tageuo (Shahnameh)">Tageuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shideh_(Shahnameh)" title="Shideh (Shahnameh)">Shideh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjasp" title="Arjasp">Arjasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viseh" title="Viseh">Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piran_Viseh" title="Piran Viseh">Piran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houman" title="Houman">Houman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barman_(Shahnameh)" title="Barman (Shahnameh)">Barman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastihan" title="Nastihan">Nastihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biderafsh" title="Biderafsh">Biderafsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clans and<br />families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashvad" title="Kashvad">Kashvadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Goudarz" title="House of Goudarz">House of Goudarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Viseh" title="House of Viseh">House of Viseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nowzar" title="House of Nowzar">House of Nowzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sasan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Sasan">House of Sasan</a></li> <li>House of Sām</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf,_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/80px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/120px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg/160px-Bahram_Gur_Fights_the_Horned_Wolf%2C_folio_from_the_Great_Ilkhanid_Shahnama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4303" data-file-height="5929" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/80px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/120px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg/160px-IRAN_Miniatur_by_UNESCO_1957_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Court_of_Gayumars_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/80px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/120px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg/160px-The_Court_of_Gayumars_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creatures <br />and animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akvan_Div" title="Akvan Div">Akvan Div</a></li> <li>Kharvazan Div</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhang_Div" title="Arzhang Div">Arzhang Div</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Div-e_Sepid" title="Div-e Sepid">Div-e Sepid</a></li> <li>Koulad-Ghandi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhsh" title="Rakhsh">Rakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabdiz" title="Shabdiz">Shabdiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabrang" title="Shabrang">Shabrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Elephant_(Shahnameh)" title="White Elephant (Shahnameh)">White Elephant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_(Shahnameh)" title="Iran (Shahnameh)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhr" title="Istakhr">Estakhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_(Shahnameh)" title="Mazandaran (Shahnameh)">Mazandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara_Berezaiti" title="Hara Berezaiti">Alborzkouh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammisha" title="Tammisha">Tammisha</a></li> <li>Kasa-Roud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Shahnameh" title="List of places in Shahnameh">Other locations...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)</li> <li>Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)</li> <li>Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid</li> <li>Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)</li> <li>Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan</li> <li>Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Shahnameh" title="Florence Shahnameh">Florence <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mongol_Shahnameh" title="Great Mongol Shahnameh">Great Mongol <i>Shahnameh</i></a> (or Demotte)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baysonghor_Shahnameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baysonghor Shahnameh">Baysonghor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Shah_Tahmasp" title="Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Shah Tahmasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh_of_Rashida" title="Shahnameh of Rashida"><i>Shahnameh</i> of Rashida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Shahnameh" title="Windsor Shahnameh">Windsor <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davari_Shahnameh" title="Davari Shahnameh">Davari <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqiqi" title="Daqiqi">Daqiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mansuri_Shahnameh" title="Abu-Mansuri Shahnameh">Abu-Mansuri <i>Shahnameh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derafsh_Kaviani" title="Derafsh Kaviani">Derafsh Kaviani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babr-e_Bayan" title="Babr-e Bayan">Babr-e Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zal_and_Rudabeh" title="Zal and Rudabeh">Zal and Rudabeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam_and_Sohrab" title="Rostam and Sohrab">Rostam and Sohrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostam_and_Esfandiy%C4%81r" title="Battle of Rostam and Esfandiyār">Rostam and Esfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostam%27s_Seven_Labours" title="Rostam's Seven Labours">Rostam's Seven Labours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davazdah_Rokh" title="Davazdah Rokh">Davazdah Rokh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_and_Shirin" title="Khosrow and Shirin">Khosrow and Shirin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijan_and_Manijeh" title="Bijan and Manijeh">Bijan and Manijeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Shahnameh" title="Category:Shahnameh">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoroastrianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism" title="Template:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoroastrianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Primary topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atar (fire)"><img alt="Atar (fire)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/ZoroastrianismSymbolWhite.PNG" decoding="async" width="151" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Divine entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Scripture and worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udvada_Atash_Behram" class="mw-redirect" title="Udvada Atash Behram">Udvada Atash Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li>Adur Farnbag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Revayats">The Revayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atash_Behram" title="Atash Behram">Atash Behram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Accounts and legends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xrafstar" title="Xrafstar">Xrafstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamistagan" title="Hamistagan">Hamistagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duzakh" title="Duzakh">Duzakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">in Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Irani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">in United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">in Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FBEC5D;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_temples_in_Iran" title="List of fire temples in Iran">Fire temples in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fire_temples_in_India" title="List of fire temples in India">Fire temples in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FBEC5D;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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