CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Digital synthesizer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9827fbb6-28ad-4363-8396-089bff105955","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Digital_synthesizer","wgTitle":"Digital synthesizer","wgCurRevisionId":1242004301,"wgRevisionId":1242004301,"wgArticleId":8247,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from April 2023","Synthesizers"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Digital_synthesizer","wgRelevantArticleId":8247,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Digital_synthesizers","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Digital_synthesizer","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5276177","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1104"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="736"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg/640px-Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="589"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Digital synthesizer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_synthesizer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_synthesizer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Digital_synthesizer rootpage-Digital_synthesizer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Digital+synthesizer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Digital+synthesizer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Digital+synthesizer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Digital+synthesizer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analog_vs._digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_vs._digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Analog vs. digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_vs._digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_in_Popular_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_in_Popular_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage in Popular Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_in_Popular_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digital synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Digital synthesizer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EC%8B%A0%EC%8B%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%80" title="디지털 신시사이저 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디지털 신시사이저" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC" title="デジタルシンセサイザー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デジタルシンセサイザー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5276177#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Digital_synthesizer" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Digital_synthesizer" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Digital_synthesizer" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&oldid=1242004301" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Digital_synthesizer&id=1242004301&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_synthesizer"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDigital_synthesizer"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Digital_synthesizer&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Digital_synthesizers" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5276177" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizers&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital synthesizers">Digital synthesizers</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Synthesizer that uses digital signal processing to make sounds</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_Rudess2_(H.I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg/300px-Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg/450px-Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg/600px-Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rudess" title="Jordan Rudess">Jordan Rudess</a> performing with a digital synth</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>digital synthesizer</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a> (DSP) techniques to make musical sounds, in contrast to older <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizers</a>, which produce music using <a href="/wiki/Analog_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog electronics">analog electronics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">samplers</a>, which play back <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recordings</a> of acoustic, electric, or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic instruments">electronic instruments</a>. Some digital synthesizers emulate analog synthesizers, while others include sampling capability in addition to digital synthesis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The very earliest digital synthesis experiments were made with <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computers</a>, as part of academic research into sound generation. </p><p>In 1957, the first <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> for <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer music</a>, <a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC</a>, was developed by <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a> on an <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a> at Bell Labs in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Roads1980_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roads1980-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It generates digital audio waveforms through direct synthesis. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EMS_MUSYS-3_(1970)_system_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg/170px-EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg/255px-EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg/340px-EMS_MUSYS-3_%281970%29_system_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">EMS</a> MUSYS-3 (1970) (based on <a href="#CITEREFNunzio2014">Nunzio 2014</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1969</span>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">EMS</a> MUSYS 3 system was developed by Peter Grogono (software), David Cockerell (hardware and interfacing) and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zinovieff" title="Peter Zinovieff">Peter Zinovieff</a> (system design and operation) at their London (Putney) Studio. The system ran on two mini-computers, Digital Equipment <a href="/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a>'s. These had a pair of fast <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">D/A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog-to-digital">A/D</a> converters,<sup id="cite_ref-Cockerell2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockerell2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nunzio2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nunzio2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12,000 (12k) bytes of <a href="/wiki/Core_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Core memory">core memory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a>), backed up by a hard drive of 32k and by tape storage (DecTape).<sup id="cite_ref-Hinton2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinton2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grogono1973_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grogono1973-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grogono2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grogono2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest digital sampling was done on that system during 1971–1972 for <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a>'s "<i>Chronometer</i>" released in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Cockerell2013_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cockerell2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birtwistle|1975_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birtwistle|1975-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972–1974, <a href="/wiki/New_England_Digital" title="New England Digital">Dartmouth Digital Synthesizer</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> Professors <a href="/wiki/Jon_Appleton" title="Jon Appleton">Jon Appleton</a> and Frederick J. Hooven, in association with NED co-founders Sydney A. Alonso and Cameron W. Jones. </p><p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs_Digital_Synthesizer" title="Bell Labs Digital Synthesizer">Bell Labs Digital Synthesizer</a> was developed by Hal Ales at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_England_Digital" title="New England Digital">New England Digital</a> (NED) released the <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a>, the first commercial synthesizer to use purely digital sound generation and also the world's first commercial FM synthesizer.<sup id="cite_ref-Synclavier_Early_History_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synclavier_Early_History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairlight_green_screen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/220px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/330px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Fairlight_green_screen.jpg/440px-Fairlight_green_screen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Fairlight CMI series II (1982), exhibited at <a href="/wiki/NAMM_Show" title="NAMM Show">NAMM Show</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Early commercial digital synthesizers used simple hard-wired digital circuitry to implement techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">additive synthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM synthesis</a>. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Other techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Wavetable_synthesis" title="Wavetable synthesis">wavetable synthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical modeling">physical modeling</a>, only became possible with the advent of high-speed microprocessor and digital signal processing technology.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="wavetable synthesis was implemented in 1979 by PPG and it was regarded as a method to reduce the computational complexity of additive synthesis. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two other early commercial digital synthesizers were the <a href="/wiki/Fairlight_CMI" title="Fairlight CMI">Fairlight CMI</a>, introduced in 1979, and the New England Digital <a href="/wiki/Synclavier" title="Synclavier">Synclavier</a> II, introduced in 1979 as an upgrade to the original Synclavier.<sup id="cite_ref-Synclavier_Early_History_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synclavier_Early_History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fairlight CMI was the one of the earlier sampling synthesizers,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Synclavier originally used FM synthesis technology licensed from Yamaha,<sup id="cite_ref-mixmag2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mixmag2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before adding the world's first 16-bit, real-time hard drive streaming sampler later in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Synclavier_Early_History_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synclavier_Early_History-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fairlight CMI and the Synclavier were both expensive systems, retailing for more than $20,000 in the early 1980s. The cost of digital synthesizers began falling rapidly in the early 1980s. <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Systems" title="E-mu Systems">E-mu Systems</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/E-mu_Emulator" title="E-mu Emulator">Emulator</a> sampling synthesizer in 1982 at a retail price of $7,900. Although not as flexible or powerful as either the Fairlight CMI or the Synclavier, its lower cost and portability made it popular. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clavia_Nord_Lead_2x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Clavia_Nord_Lead_2x.jpg/220px-Clavia_Nord_Lead_2x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Clavia_Nord_Lead_2x.jpg/330px-Clavia_Nord_Lead_2x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Clavia_Nord_Lead_2x.jpg/440px-Clavia_Nord_Lead_2x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>The Clavia Nord Lead is a popular virtual analog synth</figcaption></figure> <p>With the addition of sophisticated sequencers on board, now added to built-in effects and other features, the '<a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">workstation</a>' synthesizer had been born. These always include a multi-track <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">sequencer</a>, and can often record and play back samples, and in later years full audio tracks, to be used to record an entire song. These are usually also ROMplers, playing back samples, to give a wide variety of realistic instrument and other sounds such as drums, string instruments and wind instruments to sequence and compose songs, along with popular keyboard instrument sounds such as electric pianos and organs. </p><p>As there was still interest in <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizers</a>, and with the increase of computing power, over the 1990s another type of synthesizer arose: the <a href="/wiki/Analog_modeling_synthesizer" title="Analog modeling synthesizer">analog modeling</a>, or "virtual analog" synthesizer. These use computing power to simulate traditional analog waveforms and circuitry such as envelopes and filters, with the most popular examples of this type of instrument including the <a href="/wiki/Nord_Lead" title="Nord Lead">Nord Lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Access_Virus" title="Access Virus">Access Virus</a>. </p><p>Digital synthesizers can now be completely emulated in software ("<a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">softsynth</a>"), and run on conventional PC hardware. Such soft implementations require careful programming and a fast CPU to get the same <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> response as their dedicated equivalents. To reduce latency, some professional <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a> manufacturers have developed specialized Digital Signal Processing ([DSP]) hardware. Dedicated digital synthesizers have the advantage of a performance-friendly user interface (physical controls like buttons for selecting features and enabling functionality, and knobs for setting variable parameters). On the other hand, software synthesizers have the advantages afforded by a rich graphical display. </p><p>With focus on performance-oriented keyboards and digital computer technology, manufacturers of commercial electronic <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instruments</a> created some of the earliest digital <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a> for studio and experimental use with computers being able to handle built-in sound synthesis algorithms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Japan">In Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_GS1_Synthesizer_with_(in_1980)_pioneering_FM_technology,_photomontage_with_open_and_closed_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Yamaha_GS1_Synthesizer_with_%28in_1980%29_pioneering_FM_technology%2C_photomontage_with_open_and_closed_cover.jpg/220px-Yamaha_GS1_Synthesizer_with_%28in_1980%29_pioneering_FM_technology%2C_photomontage_with_open_and_closed_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Yamaha_GS1_Synthesizer_with_%28in_1980%29_pioneering_FM_technology%2C_photomontage_with_open_and_closed_cover.jpg/330px-Yamaha_GS1_Synthesizer_with_%28in_1980%29_pioneering_FM_technology%2C_photomontage_with_open_and_closed_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Yamaha_GS1_Synthesizer_with_%28in_1980%29_pioneering_FM_technology%2C_photomontage_with_open_and_closed_cover.jpg/440px-Yamaha_GS1_Synthesizer_with_%28in_1980%29_pioneering_FM_technology%2C_photomontage_with_open_and_closed_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3778" /></a><figcaption>The GS-1 (1980) was the first commercial digital synthesizer by Yamaha based on FM synthesis. For $16,000, the buyer also got a <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computer</a> for programming it.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-yamaha2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamaha2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Japanese company <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a> licensed the patent for <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis" title="Frequency modulation synthesis">frequency modulation synthesis</a> (FM synthesis) from <a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a>, who had experimented with it at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> since 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-holmes_257_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes_257-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamaha's engineers began adapting Chowning's algorithm for use in a commercial digital synthesizer, adding improvements such as the "key scaling" method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a>, though it would take several years before Yamaha were to release their FM digital synthesizers.<sup id="cite_ref-holmes_257-8_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes_257-8-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1970s, Yamaha were granted a number of patents, under the company's former name "Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha", evolving Chowning's early work on FM synthesis technology.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamaha built the first prototype digital synthesizer in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-yamaha2014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamaha2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title=" (April 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Released in 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-vail_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vail-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Casio_VL-1" title="Casio VL-1">Casio VL-1</a> was the first low budget digital synthesizer,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selling for $69.95.<sup id="cite_ref-vail_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vail-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamaha eventually commercialized their FM synthesis technology and released the company's first FM digital synthesizer in 1980, the Yamaha GS-1, but at an expensive retail price of $16,000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg/220px-Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg/330px-Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg/440px-Yamaha_DX7_synthesizer_-_combined_image_with_diagonal_and_top_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2831" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Yamaha DX7 (1983) signalled the rise of digital synthesizers. Also due to its affordable price of around $2,000, it became a huge success with about 200,000 units sold. While being notoriously difficult to program by the user, its pre-installed sounds significantly influenced 1980s pop and rock music.</figcaption></figure> <p>Introduced in 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_DX7" title="Yamaha DX7">Yamaha DX7</a> was the breakthrough digital synthesizer to have a major impact, both innovative and affordable, and thus spelling the decline of <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog synthesizers">analog synthesizers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It used FM synthesis and, although it was incapable of the sampling synthesis of the Fairlight CMI, its price was around $2,000, putting it within range of a much larger number of musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DX-7 was also known for its "key scaling" method to avoid distortion and for its recognizably bright tonality that was partly due to its high <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a> of 57 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became indispensable to many music artists of the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would become one of the best-selling synthesizers of all time.<sup id="cite_ref-holmes_257_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holmes_257-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a> released its own influential synthesizer of the time, the <a href="/wiki/Roland_D-50" title="Roland D-50">D-50</a>. This popular synth broke new ground in affordably combining short samples and digital oscillators, as well as the innovation<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of built-in digital effects (reverb., chorus, equalizer<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Roland called this Linear Arithmetic (LA) synthesis. This instrument is responsible for some of the very recognisable preset synthesizer sounds of the late 1980s, such as the Pizzagogo sound used on <a href="/wiki/Enya" title="Enya">Enya</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Flow" title="Orinoco Flow">Orinoco Flow</a>." </p><p>It gradually became feasible to include high quality samples of existing instruments as opposed to synthesizing them. In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Korg" title="Korg">Korg</a> introduced the last of the hugely popular trio of digital synthesizers of the 1980s after the DX7 and D50, the <a href="/wiki/Korg_M1" title="Korg M1">M1</a>. This heralded both the increasing popularisation of digital sample-based synthesis, and the rise of '<a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">workstation</a>' synthesizers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this time, many popular modern digital synthesizers have been described as not being full synthesizers in the most precise sense, as they play back samples stored in their memory. However, they still include options to shape the sounds through use of <a href="/wiki/Envelope_(music)" title="Envelope (music)">envelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillation" title="Low-frequency oscillation">LFOs</a>, filters and effects such as reverb. The Yamaha Motif and Roland Fantom series of keyboards are typical examples of this type, described as 'ROMplers'; at the same time, they are also examples of "workstation" synthesizers. </p><p>As the cost of processing power and memory fell, new types of synthesizers emerged, offering a variety of novel sound synthesis options. The <a href="/wiki/Korg_Oasys" class="mw-redirect" title="Korg Oasys">Korg Oasys</a> was one such example, packaging multiple digital synthesizers into a single unit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analog_vs._digital">Analog vs. digital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analog vs. digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizer</a> creates sound using electronic circuitry, such as <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator" title="Voltage-controlled oscillator">voltage-controlled oscillators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter" title="Voltage-controlled filter">voltage-controlled filters</a>. In contrast, a digital synthesizer generates a stream of numbers, often using some form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a>, which are then converted to sound using a <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a> (DAC). </p><p>A digital synthesizer is in essence a computer with (often) a piano or organ keyboard and an <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> as a user interface. Because computer technology is rapidly advancing, it is often possible to offer more features in a digital synthesizer than in an analog synthesizer at a given price. However, both technologies have their own merit. Some forms of synthesis, such as, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Additive_synthesis" title="Additive synthesis">additive synthesis</a> are not feasible in analog synthesizers, while on the other hand, many musicians prefer the character of analog synthesizers over their digital equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_in_Popular_Music">Usage in Popular Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage in Popular Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a> era of the 1980s first brought the digital synthesizer to the public ear. Bands like <a href="/wiki/Talking_Heads" title="Talking Heads">Talking Heads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a> used the digitally made sounds on some of their most popular albums. Other more <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>-inspired bands like <a href="/wiki/Hall_%26_Oates" title="Hall & Oates">Hall & Oates</a> began incorporating the digital synthesizer into their sound in the 1980s. Through breakthroughs in technology in the 1990s many modern synthesizers use <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">DSP</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_synthesis">Digital synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Digital synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Working in more or less the same way, every digital synthesizer appears similar to a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. At a steady sample rate, digital synthesis produces a stream of numbers. Sound from speakers is then produced by a conversion to analog form. <a href="/wiki/Direct_digital_synthesis" title="Direct digital synthesis">Direct digital synthesis</a> is the typical architecture for digital synthesizers. Through signal generation, voice and instrument-level processing, a signal flow is created and controlled either by MIDI capabilities or voice and instrument-level controls.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Roads1980-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roads1980_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoadsMathews1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Roads, Curtis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Mathews, Max</a> (Winter 1980). "Interview with Max Mathews". <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Journal" title="Computer Music Journal">Computer Music Journal</a></i>. <b>4</b> (4): 15–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679463">10.2307/3679463</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679463">3679463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Max+Mathews&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=15-22&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roads&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft.au=Mathews%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockerell2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cockerell2013_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cockerell2013_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockerell2013" class="citation cs2">Cockerell, David (1 October 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/concert/programmes/hopefulmachines/audio/201812323/interview-david-cockerell"><i>Interview – David Cockerell</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(interview)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021163619/http://www.radionz.co.nz/concert/programmes/hopefulmachines/audio/201812323/interview-david-cockerell">archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interview+%E2%80%93+David+Cockerell&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Cockerell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fconcert%2Fprogrammes%2Fhopefulmachines%2Faudio%2F201812323%2Finterview-david-cockerell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span><br />on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/concert/programmes/hopefulmachines"><i>These Hopeful Machines</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111715/http://www.radionz.co.nz/concert/programmes/hopefulmachines">archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=These+Hopeful+Machines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Fconcert%2Fprogrammes%2Fhopefulmachines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span><br />as a corner of radio program <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Sound Lounge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a>, <q><span style="font-size:85%;">[Q] <i>...Chronometer [3], as I understand it, the sounds of the clock mechanisms and all the rest of it were effectively sampled by an ADC, stored and manipulated by the computer and then spat out again. What was the breakthrough ...</i> [A] <i>Peter kept buying the latest computers that came out and of course the memory increased. Then I built him a hard disc recorder so that one could store some of the sounds on this hard disc. ...</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+Lounge&rft.pub=Radio+New+Zealand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunzio2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nunzio2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunzio2014" class="citation book cs1">Nunzio, Alex Di (16 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171021111945/http://www.musicainformatica.org/topics/musys.php">"The structure"</a>. <i>MUSYS</i>. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2017</span>. <q><i>figure 2</i> A summary that shows the position of the two PDP computers within the MUSYS system, and all the devices connected to them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+structure&rft.btitle=MUSYS&rft.date=2014-05-16&rft.aulast=Nunzio&rft.aufirst=Alex+Di&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicainformatica.org%2Ftopics%2Fmusys.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicainformatica.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/schema-musys-computer-music-system.png"><i>figure 2</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=figure+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicainformatica.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F05%2Fschema-musys-computer-music-system.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinton2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hinton2002_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinton2002" class="citation web cs1">Hinton, Graham (27 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emssynthesisers.co.uk/emsstory.html#putney">"The Putney Studio (1970)"</a>. <i>EMS: The Inside Story</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, UK: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios" title="Electronic Music Studios">Electronic Music Studios</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513142559/http://emssynthesisers.co.uk/emsstory.html#putney">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EMS%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.atitle=The+Putney+Studio+%281970%29&rft.date=2002-12-27&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femssynthesisers.co.uk%2Femsstory.html%23putney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grogono1973-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grogono1973_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogono1973" class="citation journal cs1">Grogono, Peter (1973). "MUSYS: Software for an electronic music studio". <i>Software: Practice and Experience</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 369–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspe.4380030410">10.1002/spe.4380030410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-024X">1097-024X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206507040">206507040</a>. <q><span style="font-size:85%;">[SUMMARY]<i> MUSYS is a system of programs used to create electronic music at the computer studio of Electronic Music Studios, London. This paper describes the programming language employed by composers, and the implementation of its compiler and of other programs in the system. It is shown that by the use of a macrogenerator, an efficient and useful system can be built from simple software on a small computer.</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Software%3A+Practice+and+Experience&rft.atitle=MUSYS%3A+Software+for+an+electronic+music+studio&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=369-383&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206507040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1097-024X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fspe.4380030410&rft.aulast=Grogono&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grogono2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grogono2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogono2014" class="citation web cs1">Grogono, Peter (2014-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515172629/https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~grogono/Bio/ems.html">"Electronic Music Studios (London) Ltd"</a>. Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University" title="Concordia University">Concordia University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~grogono/Bio/ems.html">the original</a> on 2021-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Music+Studios+%28London%29+Ltd.&rft.pub=Department+of+Computer+Science%2C+Faculty+of+Engineering+and+Computer+Science%2C+Concordia+University&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.aulast=Grogono&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers.encs.concordia.ca%2F~grogono%2FBio%2Fems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span> (See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515171905/https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~grogono/Mouse/mouse.html">"The Mouse Programming Language"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://users.encs.concordia.ca/~grogono/Mouse/mouse.html">the original</a> on 2021-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mouse+Programming+Language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusers.encs.concordia.ca%2F~grogono%2FMouse%2Fmouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall2015_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2015" class="citation cs2">Hall, Tom (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220052939/https://books.google.com/books?id=vTFvBwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA75&pg=PA75&dq=Grogono%2C%20Peter%3B%20Musys%3A%20Software%20for%20an%20Electronic%20Music%20Studio%20in%20Software%3A%20Practice%20and%20Experience">"Before The Mask: Birtwistle's electronic music collaborations with Peter Zinovieff"</a>, in Beard, David; Gloag, Kenneth; Jones, Nicholas (eds.), <i>Harrison Birtwistle Studies</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 63–94, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09374-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09374-4"><bdi>978-1-107-09374-4</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTFvBwAAQBAJ&q=Grogono%2C%20Peter%3B%20Musys%3A%20Software%20for%20an%20Electronic%20Music%20Studio%20in%20Software%3A%20Practice%20and%20Experience&pg=PA75">the original</a> on 20 December 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Before+The+Mask%3A+Birtwistle%27s+electronic+music+collaborations+with+Peter+Zinovieff&rft.btitle=Harrison+Birtwistle+Studies&rft.pages=63-94&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09374-4&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTFvBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DGrogono%252C%2520Peter%253B%2520Musys%253A%2520Software%2520for%2520an%2520Electronic%2520Music%2520Studio%2520in%2520Software%253A%2520Practice%2520and%2520Experience%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birtwistle|1975-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birtwistle|1975_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirtwistle1975" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Birtwistle, Harrison</a> (1975). <i>Chronometer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronometer&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Birtwistle&rft.aufirst=Harrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span> on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/en/Harrison-Birtwistle-The-Triumph-Of-Time-Chronometer/release/1559264"><i>The Triumph Of Time / Chronometer (Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation Series #8)</i></a> (Vinyl, LP, Album). UK: Argo. ZRG 790.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+Of+Time+%2F+Chronometer+%28Calouste+Gulbenkian+Foundation+Series+%238%29&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Argo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Fen%2FHarrison-Birtwistle-The-Triumph-Of-Time-Chronometer%2Frelease%2F1559264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmi3PT6-Tvo">video</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220052939/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmi3PT6-Tvo">Archived</a> 20 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on YouTube) <ul><li>According to <a href="#CITEREFCockerell2013">Cockerell 2013</a>, this piece was "<i>realized in 1971–72 by Peter Zinovieff at the Putney studio</i>".</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hal Alles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626174957/http://timara.con.oberlin.edu/~jtalbert/CMS/Alles1.pdf">"A Portable Digital Sound Synthesis System"</a>, <i>Computer Music Journal</i>, Volume 1 Number 3 (Fall 1976), pg. 5-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002070017/http://emusician.com/tutorials/electronic_century4/">"Electronic Musician Magazine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emusician.com/tutorials/electronic_century4/">the original</a> on 2009-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electronic+Musician+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femusician.com%2Ftutorials%2Felectronic_century4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synclavier_Early_History-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Synclavier_Early_History_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Synclavier_Early_History_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Synclavier_Early_History_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.500sound.com/synclavierhistory.html">"Synclavier Early History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synclavier+Early+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.500sound.com%2Fsynclavierhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mixonline.com/technology/1978-new-england-digital-synclavier-383609/383609">"1978 New England Digital Synclavier"</a>. September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1978+New+England+Digital+Synclavier&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mixonline.com%2Ftechnology%2F1978-new-england-digital-synclavier-383609%2F383609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.root-sounds.com/products/synclavier/index.shtml">"Root-sounds"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Root-sounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.root-sounds.com%2Fproducts%2Fsynclavier%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anerd.com/fairlight/fairlightstory.htm">"Fairlight the Whole Story"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairlight+the+Whole+Story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anerd.com%2Ffairlight%2Ffairlightstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mixmag2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mixmag2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mixonline.com/news/news-products/1978-new-england-digital-synclavier/383609">"1978 New England Digital Synclavier"</a>. <i>Mix</i>. Penton Media. September 1, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mix&rft.atitle=1978+New+England+Digital+Synclavier&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mixonline.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-products%2F1978-new-england-digital-synclavier%2F383609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/183802/electronic-instrument/53839/Digital-synthesizers-the-music-workstation-and-MIDI#ref=ref111959">"Electronic Instruments"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Electronic+Instruments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F183802%2Felectronic-instrument%2F53839%2FDigital-synthesizers-the-music-workstation-and-MIDI%23ref%3Dref111959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yamaha2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yamaha2014_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yamaha2014_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamaha2014" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023140056/http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-production/synthesizers/synth_40th/history/chapter02/">"[Chapter 2] FM Tone Generators and the Dawn of Home Music Production"</a>. <i>Yamaha Synth 40th Anniversary - History</i>. Yamaha Corporation. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.yamaha.com/products/music-production/synthesizers/synth_40th/history/chapter02/">the original</a> on 2014-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yamaha+Synth+40th+Anniversary+-+History&rft.atitle=%5BChapter+2%5D+FM+Tone+Generators+and+the+Dawn+of+Home+Music+Production&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusa.yamaha.com%2Fproducts%2Fmusic-production%2Fsynthesizers%2Fsynth_40th%2Fhistory%2Fchapter02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmes_257-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holmes_257_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holmes_257_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA257">"Early Computer Music"</a>. <i>Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6"><bdi>978-0-415-95781-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Computer+Music&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+experimental+music%3A+technology%2C+music%2C+and+culture&rft.pages=257&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95781-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCthQ-bec-QC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holmes_257-8-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holmes_257-8_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA257">"Early Computer Music"</a>. <i>Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 257–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6"><bdi>978-0-415-95781-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Computer+Music&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+experimental+music%3A+technology%2C+music%2C+and+culture&rft.pages=257-258&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95781-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCthQ-bec-QC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patent-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patent_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4018121">"U.S. Patent 4,018,121"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+4%2C018%2C121&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS4018121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vail-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vail_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vail_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Vail" class="citation book cs1">Mark Vail. <i>The Synthesizer: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding, Programming, Playing, and Recording the Ultimate Electronic Music Instrument</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Synthesizer%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Understanding%2C+Programming%2C+Playing%2C+and+Recording+the+Ultimate+Electronic+Music+Instrument&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Mark+Vail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Igoudin1997" class="citation book cs1">Alex Igoudin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zo0XAQAAIAAJ"><i>Impact of MIDI on electroacoustic art music, Issue 102</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impact+of+MIDI+on+electroacoustic+art+music%2C+Issue+102&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Alex+Igoudin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZo0XAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis_Roads1996" class="citation book cs1">Curtis Roads (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-TetwzVcIC&pg=PA226"><i>The computer music tutorial</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-68082-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-68082-3"><bdi>0-262-68082-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+computer+music+tutorial&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-262-68082-3&rft.au=Curtis+Roads&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnZ-TetwzVcIC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synthlearn.com/yamaha-dx7.html">"Yamaha DX7"</a>. <i>synthlearn.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=synthlearn.com&rft.atitle=Yamaha+DX7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synthlearn.com%2Fyamaha-dx7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_HeronHarrington2005" class="citation book cs1">Le Heron, Richard B.; Harrington, James W. (2005). <i>New Economic Spaces: New Economic Geographies</i>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4450-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4450-2"><bdi>0-7546-4450-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Economic+Spaces%3A+New+Economic+Geographies&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-4450-2&rft.aulast=Le+Heron&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Harrington%2C+James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCthQ-bec-QC&pg=PA257">"Early Computer Music"</a>. <i>Electronic and experimental music: technology, music, and culture</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. pp. 257–259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-95781-6"><bdi>978-0-415-95781-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Computer+Music&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+experimental+music%3A+technology%2C+music%2C+and+culture&rft.pages=257-259&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-95781-6&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCthQ-bec-QC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019204706/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5264/is_200402/ai_n20430721">"Three Yamaha products that reshaped the industry mark 20th anniversary"</a>. <i>Music Trades</i>. February 2004. pp. 70–74. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5264/is_200402/ai_n20430721">the original</a> on 2008-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Trades&rft.atitle=Three+Yamaha+products+that+reshaped+the+industry+mark+20th+anniversary&rft.pages=70-74&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb5264%2Fis_200402%2Fai_n20430721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/mar99/articles/synthfx.htm">"Synth FX"</a>. <i>Sound On Sound</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+On+Sound&rft.atitle=Synth+FX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Fmar99%2Farticles%2Fsynthfx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland1987" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531060054/http://media.rolandus.com/manuals/D-50_QS.pdf"><i>Roland D-50 Owner's Manual (Basic)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Roland Corporation. c. 1987. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.rolandus.com/manuals/D-50_QS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF manual)</span> on 2013-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-01</span></span>. <q>... D-50 has four distinct sections: / 1. A Digital Synthesizer / 2. A Digital Equalizer / 3. A Digital Chorus section / and 4. A Digital Reverberation section.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roland+D-50+Owner%27s+Manual+%28Basic%29&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Roland+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.rolandus.com%2Fmanuals%2FD-50_QS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020122243/http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Feb02/articles/korgm1retro.asp">"The Korg M1"</a>. <i>Sound On Sound</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/feb02/articles/korgm1retro.asp">the original</a> on 2013-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+On+Sound&rft.atitle=The+Korg+M1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Fsos%2Ffeb02%2Farticles%2Fkorgm1retro.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015171323/http://arts.ucsc.edu/ems/music/equipment/synthesizers/digital/Digisynths.html">"Digital Synthesis"</a>. <i>UCSC Electronic Music Studios</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.ucsc.edu/ems/Music/equipment/synthesizers/digital/Digisynths.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCSC+Electronic+Music+Studios&rft.atitle=Digital+Synthesis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.ucsc.edu%2Fems%2FMusic%2Fequipment%2Fsynthesizers%2Fdigital%2FDigisynths.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADigital+synthesizer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagesynth.com">Vintage Synth Explorer</a>, a great resource on vintage analog and digital hardware synthesizers.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psycle.pastnotecut.org">Psycle</a>, a freely downloadable modular software synthesizer and sequencer/tracker (open source and totally free)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214031056/http://www.buzzmachines.com/">Buzz</a>, a freely downloadable modular software synthesizer (free but proprietary)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_music" title="Template:Computer music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_music" title="Template talk:Computer music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Battier" title="Marc Battier">Marc Battier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boulanger" title="Richard Boulanger">Richard Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_di_Giugno" title="Giuseppe di Giugno">Giuseppe di Giugno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodge_(composer)" title="Charles Dodge (composer)">Charles Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lansky" title="Paul Lansky">Paul Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pape" title="Gérard Pape">Gérard Pape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Puckette" title="Miller Puckette">Miller Puckette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Reynolds" title="Roger Reynolds">Roger Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Curtis Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(band)" title="The Hub (band)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimpin" title="Trimpin">Trimpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Vercoe" title="Barry Vercoe">Barry Vercoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC"><img alt="CSIRAC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/80px-CSIRAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/120px-CSIRAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/160px-CSIRAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/80px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/120px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/160px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs and<br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChucK" title="ChucK">ChucK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composers_Desktop_Project" title="Composers Desktop Project">Composers Desktop Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csound" title="Csound">Csound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAUST_(programming_language)" title="FAUST (programming language)">FAUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Music_Specification_Language" title="Hierarchical Music Specification Language">HMSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyma_(sound_design_language)" title="Kyma (sound design language)">Kyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptop_orchestra" title="Laptop orchestra">Laptop orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max/MSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Mouse" title="Music Mouse">Music Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodrum" title="Radiodrum">Radiodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Pi" title="Sonic Pi">Sonic Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPIC" title="UPIC">UPIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">CCRMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCMIX" title="CCMIX">CEMAMu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center at Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Music_Studios" title="Experimental Music Studios">Experimental Music Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_New_Music_and_Audio_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for New Music and Audio Technologies">Center for New Music and Audio Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Sound_Lab" title="Princeton Sound Lab">Princeton Sound Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMARA" title="TIMARA">Oberlin TIMARA Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electronic_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics">IEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">Algorithmic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Sound synthesis</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Digital synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illiac_Suite" title="Illiac Suite">Illiac Suite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortuos_Plango,_Vivos_Voco" title="Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco">Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&oldid=1242004301">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&oldid=1242004301</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synthesizers" title="Category:Synthesizers">Synthesizers</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_April_2023" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from April 2023">Articles with failed verification from April 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 August 2024, at 12:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digital_synthesizer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-f8dmm","wgBackendResponseTime":215,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.513","walltime":"0.675","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2216,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":76255,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4355,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":129578,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 588.544 1 -total"," 50.87% 299.403 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.77% 104.594 3 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.77% 86.923 1 Template:Computer_music"," 14.11% 83.067 1 Template:Navbox"," 11.13% 65.522 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.80% 63.541 1 Template:Citation_needed_span"," 9.14% 53.798 15 Template:Cite_web"," 6.77% 39.821 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.73% 39.628 2 Template:Harvnb"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.326","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7395641,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlex_Igoudin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirtwistle1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCockerell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis_Roads1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrogono1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrogono2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLe_HeronHarrington2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Vail\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunzio2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoadsMathews1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoland1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamaha2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed span\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Computer music\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smaller\"] = 2,\n [\"Verification failed\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-65bb7474cd-vdsqw","timestamp":"20241127142705","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Digital synthesizer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digital_synthesizer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5276177","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5276177","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-30T13:45:30Z","dateModified":"2024-08-24T12:23:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ea\/Jordan_Rudess2_%28H.I%29.jpg","headline":"synthesizer that uses digital signal processing to make sounds"}</script> </body> </html>