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class="mw-page-title-main">Luxembourg coup of 1856</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg/150px-Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg/225px-Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg/300px-Willem_III_%281817-90%29%2C_koning_der_Nederlanden%2C_Nicolaas_Pieneman%2C_1856_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="7043" /></a><figcaption>William III, Grand Duke of Luxembourg</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Luxembourg coup of 1856</b>, also called the <b>putsch of 1856</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> revision of <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Luxembourg" title="Constitution of Luxembourg">constitution</a> on 27 November 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-Proposition_de_revision_portant_modification_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proposition_de_revision_portant_modification-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst not a true <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>, its detractors dubbed it a "<a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">royal coup</a>", as the reigning <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke of Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands" title="William III of the Netherlands">William III</a>, greatly expanded his powers, and the name has stuck.<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aimed at reversing the liberal successes embodied in the 1848 constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-Proposition_de_revision_portant_modification_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proposition_de_revision_portant_modification-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the major changes enacted by William were undone with the promulgation of a new constitution in 1868, after the <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Crisis" title="Luxembourg Crisis">Luxembourg Crisis</a>. However, some changes have lasted, such as the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_coup_of_1856&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formation and sustaining of a government required the support of both the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Luxembourg)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Luxembourg">Grand Duke</a>. Without the former, the <a href="/wiki/Gaspard-Th%C3%A9odore-Ignace_de_la_Fontaine" title="Gaspard-Théodore-Ignace de la Fontaine">de la Fontaine</a> government collapsed in 1848, whilst <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Willmar" title="Jean-Jacques Willmar">Jean-Jacques Willmar</a>'s government was fired by the Grand Duke in 1853 despite still having the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence (politics)">confidence</a> of the Chamber of Deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created a rivalry between the monarchy and the Chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a> on 7 October 1856, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Luxembourg">Governor of Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick_Henry_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William Frederick Henry of the Netherlands">Prince Henry</a>, announced the amendment of the constitution, which he claimed was required to bring it into line with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liberals in the Chamber were outraged, and demanded that any changes respect the freedoms won in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> and the independence of Luxembourg from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, which was in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Luxembourg. The liberals' draft reply was passed by 31 votes to 15.<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 October, the Chamber voted to adjourn on 19 November. On that day, the Chamber withdrew its confidence in the government and requested another adjournment, which was rejected. The liberals left the Chamber, refusing to return the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this, the Grand Duke dissolved the Chamber, and the government presented the Grand Duke with a new constitution, as well as a condemnation of the opposition's withdrawal. The Grand Duke signed on 27 November, and the changes were published in <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9morial" title="Mémorial">Mémorial</a></i> on 30 November.<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was approved by the German Confederation on 29 January 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes">Changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_coup_of_1856&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The changes included:<sup id="cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The creation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_Luxembourg" title="Council of State of Luxembourg">Council of State</a>, modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of State of France">French body</a> and appointed by the Grand Duke. Whilst the appointment model was revised in 1866, the Council of State still exists.</li> <li>Restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, lifted in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adding to the constitution that "sovereignty resides in the person of the King-Grand Duke", which was removed with an amendment on 15 May 1919.</li> <li>An increase in the <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll tax</a>, scrapped only with the introduction of universal suffrage in 1919.</li> <li>The reorganization of elections to the Chamber of Deputies to include two classes of deputies. Those that paid more than 125 francs in tax elected 15 members representing the districts and those paying between 10 francs and 125 francs elected 16 members representing the cantons, thus giving the rich a representation far beyond their proportion of the population, similar to the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Prussia_(1850)" title="Constitution of Prussia (1850)">Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia</a> adopted a few years before. This was undone by the new constitution in 1868.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_coup_of_1856&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Proposition_de_revision_portant_modification-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Proposition_de_revision_portant_modification_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proposition_de_revision_portant_modification_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624153859/http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2009/CDL(2009)131-f.pdf">"Proposition de revision portant modification et nouvel ordonnancement de la constitution du Luxembourg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. 26 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venice.coe.int/docs/2009/CDL(2009)131-f.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposition+de+revision+portant+modification+et+nouvel+ordonnancement+de+la+constitution+du+Luxembourg&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2009-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venice.coe.int%2Fdocs%2F2009%2FCDL%282009%29131-f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg+coup+of+1856" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-un_produit_du_conflit_constitutionnel_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiane_Huberty2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Christiane Huberty (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forum.lu/pdf/artikel/5921_261_Huberty.pdf">"Le Conseil d'État – un produit du conflit constitutionnel du milieu du XIXe siècle"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). forum.lu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Conseil+d%27%C3%89tat+%E2%80%93+un+produit+du+conflit+constitutionnel+du+milieu+du+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=forum.lu&rft.date=2006-11&rft.au=Christiane+Huberty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forum.lu%2Fpdf%2Fartikel%2F5921_261_Huberty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg+coup+of+1856" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1919" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Herbert Francis (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/constitutionsst01wriggoog/constitutionsst01wriggoog_djvu.txt"><i>The Constitutions of the States at War 1914–1918</i></a>. Washington, DC: Department of State. p. 391<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutions+of+the+States+at+War+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=391&rft.pub=Department+of+State&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fconstitutionsst01wriggoog%2Fconstitutionsst01wriggoog_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg+coup+of+1856" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilgert2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hilgert, Romain (27 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229044306/http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/download/zeitungen_FR_2004.pdf"><i>Les Journaux au Luxembourg 1704–2004</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French). Luxembourg City: Service Information et Presse. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87999-136-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87999-136-8"><bdi>978-2-87999-136-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gouvernement.lu/publications/download/zeitungen_FR_2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Journaux+au+Luxembourg+1704%E2%80%932004&rft.place=Luxembourg+City&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Service+Information+et+Presse&rft.date=2023-11-27&rft.isbn=978-2-87999-136-8&rft.aulast=Hilgert&rft.aufirst=Romain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gouvernement.lu%2Fpublications%2Fdownload%2Fzeitungen_FR_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuxembourg+coup+of+1856" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_coup_of_1856&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229133417/http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1856/0028/a028.pdf#page=1">"Mémorial A, 1856, No. 28"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Service central de législation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1856/0283011/0283011.pdf#page=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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