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class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pneumatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other meanings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="قيسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قيسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Кесон (суднарамонт) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кесон (суднарамонт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pou_de_cimentaci%C3%B3" title="Pou de cimentació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pou de cimentació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keson" title="Keson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Keson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson" title="Caisson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Caisson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkkasten" title="Senkkasten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Senkkasten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessoon" title="Kessoon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kessoon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo_de_cimentaci%C3%B3n" title="Pozo de cimentación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pozo de cimentación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasono_(konstruado)" title="Kasono (konstruado) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kasono (konstruado)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimendu-kaxa" title="Zimendu-kaxa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zimendu-kaxa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7" title="صندوقه هوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صندوقه هوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)" title="Caisson (génie civil) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caisson (génie civil)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiodrach%C3%A1s" title="Hiodrachás – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hiodrachás" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozo_de_cimentaci%C3%B3n" title="Pozo de cimentación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pozo de cimentación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A8" title="케이슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케이슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B2" title="Սուզարկղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուզարկղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="कायसाँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कायसाँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasono" title="Kasono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kasono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahang_benam" title="Tahang benam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tahang benam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_pneumatica" title="Fondazione pneumatica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fondazione pneumatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%94)" title="קייסון (הנדסה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קייסון (הנדסה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)" title="კესონი (გემთრემონტი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კესონი (გემთრემონტი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кессон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кессон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesonas" title="Kesonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kesonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကေဆွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကေဆွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson" title="Caisson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Caisson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ケーソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケーソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkekasse" title="Senkekasse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Senkekasse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keson_(konstrukcja)" title="Keson (konstrukcja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Keson (konstrukcja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubul%C3%A3o" title="Tubulão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tubulão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheson_pentru_funda%C8%9Bii" title="Cheson pentru fundații – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cheson pentru fundații" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Опускные сооружения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опускные сооружения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kes%C3%B3n" title="Kesón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kesón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keson_(in%C5%BEenirstvo)" title="Keson (inženirstvo) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Keson (inženirstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keson_(in%C5%BEenjerstvo)" title="Keson (inženjerstvo) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Keson (inženjerstvo)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keson_(in%C5%BEenjerstvo)" title="Keson (inženjerstvo) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Keson (inženjerstvo)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuuni" title="Kasuuni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasuuni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassun" title="Kassun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kassun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Кесон (підводна конструкція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кесон (підводна конструкція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%AE%B1" title="沉箱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沉箱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q846451#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Rigid structure to provide workers with a dry working environment below water level </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caisson_Schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Caisson_Schematic.svg/350px-Caisson_Schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Caisson_Schematic.svg/525px-Caisson_Schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Caisson_Schematic.svg/700px-Caisson_Schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Schematic cross section of a pressurized caisson</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">geotechnical engineering</a>, a <b>caisson</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; borrowed from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i> <i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caisson#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:caisson">caisson</a></i></i> 'box', from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i> <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cassone#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:cassone">cassone</a></i></i> 'large box', an <a href="/wiki/Augmentative" title="Augmentative">augmentative</a> of <i lang="it"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cassa#Italian" class="extiw" title="wikt:cassa">cassa</a></i>) is a watertight retaining structure<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used, for example, to work on the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation (architecture)">foundations</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a> <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">pier</a>, for the construction of a concrete <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or for the repair of <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caissons are constructed in such a way that the water can be pumped out, keeping the work environment dry. When piers are being built using an open caisson, and it is not practical to reach suitable soil, <a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">friction pilings</a> may be driven to form a suitable sub-foundation. These piles are connected by a foundation pad upon which the column pier is erected. </p><p>Caisson engineering has been used since at least the 19th century, with three prominent examples being the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Bridge" title="Royal Albert Bridge">Royal Albert Bridge</a> (completed in 1859), the <a href="/wiki/Eads_Bridge" title="Eads Bridge">Eads Bridge</a> (completed in 1874), and the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> (completed in 1883).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To install a caisson in place, it is brought down through soft mud until a suitable foundation material is encountered. While <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a> is preferred, a stable, hard mud is sometimes used when bedrock is too deep. The four main types of caisson are <i>box caisson</i>, <i>open caisson</i>, <i>pneumatic caisson</i> and <i>monolithic caisson</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box">Box</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Box"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>box caisson</b> is a prefabricated concrete box (with sides and a bottom); it is set down on prepared bases. Once in place, it is filled with concrete to become part of the permanent works, such as the foundation for a bridge pier. Hollow concrete structures are usually less dense than water so a box caisson must be ballasted or anchored to keep it from floating until it can be filled with concrete. Sometimes elaborate anchoring systems may be required, such as in <a href="/wiki/Tidal_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal zone">tidal zones</a>. Adjustable anchoring systems combined with a GPS survey enable engineers to position a box caisson with pinpoint accuracy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open">Open</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Open"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <b>open caisson</b> is similar to a box caisson, except that it does not have a bottom face. It is suitable for use in soft clays (e.g. in some river-beds), but not for where there may be large obstructions in the ground. An open caisson that is used in soft grounds or high water tables, where open trench excavations are impractical, can also be used to install deep manholes, pump stations and reception/launch pits for <a href="/wiki/Microtunneling" title="Microtunneling">microtunnelling</a>, pipe jacking and other operations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A caisson is sunk by self-weight, concrete or water ballast placed on top, or by hydraulic jacks. The leading edge (or <i>cutting shoe</i>) of the caisson is sloped out at a sharp angle to aid sinking in a vertical manner; it is usually made of steel. The shoe is generally wider than the caisson to reduce friction, and the leading edge may be supplied with pressurised <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a> slurry, which swells in water, stabilizing settlement by filling depressions and voids. An open caisson may fill with water during sinking. The material is excavated by <a href="/wiki/Bucket_(machine_part)#Clamshell_bucket" title="Bucket (machine part)">clamshell</a> excavator bucket on crane.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The formation level <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> may still not be suitable for excavation or <a href="/wiki/Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">bearing capacity</a>. The water in the caisson (due to a high water table) balances the upthrust forces of the soft soils underneath. If dewatered, the base may "pipe" or "boil",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="describe "pipe" and "boil" in this context (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> causing the caisson to sink. To combat this problem, piles may be driven from the surface to act as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Load-bearing_wall" title="Load-bearing wall">Load-bearing walls</a>, in that they transmit loads to deeper soils.</li> <li>Anchors, in that they resist flotation because of the friction at the interface between their surfaces and the surrounding earth into which they have been driven.</li></ul> <p>H-beam sections (typical column sections, due to resistance to bending in all axis) may be driven at angles "raked" to rock or other firmer soils; the H-beams are left extended above the base. A reinforced concrete plug may be placed under the water, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">tremie concrete placement</a>. When the caisson is dewatered, this plug acts as a pile cap, resisting the upward forces of the subsoil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monolithic">Monolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Monolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>monolithic caisson</b> (or simply a <b>monolith</b>) is larger than the other types of caisson, but similar to open caissons. Such caissons are often found in quay walls, where resistance to impact from ships is required.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pneumatic">Pneumatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pneumatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_49991_Fixed_Apparatus,_supplied_with_Compressed_Air.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FMIB_49991_Fixed_Apparatus%2C_supplied_with_Compressed_Air.jpeg/220px-FMIB_49991_Fixed_Apparatus%2C_supplied_with_Compressed_Air.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FMIB_49991_Fixed_Apparatus%2C_supplied_with_Compressed_Air.jpeg/330px-FMIB_49991_Fixed_Apparatus%2C_supplied_with_Compressed_Air.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FMIB_49991_Fixed_Apparatus%2C_supplied_with_Compressed_Air.jpeg/440px-FMIB_49991_Fixed_Apparatus%2C_supplied_with_Compressed_Air.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Pneumatic caisson, supplied with compressed air</figcaption></figure> <p>Shallow caissons may be open to the air, whereas <b>pneumatic caissons</b> (sometimes called <b>pressurized caissons</b>), which penetrate soft <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a>, are bottomless boxes sealed at the top and filled with compressed air to keep water and mud out at depth. An <a href="/wiki/Airlock" title="Airlock">airlock</a> allows access to the chamber. Workers, called <a href="/wiki/Sandhogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandhogs">sandhogs</a> in American English, move mud and rock debris (called <i>muck</i>) from the edge of the workspace to a water-filled pit, connected by a tube (called the <i>muck tube</i>) to the surface. A <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">crane</a> at the surface removes the soil with a <a href="/wiki/Clamshell_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Clamshell bucket">clamshell bucket</a>. The water pressure in the tube balances the air pressure, with excess air escaping up the muck tube. The pressurized air flow must be constant to ensure regular air changes for the workers and prevent excessive inflow of mud or water at the base of the caisson. When the caisson hits bedrock, the sandhogs exit through the airlock and fill the box with concrete, forming a solid foundation pier.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pneumatic (compressed-air) caisson has the advantage of providing dry working conditions, which is better for placing concrete. It is also well suited for foundations for which other methods might cause settlement of adjacent structures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Construction workers who leave the <a href="/wiki/Work_in_compressed_air" title="Work in compressed air">pressurized environment</a> of the caisson must <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression (physics)">decompress</a> at a rate that allows symptom-free release of inert gases dissolved in the body tissues if they are to avoid <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a>, a condition first identified in caisson workers, and originally named "caisson disease" in recognition of the occupational hazard. Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>, which was built with the help of pressurised caissons, resulted in numerous workers being either killed or permanently injured by caisson disease during its construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> of the ears, sinus cavities and lungs and <a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">dysbaric osteonecrosis</a> are other risks.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caissons have also been used in the installation of hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a> where a single-stage ram is installed below the ground level.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Caissons, codenamed <i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_breakwaters" title="Phoenix breakwaters">Phoenix</a></i>, were an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbours</a> used during the World War II Allied <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_meanings">Other meanings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other meanings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Boat_lift_caissons"></span><b>Boat lift caissons</b>: The word <i>caisson</i> is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> for the moving trough part of <a href="/wiki/Caisson_lock" title="Caisson lock">caisson locks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boat_lift" title="Boat lift">canal lifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canal_inclined_plane" title="Canal inclined plane">inclines</a> in which boats and ships rest while being lifted from one <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> elevation to another; the water is retained on the inside of the caisson, or excluded from the caisson, according to the respective operating principle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Structural caissons</b>: <i>Caisson</i> is also sometimes used as a colloquial term for a reinforced concrete structure formed by pouring into a hollow cylindrical form, typically by placing a caisson form below grade in an open excavation and pouring once backfill is complete, or by drilling at grade, although this can be problematic with deep caissons, as unsupported excavations can collapse before the caisson form can be inserted. In this manner, the earth placed around the empty caisson form provides stability and strength, allowing concrete to be poured with fewer complications and with less risk of a form blowout. While, technically, only the form itself is actually a caisson, it is not uncommon for any below-grade cast concrete pillar to be referred to as, simply, a <i>caisson</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>Ventilation filtration systems</b>: The word <i>caisson</i> is also used as a name for an airtight housing for ventilation filters in facilities that handle hazardous materials. The housing usually has an upstream compartment for a pre-filter element and a downstream compartment for a high-efficiency filter element. It may have multiple sets of compartments. The housing has gasketed access doors to allow for the change out of the filter elements. The housing is usually equipped with connection points used to test the efficiency of the filters and monitor changes in the differential pressure across the filter media.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suction_caisson" title="Suction caisson">Suction caisson</a> – Open bottomed tube anchor embedded and released by pressure differential</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_lock_diving-bell_plant" title="Air lock diving-bell plant">Air lock diving-bell plant</a> – Underwater work support barge used at Gibraltar, a mobile barge-mounted engineering caisson used in the Port of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofferdam" title="Cofferdam">Cofferdam</a> – Barrier allowing liquid to be pumped out of an enclosed area, a temporary water-excluding structure built in place, sometimes surrounding a working area as does an open caisson.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a> – Sub-field of engineering concerned with human-made structures in the sea, for information on geotechnical considerations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US123002">U.S. patent 123,002</a></span> – <i>Improvement in construction of sub-aqueous foundations</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Caisson" def. 3. Knight, Edward Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.102024247&view=2up&seq=10&size=125"><i>Knight's American mechanical dictionary A description of tools, instruments, machines, processes, and engineering; history of inventions; general technological vocabulary; and digest of mechanical appliances in science and the arts</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234403/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.102024247&view=2up&seq=10&size=125">Archived</a> 2021-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. vol. 1. Boston: Houghton, Osgood and Co., 1880. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.102024247&view=1up&seq=450">420</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016151658/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.102024247&view=1up&seq=450">Archived</a> 2022-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aichel, Ordulf George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b665238&view=2up&seq=2"><i>The caisson as a new element in concrete dam construction; a proposal made in connection with the Columbia River Power Project</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302164444/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b665238&view=2up&seq=2">Archived</a> 2022-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Spon & Chamberlain; [etc.], 1916. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Theodore Delavan, and Edward J. Reed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.agx9845.0001.001&view=2up&seq=2&size=125"><i>An outline of ship building, theoretical and practical</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430034000/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.agx9845.0001.001&view=2up&seq=2&size=125">Archived</a> 2022-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: J. Wiley & son, 1873. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.agx9845.0001.001&view=2up&seq=442&size=125">383</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303001430/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.agx9845.0001.001&view=2up&seq=442&size=125">Archived</a> 2021-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foundationstructures.com/the-history-of-caisson-drilling/">"The History of Caisson Drilling"</a>. <i>Foundation Structures</i>. 2 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209204253/https://www.foundationstructures.com/the-history-of-caisson-drilling/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+Structures&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Caisson+Drilling&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundationstructures.com%2Fthe-history-of-caisson-drilling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaisson+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chudley, R.; Greeno, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OT9SAAAAMAAJ"><i>Advanced construction technology</i></a>. Third Edition. Oxford: Longman, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582316171" title="Special:BookSources/9780582316171">9780582316171</a>, 0582316170. 173. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2018" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Mike (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnUzDwAAQBAJ"><i>Greater Gotham: A History of New York City from 1898 to 1919</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 155–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195116359" title="Special:BookSources/9780195116359"><bdi>9780195116359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+Gotham%3A+A+History+of+New+York+City+from+1898+to+1919&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=155-56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780195116359&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnUzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaisson+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooklyn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brooklyn_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler_WP2004" class="citation journal cs1">Butler WP (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822120254/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4028">"Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges: A review"</a>. <i>Undersea Hyperb Med</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 445–59. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15686275">15686275</a>. Archived from the original on 2011-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Geneva: International Labor Office, 1998. 36.5. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arromanches-museum.com/ports/">"The story of the Mulberry harbours"</a>. <i>arromanches-museum.com</i>. Arromanches: Musée de Débarquement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319234748/http://www.arromanches-museum.com/ports/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arromanches-museum.com&rft.atitle=The+story+of+the+Mulberry+harbours&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arromanches-museum.com%2Fports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaisson+%28engineering%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caisson_(engineering)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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