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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landmarks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Architectural complexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fortress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mausoleums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mausoleums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mausoleums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mausoleums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mosques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_transportation_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_transportation_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Internal transportation facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_transportation_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bukhara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 103 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-103" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">103 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buchara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بخارى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بخارى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhar%C3%A1" title="Bukhará – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bukhará" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxara" title="Buxara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buxara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بوخارا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوخارا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="বোখারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোখারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бохара – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бохара" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhar%C3%A0" title="Bukharà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bukharà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buchara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxoro" title="Buxoro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buxoro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhhaara" title="Buhhaara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Buhhaara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Μπουχάρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπουχάρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bujar%C3%A1" title="Bujará – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bujará" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%A5aro" title="Buĥaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Buĥaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بخارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بخارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukhara" title="Boukhara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boukhara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC" title="부하라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부하라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Բուխարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուխարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="बुख़ारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुख़ारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Buchara" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%94" title="בוכרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוכרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბუხარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუხარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бұхара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бұхара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxara" title="Buxara – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Buxara" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Бухара (шаар) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бухара (шаар)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochara" title="Bochara – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bochara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buh%C4%81ra" title="Buhāra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Buhāra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Buchara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="बुखरा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बुखरा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1" title="ബുഖാറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബുഖാറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="बुखारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुखारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89" title="بخارى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بخارى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بخارا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بخارا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бухар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бухар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara_(stad)" title="Buchara (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buchara (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="बुखराको एतिहासिक केन्द्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुखराको एतिहासिक केन्द्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9" title="ブハラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブハラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxoro" title="Buxoro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buxoro" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਬੁਖ਼ਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਖ਼ਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بخارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بخارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بخارا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بخارا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buchara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucara" title="Bucara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bucara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxara" title="Buxara – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Buxara" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buharaja" title="Buharaja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Buharaja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بخارا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بخارا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Buchara" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بوخارا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بوخارا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchara" title="Buchara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buchara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="புகாரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புகாரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxara" title="Buxara – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Buxara" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бохара – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бохара" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD" title="บูฆอรอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บูฆอรอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Бухоро – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бухоро" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhara" title="Buhara – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Buhara" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бухара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бухара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بخارا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بخارا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="بۇخارا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇخارا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhar" title="Buhar – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Buhar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="布哈拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布哈拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="布哈拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布哈拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="布哈拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布哈拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bukhara" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxara" title="Buxara – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Buxara" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bukhara&params=39_46_00_N_64_25_23_E_region:UZ_type:city(280187)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°46′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">64°25′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.76667°N 64.42306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.76667; 64.42306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in southwestern Uzbekistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bukhara (disambiguation)">Bukhara (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Uzbekistan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bukhara</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Uzbek-language text"><span lang="uz">Бухоро / Buxoro</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>)</span><br /><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بخارا</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>)</span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Бухара</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukhara_by_Pouria_Afkhami_aka_pixoos_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bukhara_by_Pouria_Afkhami_aka_pixoos_05.jpg/288px-Bukhara_by_Pouria_Afkhami_aka_pixoos_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bukhara_by_Pouria_Afkhami_aka_pixoos_05.jpg/432px-Bukhara_by_Pouria_Afkhami_aka_pixoos_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bukhara_by_Pouria_Afkhami_aka_pixoos_05.jpg/576px-Bukhara_by_Pouria_Afkhami_aka_pixoos_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style=";height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samanid_mausoleum_bukhara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Samanid_mausoleum_bukhara.jpg/140px-Samanid_mausoleum_bukhara.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Samanid_mausoleum_bukhara.jpg/210px-Samanid_mausoleum_bukhara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Samanid_mausoleum_bukhara.jpg/280px-Samanid_mausoleum_bukhara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3765" data-file-height="2588" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div style=";height:96px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ark_Citadel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ark_Citadel.jpg/250px-Ark_Citadel.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Ark_Citadel.jpg/330px-Ark_Citadel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:75px;max-width:75px"><div style=";height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chor_Minor_Madrassah,_Bukhara_(8609393558).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chor_Minor_Madrassah%2C_Bukhara_%288609393558%29.jpg/120px-Chor_Minor_Madrassah%2C_Bukhara_%288609393558%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Chor_Minor_Madrassah%2C_Bukhara_%288609393558%29.jpg/250px-Chor_Minor_Madrassah%2C_Bukhara_%288609393558%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div style=";height:110px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2012_Bukhara_7515821196_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2012_Bukhara_7515821196_cropped.jpg/211px-2012_Bukhara_7515821196_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2012_Bukhara_7515821196_cropped.jpg/317px-2012_Bukhara_7515821196_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/2012_Bukhara_7515821196_cropped.jpg/422px-2012_Bukhara_7515821196_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1904" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><i>From top, left to right:</i> <a href="/wiki/Po-i-Kalyan" title="Po-i-Kalyan">Po-i-Kalyan Mosque</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kalyan_Minaret" title="Kalyan Minaret">Kalyan Minaret</a> in the middle, <a href="/wiki/Samani_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Samani Mausoleum">Ismail Samani Mausoleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_Bukhara" title="Ark of Bukhara">Ark of Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chor_Minor" title="Chor Minor">Chor Minor</a>, and Panoramic sunset view around Po-i-Kalyan Mosque and Ark of Bukhara</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bukhara is located in Uzbekistan"><img alt="Bukhara is located in Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Uzbekistan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="793" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.399%;left:49.291%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bukhara"><img alt="Bukhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Bukhara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Uzbekistan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Uzbekistan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bukhara is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Bukhara is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/250px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/375px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/500px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.955%;left:73.165%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bukhara"><img alt="Bukhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Bukhara</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Bukhara (West and Central Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bukhara&params=39_46_00_N_64_25_23_E_region:UZ_type:city(280187)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°46′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">64°25′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.76667°N 64.42306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.76667; 64.42306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Uzbekistan" title="Regions of Uzbekistan">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">6th century BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mention</th><td class="infobox-data">500 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">City Administration</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Hakim (Mayor)</th><td class="infobox-data">Jamol Nosirov</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">143.0 km<sup>2</sup> (55.213 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">73.0 km<sup>2</sup> (28.2 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">225 m (738 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-city_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">280,187</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000/km<sup>2</sup> (5,100/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bukharan<br />Bukharian</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GMT +5</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postcode</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">2001ХХ</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+998) 65</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 (previous to 2008) <br /> 80-84 (2008 and newer)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2018)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.734 · <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Uzbekistan_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of regions of Uzbekistan by Human Development Index">5th</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:green"> high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buxoro.uz/">www<wbr />.buxoro<wbr />.uz</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic Centre of Bukhara</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1993</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/602">602</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Asia">Asia</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bukhara</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">buu-<span style="font-size:90%">KHAR</span>-ə</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of cities in Uzbekistan">seventh-largest city</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> by population, with 280,187 residents as of 1 January 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-city_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-class_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city has existed for half that time. Located on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, the city has long served as a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. Bukhara served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_People%E2%80%99s_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic">Bukhara People’s Soviet Republic</a>. It was the birthplace of the scholar <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Bukhari">Imam Bukhari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city has been known as "Noble Bukhara" (<i>Bukhārā-ye sharīf</i>). Bukhara has about 140 architectural monuments. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has listed the historic center of Bukhara (which contains numerous <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>) as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact name of the city of Bukhara in ancient times is unknown. The whole <a href="/wiki/Oasis_of_Bukhara" title="Oasis of Bukhara">oasis</a> was called Bukhara in ancient times, and probably only in the tenth century was it finally transferred to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some scholars, the name dates back to the Sanskrit <i><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">vihāra</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monastery">Buddhist monastery</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Yusuf_2005_p._55_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yusuf_2005_p._55-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_p._270_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_2018_p._270-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ring_Watson_Schellinger_2012_p._163_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ring_Watson_Schellinger_2012_p._163-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This word is very close to the word in the language of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Uyghur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>, who named their places of worship the same way. Very few artifacts related to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> have survived into the modern day in the city. But, numerous Arabic, Persian, European and Chinese travellers and historians noted the place and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> itself to be once populated by mostly Buddhists and few Zoroastrians. Indeed, the first Islamic text on Bukhara relates to the first Arab invader of Bukhara, Ubaidullah bin Ziad, who noted Bukhara to be a Buddhist country with Buddhist monasteries ruled by <a href="/wiki/Khatun_of_Bukhara" title="Khatun of Bukhara">a queen regent</a> acting on behalf of her son.<sup id="cite_ref-Yusuf_2005_p._55_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yusuf_2005_p._55-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heirman_Bumbacher_2007_p._93_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heirman_Bumbacher_2007_p._93-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elverskog2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elverskog2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kia_2016_p._13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kia_2016_p._13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baumer_2018_p._1-PA333_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baumer_2018_p._1-PA333-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to other sources (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>), the name Bukhara is possibly derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> <i>βuxārak</i> ('Place of Good Fortune'), a name for Buddhist monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_p._270_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson_2018_p._270-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, and other successive dynasties of Imperial China, Bukhara was known under the name of <i>Bǔhē</i> (捕喝),<sup id="cite_ref-umid_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umid-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been replaced in Chinese by the modern generic phonetic spelling <i>Bùhālā</i> (布哈拉). </p><p>Between the 19th and 20th centuries, Bukhara was known as <i>Bokhara</i> in the English publications as exemplified by the writings and reports on the Emirate of Bukhara during <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">the Great Game</a>. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Narshakhi" title="Narshakhi">Muhammad ibn Jafar Narshakhi</a> in his <i>History of Bukhara</i> (completed AD 943–44) mentions: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bukhara has many names. One of its names was Numijkat. It has also been called "Bumiskat". It has 2 names in Arabic. One is "Madinat al Sufriya" meaning—"the copper city" and another is "Madinat Al Tujjar" meaning—"The city of Merchants". But, the name Bukhara is the original name and more known than all the other names. In <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>, there is no other city with so many names.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Since the Middle Ages, the city has been known as <i>Bukhārā</i> / بخارا in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> sources. The modern <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> spelling is <i>Buxoro</i>. </p><p>The city's name was mythologized as <i><a href="/wiki/Albracca" title="Albracca">Albracca</a></i> in the Italian epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Innamorato" title="Orlando Innamorato">Orlando Innamorato</a>,</i> published in 1483 by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Maria_Boiardo" title="Matteo Maria Boiardo">Matteo Maria Boiardo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EucratidesStatere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/EucratidesStatere.jpg/250px-EucratidesStatere.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/EucratidesStatere.jpg/330px-EucratidesStatere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/EucratidesStatere.jpg/500px-EucratidesStatere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Coin belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a> found in Bukhara</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bukhara" title="History of Bukhara">history of Bukhara</a> stretches back millennia. Along with <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, Bukhara was the epicentre of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Persian</a> culture in medieval Asia until the fall of <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_(8011745146).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg/250px-M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg/375px-M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg/500px-M17_Abassides_Sogdiane_2_%288011745146%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2838" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>Bukhara coinage of <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a>. Bukhara was under <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> control <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">until AD 861</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 850, Bukhara served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalamaEl-Ashmouni202184_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamaEl-Ashmouni202184-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Imam_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Bukhari">Imam Bukhari</a>. The Samanids, claiming descent from <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram Chobin</a>, rejuvenated <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">Persian culture</a> far from <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, the centre of the Islamic world. <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> flourished in Bukhara and <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian poetry</a>, was born and raised in Bukhara and wrote his most famous poem about the beauty of the city. For this purpose, Bukhara had continuously served as the most important of cities in many Persian and <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> empires, namely <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a>. </p><p>The influence of Bukhara in the wider Islamic world started to diminish starting from the arrival of another Turkic dynasty of Uzbeks in the 16th Century. <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar</a> was the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Persian</a> emperor who attempted to retake the city just before his assassination, and by the 19th century the city had become a peripheral city in the Persian and the Islamic world, being ruled by local <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirs of Bukhara</a>, who were the last <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> princes before the fall of the city to the <a href="/wiki/Red_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Red army">red army</a>. </p><p>At the beginning of the 11th century, Bukhara became part of the Turkic state of the <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a>. The rulers of the Karakhanids built many buildings in Bukhara: the Kalyan minaret, the Magoki Attori mosque, palaces and parks.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bukhara lies west of Samarkand and was previously a focal point of learning eminent all through the Persian and the Islamic world. It is the old neighborhood of the incomparable Sheik <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a>. He was a focal figure in the advancement of the mysterious Sufi way to deal with theory, religion and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suzani,_Bukhara_pre-1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Suzani%2C_Bukhara_pre-1850.jpg/250px-Suzani%2C_Bukhara_pre-1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Suzani%2C_Bukhara_pre-1850.jpg/330px-Suzani%2C_Bukhara_pre-1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Suzani%2C_Bukhara_pre-1850.jpg/500px-Suzani%2C_Bukhara_pre-1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suzani_textile" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzani textile">Suzani textiles</a> from Bukhara are famous worldwide. This one was made before 1850.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is now the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">viloyat</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. Located on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, the city has long been a center of trade, scholarship, culture, and religion. During the golden age of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a>, Bukhara became a major intellectual center of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickett202046_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickett202046-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was renowned for its numerous libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlow201663_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlow201663-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historic center of Bukhara, which contains numerous <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madrassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassa">madrassas</a>, has been listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bukhara" title="Siege of Bukhara">besieged Bukhara</a> for 15 days in 1220.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an important trading centre, Bukhara was home to a community of medieval Indian merchants from the city of <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> (modern-day Pakistan) who were noted to own land in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Levi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For several centuries, the cities of Bukhara av Khiva were known as major centers of the slave trade, and the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a>, alongside the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">slave trade in Khiva</a>, has been referred to as the "slave capitals of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/220px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/330px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/440px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Alim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Alim Khan">Amir Alim Khan</a>, the last emir of Bukhara, circa 1911</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg/220px-Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg/330px-Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg/440px-Fires_in_Bukhara_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Bukhara under siege by Red Army troops and burning, September 1, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Bukhara was the last capital of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> and was besieged by the Red Army during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_operation_(1920)" title="Bukhara operation (1920)">the Bukhara operation of 1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops under the command of Bolshevik general <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> attacked the city of Bukhara. On 31 August 1920, the Emir <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Alim_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Alim Khan">Alim Khan</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> in Eastern Bukhara (later he escaped from Dushanbe to <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>). On 2 September 1920, after four days of fighting, the emir's <a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">citadel</a> (the <i>Ark</i>) was destroyed and the red flag was raised from the top of <a href="/wiki/Po-i-Kalyan" title="Po-i-Kalyan">Kalyan Minaret</a>. On 14 September 1920, the All-Bukharan Revolutionary Committee was set up, headed by A. Mukhitdinov. The government—the Council of People's Nazirs (see <i><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%BA%93ir" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāẓir">nāẓir</a></i>)—was presided over by <a href="/wiki/Fayzulla_Xo%CA%BBjayev" title="Fayzulla Xoʻjayev">Fayzulla Xoʻjayev</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan People's Soviet Republic</a> existed from 1920 to 1924 when the city was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Fitzroy_Maclean,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet">Fitzroy Maclean</a>, then a young diplomat in the British Embassy in Moscow, made a surreptitious visit to Bokhara in 1938, sight-seeing and sleeping in parks. In his memoir <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Approaches" title="Eastern Approaches">Eastern Approaches</a></i>, he judged it an "enchanted city" with buildings that rivalled "the finest architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>". In the latter half of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (1978–present)">war in Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">civil war in Tajikistan</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a>- and Tajik-speaking refugees into Bukhara and <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. After integrating themselves into the local Tajik population, these cities face a movement for annexation into <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> with which the cities have no common border.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Archangel_Michael_in_Bukhara_15-03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Church_of_Archangel_Michael_in_Bukhara_15-03.JPG/220px-Church_of_Archangel_Michael_in_Bukhara_15-03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Church_of_Archangel_Michael_in_Bukhara_15-03.JPG/330px-Church_of_Archangel_Michael_in_Bukhara_15-03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Church_of_Archangel_Michael_in_Bukhara_15-03.JPG/440px-Church_of_Archangel_Michael_in_Bukhara_15-03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Church of Archangel Michael in Bukhara</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural_complexes">Architectural complexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Architectural complexes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Po-i-Kalyan" title="Po-i-Kalyan">Po-i-Kalyan</a> Complex</b>. The title <b>Po-i Kalan</b> or <b>Poi Kalân</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">پای کلان</span> 'Grand Foundation') belongs to the architectural complex located at the base of the great <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> Kalân.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_minaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyan minaret">Kalyan minaret</a></b>. More properly, Minâra-i Kalân (Persian/Tajik for 'Grand Minaret'). Also known as the Tower of Death, as according to legend it is the site where criminals were executed by being thrown off the top for centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> is the most famed part of the ensemble, and dominates over historical center of the city. The role of the minaret is largely for traditional and decorative purposes—its dimension exceeds the bounds of the main function of the minaret, which is to provide a vantage point from which the muezzin can call out people to prayer. For this purpose it was enough to ascend to a roof of a mosque. This practice was common in initial years of Islam. The word <i>minaret</i> derives from the Arabic word منارة <i>manāra</i> ('lighthouse', or more literally 'a place where something burns'). The minarets of the region were possible adaptations of "fire-towers" or lighthouses of previous Zoroastrian eras.<sup id="cite_ref-Kalan_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalan-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architect, whose name was simply Bako, designed the minaret in the form of a circular-pillar brick tower, narrowing upwards. The diameter of the base is 9 meters (30 feet), while at the top it is 6 m (20 ft). The tower is 45.6 m (150 ft) high, and can be seen from vast distances over the flat plains of Central Asia. There is a brick spiral staircase that twists up inside around the pillar, leading to the landing in sixteen-arched rotunda and skylight, upon which is based a magnificently designed stalactite cornice (or "sharif").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kalan_Mosque" title="Kalan Mosque">Kalân Mosque</a></b> (Masjid-i Kalân), arguably completed in 1514, is equal to the <a href="/wiki/Bibi-Khanym_Mosque" title="Bibi-Khanym Mosque">Bibi-Khanym Mosque</a> in Samarkand in size. The mosque is able to accommodate twelve thousand people. Although Kalyan Mosque and Bibi-Khanym Mosque of Samarkand are of the same type of building, they are different in terms of art of building. Two hundred and eighty-eight monumental pylons serve as a support for the multi-domed roofing of the galleries encircling the courtyard of Kalyan Mosque. The longitudinal axis of the courtyard ends up with a portal to the main chamber (maksura) with a cruciform hall, topped with a massive blue cupola on a mosaic drum. The edifice keeps many architectural curiosities, for example, a hole in one of domes. Through this hole one can see foundation of Kalyan Minaret. Then moving back step by step, one can count all belts of brickwork of the minaret to the rotunda.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mir-i_Arab_Madrassah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir-i Arab Madrassah">Mir-i Arab Madrassah</a> (1535–1536)</b>. The construction of Mir-i-Arab Madrasah (Miri Arab Madrasah) is ascribed to Sheikh Abdullah Yamani of Yemen—called Mir-i-Arab—the spiritual mentor of <a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Khan" title="Ubaidullah Khan">Ubaidullah Khan</a> and his son Abdul-Aziz Khan. Ubaidullah-khan waged permanent successful war with Iran. At least three times his troops seized Herat. Each of such plundering raids on Iran was accompanied by capture of great many captives. They say that Ubaidullah-khan had invested money gained from redemption of more than three thousand Persian captives into construction of Mir-i-Arab Madrasah. Ubaidullah-khan was very religious. He had been nurtured in high respect for Islam in the spirit of Sufism. His father named him in honor of prominent sheikh of the 15th century Ubaidullah al-Ahrar (1404–1490), by origin from Tashkent Region. By the 1530s, when sovereigns erected splendid mausoleums for themselves and for their relatives, was over. Khans of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Shaibanid dynasty</a> were standard-bearers of Koran traditions. The significance of religion was so great that even such famed khan as Ubaidullah was conveyed to earth close by his mentor in his madrasah. In the middle of the vault (gurhana) in Mir-i-Arab Madrasah is situated the wooden tomb of Ubaidullah-khan. At his head is wrapped in the moulds his mentor, Mir-i-Arab. Muhammad Kasim, mudarris (a senior teacher) of the madrasah (died in 1047 hijra) is also interred near by here. The portal of Miri Arab Madrasah is situated on one axis with the portal of the Kalyan Mosque. However, because of some lowering of the square to the east it was necessary to raise a little an edifice of the madrasah on a platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Mir-i-Arab_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mir-i-Arab-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nadir_Divan-begi_Madrasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nadir_Divan-begi_Madrasa.jpg/250px-Nadir_Divan-begi_Madrasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nadir_Divan-begi_Madrasa.jpg/330px-Nadir_Divan-begi_Madrasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nadir_Divan-begi_Madrasa.jpg/500px-Nadir_Divan-begi_Madrasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Simurgh" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a> on the portal of Nadir Divan-Beghi madrasah (part of Lab-i Hauz complex)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyab-i_Hauz" title="Lyab-i Hauz">Lab-i Hauz</a> Complex</b> (or <i>Lab-e hauz</i>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">لب حوض</span>, meaning <i>by the pond</i>) Ensemble (1568–1622) is the name of the area surrounding one of the few remaining <i>hauz</i>, or pond, in the city of Bukhara. Several such ponds existed in Bukhara prior to <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> rule. The ponds acted as the city's principal source of water, but were also notorious for spreading disease, and thus were mostly filled in during the 1920s and 1930s by the Soviets. The Lab-i Hauz survived owing to its role as the centerpiece of an architectural ensemble dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries. The Lab-i Hauz ensemble consists of the 16th-century Kukeldash Madrasah,<sup id="cite_ref-pagetour1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pagetour1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest in the city, along the north side of the pond.<sup id="cite_ref-pagetour2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pagetour2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the eastern and western sides of the pond are a 17th-century lodging-house for itinerant <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a>, and a 17th-century madrasah.<sup id="cite_ref-pagetour3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pagetour3-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasr_Eddin_Hodja_statue_in_Bukhara_Liab_-i-Haouz_complex_(4x3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nasr_Eddin_Hodja_statue_in_Bukhara_Liab_-i-Haouz_complex_%284x3%29.JPG/220px-Nasr_Eddin_Hodja_statue_in_Bukhara_Liab_-i-Haouz_complex_%284x3%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nasr_Eddin_Hodja_statue_in_Bukhara_Liab_-i-Haouz_complex_%284x3%29.JPG/330px-Nasr_Eddin_Hodja_statue_in_Bukhara_Liab_-i-Haouz_complex_%284x3%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nasr_Eddin_Hodja_statue_in_Bukhara_Liab_-i-Haouz_complex_%284x3%29.JPG/440px-Nasr_Eddin_Hodja_statue_in_Bukhara_Liab_-i-Haouz_complex_%284x3%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Nasruddin Hodja</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>There is also a metal sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Nasreddin" title="Nasreddin">Nasruddin Hodja</a>, the quick-witted and warm-hearted man, who forms the central character of many children's folk stories in Central Asian, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, sitting atop his mule with one hand on his heart and the other with an 'All OK' sign above his head.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahoutdin_Architectural_Complex" title="Bahoutdin Architectural Complex">Bahoutdin Architectural Complex</a></b> is a necropolis commemorating <a href="/wiki/Baha-ud-Din_Naqshband_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari">Shaykh Baha-ud-Din or Bohoutdin</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> order. The complex includes the <i>dahma</i> (gravestone) of Bahoutdin, Khakim Kushbegi mosque, Muzaffarkan mosque, and Abdul-Lazizkhan khanqah. The site is listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Site tentative list on 18 January 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortress">Fortress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fortress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ark_fortress_in_Bukhara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ark_fortress_in_Bukhara.jpg/220px-Ark_fortress_in_Bukhara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ark_fortress_in_Bukhara.jpg/330px-Ark_fortress_in_Bukhara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ark_fortress_in_Bukhara.jpg/440px-Ark_fortress_in_Bukhara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Wall of the Bukhara Fortress, the Ark</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Bukhara Fortress, the Ark</b></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_Bukhara" title="Ark of Bukhara">Ark of Bukhara</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mausoleums">Mausoleums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mausoleums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Boboyi_Poradoz_Mausoleum" title="Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum">Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum</a></b></li></ul> <p>The Boboyi Poradoz Mausoleum (<a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: Boboyi Poradoʻz maqbarasi) is a monument of architecture in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> was built in the 19th century and is located behind the Salakhona gate. Today the mausoleum is located opposite the Ibn Sina Library of Bukhara. The mausoleum is included in the National List of Objects of Material Cultural Heritage of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> of Republican Importance. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chashma-Ayub_Mausoleum" title="Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum">Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum</a></b></li></ul> <p>Chashma-Ayub, or <i><a href="/wiki/Job_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (Biblical figure)">Job</a>'s spring,</i> is located near the Samani mausoleum. Its name is said to reflect a legend that states the prophet Job ("Ayub" in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>) visited this place and brought forth a spring of water by the blow of his staff on the ground. The water of this well is said to be exceptionally pure, and is regarded for its supposed "healing qualities." The current edifice at the site was constructed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, and features a Khwarazm-style conical dome that is otherwise uncommon in the region. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Mausoleum" title="Samanid Mausoleum">Ismail Samani mausoleum</a></b></li></ul> <p>The Ismail Samani mausoleum (between 9th and 10th centuries), is one of the most highly esteemed work of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> architecture. It was built in the 9th century (between 892 and 943) as the resting-place of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il ibn Ahmad">Ismail Samani</a>—the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid dynasty</a>, which was the last native Persian dynasty to rule the region in the 9th to 10th centuries, after the Samanids established virtual independence from the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. </p><p>The site is unique for its architectural style which combines both Zoroastrian and Islamic motifs. The building's facade is covered in intricately decorated brick work, which features circular patterns reminiscent of the sun—a common image in Zoroastrian art from the region at that time which is reminiscent of the Zoroastrian god, Ahura Mazda, who is typically represented by fire and light. The building's shape is cuboid, and reminiscent of the Ka'aba in Makkah, while the domed roof is a typical feature of mosque architecture. The syncretic style of the shrine is reflective of the 9th and 10th centuries—a time when the region still had large populations of Zoroastrians who had begun to convert to Islam around that time. </p><p>The shrine is also regarded as one of the oldest monuments in the Bukhara region. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s invasion, the shrine was said to have already been buried in mud from flooding. Thus, when the Mongol hordes reached Bukhara, the shrine was spared from their destruction. </p><p>The mausoleum of Pakistan's founding father, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, was modeled after the shrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mosques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bolo_Haouz_Mosque" title="Bolo Haouz Mosque">Bolo Haouz Mosque</a></b></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_mosqu%C3%A9e_Bolo-Khaouz_(Boukhara,_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan)_(5684790316).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/La_mosqu%C3%A9e_Bolo-Khaouz_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285684790316%29.jpg/220px-La_mosqu%C3%A9e_Bolo-Khaouz_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285684790316%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/La_mosqu%C3%A9e_Bolo-Khaouz_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285684790316%29.jpg/330px-La_mosqu%C3%A9e_Bolo-Khaouz_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285684790316%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/La_mosqu%C3%A9e_Bolo-Khaouz_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285684790316%29.jpg/440px-La_mosqu%C3%A9e_Bolo-Khaouz_%28Boukhara%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285684790316%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bolo_Haouz_Mosque" title="Bolo Haouz Mosque">Bolo Haouz Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Built in 1712, on the opposite side of the citadel of Ark in Registan district, Bolo Haouz Mosque is inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list along with the other parts of the historic city. It served as a Friday mosque during the time when the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhara Khanate">emir of Bukhara</a> was being subjugated under the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Russia">Bolshevik Russian</a> rule in the 1920s. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chor_Minor" title="Chor Minor">Char Minar</a></b></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chor_Minor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chor_Minor.jpg/220px-Chor_Minor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chor_Minor.jpg/330px-Chor_Minor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Chor_Minor.jpg/440px-Chor_Minor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chor_Minor" title="Chor Minor">Char Minar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Char Minor (alternatively spelled <b>Chor Minor</b>, and also alternatively known as the <b>Madrasah of Khalif Niyaz-kul</b>) is a building tucked away in a lane northeast of the Lyabi Hauz complex. The structure was built by Khalif Niyaz-kul, a wealthy Bukharan of Turkmen origin in the 19th century under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara#Janids" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Janid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four-towered structure is sometimes mistaken for a gate to the madras that once existed behind the structure; however, the Char-Minar is actually a complex of buildings with two functions, ritual and shelter. </p><p>The main edifice is a mosque. In spite of its unusual outward shape, the building has a typical interior for a Central Asian mosque. Owing to the buildings cupola, the room has good acoustic properties and therefore takes on special significance of 'dhikr-hana'—a place for ritualized 'dhikr' ceremonies of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a>, the liturgy of which often include recitation, singing, and instrumental music. </p><p>On either side of the central edifice are located dwelling rooms, some of which have collapsed, leaving only their foundations visible. Consequently, for full functioning of <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">madrasah</a> only of classroom and some utility rooms is lacking. However, it was common practice that so-called madrasahs had no lecture rooms or, even if they had, no lectures had been given in them. These madrasahs were employed as student hospices.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the four towers has different decorational motifs. Some say that elements of decoration reflect the four religions known to Central Asians. One can find elements reminiscent of a cross, a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> fish motif, and a Buddhist praying-wheel, in addition to Zoroastrian and Islamic motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-pagetour4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pagetour4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, due to an underground brook, one of the four towers collapsed<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and emergency assistance was applied for and granted by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> under the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Fund</a>. Although the collapse resulted in destabilizing the entire structure, the authorities were anxious to keep awareness of the disaster to a minimum. Without explanation the building disappeared from the list of sights and after hurried reconstruction of the tower "using non-traditional building material, such as poor quality cement and steel"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Char Minar returned as one of the most popular sights of the city, yet the event has been kept secret ever since. </p><p>On the esplanade to the right from Char-Minar is a pool, likely of the same age as the rest of the building complex. Char Minar is now surrounded mainly by small houses and shops along its perimeter. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Magok-i-Attari_Mosque" title="Magok-i-Attari Mosque">Magok-i-Attari Mosque</a></b></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magoki-Attari.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Magoki-Attari.JPG/220px-Magoki-Attari.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Magoki-Attari.JPG/330px-Magoki-Attari.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Magoki-Attari.JPG/440px-Magoki-Attari.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Magoki-Attari mosque (south façade)</figcaption></figure> <p>The former Magoki Attori mosque was constructed in the 9th century on the remains of what may have been an older Zoroastrian temple. The mosque was destroyed and rebuilt more than once, and the oldest part now remaining is the south façade, which dates from the 12th century—making it one of the oldest surviving structures in Bukhara, and one of few which survived the onslaught of Genghis Khan. Lower than the surrounding ground level, the mosque was excavated in 1935. It no longer functions as a mosque, but, rather, houses a carpet museum. </p> <ul><li><b>Mosque of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani</b></li></ul> <p>In Bukhara there is a mosque which is said to be that of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a>, the patron saint of Kashmiri Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Valley of Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Shirbudun Palace</b></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_21875u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gorskii_21875u.jpg/250px-Gorskii_21875u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gorskii_21875u.jpg/330px-Gorskii_21875u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gorskii_21875u.jpg/500px-Gorskii_21875u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="2928" /></a><figcaption>Shirbudun Palace</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Shirbudun_Palace" title="Shirbudun Palace">Shirbudun Palace</a> (Uzbek: <i>Shirbudun saroyi</i>) is one of the Bukhara emirs' political building. The palace's construction started approximately 1870, under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_bin_Nasrullah" title="Muzaffar bin Nasrullah">Muzaffar bin Nasrullah</a> (1860–1885) in the <a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhara Emirate">Bukhara Emirate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zindon_Prison_(8145368631).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Zindon_Prison_%288145368631%29.jpg/220px-Zindon_Prison_%288145368631%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Zindon_Prison_%288145368631%29.jpg/330px-Zindon_Prison_%288145368631%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Zindon_Prison_%288145368631%29.jpg/440px-Zindon_Prison_%288145368631%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Bukhara Prison</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Bukhara Prison</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Prison" title="Bukhara Prison">Bukhara Prison</a> is the prison of the Amir of Bukhara. The prison was built in the second half of the 18th century, during the Mangit dynasty, and is located in the northwest corner of the ancient city, in the vicinity of the Hoja Nizamiddin Bolo burial site, around a hundred meters northeast of the Ark fortress, dating back to the middle centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Jandi Turki Mausoleum</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Jandi_Turki_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Jandi Turki Mausoleum">Jandi Turki Mausoleum</a> is situated on Namozgoh Street, in the old city section of Bukhara.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> is associated with Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fazl ibn Muso al-Muzakkir al-Jandi.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Khanqah of Nodir Devonbegi</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Khanqah_of_Nodir_Devonbegi" title="Khanqah of Nodir Devonbegi">Nodir Devonbegi</a> is a historical memorial in Bukhara, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. It was established by Nodir Devonbegi (Nodir Mirzo Togay ibn Sultan), the vizier and brother of the ruler of Bukhara, <a href="/wiki/Imam_Quli_Khan_of_Bukhara" title="Imam Quli Khan of Bukhara">Imamquli Khan</a>, around 1620–1621.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khanaka has been included in the national list of intangible cultural heritage objects of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 140 miles (230 km) west of Samarkand in south-central Uzbekistan, Bukhara is located on the <a href="/wiki/Zeravshan_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeravshan (river)">Zeravshan</a> River, at an elevation of 751 feet (229 meters). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bukhara has a typically Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Cold_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">cool arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>BWk</i>). The average maximum afternoon temperature in January is 6.6 °C or 43.9 °F, rising to an average maximum of around 37.2 °C or 99.0 °F in July. Mean annual precipitation is 135 millimetres or 5.31 inches. </p><p>Water was important in the hot, dry climate of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, so from ancient times, irrigation farming was developed. Cities were built near rivers, and water channels were built to serve the entire city. Uncovered reservoirs, known as <i>hauzes</i>, were constructed. Special covered water reservoirs, or <i>sardobas</i>, were built along caravan routes to supply travelers and their animals with water. </p><p>However, the heavy use of agrochemicals during the Soviet era, diversion of irrigation water from the two rivers that feed Uzbekistan, and the lack of water treatment plants have caused health and environmental problems on a large scale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bukhara (1991–2020, extremes since 2000) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #BE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.2<br />(115.2) </td> <td style="background: #C30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.8<br />(114.4) </td> <td style="background: #D40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.6<br />(112.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.1<br />(102.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #BE0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.2<br />(115.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0<br />(96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3<br />(99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br />(58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.5<br />(−10.3) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.1<br />(−0.6) </td> <td style="background: #BABAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.2<br />(17.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(34.9) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #8D8DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.5<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.5<br />(−10.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(0.65) </td> <td style="background: #D7FFD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(0.95) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(0.99) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(0.88) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(0.44) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(0.02) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(0.11) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(0.50) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">132.4<br />(5.21) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.38 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.33 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.63 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.71 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.54 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.67 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #2828FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">56 </td> <td style="background: #0A0AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">58 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMONormals_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMONormals-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity),<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteomanz(snowy days 2000-2023 and records)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukhara_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bukhara_train.jpg/170px-Bukhara_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bukhara_train.jpg/255px-Bukhara_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Bukhara_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Bukhara train station</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_International_Airport" title="Bukhara International Airport">Bukhara International Airport</a> has regularly scheduled flights to cities in Uzbekistan and Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> border is about 80 km away with the nearest city there being <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkmenabat" title="Türkmenabat">Türkmenabat</a>, connected via the <a href="/wiki/M37_highway_(Turkmenistan)" title="M37 highway (Turkmenistan)">M37 highway</a> which continues to other places in Turkmenistan including <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>. The city is also served by railroad links with the rest of Uzbekistan, and is a hub for roadways leading to all major cities in Uzbekistan and beyond, including <a href="/wiki/Mazar-i-Sharif" title="Mazar-i-Sharif">Mazar-i-Sharif</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> via the <a href="/w/index.php?title=M39_highway_(Uzbekistan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M39 highway (Uzbekistan) (page does not exist)">M39 highway</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> is 215 km to the east of Bukhara.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_transportation_facilities">Internal transportation facilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internal transportation facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bukhara city is the largest transport hub after Tashkent in Uzbekistan. Inside the city there is facility of bus transportation. There are over 45 bus lines. Majority of them have been equipped with ISUZU buses but some buses are being brought from China. By the number of buses and bus routes facilities Bukhara is the largest after Tashkent in Uzbekistan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boukhara_4654a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boukhara_4654a.jpg/220px-Boukhara_4654a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boukhara_4654a.jpg/330px-Boukhara_4654a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Boukhara_4654a.jpg/440px-Boukhara_4654a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Uzbekistan, Bukhara, Spices and silk festival</figcaption></figure> <p>Bukhara recorded a population of 279,200 in 2019. Bukhara (along with Samarkand) is one of the two major centers of Uzbekistan's Tajik minority. Bukhara was also home to the <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a>, whose ancestors settled in the city during Roman times. Most Bukharian Jews left Bukhara between 1925 and 2000. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ali-Akbar_Dehkhoda" title="Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda">Ali-Akbar Dehkhoda</a> defines the name Bukhara itself as meaning "full of knowledge", referring to the fact that in antiquity, Bukhara was a scientific and scholarship powerhouse. In the Italian romantic <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_innamorato" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando innamorato">Orlando innamorato</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Maria_Boiardo" title="Matteo Maria Boiardo">Matteo Maria Boiardo</a>, Bukhara is called <a href="/wiki/Albracca" title="Albracca">Albracca</a> and described as a major city of <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a>. There, within its walled city and fortress, <a href="/wiki/Angelica_(character)" title="Angelica (character)">Angelica</a> and the knights she has befriended make their stand when attacked by <a href="/wiki/Agrican" title="Agrican">Agrican</a>, emperor of <a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a>. As described, this siege by Agrican resembles the historic siege by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> in 1220.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the official statistics, the city's population is 82% <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>, 6% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, 4% <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, 3% <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, 2% of other ethnicities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, official Uzbek numbers have for long been criticized and refuted by various observers and Western sources<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PB_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is widely assumed that the population of the city consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik-speaking</a> Tajiks, with ethnic Uzbeks forming a growing minority.<sup id="cite_ref-diss_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diss-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exact figures are difficult to evaluate, since many people in Uzbekistan either identify as "Uzbek" even though they speak Tajik as their first language, or because they are registered as Uzbeks by the central government despite their Tajik language and identity. According to Soviet estimates in the early 20th century (based on numbers from 1913 and 1917), the Tajiks formed the overwhelming majority of city.<sup id="cite_ref-PB_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The religion with the largest community of followers is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. But there are also Christian and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> minorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bukhari_(surname)" title="Bukhari (surname)">Bukhari (surname)</a></div> <p>Many notable people lived in Bukhara in the past. Among them are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Lushan" title="An Lushan">An Lushan</a> (c. 703–757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Bukhari" title="Muhammad al-Bukhari">Muhammad Ibn Ismail Ibn Ibrahim Ibn al-Mughirah Ibn Bardizbah al-Bukhari</a> (810–870) – Islamic scholar and compiler of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (Abu Ali ibn Sina) (980–1037) – Persian physician and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumri" title="Qumri">Qumri</a> (fl. Mind 10th Century d. approx. 980–990)—physician and scholar, purported to be Avicenna's teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal'ami">Bal'ami</a>: Abolfazl Muhammad and his son Abu-Ali Mohammad, two famous Persian viziers of <a href="/wiki/Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanid</a> kings, historians and patrons of art and literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narshakhi" title="Narshakhi">Abubakr Narshakhi</a> (10th century) – historian who wrote History of Bukhara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiriddin_Nasr_Muhammad_Aufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahiriddin Nasr Muhammad Aufi">Sadiduddin Muhammad Aufi</a> (1171–1242) historian, scientist, and author.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Surkh-Posh_Bukhari" title="Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari">Syed Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari</a> (c. 595–690 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>, 1199–1291 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ajjal_Shams_al-Din_Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar">Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar</a> (1211–1279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha-ud-Din_Naqshband_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari">Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari</a> (1318–1389)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kulal" title="Amir Kulal">Amir Kulal</a> (died in 1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadriddin_Ayni" title="Sadriddin Ayni">Sadriddin Ayni</a> (1878–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurauf_Fitrat" title="Abdurauf Fitrat">Abdurauf Fitrat</a> (1886–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayzulla_Xo%CA%BBjayev" title="Fayzulla Xoʻjayev">Fayzulla Xoʻjayev</a> (1896–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibraghim_Muminov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibraghim Muminov">Ibraghim Muminov</a> (1908–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorojon_Yusufova" title="Sorojon Yusufova">Sorojon Yusufova</a> (1910–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammadjon_Shakuri" title="Muhammadjon Shakuri">Muhammadjon Shakuri</a> (1925–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Apeloig" title="Yitzhak Apeloig">Yitzhak Apeloig</a> (born 1944), Israeli <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a> professor and President of the <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhrom_Khamroyev" title="Bakhrom Khamroyev">Bakhrom Khamroyev</a>, lawyer, human rights defender, sentenced to 14 years in Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksana_Chusovitina" title="Oksana Chusovitina">Oksana Chusovitina</a> - 8 time Olympic gymnast (born 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulduz_Turdiyeva" title="Yulduz Turdiyeva">Yulduz Turdiyeva</a> (born 1985), Uzbek singer</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of Bukhara's <a href="/wiki/Town_twinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Town twinning">sister cities</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, Germany (1999)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a>, Spain (1983)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a>, Tajikistan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan (1995)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a>, Turkey</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>, Iran<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/60px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rueil-Malmaison" title="Rueil-Malmaison">Rueil-Malmaison</a>, France (1999)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, United States (1988)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhara rug">Bukhara rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan">List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_Sultan_Khonim_Mausoleum" title="Zaynab Sultan Khonim Mausoleum">Zaynab Sultan Khonim Mausoleum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: <i lang="uz">Buxoro</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="uz-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">[bʊχɒˈɾɒ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: <span lang="tg">Бухоро</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian dialect</a>:</span> בוכארא <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[bʊχɔˈɾɔ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">بخارا</span> <i>Boxârâ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tg-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[boχɒːˈɾɒː]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Бухара</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[bʊxɐˈra]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-city-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-city_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-city_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uzbekistan/cities/">"Uzbekistan: Regions, Major Cities & Towns - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. <i>www.citypopulation.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan%3A+Regions%2C+Major+Cities+%26+Towns+-+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fuzbekistan%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bukhara">"Bukhara definition and meaning"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bukhara+definition+and+meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbukhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-class-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-class_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.uz/uploads/docs/soato(mhobt)_2020.xlsx">"Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan"</a> (in Uzbek and Russian). The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics. July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+system+of+territorial+units+of+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan&rft.pub=The+State+Committee+of+the+Republic+of+Uzbekistan+on+statistics&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.uz%2Fuploads%2Fdocs%2Fsoato%28mhobt%29_2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Города Узбекистана, Таш.. 1965; Ашуров Я. С., Гелах Т. Ф., Камалов У. Х., Бухара, Таш., 1963; Сухарева О. А., Бухара XIX—начала XX вв., М., 1966; Пугаченкова Г. А., Самарканд, Бухара, 2 изд., [М, 1968]; Бухара. Краткий справочник, 4 изд., Таш., 1968. <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/10999939/21-World-Heritage-Sites-you-have-probably-never-heard-of.html">"21 World Heritage Sites you have probably never heard of"</a></span>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/10999939/21-World-Heritage-Sites-you-have-probably-never-heard-of.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=21+World+Heritage+Sites+you+have+probably+never+heard+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Ftravelnews%2F10999939%2F21-World-Heritage-Sites-you-have-probably-never-heard-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bukhara; Architectural epigraphy of Uzbekistan. p.28; Abdukhalikov F. Tashkent: UZBEKISTAN TODAY, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yusuf_2005_p._55-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yusuf_2005_p._55_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yusuf_2005_p._55_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Yusuf, P. S. M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-PnRREuVbYC&pg=PA55"><i>Studies in Islamic History and Culture</i></a>. Adam Publishers & Distributors. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7435-095-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7435-095-4"><bdi>978-81-7435-095-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Feb</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Islamic+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Adam+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7435-095-4&rft.aulast=Yusuf&rft.aufirst=P.+S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-PnRREuVbYC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson_2018_p._270-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_p._270_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_2018_p._270_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, O. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA270"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-256246-3"><bdi>978-0-19-256246-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Feb</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-256246-3&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA09WDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ring_Watson_Schellinger_2012_p._163-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ring_Watson_Schellinger_2012_p._163_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Ring, T.; Watson, N.; Schellinger, P. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA163"><i>Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1"><bdi>978-1-136-63979-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Feb</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63979-1&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Watson%2C+N.&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heirman_Bumbacher_2007_p._93-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heirman_Bumbacher_2007_p._93_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeirmanBumbacher2007" class="citation book cs1">Heirman, A.; Bumbacher, S.P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA93"><i>The Spread of Buddhism</i></a>. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 8 Uralic & Central Asian Studies. Brill. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2006-4"><bdi>978-90-474-2006-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Feb</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Buddhism&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies.+Section+8+Uralic+%26+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2006-4&rft.aulast=Heirman&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Bumbacher%2C+S.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuOvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elverskog2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elverskog2011_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohan_Elverskog2011" class="citation book cs1">Johan Elverskog (6 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C"><i>Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-0531-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Islam+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2&rft.au=Johan+Elverskog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7_4Gr9Q438C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kia_2016_p._13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kia_2016_p._13_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKia2016" class="citation book cs1">Kia, M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5BHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>The Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Empires of the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-391-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-391-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-391-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Feb</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.series=Empires+of+the+World&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-391-2&rft.aulast=Kia&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5BHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baumer_2018_p._1-PA333-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baumer_2018_p._1-PA333_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, C. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA333"><i>History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 1-PA333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 Feb</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=1-PA333&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard N Frye, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bukhara-i">'Bukhara i. In pre-Islamic times'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102200523/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v4f5/v4f5a028.html">Archived</a> January 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>, 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umid-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-umid_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF"UMID"_Foundation,_Uzbekistan" class="citation web cs1">"UMID" Foundation, Uzbekistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010126042500/http://www.umid.uz/Main/Uzbekistan/General_Info/general_info.html">"General Info"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umid.uz/Main/Uzbekistan/General_Info/general_info.html">the original</a> on 2001-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Info&rft.au=%22UMID%22+Foundation%2C+Uzbekistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umid.uz%2FMain%2FUzbekistan%2FGeneral_Info%2Fgeneral_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Narshaki, Richard Nelson Fyre, <i>The History of Bukhara</i>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Orlando Innamorato</i> translated by Charles Stanley Ross, Parlor Press LLC, 2004, p. 593. (Albraca is first mentioned in Book I, Canto VI, stanza 42, on p. 60.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalamaEl-Ashmouni202184-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalamaEl-Ashmouni202184_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalamaEl-Ashmouni2021">Salama & El-Ashmouni 2021</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nemtseva N. B. Rabat-i Malik, XI — nachalo XVIII vv.: arkheologicheskiye issledovaniya. — Tashkent: Frantsuzskiy Institut Issledovaniy Tsentral'noy Azii, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samarkandtours.com/uzbekistan/bukhara/">"Bukhara"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bukhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamarkandtours.com%2Fuzbekistan%2Fbukhara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickett202046-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickett202046_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPickett2020">Pickett 2020</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarlow201663-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarlow201663_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarlow2016">Marlow 2016</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire – The Brake on Islam" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/hotw/temujin-genghis-khan-pax-mongolica-mongol-empire-islam/"><i>History of the World</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813074018/https://mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk/hotw/temujin-genghis-khan-pax-mongolica-mongol-empire-islam/">Archived</a> 2018-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBattutah2002" class="citation book cs1">Battutah, Ibn (2002). <i>The Travels of Ibn Battutah</i>. London: Picador. pp. 141, 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330418799" title="Special:BookSources/9780330418799"><bdi>9780330418799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pages=141%2C+313&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780330418799&rft.aulast=Battutah&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levi-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levi_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevi2016" class="citation book cs1">Levi, Scott (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-uviBQAAQBAJ&q=multan&pg=PT7"><i>Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351189169" title="Special:BookSources/9789351189169"><bdi>9789351189169</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caravans%3A+Punjabi+Khatri+Merchants+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789351189169&rft.aulast=Levi&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uviBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmultan%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayers, K. (2016). The First English Explorer: The Life of Anthony Jenkinson (1529-1611) and His Adventures on the Route to the Orient. Storbritannien: Matador. p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2003" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Anita (2003). <i>The Formation of the Uzbek Nation-State: A Study in Transition</i>. Lexington Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Uzbek+Nation-State%3A+A+Study+in+Transition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalan-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalan_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDmitriy_Page" class="citation web cs1">Dmitriy Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021181644/http://pagetour.org/bukhara/bu/Kalyan_Minaret.htm">"Kalyan Minaret"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagetour.org/bukhara/bu/Kalyan_Minaret.htm">the original</a> on October 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalyan+Minaret&rft.au=Dmitriy+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagetour.org%2Fbukhara%2Fbu%2FKalyan_Minaret.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Бухоро Bukhara Бухара" На узбекском, английском и русском языках. Издательство "Узбекистан", Ташкент 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"В.Г. Сааков Архитектурные шедевры Бухары. Бухарское областное общество "Китабхон" Уз ССР, Ровно 1991 г.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mir-i-Arab-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mir-i-Arab_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDmitriy_Page" class="citation web cs1">Dmitriy Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagetour.org/bukhara/bu/Miri_Arab.htm">"Mir-i-Arab"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mir-i-Arab&rft.au=Dmitriy+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagetour.org%2Fbukhara%2Fbu%2FMiri_Arab.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pagetour1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pagetour1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDmitriy_Page" class="citation web cs1">Dmitriy Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagetour.org/bukhara/bu/Kukeldash.htm">"Kukeldash Madrasah"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kukeldash+Madrasah&rft.au=Dmitriy+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagetour.org%2Fbukhara%2Fbu%2FKukeldash.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pagetour2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pagetour2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDmitriy_Page" class="citation web cs1">Dmitriy Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagetour.org/bukhara/bu/Khanaka.htm">"Nadir Divan-Begi Khanaka"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nadir+Divan-Begi+Khanaka&rft.au=Dmitriy+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagetour.org%2Fbukhara%2Fbu%2FKhanaka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pagetour3-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pagetour3_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDmitriy_Page" class="citation web cs1">Dmitriy Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagetour.org/bukhara/bu/Nadir_Divan_Begi.htm">"Nadir Divan-Begi Madrasah"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nadir+Divan-Begi+Madrasah&rft.au=Dmitriy+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagetour.org%2Fbukhara%2Fbu%2FNadir_Divan_Begi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">О.А.Сухарева КВАРТАЛЬНАЯ ОБЩИНА ПОЗДНЕФЕОДАЛЬНОГО ГОРОДА БУХАРЫ (в связи с историей кварталов) Академия наук СССР Институт этнографии им.Н.Н.Миклухо-Маклая Издательство Наука; Главная редакция восточной литературы Москва 1976 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pagetour4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pagetour4_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDmitriy_Page" class="citation web cs1">Dmitriy Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240519115438/https://pagetour.org/bukhara/bu/Char_Minar.htm">"Char Minar Madrasah"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagetour.org/bukhara/bu/Char_Minar.htm">the original</a> on May 19, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Char+Minar+Madrasah&rft.au=Dmitriy+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagetour.org%2Fbukhara%2Fbu%2FChar_Minar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/2149">UNESCO World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 1997) Historic Centre of Bukhara (Uzbekistan)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/2149UNESCO">World Heritage Centre - State of Conservation (SOC 1997) Historic Centre of Bukhara (Uzbekistan)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaffer Badakshi in Khasatul Munakib reference by Jeelani Allaie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBOBOJONOVA2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">BOBOJONOVA, FERUZA (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniwork.buxdu.uz/resurs/12764_1_0DF0F4EFFE4D5CAEAAA928B331999ACDF311355E.pdf"><i>BUXORO ME'MORIY OBIDALARI TARIXI</i></a> [<i>HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF BUKHARA</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Uzbek). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=buxelektr.uz&rft.atitle=Buxoro+amirning+Shirbuddin+saroyi&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuxelektr.uz%2F2023%2F04%2F20%2Fshirbuddin-saroyi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://centrasia.org/newsA.php?st=1303627440">"Р.Альмеев: Загородный дворец бухарских эмиров "Шербудун". К изучению топонима"</a>. <i>centrasia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=centrasia.org&rft.atitle=%D0%A0.%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%3A+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%22%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%22.+%D0%9A+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentrasia.org%2FnewsA.php%3Fst%3D1303627440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xs.uz/uz/post/bukhoro-amirining-zindoni-odamlarni-nimasi-bilan-vahimaga-solgan">"Buxoro amirining zindoni odamlarni nimasi bilan vahimaga solgan?"</a>. <i>xs.uz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xs.uz&rft.atitle=Buxoro+amirining+zindoni+odamlarni+nimasi+bilan+vahimaga+solgan%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxs.uz%2Fuz%2Fpost%2Fbukhoro-amirining-zindoni-odamlarni-nimasi-bilan-vahimaga-solgan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uzsmart.uz/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/40702.html">"BUXORO ZINDONI"</a>. <i>uzsmart.uz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uzsmart.uz&rft.atitle=BUXORO+ZINDONI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuzsmart.uz%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia%2F40702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://otpusk.uz/uz/uzbekistan/sights/bukhara">"Buxoro – qadimiy va boqiy"</a>. <i>otpusk.uz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orientalarchitecture.com&rft.atitle=Turki+Jandi+Mausoleum%2C+Bukhara%2C+Uzbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orientalarchitecture.com%2Fsid%2F1385%2Fuzbekistan%2Fbukhara%2Fturki-jandi-mausoleum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartogiraffe.com/o%CA%BBzbekiston/buxoro+viloyati/buxoro+shahri/turki+jandi+maqbarasi/">"Turki Jandi maqbarasi"</a>. <i>www.cartogiraffe.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cartogiraffe.com&rft.atitle=Turki+Jandi+maqbarasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartogiraffe.com%2Fo%25CA%25BBzbekiston%2Fbuxoro%2Bviloyati%2Fbuxoro%2Bshahri%2Fturki%2Bjandi%2Bmaqbarasi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBOBOJONOVA2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">BOBOJONOVA, FERUZA (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniwork.buxdu.uz/resurs/12764_2_9BFFE7FAB96E87ED9C2CAD19E65034DAC2A2C2FA.pdf"><i>BUXORO ME'MORIY OBIDALARI TARIXI</i></a> [<i>HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF BUKHARA</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Uzbek). Bukhara: FAN VA TA`LIM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9943-8614-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9943-8614-2-8"><bdi>978-9943-8614-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BUXORO+ME%27MORIY+OBIDALARI+TARIXI&rft.place=Bukhara&rft.pub=FAN+VA+TA%60LIM&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9943-8614-2-8&rft.aulast=BOBOJONOVA&rft.aufirst=FERUZA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiwork.buxdu.uz%2Fresurs%2F12764_2_9BFFE7FAB96E87ED9C2CAD19E65034DAC2A2C2FA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsng.com/uzb/culture/5345">"Святые места Бухары: Турк-и Джанди (Тюрк из Джанда)"</a>. <i>islamsng.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=islamsng.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%3A+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA-%D0%B8+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8+%28%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsng.com%2Fuzb%2Fculture%2F5345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bukhara-museum.org/museum-departments/nodir-devonbegi-khonaqo/">"Nodir Devonbegi Khonaqo"</a>. <i>www.bukhara-museum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bukhara-museum.org&rft.atitle=Nodir+Devonbegi+Khonaqo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bukhara-museum.org%2Fmuseum-departments%2Fnodir-devonbegi-khonaqo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMONormals-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMONormals_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Uzbekistan/CSV/Buhara_38683.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Bukhara"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991-2020+%E2%80%94+Bukhara&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FUzbekistan%2FCSV%2FBuhara_38683.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_386830_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Buchara / Usbekistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world</i> (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Buchara+%2F+Usbekistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_386830_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=2014&ind=38683&m1=01&y1=2000&m2=07&y2=2024">"Buhara - Weather data by months"</a>. <i>meteomanz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=meteomanz&rft.atitle=Buhara+-+Weather+data+by+months&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteomanz.com%2Fsy3%3Fl%3D1%26cou%3D2014%26ind%3D38683%26m1%3D01%26y1%3D2000%26m2%3D07%26y2%3D2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caravanistan.com/uzbekistan/center/bukhara/transport/">"Transport in, out and around Bukhara"</a>. <i>Caravanistan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caravanistan&rft.atitle=Transport+in%2C+out+and+around+Bukhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaravanistan.com%2Fuzbekistan%2Fcenter%2Fbukhara%2Ftransport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoiardoRoss1995" class="citation book cs1">Boiardo, Matteo Maria; Ross, Charles Stanley (1995). <i>Orlando innamorato</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282438-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282438-4"><bdi>0-19-282438-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32277275">32277275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orlando+innamorato&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32277275&rft.isbn=0-19-282438-4&rft.aulast=Boiardo&rft.aufirst=Matteo+Maria&rft.au=Ross%2C+Charles+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315053153/http://buxoro.uz/post/buxoro-shahri-76019">"Viloyat haqida - Shahar va tumanlar (About the province - Cities and districts)"</a> (in Uzbek). Buxoro Region administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buxoro.uz/post/buxoro-shahri-76019">the original</a> on March 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Viloyat+haqida+-+Shahar+va+tumanlar+%28About+the+province+-+Cities+and+districts%29&rft.pub=Buxoro+Region+administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuxoro.uz%2Fpost%2Fbuxoro-shahri-76019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Cordell: Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe, Routledge, 1998. Pg. 201: <i>"… Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. […] Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7% (Foltz 1996;213; Carlisle 1995:88)…"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PB-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PB_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PB_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bergne" title="Paul Bergne">Paul Bergne</a>: <i>The Birth of Tajikistan. National Identity and the Origins of the Republic</i>. International Library of Central Asia Studies. <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a>. 2007. Pg. 8 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diss-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diss_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRezvani2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Rezvani, B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.uva.nl/document/469926">"Appendix 4: Tajik population in Uzbekistan"</a>. <i>Ethno-territorial conflict and coexistence in the Caucasus, Central Asia and Fereydan</i> (Dissertation). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a> – via UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ethno-territorial+conflict+and+coexistence+in+the+Caucasus%2C+Central+Asia+and+Fereydan&rft.inst=University+of+Amsterdam&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rezvani&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.uva.nl%2Fdocument%2F469926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orexca.com/silkroad/sister_cities.htm">"Twin towns - Sister Cities to Central Asia Countries and Caucasus"</a>. <i>www.orexca.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orexca.com&rft.atitle=Twin+towns+-+Sister+Cities+to+Central+Asia+Countries+and+Caucasus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orexca.com%2Fsilkroad%2Fsister_cities.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isna.ir/news/98072115518/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF">"خواهرهای ناتنی "همدان" را فراموش کرده‌اند؟"</a>. <i>isna.ir</i> (in Persian). Iranian Students' News Agency. 13 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isna.ir&rft.atitle=%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C+%22%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%22+%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4+%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%9F&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.ir%2Fnews%2F98072115518%2F%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C-%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%2586%25DB%258C-%25D9%2587%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7-%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4-%25DA%25A9%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranparadise.com/tomb-of-kamal-ol-molk/">"Tomb of Kamal-ol-Molk"</a>. <i>iranparadise.com</i>. Iran Paradise. 5 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranparadise.com&rft.atitle=Tomb+of+Kamal-ol-Molk&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanparadise.com%2Ftomb-of-kamal-ol-molk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibb1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.A.R._Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="H.A.R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabconquestsinc00gibbuoft"><i>The Arab Conquests in Central Asia</i></a>. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685253133">685253133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquests+in+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F685253133&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabconquestsinc00gibbuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaban1979" class="citation book cs1">Shaban, M. A. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_03AAAAIAAJ"><i>The 'Abbāsid Revolution</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29534-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29534-3"><bdi>0-521-29534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Abb%C4%81sid+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-521-29534-3&rft.aulast=Shaban&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_03AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C.E.</a> (1986). "Ḳutayba b. Muslim". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kutayba-b-muslim-SIM_4577?s.num=14"><i>The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume V: Khe–Mahi</i></a>. Leiden and New York: BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">541–</span>542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07819-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07819-3"><bdi>90-04-07819-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B2utayba+b.+Muslim&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+New+Edition%2C+Volume+V%3A+Khe%E2%80%93Mahi&rft.place=Leiden+and+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E541-%3C%2Fspan%3E542&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=90-04-07819-3&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fkutayba-b-muslim-SIM_4577%3Fs.num%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFB._A._Litvinsky1996" class="citation book cs1">B. A. Litvinsky, Ahmad Hasan Dani (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&q=Divashtich"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, AD 250 to 750</i></a>. UNESCO. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789231032110" title="Special:BookSources/9789231032110"><bdi>9789231032110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+crossroads+of+civilizations%2C+AD+250+to+750&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E569&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9789231032110&rft.aulast=B.+A.+Litvinsky&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan+Dani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC%26q%3DDivashtich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarlow2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marlow, Louise (2016). <i>Counsel for Kings: Wisdom and Politics in Tenth-Century Iran</i>. Vol. I: The Nasihat Al-muluk of Pseudo-Mawardi: Contexts and Themes. Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counsel+for+Kings%3A+Wisdom+and+Politics+in+Tenth-Century+Iran&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Marlow&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickett2020" class="citation book cs1">Pickett, James (2020). <i>Polymaths of Islam: Power and Networks of Knowledge in Central Asia</i>. Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polymaths+of+Islam%3A+Power+and+Networks+of+Knowledge+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Pickett&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalamaEl-Ashmouni2021" class="citation book cs1">Salama, Ashraf M.; El-Ashmouni, Marwa M., eds. (2021). <i>Architectural Excellence in Islamic Societies</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Excellence+in+Islamic+Societies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Moorcroft_(explorer)" title="William Moorcroft (explorer)">Moorcroft, W.</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Trebeck" title="George Trebeck">Trebeck, G.</a> (1841). <i>Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara… from 1819 to 1825</i>, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukhara&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bokhara&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABukhara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bukhara_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bukhara Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bukhara_Region58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_Region" title="Bukhara Region">Bukhara Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukhara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukhara City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogon,_Uzbekistan" title="Kogon, Uzbekistan">Kogon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_District" title="Bukhara District">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%CA%BBijduvon_District" title="Gʻijduvon District">Gʻijduvon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jondor_District" title="Jondor District">Jondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogon_District" title="Kogon District">Kogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_District" title="Olot District">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qorako%CA%BBl_District" title="Qorakoʻl District">Qorakoʻl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qorovulbozor_District" title="Qorovulbozor District">Qorovulbozor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshku_District" title="Peshku District">Peshku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romitan_District" title="Romitan District">Romitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofirkon_District" title="Shofirkon District">Shofirkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vobkent_District" title="Vobkent District">Vobkent</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UZ-Buxoro.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/UZ-Buxoro.PNG/250px-UZ-Buxoro.PNG" decoding="async" width="160" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/UZ-Buxoro.PNG/330px-UZ-Buxoro.PNG 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="248" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaosiyo" title="Galaosiyo">Galaosiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazli,_Uzbekistan" title="Gazli, Uzbekistan">Gazli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%CA%BBijduvon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gʻijduvon">Gʻijduvon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogon,_Uzbekistan" title="Kogon, Uzbekistan">Kogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot,_Uzbekistan" title="Olot, Uzbekistan">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qorako%CA%BBl" title="Qorakoʻl">Qorakoʻl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qorovulbozor" title="Qorovulbozor">Qorovulbozor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romitan" title="Romitan">Romitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofirkon" title="Shofirkon">Shofirkon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vobkent" title="Vobkent">Vobkent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jondor" title="Jondor">Jondor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangibozor,_Bukhara_Region" title="Yangibozor, Bukhara Region">Yangibozor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_of_Uzbekistan53" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="Template:Cities in Uzbekistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="Template talk:Cities in Uzbekistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Uzbekistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_of_Uzbekistan53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of cities in Uzbekistan">Cities of Uzbekistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angren,_Uzbekistan" title="Angren, Uzbekistan">Angren</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirchiq" title="Chirchiq">Chirchiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizzakh" title="Jizzakh">Jizzakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokand" title="Kokand">Kokand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margilan" title="Margilan">Margilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namangan" title="Namangan">Namangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navoiy" title="Navoiy">Navoiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukus" title="Nukus">Nukus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmaliq" title="Olmaliq">Olmaliq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urgench" title="Urgench">Urgench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourist_attractions_in_Uzbekistan151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Uzbekistan" title="Template:Tourist attractions in Uzbekistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Uzbekistan" title="Template talk:Tourist attractions in Uzbekistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Uzbekistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Uzbekistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourist_attractions_in_Uzbekistan151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Tourism in Uzbekistan">Tourist attractions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Uzbekistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan">World<br />Heritage<br />Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Listed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cold Winter Deserts of <a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historic_monuments_in_Bukhara">Historic Centre of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_Zarafshan-Karakum_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor">Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Western Tien-Shan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tentative list</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdulkhan_Bandi_Dam" title="Abdulkhan Bandi Dam">Abdulkhan Bandi Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak_Astana-Baba" title="Ak Astana-Baba">Ak Astana-Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Termiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Termiz">Ancient Termiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Ata_Mausoleum" title="Arab-Ata Mausoleum">Arab-Ata Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahoutdin_Architectural_Complex" title="Bahoutdin Architectural Complex">Bahoutdin Architectural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boysun" title="Boysun">Boysun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashma-Ayub_Mausoleum" title="Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum">Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chor-Bakr" title="Chor-Bakr">Chor-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorazm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorazm">Desert Castles of Ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisar_Range" title="Hisar Range">Hisor Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Qoqon" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Centre of Qoqon">Historic Centre of Qoqon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanka,_Uzbekistan" title="Kanka, Uzbekistan">Kanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbandi" title="Khanbandi">Khanbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Khazarasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vobkent" title="Vobkent">Minaret in Vobkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir-Sayid_Bakhrom_Mausoleum" title="Mir-Sayid Bakhrom Mausoleum">Mir-Sayid Bakhrom Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nurota_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nurota Mountains (page does not exist)">Nurota Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabati_Malik" title="Rabati Malik">Rabati Malik Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mukhtar-Vali_Complex" title="Sheikh Mukhtar-Vali Complex">Sheikh Mukhtar-Vali Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shokhimardon_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shokhimardon Mountains (page does not exist)">Shokhimardon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road Sites in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silk_Roads:_Fergana-Syrdarya_Corridor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silk Roads: Fergana-Syrdarya Corridor (page does not exist)">Silk Roads: Fergana-Syrdarya Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashkent_makhallas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashkent makhallas (page does not exist)">Tashkent makhallas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashkent_Modernist_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashkent Modernist Architecture (page does not exist)">Tashkent Modernist Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaamin_National_Park" title="Zaamin National Park">Zomin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological <br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmullo" title="Burchmullo">Burchmullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalon_Minaret,_Bukhara_(4933987001).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kalya Minaret, Bukhara"><img alt="Kalya Minaret, Bukhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kalon_Minaret%2C_Bukhara_%284933987001%29.jpg/100px-Kalon_Minaret%2C_Bukhara_%284933987001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kalon_Minaret%2C_Bukhara_%284933987001%29.jpg/150px-Kalon_Minaret%2C_Bukhara_%284933987001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kalon_Minaret%2C_Bukhara_%284933987001%29.jpg/200px-Kalon_Minaret%2C_Bukhara_%284933987001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="2702" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahoutdin_Architectural_Complex" title="Bahoutdin Architectural Complex">Bahoutdin Architectural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyab-i_Hauz" title="Lyab-i Hauz">Lyab-i Hauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po-i-Kalyan" title="Po-i-Kalyan">Po-i-Kalyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan" title="Registan">Registan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_Bukhara" title="Ark of Bukhara">Ark of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urda_fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Urda fortress">Urda fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madrasas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kukeldash_Madrasah_(Tashkent)" title="Kukeldash Madrasah (Tashkent)">Kukeldash Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madrasa_of_Abulkosim" class="mw-redirect" title="The Madrasa of Abulkosim">The Madrasa of Abulkosim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyab-i_Hauz#The_Madrasah_of_Nadir_Divan-begi_(1622/23)" title="Lyab-i Hauz">Madrasah of Nadir Divan-begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po-i-Kalyan#Mir-i_Arab_Madrassah_(1535-1536)" title="Po-i-Kalyan">Mir-i Arab Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan#Sher-Dor_Madrasah_(1619–1636)" title="Registan">Sher-Dor Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registan#Tilya-Kori_Madrasah_(1646–1660)" title="Registan">Tilya-Kori Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Madrasa,_Samarkand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand">Ulugh Beg Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroyi_Tash_Madrasah" title="Saroyi Tash Madrasah">Saroyi Tash Madrasah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak_Astana-Baba" title="Ak Astana-Baba">Ak Astana-Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashma-Ayub_Mausoleum" title="Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum">Chashma-Ayub Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chor-Bakr" title="Chor-Bakr">Chor-Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Sheikh_Zaynudin" title="Mausoleum of Sheikh Zaynudin">Mausoleum of Sheikh Zaynudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir-Sayid_Bakhrom_Mausoleum" title="Mir-Sayid Bakhrom Mausoleum">Mir-Sayid Bakhrom Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saif_ed-Din_Bokharzi_%26_Bayan-Quli_Khan_Mausoleums" title="Saif ed-Din Bokharzi & Bayan-Quli Khan Mausoleums">Saif ed-Din Bokharzi & <br />Bayan-Quli Khan Mausoleums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Mausoleum" title="Samanid Mausoleum">Samanid Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyed_Bahram_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyed Bahram Mausoleum">Sayyed Bahram Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah-i-Zinda" title="Shah-i-Zinda">Shah-i-Zinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mukhtar-Vali_Complex" title="Sheikh Mukhtar-Vali Complex">Sheikh Mukhtar-Vali Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheihantaur" title="Sheihantaur">Sheihantaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Saodat" title="Sultan Saodat">Sultan Saodat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_Museum_of_Samarkand" title="Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand">Afrasiab Museum of Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Timur_Museum" title="Amir Timur Museum">Amir Timur Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Termez" title="Archaeological Museum of Termez">Archaeological Museum of Termez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_Uzbekistan" title="Art Gallery of Uzbekistan">Art Gallery of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_State_Architectural_Art_Museum-Preserve" title="Bukhara State Architectural Art Museum-Preserve">Bukhara State Architectural <br />Art Museum-Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_house_museum_of_Tamara_Khanum" title="Memorial house museum of Tamara Khanum">Memorial house museum of Tamara Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum_Afshona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museum Afshona (page does not exist)">Museum Afshona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan">Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Communication_History_in_Uzbekistan" title="The Museum of Communication History in Uzbekistan">The Museum of Communication <br />History in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Geology,_Tashkent" title="Museum of Geology, Tashkent">Museum of Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Health_Care_of_Uzbekistan" title="The Museum of Health Care of Uzbekistan">The Museum of Health Care of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Olympic_Glory" title="Museum of Olympic Glory">Museum of Olympic Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Victims_of_Political_Repression_in_Tashkent" title="Museum of Victims of Political Repression in Tashkent">Museum of Victims of <br />Political Repression in Tashkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukus_Museum_of_Art" title="Nukus Museum of Art">Nukus Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz_Museum_of_History_and_Material_Culture" title="Shahrisabz Museum of History and Material Culture">Shahrisabz Museum of <br />History and Material Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Museum_of_Culture_History_of_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="State Museum of Culture History of Uzbekistan">State Museum of Culture History of Uzbekistan (Samarkand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Museum_of_History_of_Uzbekistan" title="State Museum of History of Uzbekistan">State Museum of History of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Museum_of_Nature_of_Uzbekistan" title="State Museum of Nature of Uzbekistan">State Museum of Nature of Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Museum_of_Railway_Techniques" title="Tashkent Museum of Railway Techniques">Tashkent Museum of Railway Techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Planetarium" title="Tashkent Planetarium">Tashkent Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Polytechnical_Museum" title="Tashkent Polytechnical Museum">Tashkent Polytechnical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alisher_Navoi_State_Museum_of_Literature" title="The Alisher Navoi State Museum of Literature">The Alisher Navoi State Museum of Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">Ulugh Beg Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places <br /> of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak_Mosque" title="Ak Mosque">Ak Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baland_Mosque" title="Baland Mosque">Baland Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi-Khanym_Mosque" title="Bibi-Khanym Mosque">Bibi-Khanym Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_Haouz_Mosque" title="Bolo Haouz Mosque">Bolo Haouz Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin,_Tashkent" title="Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin, Tashkent">Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chor_Minor" title="Chor Minor">Chor Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhuma_Mosque,_Tashkent" title="Dzhuma Mosque, Tashkent">Dzhuma Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po-i-Kalyan#Kalyan_Mosque" title="Po-i-Kalyan">Kalân Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyan_minaret" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyan minaret">Kalyan minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khonakhan_Mosque" title="Khonakhan Mosque">Khonakhan Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magok-i-Attari_Mosque" title="Magok-i-Attari Mosque">Magok-i-Attari Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magok-i-Kurpa_Mosque" title="Magok-i-Kurpa Mosque">Magok-i-Kurpa Mosque</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mosque">Mosque of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral,_Tashkent" title="Sacred Heart Cathedral, Tashkent">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Church,_Samarkand" title="St. John the Baptist Church, Samarkand">St. John the Baptist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navoi_Theater" title="Navoi Theater">Navoi Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Friendship_Palace" title="Peoples' Friendship Palace">Peoples' Friendship Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyab-i_Hauz#The_Khanaka_of_Nadir_Divan-begi_(1619/20)" title="Lyab-i Hauz">Khanaka of Nadir Divan-begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Nizami_Ganjavi_in_Tashkent" title="Monument to Nizami Ganjavi in Tashkent">Monument to Nizami Ganjavi in Tashkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustaqillik_Maydoni" title="Mustaqillik Maydoni">Mustaqillik Maydoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabati_Malik" title="Rabati Malik">Rabati Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyob_Bazaar" title="Siyob Bazaar">Siyob Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_of_Martyrs_in_Uzbekistan" title="Square of Martyrs in Uzbekistan">Square of Martyrs in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Tower" title="Tashkent Tower">Tashkent Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aydar_Lake" title="Aydar Lake">Aydar Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Charvak" title="Lake Charvak">Lake Charvak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatkalskiy_State_Nature_Reserve" title="Chatkalskiy State Nature Reserve">Chatkalskiy State Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaamin_National_Park" title="Zaamin National Park">Zaamin National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_architecture86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_architecture" title="Template talk:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_architecture86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_style" title="Parthian style">Parthian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Early Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/90px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/135px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/180px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khaneqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">Ab anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biruni_(Persian_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biruni (Persian architecture) (page does not exist)">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalan_e_Vorudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalan e Vorudi (page does not exist)">Dalan e Vorudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashti" title="Hashti">Hashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat#Iran" title="Qanat">Kariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjdari" title="Panjdari">Panjdari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian Garden (<i>hayāt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">Talar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tehran" title="Architecture of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">Traditional Persian residential architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity" title="Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity">Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">Architects of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_Iran" title="Category:Castles in Iran"><i>Arg</i>s, castles, and <i>ghal'eh</i>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ab_anbars_of_Qazvin" title="List of ab anbars of Qazvin">List of ab anbars of Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iran" title="List of mosques in Iran">List of mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat#Iran" title="Ziyarat">List of ziyarat-gahs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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