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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-About_the_author_(book_reviews)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About_the_author_(book_reviews)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>About the author (book reviews)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About_the_author_(book_reviews)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88" title="جابرييل كولكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جابرييل كولكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gabriel Kolko" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3" title="ガブリエル・コルコ – Japanese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American historian (1932–2014)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Gabriel Kolko</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1932-08-17</span>)</span>August 17, 1932<br /><a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson</a>, New Jersey, United States<sup id="cite_ref-WAPO_obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAPO_obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">May 19, 2014<span style="display:none">(2014-05-19)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Historian, writer, educator</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>; 1954)</span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>; 1955)</span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PhD; 1962)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1955–2014 (writer)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">History</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_liberalism" title="Corporate liberalism">Corporate liberalism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">Historical revisionism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i>The Triumph of Conservatism</i>, <i>The Limits of Power</i> (co-author w/ Joyce Kolko)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Transportation History Prize from Organization of American Historians, 1963; Social Sciences Research Council fellow, 1963–64; Guggenheim fellow, 1966–67; American Council of Learned Societies fellow, 1971–72; Killam fellow, 1974–75, 1982–84; Royal Society of Canada fellow.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Joyce Manning</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1955; died 2012)<wbr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gabriel Morris Kolko</b> (August 17, 1932 – May 19, 2014) was an American historian.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_Obit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM_Obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His research interests included American capitalism and political history, the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>, and U.S. foreign policy in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the best-known <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist historians</a> to write about the Cold War,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was also credited as "an incisive critic of the Progressive Era and its relationship to the American empire."<sup id="cite_ref-Hales_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hales-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reason1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Buhle" title="Paul Buhle">Paul Buhle</a> summarized Kolko's career when he described him as "a major theorist of what came to be called <a href="/wiki/Corporate_liberalism" title="Corporate liberalism">Corporate Liberalism</a>...[and] a very major historian of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and its assorted war crimes."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_education">Background and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kolko was of Jewish heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolko_Israel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolko_Israel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born in <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>, the son of two teachers: Philip and Lillian (née Zadikow) Kolko.<sup id="cite_ref-GaleReference_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaleReference-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolko attended <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a>, studying American economic history (BA 1954). Next he attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>, where he studied American social history (MS 1955) and was taught by <a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JCA_obit_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCA_obit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his PhD from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-Contemporary_Authors_p._655_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contemporary_Authors_p._655-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During these years, Kolko was active in the <a href="/wiki/Student_League_for_Industrial_Democracy_(1946%E2%80%9359)" class="mw-redirect" title="Student League for Industrial Democracy (1946–59)">Student League for Industrial Democracy</a> (SLID). By the time SLID published his first pamphlet, <i>Distribution of Income in the United States</i>, in 1955, Kolko had already completed a stint as the league's national vice chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his graduation from Harvard, he taught at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> and at <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_The_State_University_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="University at Buffalo, The State University of New York">SUNY-Buffalo</a>. In 1970, he joined the history department of <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> in Toronto, remaining an emeritus professor of history there until his death in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to antiwar activist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Garris" title="Eric Garris">Eric Garris</a>, Kolko first established his reputation as a historian writing about the "close connection between the government and big business throughout the Progressive Era and the Cold War [...] but broke new ground with his analysis of the corporate elite's successful defeat of the free market by corporatism."<sup id="cite_ref-antiwar1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiwar1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in his career, beginning with his books <i>The Triumph of Conservatism</i> and <i>Railroads and Regulation</i>, Kolko used a revisionist approach as a way of analyzing history.<sup id="cite_ref-GaleReference_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaleReference-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon he was considered a leading historian of the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> joining William Appleman Williams and <a href="/wiki/James_Weinstein_(author)" title="James Weinstein (author)">James Weinstein</a> in advancing the so-called "corporate liberalism" thesis in American historiography. </p><p>This was a thesis that disputed the "widely held view that government regulates business, arguing that, instead, business steers government",<sup id="cite_ref-GaleReference_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaleReference-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kolko used it to analyze how America's social, economic, and political life was shaped beginning with the Progressive Era (1900-1920). But for Kolko, a social policy of "corporate liberalism" (or what Kolko preferred to call "political capitalism") shaped the mainstream agenda of all that was to follow afterwards in American society, from <a href="/wiki/The_New_Deal" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Deal">The New Deal</a> (1930s) through to the post-World War II era of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1947-1962), and onwards. Kolko's argument that public policy was shaped by "corporate control of the liberal agenda" (rather than the liberal control of the corporate agenda), revised the old Progressive Era historiography of the "interests" <i>versus</i> the "people", which was now to be reinterpreted as a <i>collaboration</i> of "interests" and "people." So too, with this revised version of recent American history, came the tacit recognition that this fulfilled the business community's unspoken, but deliberate, aim of stabilizing competition in the "free market."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This was an idea summarized by journalist and internet columnist Charles Burris when he argued that:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Rather than "the people" being behind these "progressive reforms", it was the very elite business interests themselves responsible, in an attempt to cartelize, centralize and control what was impossible due to the dynamics of a competitive and decentralized economy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In retrospect, Kolko summarized this phase of his career when he wrote that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"As I have argued elsewhere, American "progressivism" was a part of a big business effort to attain protection from the unpredictability of too much competition, [See my book <i>The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900-1916</i>, New York, 1962].<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kolko argued that <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a> turned to the government for support because of its inefficiency and inability to prevent the economy veering between boom and bust, which aroused fears that the concomitant discontent amongst the general public would lead to the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">popular</a> constraints upon business. Its embrace of government led to their intertwinement, with business becoming the dominant strand.<sup id="cite_ref-Cha&Lic_2000_65_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cha&Lic_2000_65-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historian_of_the_Progressive_Era">Historian of the Progressive Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historian of the Progressive Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kolko's thesis 'that businessmen favored government regulation because they feared competition and desired to forge a government–business coalition' is one that is echoed by many observers today.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eric Garris<sup id="cite_ref-antiwar1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antiwar1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Kolko, in particular, broke new ground with his critical history of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>. He suggested that free enterprise and competition were vibrant and expanding during the first two decades of the 20th century; thereafter, however, "the corporate elite—the <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan_%26_Co." title="J.P. Morgan & Co.">House of Morgan</a>, for example—turned to government intervention when it realized in the waning 19th century that competition was too unruly to guarantee <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-amcon_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This behavior is known as <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, but Kolko preferred <i>political capitalism</i>, "the merger of the economic and political structures on behalf of the greater interests of capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolko's thesis "that businessmen favored government regulation because they feared competition and desired to forge a government–business coalition" is one that is echoed by many observers today.<sup id="cite_ref-Cha&Lic_2000_65_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cha&Lic_2000_65-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Harvard professor Paul H. Weaver uncovered the same inefficient and bureaucratic behavior from corporations during his stint at <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford Motor Corporation">Ford Motor Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free market economist <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> thought highly of Kolko's work on the history of relations between big business and government.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one profile, published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i>, put it: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For Gabriel Kolko, the enemy has always been what sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> called "political capitalism"—that is, "the accumulation of private capital and fortunes via booty connected with politics." In Kolko's eyes, "America's capacity and readiness to intervene virtually anywhere" pose a grave danger both to the U.S. and the world. Kolko has made it his mission to study the historical roots of how this propensity for intervention came to be. He was also one of the first historians to take on the regulatory state in a serious way. Kolko's landmark work, <i>The Triumph of Conservatism</i>, is an attempt to link the Progressive Era policies of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to the national-security state left behind in the wake of his cousin <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin</a>'s presidency. Kolko's indictment of what he calls "conservatism" is not aimed at the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarianism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Richard Weaver</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right individualism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Albert Jay Nock</a>. In fact, Kolko's thesis—that big government and big business consistently colluded to regulate small American artisans and farmers out of existence—has much in common with libertarian and traditionalist critiques of the corporatist state. The "national progressivism" that Kolko attacks was, in his own words, "the defense of business against the democratic ferment that was nascent in the states." Coming of age in the '50s and '60s, Kolko saw firsthand the destruction of the "permanent things" as the result of the merging of Washington, D.C., and Wall Street. A sense of place and rootedness lingers just beneath the surface of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Hales_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hales-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historian_of_U.S._foreign_relations_and_the_Vietnam_War">Historian of U.S. foreign relations and the Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historian of U.S. foreign relations and the Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having published on the US domestic scene, Kolko next turned to matters international, beginning in 1968 with <i>The Politics of War</i>, "the most thorough and extensive of the 'revisionist' views of American foreign policy during World War II."<sup id="cite_ref-Keohane_1974_869_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keohane_1974_869-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next came <i>The Roots of American Foreign Policy</i> (1969), a book that, according to <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Immerman" title="Richard H. Immerman">Richard H. Immerman</a>, "became must reading for a generation of diplomatic historians."<sup id="cite_ref-Immerman_1987_134_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Immerman_1987_134-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, Kolko contended that the American failure to win the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> demonstrated the inapplicability of the US policy of containment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>The Limits of Power</i> (1972), co-authored with his wife, Joyce, looked at US foreign policy in the crucial postwar years, when American power was at its peak, one without historical precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Limits</i> is described by <i>The Cambridge History of the Cold War</i> (2010), as <span class="nowrap">"[</span>a]mong the most important analyses of US policy and the origins of the Cold War".<sup id="cite_ref-CHCW_2010_515_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHCW_2010_515-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Even among more traditionally-minded scholars," noted one unsympathetic historian, "the Kolkos have been credited with considerable insight and praised for the breadth of their research."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arch-traditionalist <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a>, for example, conceded that <i>The Limits of Power</i> was "an important book."<sup id="cite_ref-Gaddis_1972_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaddis_1972-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kolko next moved on to his country's war in Vietnam, a conflagration with which he and Joyce were deeply preoccupied at home and abroad; the couple were in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> when North Vietnamese forces entered <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, and were granted the privilege of announcing the event over local radio.<sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolko would publish two books on the Vietnam War and its aftermath. <i>Anatomy of a War</i> (1985) looked at the war itself, its prologue and its effects. <i>Anatomy</i> would place its author alongside the likes of <a href="/wiki/George_Kahin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Kahin">George Kahin</a> as a leading writer of the postrevisionist, or synthesis, school. This group of historians suggested, among other things, that the revisionist school was wrong in speculating that the United States could have won the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <i>Anatomy</i>, Kolko became "the first American historian to establish a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Diệm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Thiệu</a>, on the one hand, and the population of the Saigon milieu on the other. It might even be said that he was the first to insist that there was such a milieu and to attempt a systematic study of its inhabitants."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One sympathetic reviewer notes that Kolko's work on Vietnam has been relegated to the margins of the Vietnam War literature.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Vietnam: Anatomy of a Peace</i> (1997) cast a look back at developments in Vietnam in the wake of the war, and how the Vietnamese communists ran the country. Kolko's assessment of their efforts was rather less than positive. </p><p>Kolko became a founding editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_Asia" title="Journal of Contemporary Asia">Journal of Contemporary Asia</a></i> in 1970, remaining on the board until 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-JCA_obit_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCA_obit-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kolko was not without his critics.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaddis_Smith" title="Gaddis Smith">Gaddis Smith</a> once described him, along with Williams, as at "the forefront of revisionist scholars" and yet "essentially pamphleteers".<sup id="cite_ref-Mirra_2006_n102_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mirra_2006_n102-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others said his leftist political sympathies had a "distorting" effect on his work.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_obit_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_obit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kolko was a self-declared leftist and an <a href="/wiki/Anticapitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticapitalism">anticapitalist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-counterpunch2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterpunch2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Kolko's revisionist historical accounts gained favor with several <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian capitalists</a> from the United States, often to the chagrin of Kolko, who, at least as late as 1973, actively tried to distance himself from connections to that particular strain of libertarian thinking as it developed in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-reason1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reason1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding socialism, Kolko wrote in <i>After Socialism</i> (2006) that, both as theory and as movement, it is "essentially dead," its analysis and practice have both been failures, and it "simply inherited most of the nineteenth century's myopia, adding to the illusions of social thought". He maintained, however, that capitalism is neither a rational nor a stable basis for a peaceful society: "Given its practice and consequences, opposition to what is loosely termed capitalism—the status quo in all its dimensions—is far more justified today than ever. Precisely because of this, a more durable and effective alternative to capitalism is even more essential."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As sociologist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Frank Furedi</a> has argued: "[Kolko's] scathing condemnation of American foreign policy, like his condemnation of the crudity of <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist rhetoric</a>, stand as a testimony to his intellectual and political integrity."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown</a> historian <a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a> similarly wrote that "while very critical of Marxist and Communist movements and regimes, Kolko also counts among the human, social, and economic costs of capitalism the 'repeated propensity' of capitalist states to go to war."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolko was a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_obit-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalin</a> and was scathingly dismissive of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and his thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kolko regarded the result of <a href="/wiki/Israel#After_World_War_II" title="Israel">the creation of Israel</a> as "abysmal". In his view, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> produced "a Sparta that traumatized an already artificially divided region," "a small state with a military ethos that pervades all aspects of [it]s culture, its politics and, above all, its response to the existence of Arabs in its midst and at its borders." Overall, his conclusion was that there is "simply no rational reason" that justifies Israel's creation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolko_Israel_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolko_Israel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The US has never been able to translate its superior arms into political success, and that decisive failure is inherent in everything it attempts," remarked Kolko in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, just after <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished speech</a>. He predicted that Iraq's "regionalism and internecine ethnic strife will produce years of instability."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly for Afghanistan: "As in Vietnam, the US will win battles, but it has no strategy for winning this war."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam_-_Wittenburgergracht_79_RM_6440.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Amsterdam_-_Wittenburgergracht_79_RM_6440.JPG/220px-Amsterdam_-_Wittenburgergracht_79_RM_6440.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Amsterdam_-_Wittenburgergracht_79_RM_6440.JPG/330px-Amsterdam_-_Wittenburgergracht_79_RM_6440.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Amsterdam_-_Wittenburgergracht_79_RM_6440.JPG/440px-Amsterdam_-_Wittenburgergracht_79_RM_6440.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Warehouse where Kolko lived</figcaption></figure> <p>Kolko married Joyce Manning in 1955,<sup id="cite_ref-Contemporary_Authors_p._655_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contemporary_Authors_p._655-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the couple remained together until her death in 2012. She had been a collaborator in his writings, such as <i>The Limits of Power</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon retirement, Kolko emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, where he had a home and continued to work on his historical assessments of modern warfare, particularly the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-counterpunch1932_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterpunch1932-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a regular contributor to the political newsletter <i><a href="/wiki/CounterPunch" title="CounterPunch">CounterPunch</a></i> during the final 15 years of his life. He was interested in <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a> and a fan of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Kapsperger" title="Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger">Giovanni Kapsperger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kolko died aged 81 at his home in Amsterdam at <a href="/wiki/Oostelijke_Eilanden" title="Oostelijke Eilanden">Oostelijke Eilanden</a> on May 19, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-counterpunch2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterpunch2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-counterpunch1932_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-counterpunch1932-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was suffering from a degenerative neurological disorder<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chose <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, permitted under Dutch law.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_obit_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_obit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left a considerable amount of money to the <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Bachvereniging" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandse Bachvereniging">Nederlandse Bachvereniging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>World in Crisis: the End of the American Century</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+in+Crisis%3A+the+End+of+the+American+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko2006" class="citation book cs1"><i>After Socialism: Reconstructing Critical Social Thought</i>. Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Socialism%3A+Reconstructing+Critical+Social+Thought&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Age of War: The United States Confronts the World</i>. Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+War%3A+The+United+States+Confronts+the+World&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko2002" class="citation book cs1"><i>Another Century of War?</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Century+of+War%3F&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Vietnam: Anatomy of a Peace</i>. London and New York, NY: Routledge. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Peace&rft.place=London+and+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1994" class="citation book cs1"><i>Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914</i>. New York, NY: The New Press. 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+War%3A+Politics%2C+Conflicts%2C+and+Society+since+1914&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1988" class="citation book cs1"><i>Confronting the Third World: United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1980</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Third+World%3A+United+States+Foreign+Policy%2C+1945%E2%80%931980&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1985" class="citation book cs1"><i>Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience</i> (rep. with new afterword ed.). New York, NY: The New Press. 1994 [1985].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+War%3A+Vietnam%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+the+Modern+Historical+Experience&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=rep.+with+new+afterword&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1976" class="citation book cs1"><i>Main Currents in Modern American History</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+in+Modern+American+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolkoKolko1972" class="citation book cs1">Joyce Kolko (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitsofpowerwor0000kolk"><i>The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954</i></a>. New York,&: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Power%3A+The+World+and+United+States+Foreign+Policy%2C+1945%E2%80%931954&rft.place=New+York%2C%26&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Gabriel+Kolko&rft.au=Joyce+Kolko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitsofpowerwor0000kolk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalkKolkoLifton1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Falk" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Falk">Richard Falk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Lifton" title="Robert Jay Lifton">Robert Jay Lifton</a>, eds. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimesofwarlegal0000falk"><i>Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibility of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts in Wars</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394414157" title="Special:BookSources/9780394414157"><bdi>9780394414157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimes+of+War%3A+A+Legal%2C+Political-Documentary%2C+and+Psychological+Inquiry+into+the+Responsibility+of+Leaders%2C+Citizens%2C+and+Soldiers+for+Criminal+Acts+in+Wars&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780394414157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrimesofwarlegal0000falk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1969" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Roots of American Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Power and Purpose</i>. Boston, MA: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+American+Foreign+Policy%3A+An+Analysis+of+Power+and+Purpose&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1990" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofwarwor00kolkrich"><i>The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945</i></a> (rep. with new afterword ed.). New York, NY: Random House. 1990 [1968]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679727576" title="Special:BookSources/9780679727576"><bdi>9780679727576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+War%3A+The+World+and+United+States+Foreign+Policy%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=rep.+with+new+afterword&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780679727576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofwarwor00kolkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1965" class="citation book cs1"><i>Railroads and Regulation, 1877–1916</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. 1965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroads+and+Regulation%2C+1877%E2%80%931916&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span> <small>Based on his PhD dissertation</small>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1963" class="citation book cs1"><i>The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900-1916</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Free_Press_(publisher)" title="Free Press (publisher)">The Free Press</a>. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+Conservatism%3A+A+Reinterpretation+of+American+History%2C+1900-1916&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1962" class="citation book cs1"><i>Wealth and Power in America: An Analysis of Social Class and Income Distribution</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger</a>. 1962.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wealth+and+Power+in+America%3A+An+Analysis+of+Social+Class+and+Income+Distribution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1962&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko1955" class="citation book cs1"><i>Distribution of Income in the United States</i>. New York, NY: Student League for Industrial Democracy. 1955.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+Income+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Student+League+for+Industrial+Democracy&rft.date=1955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WAPO_obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WAPO_obit_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2014" class="citation web cs1">Langer, Emily (June 17, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/gabriel-kolko-historian-who-skewered-us-economic-and-foreign-policies-dies-at-81/2014/06/17/d28c7150-f243-11e3-914c-1fbd0614e2d4_story.html">"Gabriel Kolko, historian who skewered U.S. economic and foreign policies, dies at 81"</a>. <i>washingtonpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Kolko%2C+historian+who+skewered+U.S.+economic+and+foreign+policies%2C+dies+at+81&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fgabriel-kolko-historian-who-skewered-us-economic-and-foreign-policies-dies-at-81%2F2014%2F06%2F17%2Fd28c7150-f243-11e3-914c-1fbd0614e2d4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GM_Obit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GM_Obit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKean2014" class="citation web cs1">McKean, Matthew (June 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/gabriel-kolko-a-leftist-academic-who-saw-things-differently/article19167221/?page=all">"Gabriel Kolko: A leftist academic who saw things differently"</a>. <i>theglobeandmail.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theglobeandmail.com&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Kolko%3A+A+leftist+academic+who+saw+things+differently&rft.date=2014-06-13&rft.aulast=McKean&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fgabriel-kolko-a-leftist-academic-who-saw-things-differently%2Farticle19167221%2F%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiggins1977">Diggins 1977</a>, p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinden1996">Linden 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIzQm26ulnoC&pg=PA68">68</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hales-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hales_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hales_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDylan_Hales2008" class="citation web cs1">Dylan Hales (December 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/left-turn-ahead/">"Left Turn Ahead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Theamericanconservative.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Theamericanconservative.com">theamericanconservative.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theamericanconservative.com&rft.atitle=Left+Turn+Ahead&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.au=Dylan+Hales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericanconservative.com%2Farticles%2Fleft-turn-ahead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reason1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reason1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reason1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Walker2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Walker" title="Jesse Walker">Jesse Walker</a> (May 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2014/05/20/gabriel-kolko-rip">"Gabriel Kolko, RIP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reason.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason.com">reason.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reason.com&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Kolko%2C+RIP&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft.au=Jesse+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Fblog%2F2014%2F05%2F20%2Fgabriel-kolko-rip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2014" class="citation web cs1">Editorial (May 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comehomeamerica.wordpress.com/2014/05/20/gabriel-kolko-1932-2014/">"Gabriel Kolko 1932–2014"</a>. <i>comehomeamerica.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comehomeamerica.us&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Kolko+1932%E2%80%932014&rft.date=2014-05-20&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomehomeamerica.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F05%2F20%2Fgabriel-kolko-1932-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolko_Israel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolko_Israel_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolko_Israel_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Kolko2009" class="citation web cs1">Gabriel Kolko (August 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2009/08/25/israel-a-stalemated-action-of-history/">"Israel: A Stalemated Action of History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CounterPunch" title="CounterPunch">CounterPunch</a>.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+Stalemated+Action+of+History&rft.pub=CounterPunch.org&rft.date=2009-08-25&rft.au=Gabriel+Kolko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpunch.org%2F2009%2F08%2F25%2Fisrael-a-stalemated-action-of-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GaleReference-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GaleReference_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GaleReference_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GaleReference_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGale_Reference_Team2003" class="citation book cs1">Gale Reference Team, ed. (2003). <i>Biography - Kolko, Gabriel (1932-)</i>. Contemporary Authors (Biography).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+-+Kolko%2C+Gabriel+%281932-%29&rft.series=Contemporary+Authors+%28Biography%29&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCA_obit-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JCA_obit_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JCA_obit_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Obituary: Gabriel Kolko, 1932–2014". <i>Journal of Contemporary Asia</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 569–571. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2014.931015">10.1080/00472336.2014.931015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Gabriel+Kolko%2C+1932%E2%80%932014&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=569-571&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2014.931015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Contemporary_Authors_p._655-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Contemporary_Authors_p._655_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Contemporary_Authors_p._655_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Contemporary Authors: First Revision, Volumes 5–8</i>, p. 655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolko1955">Kolko 1955</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fff.org/explore-freedom/article/gabriel-koklo-revisited-part-1-kolko-at-home/">"Gabriel Kolko Revisited, Part 1: Kolko at Home The Future of Freedom Foundation"</a>. Fff.org. September 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gabriel+Kolko+Revisited%2C+Part+1%3A+Kolko+at+Home+The+Future+of+Freedom+Foundation&rft.pub=Fff.org&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffff.org%2Fexplore-freedom%2Farticle%2Fgabriel-koklo-revisited-part-1-kolko-at-home%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antiwar1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-antiwar1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-antiwar1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarris2014" class="citation web cs1">Garris, Eric (May 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiwar.com/blog/2014/05/20/gabiel-kolko-rip/">"Gabiel Kolko, RIP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiwar.com" title="Antiwar.com">Antiwar.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Deal+Illusion+%C2%BB+CounterPunch%3A+Tells+the+Facts%2C+Names+the+Names&rft.pub=CounterPunch&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpunch.org%2F2012%2F08%2F29%2Fthe-new-deal-illusion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cha&Lic_2000_65-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cha&Lic_2000_65_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cha&Lic_2000_65_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandlerLicht2000">Chandler & Licht 2000</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amcon-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amcon_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldon_Richman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sheldon Richman (February 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814153531/http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/">"Libertarian Left"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amconmag.com/blog/libertarian-left/">the original</a> on August 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Conservative&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Left&rft.date=2011-02-03&rft.au=Sheldon+Richman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amconmag.com%2Fblog%2Flibertarian-left%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolko1976">Kolko 1976</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeaver1988">Weaver 1988</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradleyDonway2013">Bradley & Donway 2013</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRothbard1965">Rothbard 1965</a>, pp. 13–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keohane_1974_869-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keohane_1974_869_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeohane1974">Keohane 1974</a>, p. 869.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Immerman_1987_134-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Immerman_1987_134_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImmerman1987">Immerman 1987</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tandfonline1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tandfonline1_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2012.690561">"Joyce Kolko: Obituary"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary Asia</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 349. 2012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2012.690561">10.1080/00472336.2012.690561</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216138658">216138658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Joyce+Kolko%3A+Obituary&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=349&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2012.690561&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216138658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00472336.2012.690561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHCW_2010_515-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHCW_2010_515_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLefflerWestad2010a">Leffler & Westad 2010a</a>, p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStueck1973">Stueck 1973</a>, pp. 537–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaddis_1972-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaddis_1972_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaddis1972">Gaddis 1972</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt1997">Hunt 1997</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt1997">Hunt 1997</a>, pp. 402–3, where Hunt justifies this assessment, and also writes that, <span class="nowrap">"[</span>s]oon after its appearance, I argued that <i>Anatomy of a War</i> was the best book on the subject".<p>Kolko is not mentioned in the relevant bibliographical essay in <i>The Cambridge History of the Cold War</i> (<a href="#CITEREFLefflerWestad2010b">Leffler & Westad 2010b</a>, pp. 549–551).</p></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiggins1977">Diggins 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mirra_2006_n102-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mirra_2006_n102_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMirra2006">Mirra 2006</a>, p. 100 n102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_obit-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_obit_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_obit_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2014" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, William (June 11, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/us/gabriel-kolko-left-leaning-historian-of-us-policy-dies-at-81.html">"Gabriel Kolko, Left-Leaning Historian of U.S. Policy, Dies at 81"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Kolko%2C+Left-Leaning+Historian+of+U.S.+Policy%2C+Dies+at+81&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F06%2F11%2Fus%2Fgabriel-kolko-left-leaning-historian-of-us-policy-dies-at-81.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2014/05/20/gabriel-kolko-rip">forthright letter</a> to Manuel Klausner of <i><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason</a></i>, in which he writes, "I have been a socialist and against capitalism all of my life".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-counterpunch2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-counterpunch2_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-counterpunch2_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2014" class="citation web cs1">Pollack, Norman (May 21, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2014/05/21/in-memorium-gabriel-kolko/">"In Memoriam, Gabriel Kolko"</a>. <i>counterpunch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=counterpunch.org&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%2C+Gabriel+Kolko&rft.date=2014-05-21&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpunch.org%2F2014%2F05%2F21%2Fin-memorium-gabriel-kolko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko2012" class="citation web cs1">Kolko, Gabriel (September 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/2012/08/29/the-new-deal-illusion/">"The New Deal Illusion"</a>. <i>counterpunch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Libertarians argued years later that <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>'s economics were statist, and that he belonged in the continuum of government and business collaboration that began around the turn of the century. I must agree with them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=counterpunch.org&rft.atitle=The+New+Deal+Illusion&rft.date=2012-09-29&rft.aulast=Kolko&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.counterpunch.org%2F2012%2F08%2F29%2Fthe-new-deal-illusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolko2006">Kolko 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RI-wHvCYf0YC&pg=PA1">1–3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuredi2014" class="citation web cs1">Furedi, Frank (June 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/rip-gabriel-kolko-a-true-free-thinker/">"RIP Gabriel Kolko, a true free thinker"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spiked_(magazine)" title="Spiked (magazine)">Spiked</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiked&rft.atitle=RIP+Gabriel+Kolko%2C+a+true+free+thinker&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.aulast=Furedi&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiked-online.com%2Fnewsite%2Farticle%2Frip-gabriel-kolko-a-true-free-thinker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPainter1995">Painter 1995</a>, p. 495.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2014">Cook 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph_obit-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_obit_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11073246/Gabriel-Kolko-obituary.html">"Gabriel Kolko – obituary"</a>. <i>telegraph.co.uk</i>. September 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Gabriel+Kolko+%E2%80%93+obituary&rft.date=2014-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F11073246%2FGabriel-Kolko-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKolko1990">Kolko 1990</a>, pp. 240–1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko2003" class="citation web cs1">Kolko, Gabriel (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213007/http://www.nthposition.com/ageofunilateral.php">"The age of unilateral war: Iraq, the United States and the end of the European coalition"</a>. <i>nthposition.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nthposition.com/ageofunilateral.php">the original</a> on October 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nthposition.com&rft.atitle=The+age+of+unilateral+war%3A+Iraq%2C+the+United+States+and+the+end+of+the+European+coalition&rft.date=2003-05&rft.aulast=Kolko&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nthposition.com%2Fageofunilateral.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolko2009" class="citation news cs1">Kolko, Gabriel (September 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/escalation-is-futile-in-a-war-in-which-complexity-defies-might-20090922-g0h2.html">"Escalation is futile in a war in which complexity defies might"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83719-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83719-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Cold+War%2C+Volume+I%3A+Origins&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83719-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefflerWestad2010b" class="citation book cs1">Leffler, Melvyn P.; Westad, Odd Arne, eds. (2010b). <i>The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume II: Crisis and Détente</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83720-0"><bdi>978-0-521-83720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Cold+War%2C+Volume+II%3A+Crisis+and+D%C3%A9tente&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83720-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinden1996" class="citation book cs1">Linden, A. A. M. van der (1996). <i>A Revolt Against Liberalism: American Radical Historians, 1959–1976</i>. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-051-83929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-051-83929-6"><bdi>978-9-051-83929-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Revolt+Against+Liberalism%3A+American+Radical+Historians%2C+1959%E2%80%931976&rft.place=Amsterdam+and+Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9-051-83929-6&rft.aulast=Linden&rft.aufirst=A.+A.+M.+van+der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirra2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mirra, Carl (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/lh/article/download/5700/4893">"Radical Historians and the Liberal Establishment: Staughton Lynd's Life with History"</a>. <i>Left History</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 69–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Left+History&rft.atitle=Radical+Historians+and+the+Liberal+Establishment%3A+Staughton+Lynd%27s+Life+with+History&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-101&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mirra&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpi.library.yorku.ca%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Flh%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F5700%2F4893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovick1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Novick" title="Peter Novick">Novick, Peter</a> (1988). <i>That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Noble+Dream%3A+The+%22Objectivity+Question%22+and+the+American+Historical+Profession&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Novick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">Painter, David S.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2082342">"Book Reviews: <i>Century of War: Politics, Conflict, and Society since 1914</i> by Gabriel Kolko"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a></i>. <b>82</b> (2): 794–795. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2082342">10.2307/2082342</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2082342">2082342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Book+Reviews%3A+Century+of+War%3A+Politics%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Society+since+1914+by+Gabriel+Kolko&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=794-795&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2082342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2082342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2082342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothbard1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard, Murray</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/journals/lar/pdfs/1_1/1_1_2.pdf">"Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_A_Journal_of_Libertarian_Thought" title="Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought">Left and Right</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): 4–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Left+and+Right&rft.atitle=Left+and+Right%3A+The+Prospects+for+Liberty&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-22&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Rothbard&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fjournals%2Flar%2Fpdfs%2F1_1%2F1_1_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStromberg1973" class="citation journal cs1">Stromberg, Roland N. (1973). "The Kolkos and the Cold War". <i><a href="/wiki/Reviews_in_American_History" title="Reviews in American History">Reviews in American History</a></i>. <b>1</b> (4): 445–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2701704">10.2307/2701704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2701704">2701704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Kolkos+and+the+Cold+War&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=445-453&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2701704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2701704%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stromberg&rft.aufirst=Roland+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStueck1973" class="citation journal cs1">Stueck, William (1973). "Cold War Revisionism and the Origins of the Korean Conflict: The Kolko Thesis". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a></i>. <b>42</b> (4): 537–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3638137">10.2307/3638137</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638137">3638137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Cold+War+Revisionism+and+the+Origins+of+the+Korean+Conflict%3A+The+Kolko+Thesis&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=537-560&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3638137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3638137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stueck&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver1988" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, Paul H. (1988). <i>The Suicidal Corporation</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suicidal+Corporation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabriel+Kolko" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Divine, Robert, "Historiography: Vietnam Reconsidered" in <a href="/wiki/Walter_Capps" title="Walter Capps">Walter Capps</a>, ed., <i>The Vietnam Reader</i> (New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1990).</li> <li>US Government 'White Paper' (February 1965)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="About_the_author_(book_reviews)"><span id="About_the_author_.28book_reviews.29"></span>About the author (book reviews)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: About the author (book reviews)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>American Historical Review, April 1997, review of <i>Century of War: Politics, Conflicts, and Society since 1914,</i> p. 430.</li> <li>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, March 1990, review of <i>Confronting the Third World,</i> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hAwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42">42–43</a>.</li> <li>Canadian Forum, May 1969.</li> <li>Canadian Historical Review, June 1991, review of <i>Confronting the Third World</i>, p. 229.</li> <li>Commonweal, February 20, 1970.</li> <li>Contemporary Southeast Asia, April 1999, Ramses Amer, review of <i>Vietnam: Anatomy of a Peace,</i> p. 146.</li> <li>Educational Studies, fall, 1995, review of <i>Wealth and Power in America</i>, p. 185.</li> <li>Guardian (London), May 29, 1997, <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a>, "Victims of Victory, " review of <i>Vietnam</i>, p. 10.</li> <li>Journal of Contemporary Asia, May 1998, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Constantino" title="Renato Constantino">Renato Constantino</a> and Alec Gordon, review of <i>Vietnam,</i> pp. 254, 256.</li> <li>Kirkus Reviews, July 15, 2002, review of <i>Another Century of War?,</i> p. 1012.</li> <li>Nation, October 6, 1969; April 12, 1986, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Landau" title="Saul Landau">Saul Landau</a>, review of <i>Anatomy of a War: Vietnam, the United States, and the Modern Historical Experience,</i> p. 530; November 3, 1997, Nhu T. Le, review of <i>Vietnam,</i> p. 30.</li> <li>New Republic, April 24, 1971.</li> <li>New York Times Book Review, April 13, 1969; February 27, 1972.</li> <li>Political Science Quarterly, winter, 1995, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a>, review of <i>Century of War</i>, p. 637.</li> <li>Progressive, March 1989, review of <i>Confronting the Third World</i>, p. 45; February 1995, Michael Uhl, review of <i>Anatomy of a War</i>, p. 40.</li> <li>Publishers Weekly, August 5, 2002, "September 11: Recollections and Reflections (Books about World Trade Center, Pentagon attacks), " review of <i>Another Century of War?</i>, p. 63.</li> <li>Review of Politics, winter, 1996, review of <i>Century of War</i>, p. 199.</li> <li>Science and Society, fall, 1991, review of <i>The Politics of War</i>, p. 379.</li> <li>Times Literary Supplement, September 11, 1969.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counterpunch.org/author/debrecu111/">Gabriel Kolko articles at Counterpunch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009132236/http://www.electricpolitics.com/podcast/2007/01/bleak_expectations.html">2007 interview</a> with electricpolitics.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-online-interview-with-military-historian-gabriel-kolko-many-in-the-us-military-think-bush-and-cheney-are-out-of-control-a-511492.html">2007 interview</a> with <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheFutureOfThePostWorldWarIiAmericanEmpire/ScottHortonInterviewsGabrielKolko.mp3">The future of the post World War II American Empire </a> with Scott Horton</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514042739/http://antiwar.com/radio/2012/03/20/gabriel-kolko-3/">2012 interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/Antiwar.com" title="Antiwar.com">Antiwar.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140181#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140181#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2140181#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109312260">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108376001">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14779/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrRfQdF7DcDRy4rXCqQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120929007">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50042984">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12096857x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12096857x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00469747">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kolko, Gabriel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV032186">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36588403">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2012698118&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1187422">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070248214">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kolko, Gabriel, 1932-2014"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000289050&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200908268">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810612872605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263907705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14803310">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00563422?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120929007.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120929007">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02931643X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6169n82">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&oldid=1237326690">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriel_Kolko&oldid=1237326690</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1932_births" title="Category:1932 births">1932 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2014_deaths" title="Category:2014 deaths">2014 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_foreign_policy_writers" 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by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59bbd5969d-dkq7s","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.215","walltime":"1.518","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5797,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":202958,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7879,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":202482,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1311.015 1 -total"," 23.51% 308.251 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 22.99% 301.453 1 Template:Infobox"," 20.05% 262.816 27 Template:Cite_book"," 18.77% 246.138 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.95% 130.382 1 Template:Marriage"," 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