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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1967 Hong Kong riots</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unruhen_in_Hongkong_1967" title="Unruhen in Hongkong 1967 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unruhen in Hongkong 1967" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbios_en_Hong_Kong_de_1967" title="Disturbios en Hong Kong de 1967 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disturbios en Hong Kong de 1967" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967ko_Hong_Kongeko_ezkertiarren_greba" title="1967ko Hong Kongeko ezkertiarren greba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1967ko Hong Kongeko ezkertiarren greba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/67%ED%8F%AD%EB%8F%99" title="67폭동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="67폭동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusuhan_sayap_kiri_Hong_Kong_1967" title="Kerusuhan sayap kiri Hong Kong 1967 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerusuhan sayap kiri Hong Kong 1967" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolte_di_Hong_Kong_del_1967" title="Rivolte di Hong Kong del 1967 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolte di Hong Kong del 1967" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusuhan_Hong_Kong_1967" title="Rusuhan Hong Kong 1967 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusuhan Hong Kong 1967" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%83%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="六七暴動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="六七暴動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_1967_Leftist_riots" title="Hong Kong 1967 Leftist riots – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hong Kong 1967 Leftist riots" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%83%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="六七暴動 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="六七暴動" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%83%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="六七暴動 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="六七暴動" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Riots against British colonial rule in Hong Kong</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">1967 Hong Kong riots</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5.jpg/300px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5.jpg/450px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5.jpg/600px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Clash between striking tram workers and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong police officers</a> on 30 August 1967</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">May – December 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (people)">Demonstrations</a>, strikes, assassinations, <a href="/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Improvised Explosive Device">planting of bombs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Riots quelled <ul><li>Government crackdown on pro-CCP groups</li> <li>Pro-CCP publications banned</li> <li>British colonial government retains control of Hong Kong</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong_%281959%E2%80%931997%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></li></ul> <p><b>Supported by:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Overseas_Hong_Kong" title="British Forces Overseas Hong Kong">British Forces Overseas Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-ROC camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-Kuomintang camp</a></li></ul></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)#Pro-CCP_leftists" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Pro-CCP</a> demonstrators </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_Struggle_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-British Struggle Committee">Anti-British Struggle Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions</a></li></ul> <p><b>Supported by:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_%28Pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">People's Militia</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Trench" title="David Trench">David Trench</a> </p> </div> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yeung_Kwong" title="Yeung Kwong">Yeung Kwong</a> </p> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">51</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Injuries</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">832</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Arrested</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4,979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Convicted</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,936</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">1967 Hong Kong riots</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">六七暴動</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">六七暴动</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">'67 riots</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">liù-qī bàodòng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn"><span>luk<sup>5</sup>-cit<sup>5</sup> bau<sup>4</sup>tung<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">luhk-chāt bouhduhng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span>luk<sup>6</sup>-cat<sup>1</sup> bou<sup>6</sup>dung<sup>6</sup></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1967 Hong Kong riots</b> were large-scale anti-government riots that occurred in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> during <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colonial rule</a>. Beginning as a minor labour dispute, the demonstrations eventually escalated into protests against the colonial government. The protests were partially inspired by <a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">successful anti-colonial demonstrations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> which had occurred a few months prior. </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">roadside bombs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrol_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol bombs">petrol bombs</a> by demonstrators prompted the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a> (HKPF) to raid the demonstrators' strongholds and arrest their leaders. Fifty-one people were killed in the subsequent violence. As many of the bombs were made in pro-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) schools, then governor <a href="/wiki/David_Trench" title="David Trench">David Trench</a> decided to close those schools and ban pro-CCP publications in the colony. </p><p>The protests occurred in the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> taking place in the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>), with many of the protesters harbouring leftist views and sympathies toward the CCP. After the riots, the British Hong Kong government publicly reflected on its failure to address certain social grievances and carried out major social reforms. However, <a href="/wiki/1981_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1981 Hong Kong riots">another series of riots</a> would occur in 1981. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tensions">Tensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial demonstrations were labour disputes that began as early as May 1967 in shipping, taxi, textile, and cement companies. The unions that took up the cause were all members of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions</a>, a labour group with strong ties to Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailspoliticalchangec0000scotpage99_99]_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailspoliticalchangec0000scotpage99_99]-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political climate was tense in Hong Kong in the spring of 1967. Across the colony's northern border was a tumultuous People's Republic of China (PRC), with <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guards (China)">Red Guards</a> carrying out purges and engaging in infighting amidst the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. To the west of Hong Kong, in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese colony of Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">two months of violent clashes</a> between colonial police and pro-CCP demonstrators had just ended. Order was not restored to Macau despite the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Portuguese army</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> in January 1967 pressured the Portuguese government into agreeing to many of the demonstrators' demands, placing the colony under the <i>de facto</i> control of the PRC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkebmyB-5-IYCqdefactopgPA34_34]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkebmyB-5-IYCqdefactopgPA34_34]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 31 protests were held in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissGalDixon2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYon-gh_QhYECqHong20KongpgPA107_107]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissGalDixon2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYon-gh_QhYECqHong20KongpgPA107_107]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_violence">Outbreak of violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outbreak of violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KMB_double_decker_was_burned_on_12_May_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KMB_double_decker_was_burned_on_12_May_1967.jpg/220px-KMB_double_decker_was_burned_on_12_May_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KMB_double_decker_was_burned_on_12_May_1967.jpg/330px-KMB_double_decker_was_burned_on_12_May_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/KMB_double_decker_was_burned_on_12_May_1967.jpg/440px-KMB_double_decker_was_burned_on_12_May_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Motor_Bus" title="Kowloon Motor Bus">KMB</a> double decker set ablaze by rioters on 12 May 1967</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg/220px-1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg/330px-1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg/440px-1967_Hong_Kong_riots-Communists_and_Police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Bystanders look on as police officers prepare to confront rioters on 21 May 1967. The rioters are out of the picture, below the balcony and to the right of where the photographer is standing.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 May (<a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a>), three labour strikes began in Hong Kong,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007151_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007151-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including one at the Hong Kong Artificial Flower Works, a factory producing artificial flowers in <a href="/wiki/San_Po_Kong" title="San Po Kong">San Po Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi-gDAQAAIAAJq22SanPoKong22_iii]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi-gDAQAAIAAJq22SanPoKong22_iii]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 679 workers in the factory, only 174 were unionised and willing to strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1980[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwK0wAQAAIAAJq22174leftistunionmembers22_65]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1980[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwK0wAQAAIAAJq22174leftistunionmembers22_65]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Picketing_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Picketing (protest)">Picketing</a> workers clashed with management, and <a href="/wiki/Riot_police" title="Riot police">riot police</a> were called in on 6 May. In violent clashes between the police and the picketing workers, 21 workers were arrested. Representatives from the union protested at police stations but were themselves arrested.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The next day, large-scale demonstrations erupted on the streets of Hong Kong. Many pro-CCP demonstrators carried <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Quotations_From_Chairman_Mao_Zedong" class="mw-redirect" title="Quotations From Chairman Mao Zedong">Little Red Book</a></i> in their left hands and shouted communist slogans. The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a> engaged with the demonstrators and arrested another 127 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCq127peoplepgPA32_32]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCq127peoplepgPA32_32]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a> was imposed and all police personnel were called into duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidssum_zX2AcoCpgPA4_4]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidssum_zX2AcoCpgPA4_4]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the PRC, newspapers praised the demonstrators' activities and condemned the colonial government's actions as "fascist atrocities". In Hong Kong, the pro-Beijing newspapers <i><a href="/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao" title="Ta Kung Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Wen_Wei_Po" title="Wen Wei Po">Wen Wei Po</a></i> similarly voiced their support for the demonstrators and opposition to the colonial government.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hong Kong's <a href="/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong" title="Central, Hong Kong">Central District</a>, large loudspeakers broadcasting pro-CCP rhetoric and propaganda were placed on the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China_Building_(Hong_Kong)" title="Bank of China Building (Hong Kong)">Bank of China Building</a>. Colonial authorities responded by blaring out <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a> from larger speakers placed nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidssum_zX2AcoCpgPA4_4]_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidssum_zX2AcoCpgPA4_4]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posters were put up on walls with slogans like "Blood for Blood", "Stew the White-Skinned Pig", "Fry The Yellow Running Dogs", "Down With British Imperialism" and "Hang David Trench".<sup id="cite_ref-May_Days_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-May_Days-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students distributed newspapers carrying information about the demonstrations and pro-CCP rhetoric to the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg/220px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg/330px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg/440px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BD%A2%E5%B7%A52.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-British_Struggle_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-British Struggle Committee">Anti-British Struggle Committee</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 May, demonstrators formed the "Committee of Hong Kong and Kowloon Compatriots from All Circles for Struggle Against British Hong Kong Persecution" or "<a href="/wiki/Anti-British_Struggle_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-British Struggle Committee">Anti-British Struggle Committee</a>" for short.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yeung_Kwong" title="Yeung Kwong">Yeung Kwong</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions</a> was appointed its chairman. The committee organised and coordinated a series of large demonstrations. Hundreds of supporters from 17 different leftist organisations demonstrated outside <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Hong_Kong" title="Government House, Hong Kong">Government House</a>, chanting pro-CCP slogans.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, many workers went on strike, with Hong Kong's transport services being disrupted particularly badly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>More violence erupted on 22 May, with another 167 people being arrested. The rioters began to adopt more sophisticated tactics, such as throwing stones at police officers or police vehicles passing by, before retreating into leftist "strongholds" such as newspaper offices, banks or department stores once the police responded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Casualties began soon after. At least eight protester deaths were recorded before 1 July; most of the victims were shot or beaten to death by the police. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Height_of_violence">Height of violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Height of violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sha_Tau_Kok_incident.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sha_Tau_Kok_incident.png/220px-Sha_Tau_Kok_incident.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sha_Tau_Kok_incident.png/330px-Sha_Tau_Kok_incident.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sha_Tau_Kok_incident.png/440px-Sha_Tau_Kok_incident.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>In the afternoon of the Sha Tau Kok incident, police officers stood guard at the cordon outpost. A military helicopter arrived at the scene to conduct low-altitude reconnaissance.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Army_bomb_disposal_expert_check_and_remove_pro-communist_bomb_in_Hong_Kong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/British_Army_bomb_disposal_expert_check_and_remove_pro-communist_bomb_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/220px-British_Army_bomb_disposal_expert_check_and_remove_pro-communist_bomb_in_Hong_Kong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/British_Army_bomb_disposal_expert_check_and_remove_pro-communist_bomb_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/330px-British_Army_bomb_disposal_expert_check_and_remove_pro-communist_bomb_in_Hong_Kong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/British_Army_bomb_disposal_expert_check_and_remove_pro-communist_bomb_in_Hong_Kong.jpg/440px-British_Army_bomb_disposal_expert_check_and_remove_pro-communist_bomb_in_Hong_Kong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>A British Army <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">bomb disposal</a> expert attempts to disarm an improvised explosive device.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 July, several hundred demonstrators from the PRC, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_forces_of_China" title="Paramilitary forces of China">People's Militia</a>, crossed the border at <a href="/wiki/Sha_Tau_Kok" title="Sha Tau Kok">Sha Tau Kok</a> and attacked Hong Kong police officers stationed nearby. The police attempted to disperse the crowd using <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wooden_bullet" title="Wooden bullet">wooden bullets</a>, prompting armed members of the crowd to open fire on the police. Five police officers were killed and eleven injured in a brief exchange of fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansard-Jul-10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansard-Jul-10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> in Beijing ran editorials supporting the demonstrators' actions in Hong Kong; rumours that the PRC was preparing to take control of the colony began to circulate. The pro-CCP protesters in Hong Kong tried in vain to organise a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> in the colony. </p><p>Unable to progress by peaceful means, the demonstrators resorted to more extreme measures, planting bombs, as well as decoys, throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Modern_Era_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Modern_Era-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normal life was severely disrupted and casualties began to rise. An eight-year-old girl, Wong Yee-man, and her two-year-old brother, Wong Siu-fan, were killed by a bomb wrapped like a gift placed outside their residence.<sup id="cite_ref-Then_&_now_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Then_&_now-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">Bomb disposal</a> experts from the police and the <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Overseas_Hong_Kong" title="British Forces Overseas Hong Kong">British Forces Overseas Hong Kong</a> defused as many as 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">home-made bombs</a>, of which 1,100 were found to be real.<sup id="cite_ref-undergroundfront_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undergroundfront-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20150914hongkongfp_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20150914hongkongfp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Locals nicknamed these bombs "<a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-North_Point_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_Point-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most police stations across Hong Kong were fortified with sandbags as police facilities were the target of numerous attacks using bombs, homemade fragmentation explosives, and various projectiles.<sup id="cite_ref-newtactics_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newtactics-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-throwninto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-throwninto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bombsthrownnov1967_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bombsthrownnov1967-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shamshuipo_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shamshuipo-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hong Kong government imposed emergency regulations, granting the police special powers in an attempt to quell the unrest. Leftist newspapers were banned from publishing; leftist schools alleged to be bomb-making factories, such as <a href="/wiki/Chung_Wah_Middle_School" title="Chung Wah Middle School">Chung Wah Middle School</a>, were shut down; many pro-CCP leaders were arrested and detained; and some of them were later deported to mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-undergroundfront_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-undergroundfront-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 July, demonstrators set up barbed wire defences on the Bank of China Building.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, police raided leftist strongholds, including <a href="/wiki/Kiu_Kwan_Mansion" title="Kiu Kwan Mansion">Kiu Kwan Mansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-North_Point_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-North_Point-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of the raids, helicopters from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(R12)" title="HMS Hermes (R12)">HMS <i>Hermes</i></a> – a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> aircraft carrier – landed police on the roof of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon entering the building, the police discovered bombs and weapons, as well as a leftist "hospital" complete with dispensary and an operating theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCpgPA86_86]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCpgPA86_86]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public outcry against the violence was widely reported in the media, and the demonstrators again switched tactics. On 24 August, <a href="/wiki/Lam_Bun" title="Lam Bun">Lam Bun</a>, a popular anti-communist radio commentator, was murdered by a death squad posing as road maintenance workers as he drove to work with his cousin. Lam's assailants prevented him from getting out of his car, and he was burned alive.<sup id="cite_ref-Shim_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shim-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent figures of the media who had voiced opposition against the riots were also threatened, including <a href="/wiki/Louis_Cha" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Cha">Louis Cha</a>, then chairman of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ming_Pao" title="Ming Pao">Ming Pao</a></i> newspaper, who consequently left Hong Kong for almost a year before returning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The waves of bombings did not subside until October 1967. In December, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> ordered the leftist groups in Hong Kong to stop all bombings, and the riots in Hong Kong finally came to an end after 18 months.<sup id="cite_ref-Chu_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became known much later that, during the riots, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Military_Region" title="Guangzhou Military Region">Guangzhou Military Region</a> <a href="/wiki/Huang_Yongsheng" title="Huang Yongsheng">Huang Yongsheng</a> (one of <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>'s top allies) secretly suggested invading and occupying Hong Kong, but his plan was vetoed by Zhou Enlai.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time the rioting subsided at the end of the year, 51 people had been killed, of whom at least 22 were killed by the police and 15 died in bomb attacks, with another 832 people sustaining injuries, while 4,979 people were arrested and 1,936 convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCdqpeopleinjuredconvictedarrested1967hongkongpgPA123_123]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCdqpeopleinjuredconvictedarrested1967hongkongpgPA123_123]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of dollars in property damage resulted from the rioting, far in excess of that reported during the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1956_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong 1956 riots">1956 riot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chu_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chu-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confidence in the colony's future declined among some sections of Hong Kong's populace, and many wealthy residents sold their properties and <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">migrated overseas</a>, particularly to places such as Australia, Canada, and Singapore. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>Incomplete list of deceased </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Age </th> <th>Date of death </th> <th width="70%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chan Kong-sang<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>1967-05-12 </td> <td>An apprentice hairdresser who died during a riot in <a href="/wiki/Chuk_Yuen_(Wong_Tai_Sin_District)" title="Chuk Yuen (Wong Tai Sin District)">Wong Tai Sin Resettlement Area</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tsui Tin-po<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">徐田波</span></span>) </td> <td>42 </td> <td>1967-06-08 </td> <td>A worker in the Mechanics Division of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Department_(Hong_Kong)" title="Public Works Department (Hong Kong)">Public Works Department</a> who died in custody inside <a href="/wiki/List_of_police_stations_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of police stations in Hong Kong">Wong Tai Sin Police Station</a> after his arrest </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lai Chung (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黎松</span></span>) </td> <td>52 </td> <td>1967-06-08 </td> <td>A Towngas worker who was shot by police in a raid and then died by drowning </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tsang Ming (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">曾明</span></span>) </td> <td>29 </td> <td>1967-06-08 </td> <td>A Towngas worker who was beaten to death by police in a raid </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tang Chi-keung (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">鄧自強</span></span>) </td> <td>30 </td> <td>1967-06-23 </td> <td>A plastics factory worker who was shot by police in a raid against a trade union </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chau Chung-shing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">鄒松勝</span></span>) </td> <td>34 </td> <td>1967-06-24 </td> <td>A plastics factory worker who was beaten to death by police after his arrest </td></tr> <tr> <td>Law Chun-kau (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">羅進苟</span></span>) </td> <td>30 </td> <td>1967-06-24 </td> <td>A plastics factory worker who was beaten to death by police after his arrest </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lee On (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">李安</span></span>) </td> <td>45 </td> <td>1967-06-26 </td> <td>A worker for <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers Studio</a> who died while being admitted to hospital from a law court. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fung Yin-ping (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馮燕平</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-In_Memory_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Memory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>40 </td> <td>1967-07-08 </td> <td>A police corporal who was killed by militiamen from mainland China in the border town of <a href="/wiki/Sha_Tau_Kok" title="Sha Tau Kok">Sha Tau Kok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kong Shing-kay (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">江承基</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-In_Memory_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Memory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>19 </td> <td>1967-07-08 </td> <td>A police constable who was killed by militiamen from mainland China in the border town of Sha Tau Kok </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mohamed Nawaz Malik<sup id="cite_ref-In_Memory_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Memory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>28 </td> <td>1967-07-08 </td> <td>A police constable who was killed by militiamen from mainland China in the border town of Sha Tau Kok </td></tr> <tr> <td>Khurshid Ahmed<sup id="cite_ref-In_Memory_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Memory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>27 </td> <td>1967-07-08 </td> <td>A police constable who was killed by militiamen from mainland China in the border town of Sha Tau Kok </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wong Loi-hing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黃來興</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-In_Memory_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Memory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>27 </td> <td>1967-07-08 </td> <td>A police constable who was killed by militiamen from mainland China in the border town of Sha Tau Kok </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhang Tiansheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張天生</span></span>) </td> <td>41 </td> <td>1967-07-08 </td> <td>A militiaman from mainland China who was shot and killed by Hong Kong Police in the border town of Sha Tau Kok </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cheung Chi-kong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">鄭浙波</span></span>) </td> <td>32 </td> <td>1967-07-09 </td> <td>A porter working in <a href="/wiki/Sai_Wan" title="Sai Wan">Western District</a> who was shot and killed during a riot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ma Lit (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬烈</span></span>) </td> <td>43 </td> <td>1967-07-09 </td> <td>A porter working in <a href="/wiki/Sai_Wan" title="Sai Wan">Western District</a> who was shot and killed during a riot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lam Po-wah (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">林寶華</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-In_Memory_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-In_Memory-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>21 </td> <td>1967-07-09 </td> <td>A police constable who was killed by a stray bullet during a riot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Choi Wai Nam (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">蔡惠南</span></span>) </td> <td>27 </td> <td>1967-07-10 </td> <td>A rioter who was shot and killed by police on <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Road" title="Johnston Road">Johnston Road</a>, Wan Chai </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lee Chun-hing </td> <td>35 </td> <td>1967-07-10 </td> <td>A furniture worker who was beaten to death by protesters on <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Road" title="Johnston Road">Johnston Road</a>, Wan Chai </td></tr> <tr> <td>Li Sze (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">李四</span></span>) </td> <td>48 </td> <td>1967-07-11 </td> <td>A rioter who was shot and killed by police on <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Road" title="Johnston Road">Johnston Road</a>, Wan Chai </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mak Chi-wah (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">麥志華</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-07-12 </td> <td>A rioter who was shot and killed by police on <a href="/wiki/Un_Chau_Estate" title="Un Chau Estate">Un Chau Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sham_Shui_Po" title="Sham Shui Po">Sham Shui Po</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-07-12 </td> <td>A rioter who was shot and killed by police on Soy Street, <a href="/wiki/Mong_Kok" title="Mong Kok">Mong Kok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ho Fung (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">何楓</span></span>) </td> <td>34 </td> <td>1967-07-14 </td> <td>A worker for <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Whampoa_Dock" title="Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock">Kowloon Dockyard</a> who was killed in a police action against the Kowloon Dock Workers Amalgamated Union </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>unknown</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-07-14 </td> <td>A rioter who was shot and killed by police on Reclamation Street, <a href="/wiki/Yau_Ma_Tei" title="Yau Ma Tei">Yau Ma Tei</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yu Sau-man (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">余秀文</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-07-15 </td> <td>A rioting employee of Wheelock Spinners who was shot and killed by police </td></tr> <tr> <td>So Chuen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">蘇全</span></span>) </td> <td>28 </td> <td>1967-07-26 </td> <td>A worker from a textile factory who was shot and killed by police in <a href="/wiki/Mong_Kok" title="Mong Kok">Mong Kok</a> while attacking a bus in service </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ho Chuen-tim (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">何傳添</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-08-09 </td> <td>A fisherman from <a href="/wiki/Sha_Tau_Kok" title="Sha Tau Kok">Sha Tau Kok</a> who was arrested during a police raid on a memorial service held for killed demonstrators on 24 June. Died on 9 August. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wong Yee-man (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黃綺文</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Then_&_now_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Then_&_now-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>1967-08-20 </td> <td>An 8-year-old girl who was killed, along with her younger brother, by a homemade bomb wrapped like a gift on <a href="/wiki/Ching_Wah_Street" title="Ching Wah Street">Ching Wah Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Point" title="North Point">North Point</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wong Siu-fan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黃兆勳</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Then_&_now_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Then_&_now-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1967-08-20 </td> <td>Younger brother of Wong Yee Man </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lam_Bun" title="Lam Bun">Lam Bun</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">林彬</span></span>) </td> <td>37 </td> <td>1967-08-25 </td> <td>A radio commentator for <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Radio_Hong_Kong" title="Commercial Radio Hong Kong">Commercial Radio Hong Kong</a> who was killed in an incendiary attack by a group of men posing as road maintenance workers on his way to work on 24 August. Died on 25 August. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Workman </td> <td>26 </td> <td>1967-08-28 </td> <td>A sergeant in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="Royal Army Ordnance Corps">Royal Army Ordnance Corps</a> who was killed when a homemade bomb he was defusing at <a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock" title="Lion Rock">Lion Rock</a> exploded </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ho Shui-kei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">何瑞麒</span></span>) </td> <td>21 </td> <td>1967-08-29 </td> <td>A rioting mechanical worker who was shot and killed by police in Tung Tau Village, Wong Tai Sin. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lam Kwong-hoi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">林光海</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-08-29 </td> <td>A technician for <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Radio_Hong_Kong" title="Commercial Radio Hong Kong">Commercial Radio Hong Kong</a> who was killed in an incendiary attack with his elder cousin Lam Bun on his way to work on 24 August. Died on 29 August. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aslam Khan </td> <td>22 </td> <td>1967-09-03 </td> <td>A firefighter who was killed by a homemade bomb during a failed defusing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cheung Chak (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">章集</span></span>) </td> <td>38 </td> <td>1967-09-03 </td> <td>A rioting bus driver who was wounded in a police shooting on 30 August. Died of pneumonia on 3 September. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yau Chun-yau (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">邱進友</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-09-20 </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Jockey_Club" title="Hong Kong Jockey Club">Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club</a> worker who was killed by the explosion of his own bomb near barracks in Kam Tsin, Sheung Shui. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lo Hon-bun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">盧漢彬</span></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-10-01 </td> <td>A rioter who was killed in a police shooting </td></tr> <tr> <td>To Hung-kwong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">杜雄光</span></span>) </td> <td>19 </td> <td>1967-10-13 </td> <td>A police constable who was killed by a bomb in Wanchai<sup id="cite_ref-Asia_p145_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia_p145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tong Tak-ming Peter (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">唐德明</span></span>) </td> <td>18 </td> <td>1967-10-14 </td> <td>A middle school student who was killed by a bomb in Wanchai </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ronald J. McEwen </td> <td>37 </td> <td>1967-11-05 </td> <td>A senior police inspector who was killed by a bomb in Causeway Bay while clearing the area of civilians. Many others were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-Asia_p145_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia_p145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sit Chun-hung </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-11-28 </td> <td>A police constable who was stabbed to death in Shek Kip Mei<sup id="cite_ref-Asia_p145_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia_p145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lee Koon-sang </td> <td> </td> <td>1967-12-9 </td> <td>A police constable who was shot and killed in Kam Tin<sup id="cite_ref-Asia_p145_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asia_p145-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"> <caption>List of convicted demonstrators who died in custody </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Prisoner <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> </th> <th>Date of death </th> <th width="70%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tsang Tin-sung </td> <td>27381 </td> <td>1968-01-27 </td> <td>A 32-year-old worker who took part in the Mong Kok riot on 15 July 1967, sentenced to 14 months in jail. Found dead after hanging himself on the morning of 27 January 1968. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tang Chuen </td> <td>28017 </td> <td>1969-12-29 </td> <td>Chairman of a pro-CCP workers' union who initiated a riot in Taikoo Dockyard on 6 June 1967, sentenced to 6 years in jail. Died from liver disease in <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Hospital_(Hong_Kong)" title="Queen Mary Hospital (Hong Kong)">Queen Mary Hospital</a> on 29 December 1969. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Police_Force_PC_3810_Lee_Koon_Sang_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hong_Kong_Police_Force_PC_3810_Lee_Koon_Sang_funeral.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_Police_Force_PC_3810_Lee_Koon_Sang_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hong_Kong_Police_Force_PC_3810_Lee_Koon_Sang_funeral.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_Police_Force_PC_3810_Lee_Koon_Sang_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hong_Kong_Police_Force_PC_3810_Lee_Koon_Sang_funeral.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_Police_Force_PC_3810_Lee_Koon_Sang_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The funeral of PC Lee Koon-sang on 13 December 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 August, in Beijing, thousands of people demonstrated outside the office of the British <i>chargé d'affaires</i>, before Red Guards attacked, ransacked, and burned down the main building.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many leftist groups with close ties to the PRC were dissolved during and after the 1967 riots. The murder of radio host <a href="/wiki/Lam_Bun" title="Lam Bun">Lam Bun</a>, in particular, outraged many Hong Kong residents and discredited the leftist movement in Hong Kong as a whole. The credibility of the PRC and its local sympathisers among Hong Kong residents was severely damaged for more than a generation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_reforms">Social reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1966 and 1967 riots in Hong Kong served as a catalyst for social reforms in Hong Kong, with the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Positive_non-interventionism" title="Positive non-interventionism">positive non-interventionism</a> in 1971, while <a href="/wiki/David_Trench" title="David Trench">David Trench</a> grudgingly introduced some social reforms. It was not until the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Murray_MacLehose" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray MacLehose">Murray MacLehose</a> in the 1970s that the scope of reforms was greatly expanded, transforming the lives of those living in Hong Kong and marking the emergence of Hong Kong as one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewolf2018_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewolf2018-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the emergence of the "<a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Lion Rock Spirit">Lion Rock Spirit</a>", said to be the "core values of Hong Kong people".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hong Kong Police Force was applauded for its behaviour during the riots by the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a>. In 1969, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> granted the force the privilege of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Hong_Kong" title="Royal charter">"Royal" title</a>. This remained in use until the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong#Before_and_after_handover" title="Handover of Hong Kong">end of British rule</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_Royal_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_Royal-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of participants in the 1967 riots have since gained a foothold in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Hong Kong politics</a>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Tsang_Tak-sing" title="Tsang Tak-sing">Tsang Tak-sing</a> was a rioter who later co-founded the largest pro-Beijing political party in the city, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong</a>. Along with his brother <a href="/wiki/Tsang_Yok-sing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsang Yok-sing">Tsang Yok-sing</a>, they continued to promote <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-Pepper_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pepper-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Yeung_Kwong" title="Yeung Kwong">Yeung Kwong</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Bauhinia_Medal" title="Grand Bauhinia Medal">Grand Bauhinia Medal</a> by then chief executive <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a>, a symbolic gesture that raised controversy as to whether the post-1997 Hong Kong government of the time was supportive of the riots.<sup id="cite_ref-Chane_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chane-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, hundreds of protesters who took part in the 1967 riots were hailed as heroes in a memorial ceremony at Wo Hop Shek public cemetery to mark the 50th anniversary of the uprising. Prominent attendees included former finance sector lawmaker Ng Leung-sing, the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions' Michael Luk Chung-hung, and head of the 67 Synergy Group Chan Shi-yuen. They called for Beijing to vindicate the protests, which they have continued to refer to as a "patriotic act against British colonial tyranny".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Police_website_revisionism_controversy">Police website revisionism controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Police website revisionism controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-September 2015, media reported that the Hong Kong Police Force had made material deletions from its website concerning "police history", in particular, the political cause and the identity of the groups responsible for the 1967 riots, with mention of communists being expunged. </p><p>For example, "Bombs were made in classrooms of leftist schools and planted indiscriminately on the streets" became "Bombs were planted indiscriminately on the streets"; the fragment "waving aloft the Little Red Book and shouting slogans" disappeared, and an entire sentence criticising the hypocrisy of wealthy pro-Beijing businessmen, the so-called "red fat cats", was deleted.<sup id="cite_ref-20150915ejinsight_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20150915ejinsight-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The editing gave rise to criticisms that history was being rewritten to make it appear as though the British colonial government, rather than the demonstrators, were responsible for the start of the violence. Stephen Lo, the new Commissioner of Police, said the content change of the official website was to simplify it for easier reading; Lo denied that there were any political motives, but his denials left critics unconvinced.<sup id="cite_ref-20150916ejinsight_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20150916ejinsight-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes were subsequently reversed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Depictions_in_media">Depictions in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depictions in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/John_Woo" title="John Woo">John Woo</a>'s action film <i><a href="/wiki/Bullet_in_the_Head" title="Bullet in the Head">Bullet in the Head</a></i>, the 1967 riots are briefly shown.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Tsui_Hark" title="Tsui Hark">Tsui Hark</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Encounters_of_the_First_Kind" title="Dangerous Encounters of the First Kind">Dangerous Encounters of the First Kind</a></i>, images of the 1967 riots are shown.</li> <li>In the stage play and film <i><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Date_with_Spring" title="I Have a Date with Spring">I Have a Date with Spring</a></i>, the riots (although only briefly referenced) are a key plot point.</li> <li>Wong Kar Wai's film <i><a href="/wiki/2046_(film)" title="2046 (film)">2046</a></i> features the riots in the background and uses a few old newsreels of the riots.</li> <li>The film about modern Hong Kong history <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Cinema" title="Mr. Cinema">Mr. Cinema</a></i> depicts the riots.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" 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decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientia_Secondary_School" title="Scientia Secondary School">Scientia Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pui_Kiu_Middle_School" title="Pui Kiu Middle School">Pui Kiu Middle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukien_Secondary_School" title="Fukien Secondary School">Fukien Secondary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Ying_Street" title="Chung Ying Street">Chung Ying Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1966 Hong Kong riots">1966 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Garden_Lane" title="Spring Garden Lane">Spring Garden Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 JVP Insurrection">1971 JVP Insurrection</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1981 Hong Kong riots">1981 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Hong_Kong" title="United front in Hong Kong">United front in Hong Kong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailspoliticalchangec0000scotpage99_99]-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailspoliticalchangec0000scotpage99_99]_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott1989">Scott 1989</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalchangec0000scot/page/99">99</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendes2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkebmyB-5-IYCqdefactopgPA34_34]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendes2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkebmyB-5-IYCqdefactopgPA34_34]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendes2013">Mendes 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kebmyB-5-IYC&q=de+facto&pg=PA34">34</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeissGalDixon2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYon-gh_QhYECqHong20KongpgPA107_107]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeissGalDixon2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidYon-gh_QhYECqHong20KongpgPA107_107]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeissGalDixon2003">Weiss, Gal & Dixon 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yon-gh_QhYEC&q=Hong%20Kong&pg=PA107">107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007151-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007151_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi-gDAQAAIAAJq22SanPoKong22_iii]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1970[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidi-gDAQAAIAAJq22SanPoKong22_iii]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1970">Cooper 1970</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-gDAQAAIAAJ&q=%22San+Po+Kong%22">iii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldron1980[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwK0wAQAAIAAJq22174leftistunionmembers22_65]-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldron1980[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidwK0wAQAAIAAJq22174leftistunionmembers22_65]_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaldron1980">Waldron 1980</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wK0wAQAAIAAJ&q=%22174+leftist+union+members%22">65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCq127peoplepgPA32_32]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCq127peoplepgPA32_32]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheung2009">Cheung 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uStp3CUaqUC&q=127+people+&pg=PA32">32</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakano2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidssum_zX2AcoCpgPA4_4]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidssum_zX2AcoCpgPA4_4]_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakano2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidssum_zX2AcoCpgPA4_4]_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakano2009">Nakano 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssum_zX2AcoC&pg=PA4">4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_RVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22fascist+atrocities%22++"><i>Survey of People's Republic of China Press</i></a>, Issues 4032–4051, US Consulate General, 1967, pages 23–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-May_Days-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-May_Days_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobert_BickersRay_Yep2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bickers" title="Robert Bickers">Robert Bickers</a>; Ray Yep (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gl6x2tpkyQMC&pg=PA72"><i>May Days in Hong Kong: Riot and Emergency in 1967</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-999-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-999-9"><bdi>978-962-209-999-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+Days+in+Hong+Kong%3A+Riot+and+Emergency+in+1967&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-962-209-999-9&rft.au=Robert+Bickers&rft.au=Ray+Yep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgl6x2tpkyQMC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_ZwAAAAMAAJ"><i>May Upheaval in Hong Kong</i></a>, Committee of Hong Kong and Kowloon Compatriots from All Circles for Struggle Against British Hong Kong Persecution, p. 8 (1967).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQAuAQAAIAAJ&q=%2217+Leftist%22"><i>Asian Recorder</i></a>, Volume 13, 1967, page 7832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansard-Jul-10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansard-Jul-10_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1967/jul/10/hong-kong-border-incidents">Hong Kong (Border Incidents)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414191008/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1967/jul/10/hong-kong-border-incidents">Archived</a> 14 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i>, HC Deb 10 July 1967 vol 750 cc93-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Modern_Era-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Modern_Era_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.police.gov.hk/info/doc/history/chapter02_en.pdf">"The Modern Era 1945–1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hong Kong Police Force. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064142/https://www.police.gov.hk/info/doc/history/chapter02_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Era+1945%E2%80%931967&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+Police+Force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.police.gov.hk%2Finfo%2Fdoc%2Fhistory%2Fchapter02_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Then_&_now-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Then_&_now_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Then_&_now_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Then_&_now_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1016086/then-now-these-were-our-children">Then & now: these were our children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505165823/http://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1016086/then-now-these-were-our-children">Archived</a> 5 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>, 19 August 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-undergroundfront-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-undergroundfront_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-undergroundfront_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZpCfvK3QhcC&q=defused+as+many+as+8+000+home-made+bombs+1967+hong+kong&pg=PA113"><i>Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. 2010. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789888028948" title="Special:BookSources/9789888028948"><bdi>9789888028948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underground+Front%3A+The+Chinese+Communist+Party+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789888028948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZpCfvK3QhcC%26q%3Ddefused%2Bas%2Bmany%2Bas%2B8%2B000%2Bhome-made%2Bbombs%2B1967%2Bhong%2Bkong%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20150914hongkongfp-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20150914hongkongfp_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hongkongfp.com/2015/09/14/police-rewrite-history-of-1967-red-guard-riots/">"Police rewrite history of 1967 Red Guard riots"</a>. <i>Hong Kong Free Press</i>. 14 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925091318/https://www.hongkongfp.com/2015/09/14/police-rewrite-history-of-1967-red-guard-riots/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Police+rewrite+history+of+1967+Red+Guard+riots&rft.date=2015-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hongkongfp.com%2F2015%2F09%2F14%2Fpolice-rewrite-history-of-1967-red-guard-riots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-North_Point-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_Point_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_Point_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1325476/north-point-tour-takes-participants-back-1967-hong-kong-riots">North Point tour takes participants back to the 1967 Hong Kong riots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507074447/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1325476/north-point-tour-takes-participants-back-1967-hong-kong-riots">Archived</a> 7 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>, 6 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newtactics-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newtactics_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Leftists Adopt New Tactics: Hit-and-run Attacks On Police Stations". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 14 July 1967. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Leftists+Adopt+New+Tactics%3A+Hit-and-run+Attacks+On+Police+Stations&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1967-07-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-throwninto-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-throwninto_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Bomb Thrown Into Police Station". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 12 August 1967. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Bomb+Thrown+Into+Police+Station&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1967-08-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bombsthrownnov1967-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bombsthrownnov1967_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Bombs Thrown At Police Station". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 3 November 1967. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Bombs+Thrown+At+Police+Station&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1967-11-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shamshuipo-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shamshuipo_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"BOMB BLAST IN SHAMSHUIPO: Explosion Damages Door Of Police Station". <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 8 November 1967. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=BOMB+BLAST+IN+SHAMSHUIPO%3A+Explosion+Damages+Door+Of+Police+Station&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1967-11-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonavia1967" class="citation news cs1">Bonavia, David (19 July 1967). "No Need for More Hong Kong Troops". <i>The Times</i>. London. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=No+Need+for+More+Hong+Kong+Troops&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1967-07-19&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Bonavia&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Carol A. G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zmCVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22hms+hermes%22+hong+kong+1967"><i>Justice in Hong Kong</i></a>. Routledge-Cavendish. p. 402. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845680381" title="Special:BookSources/9781845680381"><bdi>9781845680381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pages=402&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845680381&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzmCVAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522hms%2Bhermes%2522%2Bhong%2Bkong%2B1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCpgPA86_86]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCpgPA86_86]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheung2009">Cheung 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uStp3CUaqUC&pg=PA86">86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shim-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shim_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuhShimakawa2001" class="citation book cs1">Chuh, Kandice; Shimakawa, Karen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FzR2AAAAMAAJ&q=Lam+Bun"><i>Orientations: Mapping Studies in the Asian Diaspora</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822327295" title="Special:BookSources/9780822327295"><bdi>9780822327295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientations%3A+Mapping+Studies+in+the+Asian+Diaspora&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780822327295&rft.aulast=Chuh&rft.aufirst=Kandice&rft.au=Shimakawa%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFzR2AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLam%2BBun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chu-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chu_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chu_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2003" class="citation book cs1">Chu, Yingchi (2003). <i>Hong Kong Cinema: Coloniser, Motherland and Self</i>. Routledge Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1746-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1746-3"><bdi>0-7007-1746-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong+Cinema%3A+Coloniser%2C+Motherland+and+Self&rft.pub=Routledge+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7007-1746-3&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Yingchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1977594.ece">Revealed: the Hong Kong invasion plan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090515142530/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article1977594.ece">Archived</a> 15 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Michael Sheridan, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>, 24 June 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCdqpeopleinjuredconvictedarrested1967hongkongpgPA123_123]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0uStp3CUaqUCdqpeopleinjuredconvictedarrested1967hongkongpgPA123_123]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheung2009">Cheung 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uStp3CUaqUC&dq=people+injured+convicted+arrested+1967+hong+kong&pg=PA123">123</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.grs.gov.hk/en/arcview.xhtml?eid=WLvQfOONYrAawgt9M6Aazg">HKRS152-1-389 CHAN KONG SANG</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.grs.gov.hk/en/arcview.xhtml?eid=%2BbKEMSiTHPS0Xzsay%2FO3pA">HKRS152-1-372 TSUI TIN PO</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-In_Memory-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-In_Memory_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_Memory_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_Memory_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_Memory_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_Memory_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_Memory_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/786/eng/p03.htm">In Memory of Those Members of the Royal Hong Kong Police Force and the Hong Kong Police Force Who Lost Their Lives in the Course of Duty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010075926/http://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/786/eng/p03.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Hong Kong Police Force</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asia_p145-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_p145_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_p145_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_p145_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_p145_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asia's Finest Marches On. page 145 Roll of Honour</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colin Mackerras, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LIdA7f94X_EC&dq=In+Beijing%2C+burned+down+office+of+the+British+charg%C3%A9+d%27affaires.&pg=PA1970"><i>The New Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John M. (2007). <i>A Concise History of Hong Kong</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-3422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3422-3&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDewolf2018-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDewolf2018_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDewolf2018">Dewolf 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battle_Royal-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Battle_Royal_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/1996/0610/061096.intl.intl.2.html">A Battle Royal Rocks Imperial Yacht Club</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408180839/http://www.csmonitor.com/1996/0610/061096.intl.intl.2.html">Archived</a> 8 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>, 10 June 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pepper-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pepper_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqI1ynEZ1BAC&dq=Tsang+Tak-sing+Marxism&pg=PA64">Hong Kong and the Reconstruction of China's Political Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Pepper" title="Suzanne Pepper">Suzanne Pepper</a> in <i>Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong</i>, Ming K. Chan, Alvin Y. So, M.E. Sharpe, 2002, page 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chane-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chane_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqI1ynEZ1BAC&q=%22bestowing+the+grand+bauhinia+medal%22&pg=PA15">Introduction: The Hong Kong SAR in Flux</a>, Ming K. Chan in <i>Crisis and Transformation in China's Hong Kong</i>, Ming K. Chan, Alvin Y. So, M.E. Sharpe, 2002, page 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20170512-why-leftists-should-stop-seeking-vindication-on-1967-riots/">"Why leftists should stop seeking vindication on 1967 riots"</a>. <i>EJ Insight</i>. 12 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072126/http://www.ejinsight.com/20170512-why-leftists-should-stop-seeking-vindication-on-1967-riots/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EJ+Insight&rft.atitle=Why+leftists+should+stop+seeking+vindication+on+1967+riots&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2F20170512-why-leftists-should-stop-seeking-vindication-on-1967-riots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20150915ejinsight-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20150915ejinsight_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20150915-why-are-the-police-tampering-with-1967-riots-history/">"Why are the police tampering with 1967 riots history?"</a>. <i>EJ Insight</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130122107/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150915-why-are-the-police-tampering-with-1967-riots-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EJ+Insight&rft.atitle=Why+are+the+police+tampering+with+1967+riots+history%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2F20150915-why-are-the-police-tampering-with-1967-riots-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20150916ejinsight-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20150916ejinsight_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20150916-police-chief-defends-editing-of-1967-riots-history-on-website/">"Police chief defends editing of '1967 riots' history on website"</a>. <i>EJ Insight</i>. 16 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130180501/http://www.ejinsight.com/20150916-police-chief-defends-editing-of-1967-riots-history-on-website/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EJ+Insight&rft.atitle=Police+chief+defends+editing+of+%271967+riots%27+history+on+website&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2F20150916-police-chief-defends-editing-of-1967-riots-history-on-website%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2009" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Gary Ka-wai (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uStp3CUaqUC"><i>Hong Kong's Watershed: The 1967 Riots</i></a>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-089-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-089-7"><bdi>978-962-209-089-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hong+Kong%27s+Watershed%3A+The+1967+Riots&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.isbn=978-962-209-089-7&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Gary+Ka-wai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0uStp3CUaqUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1970" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-gDAQAAIAAJ"><i>Colony in Conflict; the Hong Kong Disturbances, May 1967 – January 1968</i></a>. Swindon Book Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colony+in+Conflict%3B+the+Hong+Kong+Disturbances%2C+May+1967+%E2%80%93+January+1968&rft.pub=Swindon+Book+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-gDAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendes2013" class="citation book cs1">Mendes, Carmen Amado (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kebmyB-5-IYC"><i>Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986–1999</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8139-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8139-00-2"><bdi>978-988-8139-00-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal%2C+China+and+the+Macau+Negotiations%2C+1986%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.isbn=978-988-8139-00-2&rft.aulast=Mendes&rft.aufirst=Carmen+Amado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkebmyB-5-IYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakano2009" class="citation book cs1">Nakano, Yoshiko (1 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssum_zX2AcoC"><i>Where There Are Asians, There Are Rice Cookers: How "National" Went Global via Hong Kong</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-988-8028-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-988-8028-08-5"><bdi>978-988-8028-08-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+There+Are+Asians%2C+There+Are+Rice+Cookers%3A+How+%22National%22+Went+Global+via+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.isbn=978-988-8028-08-5&rft.aulast=Nakano&rft.aufirst=Yoshiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dssum_zX2AcoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1989" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Ian (1 January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w7NuSICc0lYC"><i>Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1269-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1269-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-1269-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Change+and+the+Crisis+of+Legitimacy+in+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1269-0&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw7NuSICc0lYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron1980" class="citation book cs1">Waldron, Stephen Edward (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wK0wAQAAIAAJ"><i>Fire on the Rim: A Study in Contradictions in Left-wing Political Mobilization in Hong Kong, 1967</i></a>. Syracuse University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+on+the+Rim%3A+A+Study+in+Contradictions+in+Left-wing+Political+Mobilization+in+Hong+Kong%2C+1967&rft.pub=Syracuse+University&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwK0wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissGalDixon2003" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Idit; Gal, John; Dixon, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yon-gh_QhYEC"><i>Professional Ideologies and Preferences in Social Work: A Global Study</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86569-315-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86569-315-9"><bdi>978-0-86569-315-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Ideologies+and+Preferences+in+Social+Work%3A+A+Global+Study&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86569-315-9&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Idit&rft.au=Gal%2C+John&rft.au=Dixon%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYon-gh_QhYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_and_magazine_articles">News and magazine articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: News and magazine articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewolf2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Dewolf, Christopher (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zolimacitymag.com/1967-when-the-bank-of-china-building-became-a-giant-propaganda-machine/">"1967: When the Bank of China Building Became a Giant Propaganda Machine"</a>. <i>Zolima CityMag</i>. Hong Kong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723141958/https://zolimacitymag.com/1967-when-the-bank-of-china-building-became-a-giant-propaganda-machine/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zolima+CityMag&rft.atitle=1967%3A+When+the+Bank+of+China+Building+Became+a+Giant+Propaganda+Machine&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft.aulast=Dewolf&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzolimacitymag.com%2F1967-when-the-bank-of-china-building-became-a-giant-propaganda-machine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>1967 Hong Kong riots</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=1967+Hong+Kong+riots">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=1967+Hong+Kong+riots&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo2009" class="citation cs2">Ho, Ka-ki, Lawrence (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902150541/https://hub.hku.hk/R44qNl1U9S/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuYW1lIjoiNTg5Y2VhOTAxNzFjZjFhZWM3Nzg3OGMyZmUwNyIsImVtYWlsIjoiNzg5Y2VhOTAxNzEyZDFhZWM3Nzg3OGMyZmUwNzRlMDMyODE0YmJmYTU3MmM1OGJiIiwiaGFuZGxlIjoiMTA3MjIvNjUwNTUiLCJzZXEiOiIzIiwiaWF0IjoxNTY3MzYwOTAwLCJleHAiOjE1Njc0NDczMDB9.f-AhqYnDys24wO0p0sYQYRBpEFwJ2xAtTOweylkZ60Y/FullText.pdf"><i>Policing the 1967 riots in Hong Kong : Strategies, rationales and implications</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5353%2Fth_b4419393">10.5353/th_b4419393</a> (inactive 1 November 2024), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.hku.hk/R44qNl1U9S/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuYW1lIjoiNTg5Y2VhOTAxNzFjZjFhZWM3Nzg3OGMyZmUwNyIsImVtYWlsIjoiNzg5Y2VhOTAxNzEyZDFhZWM3Nzg3OGMyZmUwNzRlMDMyODE0YmJmYTU3MmM1OGJiIiwiaGFuZGxlIjoiMTA3MjIvNjUwNTUiLCJzZXEiOiIzIiwiaWF0IjoxNTY3MzYwOTAwLCJleHAiOjE1Njc0NDczMDB9.f-AhqYnDys24wO0p0sYQYRBpEFwJ2xAtTOweylkZ60Y/FullText.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 September 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+the+1967+riots+in+Hong+Kong+%3A+Strategies%2C+rationales+and+implications&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5353%2Fth_b4419393&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Ka-ki%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.hku.hk%2FR44qNl1U9S%2FeyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJuYW1lIjoiNTg5Y2VhOTAxNzFjZjFhZWM3Nzg3OGMyZmUwNyIsImVtYWlsIjoiNzg5Y2VhOTAxNzEyZDFhZWM3Nzg3OGMyZmUwNzRlMDMyODE0YmJmYTU3MmM1OGJiIiwiaGFuZGxlIjoiMTA3MjIvNjUwNTUiLCJzZXEiOiIzIiwiaWF0IjoxNTY3MzYwOTAwLCJleHAiOjE1Njc0NDczMDB9.f-AhqYnDys24wO0p0sYQYRBpEFwJ2xAtTOweylkZ60Y%2FFullText.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> – PhD thesis of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2017" class="citation news cs1">Whitehead, Kate (22 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2089195/witnesses-anarchy-1967-riots-hong-kong-some-those">"1967 riots in Hong Kong, by some of those caught up in the violence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=1967+riots+in+Hong+Kong%2C+by+some+of+those+caught+up+in+the+violence&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Flong-reads%2Farticle%2F2089195%2Fwitnesses-anarchy-1967-riots-hong-kong-some-those&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1967+Hong+Kong+riots" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_Hong_Kong_riots&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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