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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Turin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Party_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Communist Party of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Party_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprisonment_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item 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href="#Hegemony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hegemony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hegemony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectuals_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectuals_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Intellectuals and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectuals_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_civil_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_civil_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>State and civil society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_civil_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Historicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_economism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_economism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Critique of economism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_economism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_materialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_materialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Critique of materialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_materialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Association football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts_by_Gramsci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts_by_Gramsci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Texts by Gramsci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts_by_Gramsci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_on_Gramsci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_on_Gramsci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Articles on Gramsci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_on_Gramsci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonio Gramsci</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="أنطونيو غرامشي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطونيو غرامشي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%85_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%AB" title="Անթոնիօ Կրամշի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անթոնիօ Կրամշի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Qram%C5%9Fi" title="Antonio Qramşi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antonio Qramşi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF" title="আন্তোনিও গ্রামশি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তোনিও গ্রামশি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Антоніа Грамшы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антоніа Грамшы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Антонио Грамши – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антонио Грамши" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%DD%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="أنطونيو ݣرامشي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أنطونيو ݣرامشي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%B9" title="Αντόνιο Γκράμσι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντόνιο Γκράμσι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="آنتونیو گرامشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتونیو گرامشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%98%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%8C%EC%8B%9C" title="안토니오 그람시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안토니오 그람시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%AB" title="Անտոնիո Գրամշի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտոնիո Գրամշի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतोनियो ग्राम्शी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99" title="אנטוניו גראמשי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטוניו גראמשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ანტონიო გრამში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტონიო გრამში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Антонио Грамши – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антонио Грамши" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Антонио Грамши – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антонио Грамши" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Gramsci" title="Antonius Gramsci – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antonius Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gram%C5%A1i" title="Antonio Gramši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antonio Gramši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Антонио Грамши – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антонио Грамши" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="അന്റോണിയോ ഗ്രാംഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്റോണിയോ ഗ്രാംഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="अँतोनियो ग्राम्सी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँतोनियो ग्राम्सी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%89" title="انطونيو جرامشى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انطونيو جرامشى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="آنتونیو گرامشی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آنتونیو گرامشی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7" title="アントニオ・グラムシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントニオ・グラムシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C3%B2nie_Gramsci" title="Ndònie Gramsci – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ndònie Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਆਂਤੋਨੀਓ ਗਰਾਮਸ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਂਤੋਨੀਓ ਗਰਾਮਸ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A4_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="آنتونیؤ گرامشی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آنتونیؤ گرامشی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%8A" title="آنتونیو ګرامشي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آنتونیو ګرامشي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Грамши, Антонио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грамши, Антонио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramshi" title="Antonio Gramshi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antonio Gramshi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoniu_Gramsci" title="Antoniu Gramsci – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Antoniu Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="ئەنتۆنیۆ گرامشی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنتۆنیۆ گرامشی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Антонио Грамши – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антонио Грамши" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BF" title="அண்டோனியோ கிராம்ஷி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அண்டோனியோ கிராம்ஷி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%E1%B9%ADunyu_G%E1%B9%9Bamci" title="Anṭunyu Gṛamci – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Anṭunyu Gṛamci" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5" title="อันโตนีโอ กรัมชี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันโตนีโอ กรัมชี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Антонио Грамши – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антонио Грамши" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE_%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%96" title="Антоніо Ґрамші – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антоніо Ґрамші" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%86%DB%8C" title="انتونیو گرامچی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتونیو گرامچی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF" title="安东尼奥·葛兰西 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安东尼奥·葛兰西" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Antonio Gramsci" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF" title="安東尼奧·葛蘭西 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="安東尼奧·葛蘭西" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF" title="安东尼奥·葛兰西 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian Marxist philosopher, writer, and politician (1891–1937)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Antonio Gramsci</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gramsci.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gramsci.png/220px-Gramsci.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gramsci.png/330px-Gramsci.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gramsci.png/440px-Gramsci.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1297" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gramsci in 1916</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Antonio Francesco Gramsci</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-01-22</span>)</span>22 January 1891<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ales,_Sardinia" title="Ales, Sardinia">Ales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 April 1937 (aged 46)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">neo-Marxism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism</a> as <a href="/wiki/Fordism" title="Fordism">Fordist</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> as the hegemonic group</li><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_crisis" title="Organic crisis">Organic crisis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive revolution</a></li><li>the <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">subaltern</a></li><li>building a <a href="/wiki/Counter-hegemony" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-hegemony">counter-hegemony</a> to challenge capitalist power</li><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation</a></li><li>war of position</li><li>the distinction between traditional and organic intellectuals</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party" title="List of secretaries of the Italian Communist Party">Secretary of the Communist Party of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 August 1924 – 8 November 1926</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Kingdom of Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 May 1924 – 9 November 1926</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> (1913–1921)<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">PCd'I</a> (1921–1937)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Gramsci_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Antonio_Gramsci_signature.svg/150px-Antonio_Gramsci_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Antonio_Gramsci_signature.svg/225px-Antonio_Gramsci_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Antonio_Gramsci_signature.svg/300px-Antonio_Gramsci_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="278" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antonio Francesco Gramsci</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GRAM</span>-shee</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GRAHM</span>-shee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[anˈtɔːnjo<span class="wrap"> </span>franˈtʃesko<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡramʃi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8a\/It-Antonio_Gramsci.ogg\/It-Antonio_Gramsci.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Antonio Gramsci.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8a/It-Antonio_Gramsci.ogg/It-Antonio_Gramsci.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:It-Antonio_Gramsci.ogg" title="File:It-Antonio Gramsci.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a>, journalist, writer, and politician. He wrote on <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. He was a founding member and one-time leader of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>. A vocal critic of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, he was imprisoned in 1926, where he remained until shortly before his death in 1937. </p><p>During his imprisonment, Gramsci wrote more than 30 notebooks and 3,000 pages of history and analysis. His <i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></i> are considered a highly original contribution to 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991d446_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991d446-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci drew insights from varying sources — not only other <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a> but also thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>. The notebooks cover a wide range of topics, including the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">history of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylorism">Taylorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fordism" title="Fordism">Fordism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>. </p><p>Gramsci is best known for his theory of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>, which describes how the state and ruling capitalist class — the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> — use cultural institutions to maintain wealth and power in capitalist societies. In Gramsci's view, the bourgeoisie develops a hegemonic culture using <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> rather than violence, economic force, or coercion. He also attempted to break from the <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic determinism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Marxist">orthodox Marxist</a> thought, and so is sometimes described as a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Marxist">neo-Marxist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaralambosHolborn2013597_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaralambosHolborn2013597-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held a <a href="/wiki/Humanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic">humanistic</a> understanding of Marxism, seeing it as a philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> and an absolute <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a> that transcends traditional <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">idealism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gramsci was born in <a href="/wiki/Ales,_Sardinia" title="Ales, Sardinia">Ales</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Oristano" title="Province of Oristano">province of Oristano</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, the fourth of seven sons of Francesco Gramsci (1860–1937) and Giuseppina Marcias (1861–1932).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francesco Gramsci was born in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Latina" title="Province of Latina">province of Latina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> (today in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">central Italian</a> region of Lazio but at the time Gaeta was still part of <a href="/wiki/Terra_di_Lavoro" title="Terra di Lavoro">Terra di Lavoro</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>), to a well-off family from the southern Italian regions of <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> (Italo-Albanian) descent.<sup id="cite_ref-IGS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci himself believed that his father's family had left <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> as recently as 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-Pipa234_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipa234-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian origin of his father's family is attested in the surname Gramsci, an Italianised form of <i>Gramshi</i>, which stems from the definite noun of the placename <a href="/wiki/Gramsh_(municipality)" title="Gramsh (municipality)">Gramsh</a>, a small town in central-eastern Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Manzelli161_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manzelli161-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci's mother belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian</a> landowning family from <a href="/wiki/Sorgono" title="Sorgono">Sorgono</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro" title="Province of Nuoro">province of Nuoro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francesco Gramsci worked as a low-level official,<sup id="cite_ref-IGS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his financial difficulties and troubles with the police forced the family to move about through several villages in Sardinia until they finally settled in <a href="/wiki/Ghilarza" title="Ghilarza">Ghilarza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xviii_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xviii-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Gymnasium_Carta_Meloni_in_Santu_Lussurgiu_where_Antonio_Gramsci_went_in_1905_-_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_Gymnasium_Carta_Meloni_in_Santu_Lussurgiu_where_Antonio_Gramsci_went_in_1905_-_1907.jpg/220px-Former_Gymnasium_Carta_Meloni_in_Santu_Lussurgiu_where_Antonio_Gramsci_went_in_1905_-_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_Gymnasium_Carta_Meloni_in_Santu_Lussurgiu_where_Antonio_Gramsci_went_in_1905_-_1907.jpg/330px-Former_Gymnasium_Carta_Meloni_in_Santu_Lussurgiu_where_Antonio_Gramsci_went_in_1905_-_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_Gymnasium_Carta_Meloni_in_Santu_Lussurgiu_where_Antonio_Gramsci_went_in_1905_-_1907.jpg/440px-Former_Gymnasium_Carta_Meloni_in_Santu_Lussurgiu_where_Antonio_Gramsci_went_in_1905_-_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Former Gymnasium Carta-Meloni in <a href="/wiki/Santu_Lussurgiu" title="Santu Lussurgiu">Santu Lussurgiu</a>, which Gramsci attended from 1905 to 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898, Gramsci's father was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> and imprisoned, reducing his family to destitution. The young Gramsci had to abandon schooling and work at various casual jobs until his father's release in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xviii–xix_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xviii–xix-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a boy, Gramsci suffered from health problems, particularly a malformation of the spine that stunted his growth, as his adult height was less than 5 feet,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left him seriously hunchbacked. For decades, it was reported that his condition had been due to a childhood accident — specifically, having been dropped by a nanny — but more recently it has been suggested that it was due to <a href="/wiki/Pott_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pott disease">Pott disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> that can cause deformity of the spine. Gramsci was also plagued by various internal disorders throughout his life. </p><p>Gramsci started secondary school in <a href="/wiki/Santu_Lussurgiu" title="Santu Lussurgiu">Santu Lussurgiu</a> and completed it in <a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantangelo2021216_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantangelo2021216-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he lodged with his elder brother Gennaro, a former soldier whose time on the mainland had made him a militant <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>. At the time, Gramsci's sympathies did not yet lie with socialism but rather with Sardinian autonomism,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the grievances of impoverished <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinian</a> peasants and miners, whose mistreatment by the mainlanders would later deeply contribute to his intellectual growth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xix_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xix-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They perceived their neglect as a result of privileges enjoyed by the rapidly industrialising <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, and they tended to turn to a growing <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian nationalism</a>, brutally repressed by troops from the Italian mainland,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a response.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turin">Turin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Turin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1911, Gramsci won a scholarship to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a>, sitting the exam at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xx_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xx-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, he read literature and took a keen interest in <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, which he studied under <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Bartoli" title="Matteo Bartoli">Matteo Bartoli</a>. Gramsci was in Turin while it was going through industrialization, with the <a href="/wiki/Fiat" title="Fiat">Fiat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancia" title="Lancia">Lancia</a> factories recruiting workers from poorer regions. Trade unions became established, and the first industrial social conflicts started to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxv_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxv-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci frequented socialist circles as well as associating with Sardinian emigrants on the Italian mainland. Both his earlier experiences in Sardinia and his environment on the mainland shaped his worldview. Gramsci joined the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) in late 1913, where he would later occupy a key position and observe from Turin the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loggiato_Universit%C3%A0_di_Torino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Loggiato_Universit%C3%A0_di_Torino.jpg/220px-Loggiato_Universit%C3%A0_di_Torino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Loggiato_Universit%C3%A0_di_Torino.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>The Rectorate at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a>, where Gramsci studied</figcaption></figure> <p>Although showing a talent for his studies, Gramsci had financial problems and poor health. Together with his growing political commitment, these led to him abandoning his education in early 1915, at age 24. By this time he had acquired an extensive knowledge of history and philosophy. At university, he had come into contact with the thought of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Labriola" title="Antonio Labriola">Antonio Labriola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Mondolfo" title="Rodolfo Mondolfo">Rodolfo Mondolfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a>, and most importantly, <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>, possibly the most widely respected Italian intellectual of his day. Labriola especially propounded a brand of <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> Marxism that he labelled "philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Gramsci later used this phrase to escape the prison censors, his relationship with this current of thought was ambiguous throughout his life. </p><p>From 1914 onward, Gramsci's writings for socialist newspapers such as <i>Il Grido del Popolo</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Cry_of_the_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Cry of the People (page does not exist)">The Cry of the People</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Grido_del_Popolo" class="extiw" title="it:Il Grido del Popolo">it</a>]</span>) earned him a reputation as a notable journalist. In 1916 he became co-editor of the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> edition of <a href="/wiki/Avanti!_(Italian_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti! (Italian newspaper)"><i>Avanti!</i></a>, the Socialist Party official organ. An articulate and prolific writer of political theory, Gramsci proved a formidable commentator, writing on all aspects of Turin's social and political events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxx_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxx-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci was at this time also involved in the education and organisation of Turin workers; he spoke in public for the first time in 1916 and gave talks on topics such as <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">the emancipation of women</a>. In the wake of the arrest of Socialist Party leaders that followed the revolutionary riots in August 1917, Gramsci became one of Turin's leading socialists; he was elected to the party's provisional committee and also made editor of <i>Il Grido del Popolo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxx–xxxi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxx–xxxi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1919, with Togliatti, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Tasca" title="Angelo Tasca">Angelo Tasca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Terracini" title="Umberto Terracini">Umberto Terracini</a>, Gramsci set up the weekly newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ordine_Nuovo" title="L'Ordine Nuovo">L'Ordine Nuovo</a></i> (The New Order). In October of the same year, despite being divided into various hostile factions, the PSI moved by a large majority to join the <a href="/wiki/Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Third International">Third International</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> saw the <i>L'Ordine Nuovo</i> group as closest in orientation to the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, and it received his backing against the anti-parliamentary programme of a <a href="/wiki/Left_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Left communist">left communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolakowski1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolakowski1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of tactical debates within the party, Gramsci's group mainly stood out due to its advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>, which had come into existence in Turin spontaneously during the large strikes of 1919 and 1920. For Gramsci, these councils were the proper means of enabling workers to take control of the task of organising production, and saw them as preparing "the whole class for the aims of conquest and government".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he believed his position at this time to be in keeping with Lenin's policy of "All Power to the Soviets",<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his stance that these Italian councils were <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> rather than just one organ of political struggle against the bourgeoisie, was attacked by Bordiga for betraying a <a href="/wiki/Syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalist">syndicalist</a> tendency influenced by the thought of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a>. By the time of the defeat of the Turin workers in spring 1920, Gramsci was almost alone in his defence of the councils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Party_of_Italy">Communist Party of Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Communist Party of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Schucht_with_sons_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Julia_Schucht_with_sons_1930s.jpg/220px-Julia_Schucht_with_sons_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Julia_Schucht_with_sons_1930s.jpg/330px-Julia_Schucht_with_sons_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Julia_Schucht_with_sons_1930s.jpg/440px-Julia_Schucht_with_sons_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Julia Schucht with sons</figcaption></figure> <p>The failure of the workers' councils to develop into a national movement convinced Gramsci that a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> sense was needed. The group around <i>L'Ordine Nuovo</i> declaimed incessantly against the PSI's centrist leadership and ultimately allied with Bordiga's far larger abstentionist faction. On 21 January 1921, in the town of <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> (Leghorn), the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Partito Comunista d'Italia</i></span>, PCd'I) was founded. In opposition to Bordiga, Gramsci supported the <i><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></i>, a militant anti-fascist group which struggled against the <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a>. Gramsci would be a leader of the party from its inception but was subordinate to Bordiga, whose emphasis on discipline, centralism and purity of principles dominated the party's programme until the latter lost the leadership in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xlvi_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xlvi-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, Gramsci travelled to Russia as a representative of the new party. Here, he met Julia Schucht (Yulia Apollonovna Schucht, 1896–1980), a young <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> violinist whom he married in 1923 and with whom he had two sons, Delio (1924–1982) and Giuliano (1926–2007).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci never saw his second son.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg/200px-Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg/300px-Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg/400px-Antonio_Gramsci_commemorative_plaque_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>A commemorative plaque for Gramsci in <a href="/wiki/Mokhovaya_Street" title="Mokhovaya Street">Mokhovaya Street</a> 16, Moscow. Translated, the inscription reads: "In this building in 1922–1923 worked the eminent figure of international communism and the labour movement and founder of the Italian Communist Party, Antonio Gramsci."</figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian mission coincided with the advent of fascism in Italy, and Gramsci returned with instructions to foster, against the wishes of the PCd'I leadership, a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> of leftist parties against fascism. Such a front would ideally have had the PCd'I at its centre, through which Moscow would have controlled all the leftist forces, but others disputed this potential supremacy, as socialists had a significant, while communists seemed relatively young and too radical. Many believed that an eventual coalition led by communists would have functioned too remotely from political debate, and thus would have run the risk of isolation. </p><p>In late 1922 and early 1923, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s government embarked on a campaign of repression against the opposition parties, arresting most of the PCd'I leadership, including Bordiga. At the end of 1923, Gramsci travelled from Moscow to <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, where he tried to revive a party torn by factional strife. In 1924, Gramsci, now recognised as head of the PCd'I, gained election as a deputy for the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>. He started organizing the launch of the official newspaper of the party, called <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">L'Unità</a></i></span> (Unity), living in Rome while his family stayed in Moscow. At its Lyon Congress in January 1926, Gramsci's theses calling for a united front to restore democracy to Italy were adopted by the party. </p><p>In 1926, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s manoeuvres inside the Bolshevik party moved Gramsci to write a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> in which he deplored the opposition led by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> but also underlined some presumed faults of the leader. Togliatti, in Moscow as a representative of the party, received the letter, opened it, read it, and decided not to deliver it. This caused a difficult conflict between Gramsci and Togliatti which they never completely resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprisonment_and_death">Imprisonment and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imprisonment and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg/180px-Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg/270px-Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg/360px-Antonio_Gramsci_Grave_in_Rome01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Gramsci's grave at the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Cemetery,_Rome" title="Protestant Cemetery, Rome">Cimitero Acattolico</a> in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 November 1926, the Fascist government enacted a new wave of emergency laws, taking as a pretext an alleged attempt on Mussolini's life that had occurred several days earlier. The Fascist police arrested Gramsci, despite his <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a>, and brought him to the Roman prison <i><a href="/wiki/Regina_Coeli_(prison)" title="Regina Coeli (prison)">Regina Coeli</a></i>. At his trial, Gramsci's prosecutor stated: "For twenty years we must stop this brain from functioning."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971lxxxix_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971lxxxix-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received an immediate sentence of five years in confinement on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ustica" title="Ustica">Ustica</a>, and the following year he received a sentence of 20 years' imprisonment in <a href="/wiki/Turi,_Apulia" title="Turi, Apulia">Turi, Apulia</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>. </p><p>Over 11 years in prison, his health deteriorated. Over this period, "his teeth fell out, his digestive system collapsed so that he could not eat solid food<span class="nowrap"> </span>... he had convulsions when he vomited blood and suffered headaches so violent that he beat his head against the walls of his cell."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xcii_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xcii-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An international campaign, organised by <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Piero Sraffa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> and Gramsci's sister-in-law Tatiana, was mounted to demand Gramsci's release.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200625_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200625-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, he was moved from the prison at Turi to a clinic at <a href="/wiki/Formia" title="Formia">Formia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciii_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciii-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was still being denied adequate medical attention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciv_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciv-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, he was moved to the Quisisana clinic in Rome. He was due for release on 21 April 1937 and planned to retire to Sardinia for <a href="/wiki/Convalescence" title="Convalescence">convalescence</a>, but a combination of <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary tuberculosis">pulmonary tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, and acute <a href="/wiki/Gastric_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric disorders">gastric disorders</a> meant that he was too ill to move.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciv_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciv-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gramsci died on 27 April 1937, at the age of 46. His ashes are buried in the <a href="/wiki/Cimitero_Acattolico" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimitero Acattolico">Cimitero Acattolico</a> in Rome. By moving Gramsci from prison to hospital when he became very ill, the Mussolini regime was attempting to avoid the accusation that it was his incarceration that caused his death. Nevertheless, his death was linked directly to prison conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbner201176,_105,_144,_150_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbner201176,_105,_144,_150-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci's grandson, Antonio Jr., speculated that Gramsci had been working with the Soviet government to facilitate a move to Moscow, but changed course as the political climate in Russia <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">intensified</a> in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_work">Philosophical work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Philosophical work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Gramsci_-_Molti_quaderni_colorati_del_carcere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antonio_Gramsci_-_Molti_quaderni_colorati_del_carcere.jpg/220px-Antonio_Gramsci_-_Molti_quaderni_colorati_del_carcere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antonio_Gramsci_-_Molti_quaderni_colorati_del_carcere.jpg/330px-Antonio_Gramsci_-_Molti_quaderni_colorati_del_carcere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Antonio_Gramsci_-_Molti_quaderni_colorati_del_carcere.jpg/440px-Antonio_Gramsci_-_Molti_quaderni_colorati_del_carcere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>Gramsci's many prison notebooks</figcaption></figure> <p>Gramsci was one of the most influential Marxist thinkers of the 20th century, and a particularly key thinker in the development of <a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a>. He wrote more than 30 notebooks and 3,000 pages of history and analysis during his imprisonment. These writings, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></i>, contain Gramsci's tracing of <a href="/wiki/Italian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian history">Italian history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, as well as some ideas in <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>, and educational theory associated with his name, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a> as a means of maintaining and legitimising the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">capitalist state</a></li> <li>The need for <a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">popular workers' education</a> to encourage the development of intellectuals from the working class</li> <li>An analysis of the modern capitalist state that distinguishes between <a href="/wiki/Political_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Political society">political society</a>, which dominates directly and coercively, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a>, where leadership is constituted through consent</li> <li>Absolute <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a></li> <li>A critique of <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic determinism</a> that opposes <a href="/wiki/Fatalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatalistic">fatalistic</a> interpretations of Marxism</li> <li>A critique of <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">philosophical materialism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegemony">Hegemony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hegemony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #b20000;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. 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<li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galleani" title="Luigi Galleani">Luigi Galleani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bombacci" title="Nicola Bombacci">Nicola Bombacci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Fortichiari" title="Bruno Fortichiari">Bruno Fortichiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Di_Vittorio" title="Giuseppe Di Vittorio">Giuseppe Di Vittorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvano_Della_Volpe" title="Galvano Della Volpe">Galvano Della Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altiero_Spinelli" title="Altiero Spinelli">Altiero Spinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Panzieri" title="Raniero Panzieri">Raniero Panzieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Lama" title="Luciano Lama">Luciano Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livio_Maitan" title="Livio Maitan">Livio Maitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucio_Colletti" title="Lucio Colletti">Lucio Colletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giangiacomo_Feltrinelli" title="Giangiacomo Feltrinelli">Giangiacomo Feltrinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Cossutta" title="Armando Cossutta">Armando Cossutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Mario Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Scuderi" title="Giovanni Scuderi">Giovanni Scuderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Gianni Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Bertinotti" title="Fausto Bertinotti">Fausto Bertinotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Curcio" title="Renato Curcio">Renato Curcio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Domenico Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Silvia Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Cagol" title="Margherita Cagol">Margherita Cagol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Ernesto Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Virno" title="Paolo Virno">Paolo Virno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Ferrando" title="Marco Ferrando">Marco Ferrando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Battisti_(militant)" title="Cesare Battisti (militant)">Cesare Battisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliviero_Diliberto" title="Oliviero Diliberto">Oliviero Diliberto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichi_Vendola" title="Nichi Vendola">Nichi Vendola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Ferrero" title="Paolo Ferrero">Paolo Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Alberto Toscano</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Congress_of_the_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="XVII Congress of the Italian Socialist Party">XVII Congress of the PSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="I Congress of the Communist Party of Italy">I Congress of the PCd'I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%C5%A1tina_rebellion" title="Proština rebellion">Proština rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Republic_of_Caulonia" title="Red Republic of Caulonia">Red Republic of Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_De_Gasperi_government" title="Third De Gasperi government">Third De Gasperi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portella_della_Ginestra_massacre" title="Portella della Ginestra massacre">Portella della Ginestra massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_101" title="Manifesto of the 101">Manifesto of the 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primavalle_fire" title="Primavalle fire">Primavalle fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sergio_Ramelli" title="Assassination of Sergio Ramelli">Assassination of Sergio Ramelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Moro case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitterrand_doctrine" title="Mitterrand doctrine">Mitterrand doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_1977" title="Movement of 1977">Movement of 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_road_to_socialism" title="Italian road to socialism">Italian road to socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migliorismo" title="Migliorismo">Migliorismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterhegemony" title="Counterhegemony">Counterhegemony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centralism" title="Organic centralism">Organic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subalterns</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Current organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Comunista" title="Lotta Comunista">Lotta Comunista (Communist Struggle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticapitalist_Left_(Italy)" title="Anticapitalist Left (Italy)">Anticapitalist Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CARC_Party" title="CARC Party">CARC Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Alternative_Party" title="Communist Alternative Party">Communist Alternative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Front_(Italy)" title="Communist Front (Italy)">Communist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Communist Party (Italy)">Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Communists_(Italy)" title="Young Communists (Italy)">GC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Comunista" title="Lotta Comunista">Communist Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_(Italy,_2006)" title="Countercurrent (Italy, 2006)">Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party_(2016)" title="Italian Communist Party (2016)">Italian Communist Party (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour" title="Italian General Confederation of Labour">Italian General Confederation of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Communists" title="Network of Communists">Network of Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_(Italy)" title="People's Union (Italy)">People's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Revolutionary Communist Party (Italy)">Revolutionary Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_Trotskista_d%27Italia" title="Lega Trotskista d'Italia">Trotskyist League of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Italy" title="Unified Communist Party of Italy">Unified Communist Party of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Workers' Communist Party (Italy)">Workers' Communist Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Proletarians_for_Communism" title="Armed Proletarians for Communism">Armed Proletarians for Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomia_Operaia" title="Autonomia Operaia">Autonomia Operaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(2014)" title="Communist Party of Italy (2014)">Communist Party of Italy (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Red_Line" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Left" title="Critical Left">Critical Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_Linea" title="Prima Linea">Front Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation" title="Italian Communist Youth Federation">FGCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_%E2%80%93_The_Rainbow" title="The Left – The Rainbow">The Left – The Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotta_Continua" title="Lotta Continua">Lotta Continua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Unitarian_Communists" title="Movement of Unitarian Communists">Movement of Unitarian Communists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_22_Group" title="October 22 Group">October 22 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Christian_Left" title="Party of the Christian Left">Party of the Christian Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Federation_of_Italian_Communists" title="Youth Federation of Italian Communists">FGCI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Democracy" title="Proletarian Democracy">Proletarian Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Unity_Party_(Italy)" title="Proletarian Unity Party (Italy)">Proletarian Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potere_Operaio" title="Potere Operaio">Workers' Power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberazione_(newspaper)" title="Liberazione (newspaper)">Liberazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_manifesto" title="Il manifesto">il manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattuglia" title="Pattuglia">Pattuglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Pioniere" title="Il Pioniere">Il Pioniere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Politecnico" title="Il Politecnico">Il Politecnico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Plebe_(newspaper)" title="La Plebe (newspaper)">La Plebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_piacentini" title="Quaderni piacentini">Quaderni piacentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaderni_Rossi" title="Quaderni Rossi">Quaderni Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinascita" title="Rinascita">Rinascita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0" title="Società">Società</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vie_Nuove" title="Vie Nuove">Vie Nuove</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Anarchism in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandiera_Rossa" title="Bandiera Rossa">Bandiera Rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fischia_il_vento" title="Fischia il vento">Fischia il vento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Socialism in Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craxism" title="Craxism">Craxism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a> was a term previously used by Marxists such as <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> to denote the political leadership of the working class in a democratic revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-NLR_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLR-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15–17">: 15–17 </span></sup> Gramsci greatly expanded this concept, developing an acute analysis of how the ruling capitalist class — the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> — establishes and maintains its control.<sup id="cite_ref-NLR_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLR-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical Marxism</a> had predicted that socialist revolution was inevitable in capitalist societies. By the early 20th century, no such revolution had occurred in the most advanced nations, and those <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">revolutions of 1917–1923</a>, such as in Germany or the <a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a> in Italy, had failed. As capitalism seemed more entrenched than ever, Gramsci suggested that it maintained control not just through violence and political and economic coercion but also through <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> developed a hegemonic culture, which propagated its own values and norms so that they became the <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a> values of all. People in the working class and other classes identified their own good with the good of the bourgeoisie and helped to maintain the <i>status quo</i> rather than revolting. </p><p>To counter the notion that bourgeois values represented natural or normal values for society, the working class needed to develop a culture of its own. While Lenin held that culture was ancillary to political objectives, Gramsci saw it as fundamental to the attainment of power that cultural hegemony be achieved first. In Gramsci's view, a class cannot dominate in modern conditions by merely advancing its own narrow economic interests, and neither can it dominate purely through force and coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, it must exert intellectual and moral leadership, and make alliances and compromises with a variety of forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci calls this union of social forces a <i>historic bloc</i>, taking a term from <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a>. This bloc forms the basis of consent to a certain social order, which produces and re-produces the hegemony of the dominant class through a nexus of institutions, <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relations</a>, and ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, Gramsci's theory emphasized the importance of the political and ideological <a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">superstructure</a> in both maintaining and fracturing relations of the economic base. </p><p>Gramsci stated that bourgeois cultural values were tied to <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, popular culture and religion, and therefore much of his analysis of hegemonic culture is aimed at these. He was also impressed by the influence that the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> had and the care it had taken to prevent an excessive gap from developing between the religion of the learned and that of the less educated. Gramsci saw Marxism as a marriage of the purely intellectual critique of religion found in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a> and the elements of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> that had appealed to the masses. For Gramsci, Marxism could supersede religion only if it met people's spiritual needs, and to do so people would have to think of it as an expression of their own experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectuals_and_education">Intellectuals and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intellectuals and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gramsci gave much thought to the role of intellectuals in society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan1991259_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan1991259-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that all men are intellectuals, in that all have intellectual and rational faculties, but not all men have the social function of intellectuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci19719_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci19719-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw modern intellectuals not as talkers but as practical-minded directors and organisers who produced hegemony through ideological apparatuses such as education and the media. Furthermore, he distinguished between a traditional <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, which sees itself (in his view, wrongly) as a class apart from society, and the thinking groups that every class produces from its own ranks organically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan1991259_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan1991259-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such organic intellectuals do not simply describe social life in accordance with scientific rules but instead articulate, through the language of culture, the feelings and experiences which the masses could not express for themselves. To Gramsci, it was the duty of organic intellectuals to speak to the obscured precepts of folk wisdom, or common sense (<i>senso comune</i>), of their respective political spheres. These intellectuals would represent excluded social groups of a society, or what Gramsci referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">subaltern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In line with Gramsci's theories of cultural hegemony, he argued that capitalist power needed to be challenged by building a <a href="/wiki/Counter-hegemony" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-hegemony">counter-hegemony</a>. By this, he meant that, as part of the war of position, the organic intellectuals and others within the working-class, need to develop alternative values and an alternative ideology in contrast to bourgeois ideology. He argued that the reason this had not needed to happen in Russia was because the Russian ruling class did not have genuine cultural hegemony. So the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> were able to carry out a war of manoeuvre (the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>) relatively easily because ruling-class hegemony had never been fully achieved. He believed that a final war of manoeuvre was only possible, in the developed and advanced capitalist societies, when the war of position had been won by the organic intellectuals and the working class building a counter-hegemony. </p><p>The need to create a <a href="/wiki/Working-class_culture" title="Working-class culture">working-class culture</a> and a counter-hegemony relates to Gramsci's call for a kind of education that could develop working-class intellectuals, whose task was <em>not</em> to introduce Marxist ideology into the consciousness of the proletariat as a set of foreign notions but to renovate the existing intellectual activity of the masses and make it natively critical of the status quo. His ideas about an education system for this purpose correspond with the notion of <a href="/wiki/Critical_pedagogy" title="Critical pedagogy">critical pedagogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_education" title="Popular education">popular education</a> as theorized and practised in later decades by <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Paulo Freire</a> in Brazil, and have much in common with the thought of <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>. For this reason, partisans of adult and popular education consider Gramsci's writings and ideas important to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_civil_society">State and civil society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State and civil society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gramsci's theory of hegemony is tied to his conception of the capitalist state. Gramsci does not understand the state in the narrow sense of the government. Instead, he divides it between political society (the police, the army, legal system, etc.) — the arena of political institutions and legal constitutional control — and <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> (the family, the education system, trade unions, etc.) — commonly seen as the private or non-state sphere, which mediates between the state and the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991b83_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991b83-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stresses that the division is purely conceptual and that the two often overlap in reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971160_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971160-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gramsci posits that the capitalist state rules through force plus consent: political society is the realm of force and civil society is the realm of consent. He argues that under modern capitalism the bourgeoisie can maintain its economic control by allowing certain demands made by trade unions and mass political parties within civil society to be met by the political sphere. Thus, the bourgeoisie engages in <a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">passive revolution</a> by going beyond its immediate economic interests and allowing the forms of its hegemony to change. Gramsci posits that movements such as <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> and fascism, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> methods of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> respectively, are examples of this. </p><p>Drawing from <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, Gramsci argues that the modern <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">Prince</a> — the revolutionary party — is the force that will allow the working class to develop organic intellectuals and an alternative hegemony within civil society. For Gramsci, the complex nature of modern civil society means that a war of position, carried out by revolutionaries through political agitation, the trade unions, advancement of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian culture">proletarian culture</a>, and other ways to create an opposing civil society was necessary alongside a war of manoeuvre — a direct revolution — in order to have a successful revolution without danger of a counter-revolution or degeneration. </p><p>Despite his claim that the lines between the two may be blurred, Gramsci rejects the state worship that results from equating political society with civil society, as was done by the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobins</a> and fascists. He believes the proletariat's historical task is to create a regulated society, where political society is diminished and civil society is expanded. He defines the <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">withering away of the state</a> as the full development of civil society's ability to regulate itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991b83_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991b83-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicism">Historicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Young_Marx" title="Young Marx">young Marx</a>, Gramsci was an emphatic proponent of <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971404–407_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971404–407-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gramsci's view, all meaning derives from the relation between human practical activity (or <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a>) and the objective historical and social processes of which it is a part. Ideas cannot be understood outside their social and historical context, apart from their function and origin. The concepts by which we organise our knowledge of the world do not derive primarily from our relation to <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">objects</a>, but rather from the <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relations</a> between the users of those concepts. As a result, there is no such thing as an unchanging <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> but only historically variable social relationships. Furthermore, philosophy and science do not reflect a reality independent of man. Rather, a theory can be said to be true when, in any given historical situation, it expresses the real developmental trend of that situation. </p><p>For the majority of Marxists, truth was truth no matter when and where it was known, and scientific knowledge, which included Marxism, accumulated historically as the advance of truth in this everyday sense. In this view, Marxism (or the Marxist theory of history and economics) did not belong to the illusory realm of the superstructure because it is a science. In contrast, Gramsci believed Marxism was true in a socially pragmatic sense: by articulating the <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, Marxism expressed the truth of its times better than any other theory. This anti-<a href="/wiki/Scientistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientistic">scientistic</a> and anti-<a href="/wiki/Positivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist">positivist</a> stance was indebted to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a>. At the same time, it should be underlined that Gramsci's absolute historicism broke with Croce's tendency to secure a metaphysical synthesis of historical destiny. Although Gramsci repudiates the charge, his historical account of truth has been criticised as a form of <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolakowski2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolakowski2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_economism">Critique of economism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critique of economism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a pre-prison article titled "The Revolution against <span style="padding-right:0.15em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></span>", Gramsci wrote that the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia had invalidated the idea that socialist revolution had to await the full development of capitalist forces of production.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991a221_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991a221-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflected his view that Marxism was not a <a href="/wiki/Determinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Determinist">determinist</a> philosophy. The principle of the causal primacy of the forces of production was a misconception of Marxism. Both economic changes and cultural changes are expressions of a basic historical process, and it is difficult to say which sphere has primacy over the other. </p><p>The belief from the earliest years of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' movement">workers' movement</a> that it would inevitably triumph due to historical laws was a product of the historical circumstances of an oppressed class restricted mainly to defensive action. This <a href="/wiki/Fatalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatalistic">fatalistic</a> doctrine must be abandoned as a hindrance once the working class becomes able to take the initiative. Because Marxism is a philosophy of praxis, it cannot rely on unseen historical laws as the agents of social change. History is defined by human praxis and therefore includes human will. Nonetheless, willpower cannot achieve anything it likes in any given situation: when the consciousness of the working class reaches the stage of development necessary for action, it will encounter historical circumstances that cannot be arbitrarily altered. It is not predetermined by historical inevitability as to which of several possible developments will take place as a result. </p><p>His critique of <a href="/wiki/Economic_determinism" title="Economic determinism">economic determinism</a> extended to that practised by the syndicalists of the Italian trade unions. He believed that many trade unionists had settled for a reformist, gradualist approach in that they had refused to struggle on the political front in addition to the economic front. For Gramsci, much as the ruling class can look beyond its own immediate economic interests to reorganise the forms of its own hegemony, so must the working class present its own interests as congruous with the universal advancement of society. While Gramsci envisioned the trade unions as one organ of a counter-hegemonic force in a capitalist society, the trade union leaders simply saw these organizations as a means to improve conditions within the existing structure. Gramsci referred to the views of these trade unionists as vulgar economism, which he equated to covert reformism and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_materialism">Critique of materialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Critique of materialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By virtue of his belief that human history and collective praxis determine whether any philosophical question is meaningful or not, Gramsci's views run contrary to the metaphysical materialism and copy theory of perception advanced by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lenin,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he does not explicitly state this. For Gramsci, Marxism does not deal with a reality that exists in and for itself, independent of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971440–448_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971440–448-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of an <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a> universe outside of human history and human praxis was analogous to belief in God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971445_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971445-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gramsci defined objectivity in terms of a universal <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a> to be established in a future communist society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971445_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971445-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural history was thus only meaningful in relation to human history. In his view philosophical materialism resulted from a lack of critical thought,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971444–445_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971444–445-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could not be said to oppose religious dogma and superstition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971420_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971420-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Gramsci resigned himself to the existence of this arguably cruder form of Marxism. Marxism was a philosophy for the proletariat, a subaltern class, and thus could often only be expressed in the form of popular superstition and common sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971419–425_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971419–425-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, it was necessary to effectively challenge the ideologies of the educated classes and to do so Marxists must present their philosophy in a more sophisticated guise and attempt to genuinely understand their opponents' views. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the American socialist magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>, Gramsci "is one of the most cited Italian authors — certainly the most cited Italian Marxist ever — and one of the most celebrated Marxist philosophers of the twentieth century.", adding that the <i>Prison Notebooks</i> "allowed his unorthodox Marxism to spread worldwide."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gramsci's thought emanates from the organised <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a> but has also become an important figure in current academic discussions within <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>. Political theorists from the <a href="/wiki/Political_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Political centre">political centre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">political right</a> have also found insight into his concepts; for instance, his idea of hegemony has become widely cited. His influence is particularly strong in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">neo-Gramscianism</a>. His critics charge him with fostering a notion of power struggle through ideas. They find the Gramscian approach to philosophical analysis, reflected in current academic controversies, to conflict with open-ended, liberal inquiry grounded in apolitical readings of the classics of Western culture. Some critics have argued that Gramsci's attempt to reconcile Marxism with <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectualism</a> creates an <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">ideological elitism</a> that can be seen as at odds with <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">individual liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His theory of hegemony has drawn criticism from those who believe that the promotion of <a href="/wiki/State_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="State intervention">state intervention</a> in cultural affairs risks undermining the <a href="/wiki/Marketplace_of_ideas" title="Marketplace of ideas">free exchange of ideas</a>, which is essential for a truly <a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">open society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a socialist, Gramsci's legacy has been met with a mixed reception.<sup id="cite_ref-NLR_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLR-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> Togliatti, who led the party (renamed in 1943 as the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, PCI) after World War II and whose gradualist approach was a forerunner to <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a>, stated that the PCI's practices during this period were congruent with Gramscian thought.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is speculated that he would likely have been expelled from his party if his true views had been known, particularly his growing hostility towards <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200625_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200625-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One issue for Gramsci related to his speaking on topics of violence and when it might be justified or not. When the socialist <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a> was murdered, Gramsci did not condemn the murder. Matteotti had already called for the rule of law and had been murdered by the fascists for that stance. The murder produced a crisis for the <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian fascist">Italian fascist</a> regime that Gramsci could have exploited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrétigné2021156–159_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrétigné2021156–159-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Jean-Yves Frétigné argues that Gramsci and the socialists more generally were naïve in their assessment of the fascists and as a result underestimated the brutality of which the regime was capable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrétigné2021182–183_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrétigné2021182–183-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Piyabutr_Saengkanokkul" title="Piyabutr Saengkanokkul">Piyabutr Saengkanokkul</a>, an academic, democratic activist, and former Secretary-General of <a href="/wiki/Future_Forward_Party" title="Future Forward Party">Future Forward Party</a>, cited Gramsci's idea as the main key to establishing a party.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_football">Association football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Association football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like fellow Turinese and communist <a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a>, Gramsci took an interest in <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, which was becoming a sport with massive following and was elected by the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_regime_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist regime in Italy">fascist regime in Italy</a> as a national sport, and was said to have been a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Juventus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juventus">Juventus</a>, as were other notable communist and left-wing leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 December 1988, the PCI's newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></i> published an article on the front page titled "Gramsci Was Rooting for Juve". Signed by Giorgio Fabre, it contained some letters in which Gramsci asked <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Piero Sraffa</a> for "news from our Juventus". Even though those letters later turned out to be false, the article remains part of the Gramscian bibliography and triggered numerous reactions, including from <a href="/wiki/Giampiero_Boniperti" title="Giampiero Boniperti">Giampiero Boniperti</a>, who on behalf of the club the following day told at <i><a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a></i>: "We are pleased to know that among our fans there have been personalities who have marked an era from the political, economic, and intellectual point of view. This shows that Juventus truly have something special, a charm that has never lost strength over the years." Gramsci's interest in football dates back to a 16 August 1918 article for the PSI's newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Avanti!_(newspaper)" title="Avanti! (newspaper)">Avanti!</a></i>, titled "Football and Scopone". Fifteen years later, he pointed at the degeneration of stadium cheering, which emerged with the advent of fascism and the consequent nationalisation of the sport that he said extinguished political and trade union commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collections">Collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Pre-Prison Writings</i> (Cambridge University Press)</li> <li><i>The <a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></i> (three volumes) (Columbia University Press)</li> <li><i>Selections from the Prison Notebooks</i> (International Publishers)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays">Essays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Essays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/1916/12/newspapers.htm">Newspapers and the Workers</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i>Men or machines?</i> (1916)</li> <li><i>One Year of History</i> (1918)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(sociology)" title="Articulation (sociology)">Articulation (sociology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_(postcolonialism)" title="Subaltern (postcolonialism)">Subaltern (postcolonialism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaltern_Studies" title="Subaltern Studies">Subaltern Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revisesociology.com/2016/06/23/gramscis-humanist-marxism/">"Gramsci's Humanist Marxism"</a>. 23 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gramsci%27s+Humanist+Marxism&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevisesociology.com%2F2016%2F06%2F23%2Fgramscis-humanist-marxism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514163649/https://www.lexico.com/definition/gramsci,_antonio">"Gramsci, Antonio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Gramsci,+Antonio">the original</a> on 14 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gramsci%2C+Antonio&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FGramsci%2C%2BAntonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Gramsci" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Gramsci">"Gramsci"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gramsci&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DGramsci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991d446-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991d446_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon1991d">Sassoon 1991d</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaralambosHolborn2013597-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaralambosHolborn2013597_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaralambosHolborn2013">Haralambos & Holborn 2013</a>, p. 597.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109035734/https://familysearch.org/ark%3A/61903/3%3A1%3A3QSQ-G9WG-N9S5-C?i=383&owc=collection%2F1947719%2Fwaypoints&wc=9QMC-DPN%3A246870401%2C247596501%2C247598701%3Fcc%3D1947719&cc=1947719">"Italy, Oristano, Oristano. Civil Status (Tribunale), 1866–1940"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G9WG-N9S5-C?i=383&owc=collection%2F1947719%2Fwaypoints&wc=9QMC-DPN%3A246870401%2C247596501%2C247598701%3Fcc%3D1947719&cc=1947719">the original</a> on 9 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=Italy%2C+Oristano%2C+Oristano.+Civil+Status+%28Tribunale%29%2C+1866%E2%80%931940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F3%3A1%3A3QSQ-G9WG-N9S5-C%3Fi%3D383%26owc%3Dcollection%252F1947719%252Fwaypoints%26wc%3D9QMC-DPN%253A246870401%252C247596501%252C247598701%253Fcc%253D1947719%26cc%3D1947719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IGS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IGS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/igsn/news/n09_11.shtml">"IGSN 9 – Nuove notizie sulla famiglia paterna di Gramsci"</a>. <i>International Gramsci Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Gramsci+Society&rft.atitle=IGSN+9+%E2%80%93+Nuove+notizie+sulla+famiglia+paterna+di+Gramsci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalgramscisociety.org%2Figsn%2Fnews%2Fn09_11.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iltorinese.it/italiani-origine-albanese-si-distinti-secoli/">"Italiani di origine albanese che si sono distinti nei secoli"</a>. <i>Il Torinese</i> (in Italian). 8 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Torinese&rft.atitle=Italiani+di+origine+albanese+che+si+sono+distinti+nei+secoli&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iltorinese.it%2Fitaliani-origine-albanese-si-distinti-secoli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipa234-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pipa234_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipa1989" class="citation book cs1">Pipa, Arshi (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkhiAAAAMAAJ&q=Italianized"><i>The politics of language in socialist Albania</i></a>. Boulder, Colorado: East European Monographs. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-168-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-168-5"><bdi>978-0-88033-168-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+language+in+socialist+Albania&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-168-5&rft.aulast=Pipa&rft.aufirst=Arshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkhiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DItalianized&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span> "I myself have no race. My father is of recent Albanian origin. The family escaped from Epirus after or during the 1821 wars <of Greek Independence> and Italianized itself rapidly." <i>Lettere dal carcere</i> (Letters from Prison), ed. S. Capriogloi & E Fubini (Einaudi, Turin, 1965), pp. 507–508."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/igsn/news/n09_11.shtml">"IGSN 9 – Nuove notizie sulla famiglia paterna di Gramsci"</a>. <i>www.internationalgramscisociety.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.internationalgramscisociety.org&rft.atitle=IGSN+9+%E2%80%93+Nuove+notizie+sulla+famiglia+paterna+di+Gramsci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalgramscisociety.org%2Figsn%2Fnews%2Fn09_11.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianews.it/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Genealogia-dei-Gramsci.jpg">"Genealogia dei Gramsci"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genealogia+dei+Gramsci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianews.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F04%2FGenealogia-dei-Gramsci.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manzelli161-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manzelli161_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManzelli2004" class="citation book cs1">Manzelli, Gianguido (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MbsbAQAAIAAJ&q=Gramsh+o+Gramshi,+con+l%27articolo+determinativo+finale+in">"Italiano e albanese: affinità e contrasti"</a>. In Ghezzi, Chiara; Guerini, Federica; Molinelli, Piera (eds.). <i>Italiano e lingue immigrate a confronto: riflessioni per la pratica didattica, Atti del Convegno-Seminario, Bergamo, 23–25 giugno 2003</i>. Guerra Edizioni. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8877157072" title="Special:BookSources/978-8877157072"><bdi>978-8877157072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italiano+e+albanese%3A+affinit%C3%A0+e+contrasti&rft.btitle=Italiano+e+lingue+immigrate+a+confronto%3A+riflessioni+per+la+pratica+didattica%2C+Atti+del+Convegno-Seminario%2C+Bergamo%2C+23%E2%80%9325+giugno+2003&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Guerra+Edizioni&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8877157072&rft.aulast=Manzelli&rft.aufirst=Gianguido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMbsbAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DGramsh%2Bo%2BGramshi%2C%2Bcon%2Bl%2527articolo%2Bdeterminativo%2Bfinale%2Bin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span> "Antonio Gramsci, nato ad Ales (Oristano) nel 1891, fondatore del Partito Comunista d'ltalia nel 1921, arrestato nel 1926, morto a Roma nel 1937, portava nel proprio cognome la manifesta origine albanese della famiglia (Gramsh o Gramshi, con l'articolo determinativo finale in -i, è il nome di una cittadina dell'Albania centrale)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermino1990" class="citation book cs1">Germino, Dante L. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBmXoVa9HaYC&q=Antonio+Gramsci+albanian&pg=PA157"><i>Antonio Gramsci: Architect of a New Politics</i></a>. Baton Rouge: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Press" title="Louisiana State University Press">Louisiana State University Press</a>. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1553-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1553-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-1553-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci%3A+Architect+of+a+New+Politics&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1553-4&rft.aulast=Germino&rft.aufirst=Dante+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBmXoVa9HaYC%26q%3DAntonio%2BGramsci%2Balbanian%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xviii-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xviii_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xviii–xix-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xviii–xix_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, pp. xviii–xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crehan, Kate (2002). <i>Gramsci, Culture, and Anthropology</i>. University of California Press. p. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520236025" title="Special:BookSources/0520236025">0520236025</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markowicz, Daniel M. (2011) "Gramsci, Antonio," in <i>The Encyclopedia of Literary and Cultural Theory</i>, ed. Michael Ryan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781-405183123" title="Special:BookSources/9781-405183123">9781-405183123</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESantangelo2021216-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESantangelo2021216_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSantangelo2021">Santangelo 2021</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antonio-gramsci_%28Dizionario-di-Storia%29/">Antonio Gramsci, Dizionario di Storia Treccani</a>. Treccani.it (8 November 1926). Retrieved on 24 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xix-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xix_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Antonio Gramsci e la questione sarda</i>, a cura di Guido Melis, Cagliari, Della Torre, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/antonio-gramsci-3026471">"Why Antonio Gramsci Matters to Sociologists"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Why+Antonio+Gramsci+Matters+to+Sociologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fantonio-gramsci-3026471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall, Stuart</a> (June 1986). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/019685998601000202">Gramsci's relevance for the study of race and ethnicity</a>". <i>Journal of Communication Inquiry</i> 10 (2), 5–27, Sage Journals</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2004/05/03/ST8PO_ST801.html">Gramsci e l'isola laboratorio, <i>La Nuova Sardegna</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425221222/https://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2004/05/03/ST8PO_ST801.html">Archived</a> 25 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ricerca.gelocal.it (3 May 2004). Retrieved on 24 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xx-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xx_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxv-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxv_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeiana2017" class="citation web cs1">Deiana, Gian Luigi (23 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rs21.org.uk/2017/06/23/revolutionary-reflections-the-legacy-of-antonio-gramsci/">"The Legacy of Antonio Gramsci"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Antonio+Gramsci&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.aulast=Deiana&rft.aufirst=Gian+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rs21.org.uk%2F2017%2F06%2F23%2Frevolutionary-reflections-the-legacy-of-antonio-gramsci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxi-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxi_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxx-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxx_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xxx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxx–xxxi-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xxx–xxxi_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, pp. xxx–xxxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolakowski1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolakowski1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsofma00kola/page/223"><i>Leszek Kolakowski – Main Currents of Marxism – Its Rise, Growth and, Dissolution – Volume III – The Breakdown</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 1978. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsofma00kola/page/223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824570-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824570-4"><bdi>978-0-19-824570-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leszek+Kolakowski+%E2%80%93+Main+Currents+of+Marxism+%E2%80%93+Its+Rise%2C+Growth+and%2C+Dissolution+%E2%80%93+Volume+III+%E2%80%93+The+Breakdown&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-824570-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsofma00kola%2Fpage%2F223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven2023" class="citation book cs1">Steven, Mark (9 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn-FEAAAQBAJ"><i>Class War: A Literary History</i></a>. Verso Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn-FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA197">197</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83976-069-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83976-069-3"><bdi>978-1-83976-069-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Class+War%3A+A+Literary+History&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft.isbn=978-1-83976-069-3&rft.aulast=Steven&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFn-FEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFemia1998" class="citation book cs1">Femia, J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOmGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA107"><i>The Machiavellian Legacy: Essays in Italian Political Thought</i></a>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37992-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37992-3"><bdi>978-0-230-37992-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Machiavellian+Legacy%3A+Essays+in+Italian+Political+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37992-3&rft.aulast=Femia&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOmGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xlvi-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xlvi_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xlvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJnr2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jnr, Antonio Gramsci (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii102/articles/antonio-gramsci-jnr-my-grandfather">"My Grandfather"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i> (102): <span class="nowrap">68–</span>75 – via New Left Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=My+Grandfather&rft.issue=102&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.aulast=Jnr&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Gramsci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fii102%2Farticles%2Fantonio-gramsci-jnr-my-grandfather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antoniogramsci.com/moglie_figli.htm">Picture</a> of Gramsci's wife and their two sons at the Italian-language <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antoniogramsci.com">Antonio Gramsci Website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crehan, Kate (2002). <i>Gramsci, Culture, and Anthropology</i>. University of California Press. p. 17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520236025" title="Special:BookSources/0520236025">0520236025</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vacca, Giuseppe (2012). <i>Vita e pensieri di Antonio Gramsci</i>. Turin: Einaudi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971lxxxix-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971lxxxix_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. lxxxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xcii-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xcii_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xcii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett2018" class="citation book cs1">Garrett, Paul Michael (4 July 2018). "Thinking with Antonio Gramsci". <i>Social Work and Social Theory</i>. Policy Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51952%2F9781447341925.ch006">10.51952/9781447341925.ch006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-4192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-4192-5"><bdi>978-1-4473-4192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thinking+with+Antonio+Gramsci&rft.btitle=Social+Work+and+Social+Theory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51952%2F9781447341925.ch006&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-4192-5&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=Paul+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200625-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200625_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200625_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciii-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciii_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xciii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciv-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciv_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoareSmith1971xciv_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoareSmith1971">Hoare & Smith 1971</a>, p. xciv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbner201176,_105,_144,_150-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbner201176,_105,_144,_150_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEbner2011">Ebner 2011</a>, pp. 76, 105, 144, 150Ebner says that Mussolini "stage-managed the cases of prominent anti-Fascists like Gramsci" (p. 150) but that, in fact, the regime "rarely granted freedom to leading Communist Party militants" (p. 144). Liberal critics of Mussolini's imprisonment policies likened such policies to "dying a slow death" (p. 105). On Mussolini's pretence of having a benign regime see in particular Chapter 5, "The Politics of Pardons".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGramsci_Jr.2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Gramsci Jr., Antonio (1 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii102/articles/antonio-gramsci-jnr-my-grandfather">"Antonio Gramsci, Jnr, My Grandfather"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i>. No. 102<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Antonio+Gramsci%2C+Jnr%2C+My+Grandfather&rft.issue=102&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft.aulast=Gramsci+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2Fii102%2Farticles%2Fantonio-gramsci-jnr-my-grandfather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLR-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NLR_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLR_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NLR_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson, Perry</a> (November–December 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/100/perry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramsci">"The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (100). New Left Review: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+Antinomies+of+Antonio+Gramsci&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1976-11%2F1976-12&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F100%2Fperry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramsci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991c230_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon1991c">Sassoon 1991c</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan1991259-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan1991259_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiernan1991259_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiernan1991">Kiernan 1991</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci19719-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci19719_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGramsci1971">Gramsci 1971</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrehan2016" class="citation book cs1">Crehan, Kate (2016). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gramsciscommonse00creh_2"><i>Gramsci's Common Sense: Inequality and Its Narratives</i></a></span>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6219-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-6219-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci%27s+Common+Sense%3A+Inequality+and+Its+Narratives&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-6219-7&rft.aulast=Crehan&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgramsciscommonse00creh_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mayo, Peter (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/44580/1/Antonio_Gramsci_and_his_relevance_to_the_education_of_adults.pdf">"Antonio Gramsci and his Relevance for the Education of Adults"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Educational Philosophy & Theory</i>. <b>40</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">418–</span>435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-5812.2007.00357.x">10.1111/j.1469-5812.2007.00357.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143570823">143570823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Philosophy+%26+Theory&rft.atitle=Antonio+Gramsci+and+his+Relevance+for+the+Education+of+Adults&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E418-%3C%2Fspan%3E435&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-5812.2007.00357.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143570823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mayo&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.um.edu.mt%2Flibrary%2Foar%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F44580%2F1%2FAntonio_Gramsci_and_his_relevance_to_the_education_of_adults.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991b83-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991b83_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991b83_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon1991b">Sassoon 1991b</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971160-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971160_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGramsci1971">Gramsci 1971</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971404–407-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971404–407_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGramsci1971">Gramsci 1971</a>, pp. 404–407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolakowski2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolakowski2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsofma00kola/page/228"><i>Leszek Kolakowski – Main Currents of Marxism – Its Rise, Growth and, Dissolution – Volume III – The Breakdown</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 1978. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsofma00kola/page/228">228–231</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824570-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-824570-4"><bdi>978-0-19-824570-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leszek+Kolakowski+%E2%80%93+Main+Currents+of+Marxism+%E2%80%93+Its+Rise%2C+Growth+and%2C+Dissolution+%E2%80%93+Volume+III+%E2%80%93+The+Breakdown&rft.pages=228-231&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-824570-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsofma00kola%2Fpage%2F228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassoon1991a221-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassoon1991a221_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassoon1991a">Sassoon 1991a</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Engels: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/index.htm"><i>Anti-Duehring</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedrich Engels: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1883/don/index.htm"><i>Dialectics of Nature</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1908/mec/index.htm"><i>Materialism and Empirio-Criticism</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971440–448-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971440–448_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGramsci1971">Gramsci 1971</a>, pp. 440–448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971445-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971445_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971445_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGramsci1971">Gramsci 1971</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971444–445-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971444–445_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGramsci1971">Gramsci 1971</a>, pp. 444–445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971420-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971420_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGramsci1971">Gramsci 1971</a>, p. 420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971419–425-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGramsci1971419–425_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGramsci1971">Gramsci 1971</a>, pp. 419–425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaccaferri2021" class="citation web cs1">Maccaferri, Marzia (1 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2021/11/antonio-gramsci-selections-prison-notebooks-fiftieth-anniversary">"How Antonio Gramsci's Ideas Went Global"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=How+Antonio+Gramsci%27s+Ideas+Went+Global&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.aulast=Maccaferri&rft.aufirst=Marzia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2021%2F11%2Fantonio-gramsci-selections-prison-notebooks-fiftieth-anniversary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtigieg1992" class="citation book cs1">Buttigieg, Joseph A. (1992). <i>Gramsci's Political Thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process</i>. Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci%27s+Political+Thought%3A+Hegemony%2C+Consciousness%2C+and+the+Revolutionary+Process&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Buttigieg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson1983" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Walter L. (1983). <i>Hegemony and Revolution: A Study of Antonio Gramsci's Political and Cultural Theory</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+and+Revolution%3A+A+Study+of+Antonio+Gramsci%27s+Political+and+Cultural+Theory&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFemia1981" class="citation book cs1">Femia, Joseph V. (1981). <i>Cultural Hegemony in a Scientific World</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Hegemony+in+a+Scientific+World&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Femia&rft.aufirst=Joseph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFemia1987" class="citation book cs1">Femia, Joseph P. (April 1987). "A Peaceful Road to Socialism?". <i>Gramsci's Political Thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process</i> (paperback ed.). University of Oxford Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">190–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198275435.003.0006">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198275435.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0045-0334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0045-0334-2"><bdi>978-9-0045-0334-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Peaceful+Road+to+Socialism%3F&rft.btitle=Gramsci%27s+Political+Thought%3A+Hegemony%2C+Consciousness%2C+and+the+Revolutionary+Process&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford+Press&rft.date=1987-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198275435.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-9-0045-0334-2&rft.aulast=Femia&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiguori2021" class="citation book cs1">Liguori, Guido (21 December 2021). "Gramsci and the Italian Road to Socialism (1956–59)". <i>Gramsci Contested: Interpretations, Debates, and Polemics, 1922–2012</i>. Historical Materialism. Translated by Braude, Richard (E-book ed.). Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">94–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004503342_005">10.1163/9789004503342_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-7543-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-7543-5"><bdi>978-0-1982-7543-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245586587">245586587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gramsci+and+the+Italian+Road+to+Socialism+%281956%E2%80%9359%29&rft.btitle=Gramsci+Contested%3A+Interpretations%2C+Debates%2C+and+Polemics%2C+1922%E2%80%932012&rft.series=Historical+Materialism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245586587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004503342_005&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-7543-5&rft.aulast=Liguori&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrétigné2021156–159-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrétigné2021156–159_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrétigné2021">Frétigné 2021</a>, pp. 156–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrétigné2021182–183-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrétigné2021182–183_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrétigné2021">Frétigné 2021</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/blogs/columnist/124050">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'กรัมชี-ปิยบุตร' สงครามศาสดา"</a>. <i>Bangkok Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangkok+Post&rft.atitle=%27%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E2%80%99+%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bangkokbiznews.com%2Fblogs%2Fcolumnist%2F124050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomeo2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Romeo, Ilaria (7 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strisciarossa.it/tra-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juve-la-passione-dei-leader-pci-per-il-calcio/">"Tra la rivoluzione e la Juve. La passione dei leader Pci per il calcio"</a>. <i>Striscia Rossa</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>. <q>Affermava in proposito l'avvocato Agnelli su 'La Stampa': 'Ho mandato al giornale una foto di una partita della Juventus del 1948, dove mi trovavo accanto a Togliatti. Lui, come tutti i leader comunisti di una certa generazione e di una certa classe, era juventino. Non ho mai avuto modo di verificare se Berlinguer amasse la Juventus; ma da alcune sue reazioni, che ho avuto occasione di vedere allo stadio, mi pare che anche il suo cuore fosse bianconero' (dalla lettera aperta a Luciano Lama Agnelli risponde a Lama sulla Juve, 'La Stampa', 6 marzo 1991, p. 33).</q> [In this regard, [Gianni] Agnelli stated in "La Stampa": "I sent the newspaper a photo of a Juventus match in 1948, where I was next to Togliatti. He, like all communist leaders of a certain generation and a certain class, was a Juventus fan. I've never had the opportunity to verify if Berlinguer loved Juventus, but from some of his reactions, which I had the opportunity to see at the stadium, it seems to me that his heart was Black and White too" (from the open letter to Luciano Lama, Agnelli replies to Lama on Juve, "La Stampa", 6 March 1991, p. 33).]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Striscia+Rossa&rft.atitle=Tra+la+rivoluzione+e+la+Juve.+La+passione+dei+leader+Pci+per+il+calcio&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.aulast=Romeo&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strisciarossa.it%2Ftra-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juve-la-passione-dei-leader-pci-per-il-calcio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoccia2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Coccia, Pasquale (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilmanifesto.it/i-comunisti-scendono-in-campo">"I comunisti scendono in campo"</a>. <i>Il manifesto</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+manifesto&rft.atitle=I+comunisti+scendono+in+campo&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.aulast=Coccia&rft.aufirst=Pasquale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filmanifesto.it%2Fi-comunisti-scendono-in-campo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainente2022" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mainente, Andrea (3 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rivistacontrasti.it/juventus-comunismo-squadra-comunista-lama-berlinguer-togliatti-gramsci-bersani/">"La Juventus comunista"</a>. <i>Rivista Contrasti</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+Contrasti&rft.atitle=La+Juventus+comunista&rft.date=2022-08-03&rft.aulast=Mainente&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rivistacontrasti.it%2Fjuventus-comunismo-squadra-comunista-lama-berlinguer-togliatti-gramsci-bersani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagno2021" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Magno, Michele (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startmag.it/mondo/gramsci-e-togliatti-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juventus/">"Gramsci e Togliatti, la rivoluzione e la Juventus"</a>. <i>Start Magazine</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2023</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'E tu pretendi di fare la rivoluzione senza conoscere i risultati della Juve?.' Come a dire, senza conoscere gli umori del popolo a cui chiedi di insorgere? Il capo del Partito comunista, tifoso della 'Vecchia Signora', rimproverava così al suo vice di misconoscere l'importanza di un fenomeno di massa come il calcio, eletto dal fascismo a sport nazionale, in grado di influenzare mentalità e costumi dei ceti popolari. Un punto, questo, che aveva catturato l'attenzione di Antonio Gramsci già all'alba Novecento. Lo testimonia 'Il foot-ball e lo scopone', un celebre articolo pubblicato il 16 agosto 1918 sull'Avanti!.</q> ["And you expect us to make the revolution without knowing the results of Juve?" As to say, without knowing the moods of the people, how do you ask [the people] to rise up? The head of the Communist Party, a fan of the "Old Lady", thus reproached his deputy for disregarding the importance of a mass phenomenon such as football, elected by fascism as a national sport, capable of influencing the mentality and customs of the working class. A point which had already captured the attention of Antonio Gramsci at the dawn of the twentieth century. Witness "Football and Scopone", a famous article published on 16 August 1918 on Avanti!]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Start+Magazine&rft.atitle=Gramsci+e+Togliatti%2C+la+rivoluzione+e+la+Juventus&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.aulast=Magno&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startmag.it%2Fmondo%2Fgramsci-e-togliatti-la-rivoluzione-e-la-juventus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlthusser1971" class="citation cs2">Althusser, Louis (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/althusser/1970/ideology.htm"><i>Lenin and Philosophy</i></a>, London: Monthly Review Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583670392" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583670392"><bdi>978-1583670392</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-1583670392&rft.aulast=Althusser&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Falthusser%2F1970%2Fideology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson, Perry</a> (November–December 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/100/perry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramsci">"The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (100). New Left Review: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+Antinomies+of+Antonio+Gramsci&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1976-11%2F1976-12&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F100%2Fperry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramsci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbner2011" class="citation book cs1">Ebner, Michael (2011). <i>Ordinary Violence in Mussolini's Italy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 76, 105, 144, 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Violence+in+Mussolini%27s+Italy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=76%2C+105%2C+144%2C+150&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ebner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrétigné2021" class="citation book cs1">Frétigné, Jean-Yves (2021). <i>To Live is To Resist: The Life of Antonio Gramsci</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>159, <span class="nowrap">182–</span>183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Live+is+To+Resist%3A+The+Life+of+Antonio+Gramsci&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E159%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9tign%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gramsci" class="citation book cs1">Gramsci, Antonio (1971). <i>Selections from the Prison Notebooks</i>. International Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0397-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7178-0397-X"><bdi>0-7178-0397-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+Prison+Notebooks&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-7178-0397-X&rft.aulast=Gramsci&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGramsci1971" class="citation book cs1">Gramsci, Antonio (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectionsfrompr00newy"><i>Selections from the Prison Notebooks</i></a>. International Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7178-0397-2"><bdi>978-0-7178-0397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+Prison+Notebooks&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-7178-0397-2&rft.aulast=Gramsci&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectionsfrompr00newy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaralambosHolborn2013" class="citation cs2">Haralambos, Michael; Holborn, Martin (2013), <i>Sociology Themes and Perspectives</i> (8th ed.), New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-749882-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-749882-6"><bdi>978-0-00-749882-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+Themes+and+Perspectives&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-00-749882-6&rft.aulast=Haralambos&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Holborn%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoareSmith1971" class="citation cs2">Hoare, Quintin; Smith, Geoffrey Nowell (1971), Introduction, <i>Selections from the Prison Notebooks</i>, by Gramsci, Antonio, Hoare, Quentin; Smith, Geoffrey Nowell (eds.), New York: International Publishers, pp. <span class="nowrap">xvii–</span>xcvi, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0397-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7178-0397-X"><bdi>0-7178-0397-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+Prison+Notebooks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exvii-%3C%2Fspan%3Excvi&rft.pub=International+Publishers&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-7178-0397-X&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Quintin&rft.au=Smith%2C+Geoffrey+Nowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation cs2">Jones, Steven (2006), <i>Antonio Gramsci</i>, Routledge Critical Thinkers, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31947-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31947-1"><bdi>0-415-31947-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci&rft.series=Routledge+Critical+Thinkers&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-31947-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/V._G._Kiernan" class="mw-redirect" title="V. G. Kiernan">Kiernan, V. G.</a> (1991). "Intellectuals". In <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bottomore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bottomore">Bottomore, Tom</a>; Harris, Laurence; Kiernan, V.G; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband, Ralph</a> (eds.). <i>The Dictionary of Marxist Thought</i> (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers Ltd. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2"><bdi>0-631-16481-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intellectuals&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Marxist+Thought&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-631-16481-2&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKołakowski2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski, Leszek</a> (2005). <i>Main Currents of Marxism</i>. London: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32943-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32943-8"><bdi>978-0-393-32943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+Marxism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32943-8&rft.aulast=Ko%C5%82akowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantangelo2021" class="citation book cs1">Santangelo, Federico (2021). "Between Ceasarism and Cosmopolitanism: Julius Ceasar as an Historical Problem in Gramsci". In Zucchetti, Emilio; Cimino, Anna Maria (eds.). <i>Antonio Gramsci and the Ancient World</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">201–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429510359" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429510359"><bdi>978-0429510359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+Ceasarism+and+Cosmopolitanism%3A+Julius+Ceasar+as+an+Historical+Problem+in+Gramsci&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci+and+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0429510359&rft.aulast=Santangelo&rft.aufirst=Federico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon1991a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sassoon, Anne Showstack (1991a). "Antonio Gramsci". In <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bottomore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bottomore">Bottomore, Tom</a>; Harris, Laurence; <a href="/wiki/V._G._Kiernan" class="mw-redirect" title="V. G. Kiernan">Kiernan, V.G</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband, Ralph</a> (eds.). <i>The Dictionary of Marxist Thought</i> (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">221–</span>223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2"><bdi>0-631-16481-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antonio+Gramsci&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Marxist+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-631-16481-2&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Anne+Showstack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon1991b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sassoon, Anne Showstack (1991b). "Civil Society". In <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bottomore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bottomore">Bottomore, Tom</a>; Harris, Laurence; <a href="/wiki/V._G._Kiernan" class="mw-redirect" title="V. G. Kiernan">Kiernan, V.G</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband, Ralph</a> (eds.). <i>The Dictionary of Marxist Thought</i> (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2"><bdi>0-631-16481-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Civil+Society&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Marxist+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-631-16481-2&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Anne+Showstack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon1991c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sassoon, Anne Showstack (1991c). "Hegemony". In <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bottomore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bottomore">Bottomore, Tom</a>; Harris, Laurence; <a href="/wiki/V._G._Kiernan" class="mw-redirect" title="V. G. Kiernan">Kiernan, V.G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband, Ralph</a> (eds.). <i>The Dictionary of Marxist Thought</i> (2nd ed.). Blackwell Publishers Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">229–</span>231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2"><bdi>0-631-16481-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hegemony&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Marxist+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-631-16481-2&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Anne+Showstack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassoon1991d" class="citation cs2">Sassoon, Anne Showstack (1991d), "Prison Notebooks", in <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bottomore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bottomore">Bottomore, Tom</a>; Harris, Laurence; <a href="/wiki/V._G._Kiernan" class="mw-redirect" title="V. G. Kiernan">Kiernan, V.G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband, Ralph</a> (eds.), <i>The Dictionary of Marxist Thought</i> (2nd ed.), Blackwell Publishers Ltd., pp. <span class="nowrap">446–</span>447, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2"><bdi>0-631-16481-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prison+Notebooks&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Marxist+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E447&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-631-16481-2&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Anne+Showstack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamson2014" class="citation book cs1">Adamson, Walter L. (2014). <i>Hegemony and Revolution: Antonio Gramsci's Political and Cultural Theory</i>. Brattleboro, VT: Echo Point Books & Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626549098" title="Special:BookSources/9781626549098"><bdi>9781626549098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+and+Revolution%3A+Antonio+Gramsci%27s+Political+and+Cultural+Theory&rft.place=Brattleboro%2C+VT&rft.pub=Echo+Point+Books+%26+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781626549098&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson, Perry</a> (November–December 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/I/100/perry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramsci">"The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>I</b> (100). New Left Review: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+Antinomies+of+Antonio+Gramsci&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1976-11%2F1976-12&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F100%2Fperry-anderson-the-antinomies-of-antonio-gramsci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAqueci2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aqueci, Francesco (September–December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duemilaventi.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Il-Gramsci-di-un-nuovo-inizio-Quaderno-Agon.pdf">"Il Gramsci di un nuovo inizio"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rivista Internazionale di Studi Culturali, Linguistici e Letterari</i> (in Italian) (Quaderno 12, Supplemento al n. 19): 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+Internazionale+di+Studi+Culturali%2C+Linguistici+e+Letterari&rft.atitle=Il+Gramsci+di+un+nuovo+inizio&rft.issue=Quaderno+12%2C+Supplemento+al+n.+19&rft.pages=223&rft.date=2018-09%2F2018-12&rft.aulast=Aqueci&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duemilaventi.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F03%2FIl-Gramsci-di-un-nuovo-inizio-Quaderno-Agon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoggs1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Boggs" title="Carl Boggs">Boggs, Carl</a> (1984). <i>The Two Revolutions: Gramsci and the Dilemmas of Western Marxism</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/South_End_Press" title="South End Press">South End Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89608-226-7"><bdi>978-0-89608-226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Revolutions%3A+Gramsci+and+the+Dilemmas+of+Western+Marxism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=South+End+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-89608-226-7&rft.aulast=Boggs&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottomore1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bottomore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bottomore">Bottomore, Tom</a> (1992). <i>The Dictionary of Marxist Thought</i>. Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18082-1"><bdi>978-0-631-18082-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Marxist+Thought&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18082-1&rft.aulast=Bottomore&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDainottoJameson2020" class="citation book cs1">Dainotto, Roberto M.; Jameson, Fredric, eds. (28 August 2020). <i>Gramsci in the World</i>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0849-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0849-1"><bdi>978-1-4780-0849-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci+in+the+World&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020-08-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-0849-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2018" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Alastair (2018). <i>Antonio Gramsci: Towards an Intellectual Biography</i>. Haymarket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608468256" title="Special:BookSources/9781608468256"><bdi>9781608468256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci%3A+Towards+an+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781608468256&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFemia1981" class="citation book cs1">Femia, Joseph V. (1981). <i>Gramsci's Political Thought: Hegemony, Consciousness, and the Revolutionary Process</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827251-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827251-0"><bdi>0-19-827251-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci%27s+Political+Thought%3A+Hegemony%2C+Consciousness%2C+and+the+Revolutionary+Process&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-19-827251-0&rft.aulast=Femia&rft.aufirst=Joseph+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonseca2016" class="citation book cs1">Fonseca, Marco (2016). <i>Gramsci's Critique of Civil Society. Towards a New Concept of Hegemony</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-848649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-848649-2"><bdi>978-1-13-848649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci%27s+Critique+of+Civil+Society.+Towards+a+New+Concept+of+Hegemony&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-13-848649-2&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreaves2009" class="citation book cs1">Greaves, Nigel (2009). <i>Gramsci's Marxism: Reclaiming a Philosophy of History and Politics</i>. Troubador Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84876-127-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84876-127-8"><bdi>978-1-84876-127-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramsci%27s+Marxism%3A+Reclaiming+a+Philosophy+of+History+and+Politics&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84876-127-8&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Harman, Chris (9 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=308&issue=114">"Gramsci, the Prison Notebooks and Philosophy"</a>. <i>International Socialism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=Gramsci%2C+the+Prison+Notebooks+and+Philosophy&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft.aulast=Harman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isj.org.uk%2Findex.php4%3Fid%3D308%26issue%3D114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamish_Henderson" title="Hamish Henderson">Henderson, Hamish</a> (Winter 1987–1988). 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05742-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05742-5"><bdi>978-0-520-05742-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism+and+Totality%3A+The+Adventures+of+a+Concept+from+Lukacs+to+Habermas&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05742-5&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoll1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Joll" title="James Joll">Joll, James</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antoniogramsci00joll"><i>Antonio Gramsci</i></a>. New York: Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-12942-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-12942-3"><bdi>978-0-670-12942-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-670-12942-3&rft.aulast=Joll&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantoniogramsci00joll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolakowski1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kolakowski, Leszek</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldenagemaincur00lesz"><i>Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. III: The Breakdown</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285109-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285109-3"><bdi>978-0-19-285109-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+Marxism%2C+Vol.+III%3A+The+Breakdown&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285109-3&rft.aulast=Kolakowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldenagemaincur00lesz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Stuart (June 1986). "Gramsci's relevance for the study of race and ethnicity". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Communication_Inquiry" title="Journal of Communication Inquiry">Journal of Communication Inquiry</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019685998601000202">10.1177/019685998601000202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53782">53782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communication+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Gramsci%27s+relevance+for+the+study+of+race+and+ethnicity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F019685998601000202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitan1978" class="citation book cs1">Maitan, Livio (1978). <i>Il marxismo rivoluzionario di Antonio Gramsci</i>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33418-3"><bdi>978-1-137-33418-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft.isbn=978-1-137-33418-3&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnnisMureddu2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Onnis, Omar; Mureddu, Manuelle (2019). <i>Illustres. Vita, morte e miracoli di quaranta personalità sarde</i> (in Italian). 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Gerardo Pastore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7467-059-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7467-059-8"><bdi>978-88-7467-059-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci%3A+Questione+sociale+e+questione+sociologica&rft.pub=Gerardo+Pastore&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-7467-059-8&rft.aulast=Pastore&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantucci2010" class="citation book cs1">Santucci, Antonio A. (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antoniogramsci0062sant_no04"><i>Antonio Gramsci</i></a></span>. Monthly Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-210-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-210-5"><bdi>978-1-58367-210-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-210-5&rft.aulast=Santucci&rft.aufirst=Antonio+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantoniogramsci0062sant_no04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Peter D. (2009). <i>The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony and Marxism</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16771-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16771-1"><bdi>978-90-04-16771-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gramscian+Moment%3A+Philosophy%2C+Hegemony+and+Marxism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16771-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Peter+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCammett1967" class="citation book cs1">Cammett, John M. (1967). <i>Antonio Gramsci and the Origins of Italian Communism</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804701426" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804701426"><bdi>978-0804701426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antonio+Gramsci+and+the+Origins+of+Italian+Communism&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0804701426&rft.aulast=Cammett&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+Gramsci" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" class="extiw" title="commons:Antonio Gramsci"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Antonio Gramsci</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antonio_Gramsci" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gooristano.com/content/casa-natale-di-antonio-gramsci">Monumento casa natale di Antonio Gramsci, Ales, Sardinia</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nilalienum.com/gramsci/0_CritGramsci/GramsciPolattuali.html">Il dibattito recente su Gramsci. Tra "ortodossia" e revisionismo</a> at <i>Nitalenium Edizioni</i> (in Italian)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutes">Institutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalgramscisociety.org/">The International Gramsci Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondazionegramsci.org/">Fondazione Instituto Gramsci</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casanataleantoniogramsci.org">Associazione Casa Natale Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antoniogramsci.com/"><i>Antonio Gramsci</i>, 1891–1937</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts_by_Gramsci">Texts by Gramsci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Texts by Gramsci"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/index.htm">Gramsci's writings</a> at the Marxists Internet Archive Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.telospress.com/search?fulltext=notes+on+language&submit=yes&x=0&y=0">journal.telospress.com Gramsci: "Notes on Language"</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_on_Gramsci">Articles on Gramsci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Articles on Gramsci"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.telospress.com/search?fulltext=gramsci&submit=yes&x=13&y=7">Articles on Gramsci</a> at journal.telospress.com</li> <li>Trudell, Megan; et al.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224337/http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?s=contents&issue=114">"Gramsci's revolutionary legacy"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a></i> 2007, issue 117</li> <li>Martin, James: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/gramsci/">Antonio Gramsci</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. 13 January 2023.</li> <li>Robaina, Roberto: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=162&issue=109">"Gramsci and revolution: a necessary clarification"</a>, <i>International Socialism</i></li> <li>Jakopovich, Dan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1555">"Revolution and the Party in Gramsci's Thought: A Modern Application"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-gram.htm">Gramsci's contribution to the field of adult and popular education</a> – www.infed.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204085704/http://www.theory.org.uk/ctr-gram.htm">"The life and work of Antonio Gramsci"</a> – www.theory.org.uk (Archived)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges, Chris</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthdig.com/articles/antonio-gramsci-and-the-battle-against-fascism/">"Antonio Gramsci and the Battle Against Fascism"</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Truthdig" title="Truthdig">Truthdig</a></i>. 4 June 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop, Bob</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531172537/http://bobjessop.org/2014/04/21/lectures-on-gramsci/">Lectures on Gramsci</a> (Four sessions with audio).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Communist_Party202" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Italian Communist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Secretaries_of_the_Italian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Secretaries of the Italian Communist Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">General Secretary</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li><i>Executive Committee</i> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Ravera" title="Camilla Ravera">Camilla Ravera</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1930–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Grieco" title="Ruggero Grieco">Ruggero Grieco</a> (1934–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1938–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a> (1972–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1984–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Occhetto" title="Achille Occhetto">Achille Occhetto</a> (1988–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1972–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldo_Tortorella" title="Aldo Tortorella">Aldo Tortorella</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leader in the Chamber of Deputies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Longo" title="Luigi Longo">Luigi Longo</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a> (1947–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ingrao" title="Pietro Ingrao">Pietro Ingrao</a> (1964–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Natta" title="Alessandro Natta">Alessandro Natta</a> (1972–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Di_Giulio" title="Fernando Di Giulio">Fernando Di Giulio</a> (1979–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> (1981–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Zangheri" title="Renato Zangheri">Renato Zangheri</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Quercini" title="Giulio Quercini">Giulio Quercini</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leader in the Senate</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Scoccimarro" title="Mauro Scoccimarro">Mauro Scoccimarro</a> (1948–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Terracini" title="Umberto Terracini">Umberto Terracini</a> (1958–1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edoardo_Pema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edoardo Pema (page does not exist)">Edoardo Pema</a> (1973–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Chiaromonte" title="Gerardo Chiaromonte">Gerardo Chiaromonte</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ugo_Pecchioli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ugo Pecchioli (page does not exist)">Ugo Pecchioli</a> (1986–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Leader in the European Parliament</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Amendola" title="Giorgio Amendola">Giorgio Amendola</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Fanti" title="Guido Fanti">Guido Fanti</a> (1980–1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Cervetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Cervetti (page does not exist)">Giovanni Cervetti</a> (1984–1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Alberto_Colajanni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Alberto Colajanni (page does not exist)">Luigi Alberto Colajanni</a> (1989–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Unit%C3%A0" title="L'Unità">l'Unità</a></i> (1924–1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vie_Nuove" title="Vie Nuove">Vie Nuove</a></i> (1946–1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pattuglia" title="Pattuglia">Pattuglia</a></i> (1948–1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinascita" title="Rinascita">Rinascita</a></i> (1944–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Tasca" title="Angelo Tasca">Culturalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XII_International_Brigade" title="XII International Brigade">XII International Brigade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Battalion" title="Garibaldi Battalion">Garibaldi Battalion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AvtoVAZ" title="AvtoVAZ">AvtoVAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolyatti" title="Tolyatti">Tolyatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Youth_Federation" title="Italian Communist Youth Federation">Italian Communist Youth Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migliorismo" title="Migliorismo">Migliorismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Italian_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party" title="Italian Marxist–Leninist Party">Italian Marxist–Leninist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)_Communist_Party" title="Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party">Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> / <a href="/wiki/Democrats_of_the_Left" title="Democrats of the Left">Democrats of the Left</a> / <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party" title="Communist Refoundation Party">Communist Refoundation Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists" title="Party of Italian Communists">Party of Italian Communists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C72F35; color:white;;width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a> (1947–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Compromise" title="Historic Compromise">Historic Compromise</a> (1976–1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(44 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1486)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1756)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Viareggio_Prize87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Viareggio_Prize" title="Template:Viareggio Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Viareggio_Prize" title="Template talk:Viareggio Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viareggio_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Viareggio Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Viareggio_Prize87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Viareggio_Prize" title="Viareggio Prize">Viareggio Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselmo_Bucci" title="Anselmo Bucci">Anselmo Bucci</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Viani" title="Lorenzo Viani">Lorenzo Viani</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrado_Tumiati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrado Tumiati (page does not exist)">Corrado Tumiati</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonino_Foschini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonino Foschini (page does not exist)">Antonino Foschini</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Campanile" title="Achille Campanile">Achille Campanile</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Calzini" title="Raffaele Calzini">Raffaele Calzini</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Massa_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Massa (writer) (page does not exist)">Mario Massa</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Pirandello" title="Stefano Pirandello">Stefano Pirandello</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Bacchelli" title="Riccardo Bacchelli">Riccardo Bacchelli</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Guelfo Civinini</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Giovanni_Rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio Giovanni Rossi">Vittorio Giovanni Rossi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Pea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Pea (page does not exist)">Enrico Pea</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnaldo_Frateili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnaldo Frateili (page does not exist)">Arnaldo Frateili</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orio_Vergani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orio Vergani (page does not exist)">Orio Vergani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bellonci" title="Maria Bellonci">Maria Bellonci</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvio_Micheli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvio Micheli (page does not exist)">Silvio Micheli</a> – <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Saba" title="Umberto Saba">Umberto Saba</a> (1946) • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1947) • <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Palazzeschi" title="Aldo Palazzeschi">Aldo Palazzeschi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Morante" title="Elsa Morante">Elsa Morante</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sibilla_Aleramo" title="Sibilla Aleramo">Sibilla Aleramo</a> (1948) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Carlo_Jemolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arturo Carlo Jemolo (page does not exist)">Arturo Carlo Jemolo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Renata_Vigan%C3%B2" title="Renata Viganò">Renata Viganò</a> (1949)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Jovine" title="Francesco Jovine">Francesco Jovine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bernari" title="Carlo Bernari">Carlo Bernari</a> (1950) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Rea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Rea (page does not exist)">Domenico Rea</a> (1951) • <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Fiore" title="Tommaso Fiore">Tommaso Fiore</a> (1952) • <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Emilio_Gadda" title="Carlo Emilio Gadda">Carlo Emilio Gadda</a> (1953) • <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Scotellaro" title="Rocco Scotellaro">Rocco Scotellaro</a> (1954) • <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Pratolini" title="Vasco Pratolini">Vasco Pratolini</a> (1955) • <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Levi" title="Carlo Levi">Carlo Levi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gianna_Manzini" title="Gianna Manzini">Gianna Manzini</a> (1956) • <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a> (1957) • <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_de_Martino" title="Ernesto de Martino">Ernesto de Martino</a> (1958) • <a href="/wiki/Marino_Moretti" title="Marino Moretti">Marino Moretti</a> (1959)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Angioletti" title="Giovanni Battista Angioletti">Giovanni Battista Angioletti</a> (1960) • <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Moravia" title="Alberto Moravia">Alberto Moravia</a> (1961) • <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Bassani" title="Giorgio Bassani">Giorgio Bassani</a> (1962) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Delfini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Delfini (page does not exist)">Antonio Delfini</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Solmi" title="Sergio Solmi">Sergio Solmi</a> (1963) • <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Berto" title="Giuseppe Berto">Giuseppe Berto</a> (1964) • <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Parise" title="Goffredo Parise">Goffredo Parise</a> - <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Maria_Ripellino" title="Angelo Maria Ripellino">Angelo Maria Ripellino</a> (1965) • <a href="/wiki/Ottiero_Ottieri" title="Ottiero Ottieri">Ottiero Ottieri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gatto" title="Alfonso Gatto">Alfonso Gatto</a> (1966) • <a href="/wiki/Raffaello_Brignetti" title="Raffaello Brignetti">Raffaello Brignetti</a> (1967) • <a href="/wiki/Libero_Bigiaretti" title="Libero Bigiaretti">Libero Bigiaretti</a> (1968) • <a href="/wiki/Fulvio_Tomizza" title="Fulvio Tomizza">Fulvio Tomizza</a> (1969)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nello_Saito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nello Saito (page does not exist)">Nello Saito</a> (1970) • <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Attardi" title="Ugo Attardi">Ugo Attardi</a> (1971) • <a href="/wiki/Romano_Bilenchi" title="Romano Bilenchi">Romano Bilenchi</a> (1972) • <a href="/wiki/Achille_Campanile" title="Achille Campanile">Achille Campanile</a> (1973) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clotilde_Marghieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clotilde Marghieri (page does not exist)">Clotilde Marghieri</a> (1974) • <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Volponi" title="Paolo Volponi">Paolo Volponi</a> (1975) • <a href="/wiki/Mario_Tobino" title="Mario Tobino">Mario Tobino</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dario_Bellezza" title="Dario Bellezza">Dario Bellezza</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Solmi" title="Sergio Solmi">Sergio Solmi</a> (1976) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Davide_Lajolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davide Lajolo (page does not exist)">Davide Lajolo</a> (1977) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Altomonte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Altomonte (page does not exist)">Antonio Altomonte</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mario_Luzi" title="Mario Luzi">Mario Luzi</a> (1978) • <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Manganelli" title="Giorgio Manganelli">Giorgio Manganelli</a> (1979)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Terra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefano Terra (page does not exist)">Stefano Terra</a> (1980) • <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Siciliano" title="Enzo Siciliano">Enzo Siciliano</a> (1981) • <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a> (1982) • <a href="/wiki/Giuliana_Morandini" title="Giuliana Morandini">Giuliana Morandini</a> (1983) • <a href="/wiki/Gina_Lagorio" title="Gina Lagorio">Gina Lagorio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gentili" title="Bruno Gentili">Bruno Gentili</a> (1984) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manlio_Cancogni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manlio Cancogni (page does not exist)">Manlio Cancogni</a> (1985) • <a href="/wiki/Marisa_Volpi" title="Marisa Volpi">Marisa Volpi</a> (1986) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Spinella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Spinella (page does not exist)">Mario Spinella</a> (1987) • <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Loy" title="Rosetta Loy">Rosetta Loy</a> (1988) • <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Mannuzzu" title="Salvatore Mannuzzu">Salvatore Mannuzzu</a> (1989)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Luisa_Adorno" title="Luisa Adorno">Luisa Adorno</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Viviani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesare Viviani (page does not exist)">Cesare Viviani</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Calvesi_(essayist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurizio Calvesi (essayist) (page does not exist)">Maurizio Calvesi</a> (1990) • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Debenedetti" title="Antonio Debenedetti">Antonio Debenedetti</a> (1991) • <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Malerba" title="Luigi Malerba">Luigi Malerba</a> (1992) • <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Baricco" title="Alessandro Baricco">Alessandro Baricco</a> (1993) • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tabucchi" title="Antonio Tabucchi">Antonio Tabucchi</a> (1994) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Maggiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurizio Maggiani (page does not exist)">Maurizio Maggiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elio_Pagliarani" title="Elio Pagliarani">Elio Pagliarani</a> (1995) • <a href="/wiki/Ermanno_Rea" title="Ermanno Rea">Ermanno Rea</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alda_Merini" title="Alda Merini">Alda Merini</a> (1996) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudio_Piersanti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudio Piersanti (page does not exist)">Claudio Piersanti</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franca_Grisoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franca Grisoni (page does not exist)">Franca Grisoni</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corrado_Stajano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corrado Stajano (page does not exist)">Corrado Stajano</a> (1997) • <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Pressburger" title="Giorgio Pressburger">Giorgio Pressburger</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Sovente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Sovente (page does not exist)">Michele Sovente</a> – <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Carlo Ginzburg</a> (1998) • <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Franco" title="Ernesto Franco">Ernesto Franco</a> (1999)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_van_Straten" title="Giorgio van Straten">Giorgio van Straten</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Veronesi_(writer)" title="Sandro Veronesi (writer)">Sandro Veronesi</a> (2000) • <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Ammaniti" title="Niccolò Ammaniti">Niccolò Ammaniti</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Ranchetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Ranchetti (page does not exist)">Michele Ranchetti</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Pestelli" title="Giorgio Pestelli">Giorgio Pestelli</a> (2001) • <a href="/wiki/Fleur_Jaeggy" title="Fleur Jaeggy">Fleur Jaeggy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jolanda_Insana" title="Jolanda Insana">Jolanda Insana</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Berardinelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfonso Berardinelli (page does not exist)">Alfonso Berardinelli</a> (2002) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Montesano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Montesano (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Montesano</a> (2003) • <a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Albinati" title="Edoardo Albinati">Edoardo Albinati</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Tagliapietra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Tagliapietra (page does not exist)">Andrea Tagliapietra</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Livia_Livi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livia Livi (page does not exist)">Livia Livi</a> (2004) • <a href="/wiki/Raffaele_La_Capria" title="Raffaele La Capria">Raffaele La Capria</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Arbasino" title="Alberto Arbasino">Alberto Arbasino</a> – <a href="/wiki/Milo_de_Angelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Milo de Angelis">Milo de Angelis</a> (2005) • <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Celati" title="Gianni Celati">Gianni Celati</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Agosti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Agosti (page does not exist)">Giovanni Agosti</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Saviano" title="Roberto Saviano">Roberto Saviano</a> (2006) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Filippo_Tuena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filippo Tuena (page does not exist)">Filippo Tuena</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Mauri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Mauri (page does not exist)">Paolo Mauri</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvia_Bre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvia Bre (page does not exist)">Silvia Bre</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simona_Baldanzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simona Baldanzi (page does not exist)">Simona Baldanzi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Colagrande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Colagrande (page does not exist)">Paolo Colagrande</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paolo_Fallai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paolo Fallai (page does not exist)">Paolo Fallai</a> (2007) • <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Sanvitale" title="Francesca Sanvitale">Francesca Sanvitale</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_Gotor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel Gotor (page does not exist)">Miguel Gotor</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_De_Signoribus" title="Eugenio De Signoribus">Eugenio De Signoribus</a> (2008) • <a href="/wiki/Edith_Bruck" title="Edith Bruck">Edith Bruck</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adriano_Prosperi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adriano Prosperi (page does not exist)">Adriano Prosperi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennio_Cavalli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennio Cavalli (page does not exist)">Ennio Cavalli</a> (2009)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Lagioia" title="Nicola Lagioia">Nicola Lagioia</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michele_Emmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michele Emmer (page does not exist)">Michele Emmer</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierluigi_Cappello" title="Pierluigi Cappello">Pierluigi Cappello</a> (2010) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Mari_(novelist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Mari (novelist) (page does not exist)">Alessandro Mari</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Lavagetto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Lavagetto (page does not exist)">Mario Lavagetto</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gian_Mario_Villalta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gian Mario Villalta (page does not exist)">Gian Mario Villalta</a> (2011) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicola_Gardini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicola Gardini (page does not exist)">Nicola Gardini</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco_Lo_Piparo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco Lo Piparo (page does not exist)">Franco Lo Piparo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonella_Anedda" title="Antonella Anedda">Antonella Anedda</a> (2012) • <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Di_Stefano" title="Paolo Di Stefano">Paolo Di Stefano</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Guidorizzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Guidorizzi (page does not exist)">Giulio Guidorizzi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Testa" title="Enrico Testa">Enrico Testa</a> (2013) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Pecoraro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Pecoraro (page does not exist)">Francesco Pecoraro</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Fo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alessandro Fo (page does not exist)">Alessandro Fo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Mecacci" title="Luciano Mecacci">Luciano Mecacci</a> (2014) • <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Scurati" title="Antonio Scurati">Antonio Scurati</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Massimo_Bucciantini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massimo Bucciantini (page does not exist)">Massimo Bucciantini</a> – <a href="/wiki/Franco_Buffoni" title="Franco Buffoni">Franco Buffoni</a> (2015) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco_Cordelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco Cordelli (page does not exist)">Franco Cordelli</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruno_Pischedda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruno Pischedda (page does not exist)">Bruno Pischedda</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonia_Gentili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonia Gentili (page does not exist)">Sonia Gentili</a> (2016) • <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Calligarich" title="Gianfranco Calligarich">Gianfranco Calligarich</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Montesano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Montesano (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Montesano</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Carrai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefano Carrai (page does not exist)">Stefano Carrai</a> (2017) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fabio_Genovesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fabio Genovesi (page does not exist)">Fabio Genovesi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Lupo_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Lupo (writer) (page does not exist)">Giuseppe Lupo</a> (2018) • <a href="/wiki/Emanuele_Trevi" title="Emanuele Trevi">Emanuele Trevi</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renato_Minore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renato Minore (page does not exist)">Renato Minore</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saverio_Ricci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saverio Ricci (page does not exist)">Saverio Ricci</a> (2019)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Di_Paolo" title="Paolo Di Paolo">Paolo Di Paolo</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Cecchinel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luciano Cecchinel (page does not exist)">Luciano Cecchinel</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giulio_Ferroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giulio Ferroni (page does not exist)">Giulio Ferroni</a> (2020) • <a href="/wiki/Edith_Bruck" title="Edith Bruck">Edith Bruck</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flavio_Santi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flavio Santi (page does not exist)">Flavio Santi</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Siti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Siti (page does not exist)">Walter Siti</a> (2021) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvia_Sciorilli_Borrelli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvia Sciorilli Borrelli (page does not exist)">Silvia Sciorilli Borrelli</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Castellitto" title="Pietro Castellitto">Pietro Castellitto</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Damiani" title="Claudio Damiani">Claudio Damiani</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wlodek_Goldkorn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wlodek Goldkorn (page does not exist)">Wlodek Goldkorn</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agnese_Pini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agnese Pini (page does not exist)">Agnese Pini</a> – <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Raimo" title="Veronica Raimo">Veronica Raimo</a> – <a href="/wiki/Silvia_Ronchey" title="Silvia Ronchey">Silvia Ronchey</a> (2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83003#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122790742">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44299576">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29093/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVVcgj9hBXHHHdXPFkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118541463">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095485">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119056581">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119056581">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00441497">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gramsci, Antonio"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV008358">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35139573">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000602277&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1163536">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/39737">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068682344">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13013009">Norway</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90078155">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000015293&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000003940&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000039276">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61090">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000025800">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199610612">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx003m44pn6cjz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810670265605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/77237">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262082805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512939606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14646690">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00506553?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118541463">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/839318">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GRAMSCI, Antonio"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antonio-gramsci_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118541463.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118541463">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026900068">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r22vf8">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41020304">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid 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.portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/19px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/29px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/38px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/19px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/29px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/38px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&oldid=1277056759">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gramsci&oldid=1277056759</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antonio_Gramsci" title="Category:Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1891_births" title="Category:1891 births">1891 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1937_deaths" title="Category:1937 deaths">1937 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Italian_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century Italian philosophers">20th-century Italian philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Italian_politicians" title="Category:20th-century Italian politicians">20th-century Italian politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Category:Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_in_the_Protestant_Cemetery,_Rome" title="Category:Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome">Burials in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_religions" title="Category:Critics of religions">Critics of religions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_writers" title="Category:Economics writers">Economics writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecofeminists" title="Category:Ecofeminists">Ecofeminists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Secular_humanists" title="Category:Secular humanists">Secular humanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executive_Committee_of_the_Communist_International" title="Category:Executive Committee of the Communist International">Executive Committee of the Communist International</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_anti-capitalists" title="Category:Italian anti-capitalists">Italian anti-capitalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_anti-fascists" title="Category:Italian anti-fascists">Italian anti-fascists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_atheists" title="Category:Italian atheists">Italian atheists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Aventinian_secessionists" title="Category:Italian Aventinian secessionists">Italian Aventinian secessionists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_critics_of_Christianity" title="Category:Italian critics of Christianity">Italian critics of Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_environmentalists" title="Category:Italian environmentalists">Italian environmentalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_feminists" title="Category:Italian feminists">Italian feminists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_male_journalists" title="Category:Italian male journalists">Italian male journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Marxists" title="Category:Italian Marxists">Italian Marxists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_newspaper_editors" title="Category:Italian newspaper editors">Italian newspaper editors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_newspaper_founders" title="Category:Italian newspaper founders">Italian newspaper founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_people_of_Albanian_descent" title="Category:Italian people of Albanian descent">Italian people of Albanian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_people_of_Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_descent" title="Category:Italian people of Arbëreshë descent">Italian people of Arbëreshë descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_people_who_died_in_prison_custody" title="Category:Italian people who died in prison custody">Italian people who died in prison custody</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_political_philosophers" title="Category:Italian political philosophers">Italian political philosophers</a></li><li><a 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