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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_year_zero:_start_and_end_of_a_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Anno Domini</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">92 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christliche_Zeitrechnung" title="Christliche Zeitrechnung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Christliche Zeitrechnung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%93.%E1%88%9D." title="ዓ.ም. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዓ.ም." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بعد الميلاد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بعد الميلاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miladi_tarix" title="Miladi tarix – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Miladi tarix" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="খ্রিস্টাব্দ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিস্টাব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masihi" title="Masihi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Masihi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BA-%C4%81u" title="Chú-āu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chú-āu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masehi" title="Masehi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Masehi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ад Нараджэння Хрыстова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ад Нараджэння Хрыстова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="ईसवी सन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईसवी सन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="След Христа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="След Христа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oed_Crist" title="Oed Crist – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oed Crist" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بعد لميلاد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بعد لميلاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKr" title="PKr – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="PKr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C.%CE%A7." title="Μ.Χ. – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μ.Χ." data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="پس از میلاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پس از میلاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88re_chr%C3%A9tienne" title="Ère chrétienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ère chrétienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristlike_jiertelling" title="Kristlike jiertelling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristlike jiertelling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasp%C3%B2_di_Crist" title="Daspò di Crist – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Daspò di Crist" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC" title="AC – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="AC" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%A0%A5_%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90" title="서력 기원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서력 기원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Քրիստոսից հետո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոսից հետո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="ईसवी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईसवी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masehi" title="Masehi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Masehi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristna_t%C3%ADmatali%C3%B0" title="Kristna tímatalið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristna tímatalið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ספירת הנוצרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספירת הנוצרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pananggalan_Mas%C3%A8hi" title="Pananggalan Masèhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pananggalan Masèhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%95" title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಶಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ ಶಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%9Ft%C3%AE_zay%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Piştî zayînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Piştî zayînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຄິດຕະສັກກະຫຼາດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄິດຕະສັກກະຫຼາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanim-potoana_kristiana" title="Vanim-potoana kristiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanim-potoana kristiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രിസ്ത്വബ്ദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്ത്വബ്ദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/WK" title="WK – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="WK" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="इसवी सन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इसवी सन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="بعد الميلاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بعد الميلاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahun_Masihi" title="Tahun Masihi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tahun Masihi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Манай эрин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манай эрин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="အေဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အေဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christelijke_jaartelling" title="Christelijke jaartelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christelijke jaartelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9A%A6%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83" title="西暦紀元 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西暦紀元" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_f%C3%B8dsel" title="Kristi fødsel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristi fødsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_f%C3%B8dsel" title="Kristi fødsel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kristi fødsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80" title="ਈਸਵੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਸਵੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.D." title="A.D. – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="A.D." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.n." title="E.n. – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="E.n." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="От Рождества Христова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="От Рождества Христова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ ක්‍රමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ ක්‍රමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Kristovi" title="Po Kristovi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Po Kristovi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D" title="C.D – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="C.D" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86_%D8%AF%DB%86%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئانۆ دۆمینی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئانۆ دۆمینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mas%C3%A9hi" title="Maséhi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Maséhi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4lkeen_Kristuksen" title="Jälkeen Kristuksen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jälkeen Kristuksen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efter_Kristus" title="Efter Kristus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Efter Kristus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="அனோ டொமினி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனோ டொமினி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%8Ca%E1%B9%9Bt_Tlalit" title="Ḍaṛt Tlalit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ḍaṛt Tlalit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="ဢေႇတီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဢေႇတီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="คริสต์ศักราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศักราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini_(%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE)" title="Anno Domini (Від Різдва Христового) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Anno Domini (Від Різдва Христового)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anno Domini" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4" title="基督纪年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基督纪年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Western calendar era</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anno Domini (disambiguation)">Anno Domini (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"AD" and "Christian era" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/AD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="AD (disambiguation)">AD (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_era_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Christian era (disambiguation)">Christian era (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austria_Klagenfurt_Dome_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Austria_Klagenfurt_Dome_12.jpg/220px-Austria_Klagenfurt_Dome_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Austria_Klagenfurt_Dome_12.jpg/330px-Austria_Klagenfurt_Dome_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Austria_Klagenfurt_Dome_12.jpg/440px-Austria_Klagenfurt_Dome_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption><i>Anno Domini</i> inscription at <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt_Cathedral" title="Klagenfurt Cathedral">Klagenfurt Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The terms <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anno Domini</i></span></b> (<b>AD</b>) and <b>before Christ</b> (<b>BC</b>) are used when designating years in the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> calendars. The term <span title="Medieval Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anno Domini</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> and means "in the year of the Lord"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is often presented using "our Lord" instead of "the Lord",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taken from the full original phrase "<i>anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi</i>", which translates to "in the year of our Lord <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>". The form "BC" is specific to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and equivalent abbreviations are used in other languages: the <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latin</a> form, rarely used in English, is <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum_natum" title="Ante Christum natum">ante Christum natum</a></i></span> (ACN) or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante Christum">ante Christum</a></i></span> (AC). </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a> takes as its <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(date_reference)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (date reference)">epoch</a> the traditionally reckoned year of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">conception</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth</a> of Jesus. Years <i>AD</i> are counted forward since that epoch and years <i>BC</i> are counted backward from the epoch. There is no <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a> in this scheme; thus the year <a href="/wiki/AD_1" title="AD 1">AD 1</a> immediately follows the year <a href="/wiki/1_BC" title="1 BC">1 BC</a>. This dating system was devised in 525 by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a> but was not widely used until the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Teresi1997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teresi1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–79_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Modern scholars believe that the actual <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">date of birth of Jesus</a> was about 5 BC.) </p><p>Terminology that is viewed by some as being more neutral and inclusive of non-Christian people is to call this the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (abbreviated as CE), with the preceding years referred to as Before the Common Era (BCE). <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> avoid words or abbreviations related to Christianity, but use the same numbers for AD years (but not for BC years in the case of astronomical years; e.g., 1 BC is year 0, 45 BC is year −44). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2></div> <p>Traditionally, English follows Latin usage by placing the "AD" abbreviation before the year number, though it is also found after the year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, "BC" is always placed after the year number (for example: 70 BC but AD 70), which preserves syntactic order. The abbreviation "AD" is also widely used after the number of a century or <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a>, as in "fourth century AD" or "second millennium AD" (although conservative usage formerly rejected such expressions).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since "BC" is the English abbreviation for <i>Before Christ</i>, it is sometimes incorrectly concluded that AD means <i>After Death</i> (i.e., after the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death of Jesus</a>), which would mean that the approximately 33 years commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">life of Jesus</a> would be included in neither the BC nor the AD time scales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan200015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan200015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">Date of birth of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus#Date_of_birth" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus § Date of birth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus#Year_of_Jesus'_birth" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology of Jesus § Year of Jesus' birth</a></div> <p>The <i>anno Domini</i> dating system was devised in 525 by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a> to enumerate years in <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus%27_Easter_table" title="Dionysius Exiguus' Easter table">his Easter table</a>. His system was to replace the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Martyrs">Diocletian era</a> that had been used in <a href="/wiki/Easter_table#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter table">older Easter tables</a>, as he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">persecuted Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003767_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003767-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last year of the old table, Diocletian <a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrium</a> 247, was immediately followed by the first year of his table, anno Domini 532. When Dionysius devised his table, <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> years were identified by naming the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> who held office that year— Dionysius himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Anicius_Probus_Iunior" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Anicius Probus Iunior">Probus Junior</a>", which was 525 years "since the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Dionysius implied that <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Jesus' incarnation</a> occurred 525 years earlier, without stating the specific year during which his birth or conception occurred. "However, nowhere in his exposition of his table does Dionysius relate his epoch to any other dating system, whether consulate, <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">year of the world</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> of Augustus; much less does he explain or justify the underlying date."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Blackburn" title="Bonnie J. Blackburn">Bonnie J. Blackburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leofranc_Holford-Strevens" title="Leofranc Holford-Strevens">Leofranc Holford-Strevens</a> briefly present arguments for 2 BC, 1 BC, or AD 1 as the year Dionysius intended for the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a>. Among the sources of confusion are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–79_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–79-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> is synonymous with the conception, but some ancient writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, considered incarnation to be synonymous with the Nativity.</li> <li>The civil or consular year began on 1 January, but the Diocletian year began on 29 August (30 August in the year before a Julian leap year).</li> <li>There were inaccuracies in the lists of consuls.</li> <li>There were confused summations of emperors' regnal years.</li></ul> <p>It is not known how Dionysius established the year of Jesus's birth. One major theory is that Dionysius based his calculation on the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, which states that Jesus was "about thirty years old" shortly after "the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar", and hence subtracted thirty years from that date, or that Dionysius counted back 532 years from the first year of his new table.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moss_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method was probably the one used by ancient historians such as <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, all of whom agree that Jesus was born in 2 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably following this statement of Jesus' age (i.e. subtracting thirty years from AD 29).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, Dionysius may have used an earlier unknown source. The <a href="/wiki/Chronograph_of_354" title="Chronograph of 354">Chronograph of 354</a> states that Jesus was born during the consulship of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_1)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1)">Paullus</a> (AD 1), but the logic behind this is also unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been speculated by Georges Declercq<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Dionysius' desire to replace Diocletian years with a calendar based on the incarnation of Christ was intended to prevent people from believing the imminent <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of the world</a>. At the time, it was believed by some that the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a> and end of the world would occur 500 years after the birth of Jesus. The old <i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></i> calendar theoretically commenced with the <a href="/wiki/Dating_creation" title="Dating creation">creation of the world</a> based on information in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. It was believed that, based on the <i>Anno Mundi</i> calendar, Jesus was born in the year 5500 (5500 years after the world was created) with the year 6000 of the <i>Anno Mundi</i> calendar marking the end of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moss_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Anno Mundi</i> 6000 (approximately AD 500) was thus equated with the end of the world<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this date had already passed in the time of Dionysius. The "<i>Historia Brittonum</i>" attributed to Nennius written in the 9th century makes extensive use of the Anno Passionis (AP) dating system which was in common use as well as the newer AD dating system. The AP dating system took its start from 'The Year of The Passion'. It is generally accepted by experts there is a 27-year difference between AP and AD reference.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date of birth of Jesus of Nazareth is not stated in the gospels or in any secular text, but most scholars assume a date of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-JDG324_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JDG324-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical evidence is too fragmentary to allow a definitive dating,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the date is estimated through two different approaches—one by analyzing references to known historical events mentioned in the Nativity accounts in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew and the second by working backwards from the estimation of the start of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">ministry of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChronosPaul_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChronosPaul-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Niswonger121_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niswonger121-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularization">Popularization</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, who was familiar with the work of Dionysius Exiguus, used <i>anno Domini</i> dating in his <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i>, which he completed in AD 731. In the <i>History</i> he also used the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase <i>ante [...] incarnationis dominicae tempus anno sexagesimo</i> ("in the sixtieth year before the time of the Lord's incarnation"), which is equivalent to the English "before Christ", to identify years before the first year of this era.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Dionysius and Bede regarded <i>anno Domini</i> as beginning at the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, but "the distinction between Incarnation and Nativity was not drawn until the late 9th century, when in some places the Incarnation epoch was identified with Christ's conception, i. e., the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> on March 25" ("Annunciation style" dating).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003881_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003881-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2.jpg/220px-Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2.jpg/330px-Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2.jpg/440px-Charlemagne_Agostino_Cornacchini_Vatican_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="3255" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> by <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Cornacchini" title="Agostino Cornacchini">Agostino Cornacchini</a> (1725), at <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a>, Vatican City. Charlemagne promoted the usage of the <i>anno Domini</i> epoch throughout the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the continent of Europe, <i>anno Domini</i> was introduced as the era of choice of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a> by the English cleric and scholar <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> in the late eighth century. Its endorsement by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_Kings#Carolingian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Frankish Kings">his successors</a> popularizing the use of the epoch and spreading it throughout the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> ultimately lies at the core of the system's prevalence. According to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, popes continued to date documents according to <a href="/wiki/Regnal_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnal years">regnal years</a> for some time, but usage of AD gradually became more common in Catholic countries from the 11th to the 14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1422, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> became the last Western European country to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">switch to</a> the system begun by Dionysius.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy-Chron_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-Chron-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> countries only began to adopt AD instead of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a> in 1700 when Russia did so, with others adopting it in the 19th and 20th centuries. </p><p>Although <i>anno Domini</i> was in widespread use by the 9th century, the term "Before Christ" (or its equivalent) did not become common until much later. Bede used the expression <i>"anno [...] ante incarnationem Dominicam"</i> (in the year before the incarnation of the Lord) twice. <i>"Anno ante Christi nativitatem"</i> (in the year before the birth of Christ) is found in 1474 in a work by a German monk.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1627, the French <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Denis_P%C3%A9tau" title="Denis Pétau">Denis Pétau</a> (Dionysius Petavius in Latin), with his work <i>De doctrina temporum</i>, popularized the usage <i>ante Christum</i> (Latin for "Before Christ") to mark years prior to AD.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_year">New year</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></div> <p>When the reckoning from Jesus' incarnation began replacing the previous dating systems in western Europe, various people chose different Christian feast days to begin the year: Christmas, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, or Easter. Thus, depending on the time and place, the year number changed on different days in the year, which created slightly different styles in chronology:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>From 25 March 753 <a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">AUC</a> (1 BC), i.e., notionally from the incarnation of Jesus. That first "Annunciation style" appeared in <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> at the end of the 9th century then spread to Burgundy and northern Italy. It was not commonly used and was called <i>calculus pisanus</i> since it was adopted in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> and survived there until 1750.</li> <li>From 25 December 753 AUC (1 BC), i.e., notionally from the birth of Jesus. It was called "Nativity style" and had been spread by Bede together with the <i>anno Domini</i> in the early Middle Ages. That reckoning of the Year of Grace from Christmas was used in France, England and most of western Europe (except Spain) until the 12th century (when it was replaced by Annunciation style) and in Germany until the second quarter of the 13th century.</li> <li>From 25 March 754 AUC (AD 1). That second "Annunciation style" may have originated in <a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">Fleury Abbey</a> in the early 11th century, but it was spread by the Cistercians. <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> adopted that style in opposition to that of Pisa, so it got the name of <i>calculus florentinus</i>. It soon spread in France and also in England where it became common in the late 12th century and lasted until 1752.</li> <li>From Easter. That <i>mos gallicanus</i> (French custom) bound to a <a href="/wiki/Moveable_feast" title="Moveable feast">moveable feast</a> was introduced in France by king <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip Augustus</a> (r. 1180–1223), maybe to establish a new style in the provinces reconquered from England. However, it never spread beyond the ruling élite.</li></ul> <p>With these various styles, the same day could, in some cases, be dated in 1099, 1100 or 1101. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Christian_and_European_eras">Other Christian and European eras</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></div> <p>During the first six centuries of what would come to be known as the Christian era, European countries used various systems to count years. Systems in use included <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">consular dating</a>, imperial <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> dating, and <a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Creation dating</a>. </p><p>Although the last non-imperial consul, <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Faustus_Albinus_Basilius" title="Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius">Basilius</a>, was appointed in 541 by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, later emperors through to <a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a> (641–668) were appointed consuls on the first of January after their accession. All of these emperors, except Justinian, used imperial post-consular years for the years of their reign, along with their regnal years.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long unused, this practice was not formally abolished until Novell XCIV of the law code of <a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a> did so in 888. </p><p>Another calculation had been developed by the <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandrian</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Annianus_of_Alexandria" title="Annianus of Alexandria">Annianus</a> around the year AD 400, placing the Annunciation on 25 March AD 9 (Julian)—eight to ten years after the date that Dionysius was to imply. Although this incarnation was popular during the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, years numbered from it, an <i>Era of Incarnation</i>, were exclusively used and are still used in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. This accounts for the seven- or eight-year discrepancy between the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendars</a>. </p><p>Byzantine chroniclers like <a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Syncellus" title="George Syncellus">George Syncellus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes</a> dated their years from Annianus' <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation</a> of the world. This era, called <i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></i>, "year of the world" (abbreviated AM), by modern scholars, began its first year on 25 March 5492 BC. Later Byzantine chroniclers used <i>Anno Mundi</i> years from 1 September 5509 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine Era</a>. No single <i>Anno Mundi</i> epoch was dominant throughout the <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_(Eusebius)" title="Chronicon (Eusebius)">Chronicle</a></i> used an era beginning with the birth of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, dated in 2016 BC (AD 1 = 2017 Anno Abrahami).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain and Portugal continued to date by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Era">Spanish Era</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of the Caesars">Era of the Caesars</a>), which began counting from 38 BC, well into the Middle Ages. In 1422, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> became the last Catholic country to adopt the <i>anno Domini</i> system.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Martyrs">Era of Martyrs</a>, which numbered years from the accession of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> in 284, who launched the most severe <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution of Christians</a>, was used by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Church of Alexandria</a> and is still officially used by the Coptic Orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic</a> churches. It was also used by the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean</a> churches. Another system was to date from the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Jesus</a>, which as early as <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolytus (writer)">Hippolytus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> was believed to have occurred in the consulate of the Gemini (AD 29), which appears in some <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> manuscripts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CE_and_BCE">CE and BCE</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></div> <p>Alternative names for the <i>anno Domini</i> era include <i>vulgaris aerae</i> (found 1615 in Latin),<sup id="cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VulgarisAerae1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Vulgar Era" (in English, as early as 1635),<sup id="cite_ref-1635VulgarinEnglish_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1635VulgarinEnglish-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Christian Era" (in English, in 1652),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>" (in English, 1708),<sup id="cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1708CommonInEnglish-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Current Era".<sup id="cite_ref-CurrentEra_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CurrentEra-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1856,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the alternative abbreviations <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE and BCE</a> (sometimes written C.E. and B.C.E.) are sometimes used in place of AD and BC. </p><p>The "Common/Current Era" ("CE") terminology is often preferred by those who desire a term that does not explicitly make religious references but still uses the same epoch as the <i>anno Domini</i> notation.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Cunningham and Starr (1998) write that "B.C.E./C.E. […] do not presuppose faith in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Christ</a> and hence are more appropriate for <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialog" class="mw-redirect" title="Interfaith dialog">interfaith dialog</a> than the conventional B.C./A.D."<sup id="cite_ref-Cunningham2004_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cunningham2004-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its foundation, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Minguo_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo Era">Minguo Era</a> but used the Western calendar for international purposes. The translated term was <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:西">西</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%83#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:元">元</a></span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">xī yuán</span></i>; 'Western Era'). Later, in 1949, the People's Republic of China adopted <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%83#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:公元">公元</a></span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">gōngyuán</span></i>; 'Common Era') for all purposes domestic and foreign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="No_year_zero:_start_and_end_of_a_century">No year zero: start and end of a century</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></div> <p>In the AD year numbering system, whether applied to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendars</a>, AD 1 is immediately preceded by 1 BC, with nothing in between them (there was no <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year zero</a>). There are debates as to whether a new decade, century, or millennium begins on a year ending in zero or one.<sup id="cite_ref-Teresi1997_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teresi1997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For computational reasons, <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">astronomical year numbering</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a> standard designate years so that AD 1 = year 1, 1 BC = year 0, 2 BC = year −1, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common usage, ancient dates are expressed in the Julian calendar, but ISO 8601 uses the Gregorian calendar and astronomers may use a variety of time scales depending on the application. Thus dates using the year 0 or negative years may require further investigation before being converted to BC or AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Rolevinck" title="Werner Rolevinck">Werner Rolevinck</a> in <i>Fasciculus temporum</i> (1474) used <i>Anno ante xpi nativitatem</i> (in the year before the birth of Christ) for all years between <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">creation</a> and Jesus. "xpi" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> χρ (<i>chr</i>) in visually Latin letters, together with the Latin ending -i, thus abbreviating <i>Christi</i> ("of Christ"). This phrase appears upside down in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Recto" class="mw-redirect" title="Recto">recto</a> folios (right hand pages). From Jesus to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> he usually used <i>Anno Christi</i> or its abbreviated form <i>Anno xpi</i> (on <a href="/wiki/Verso" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso">verso</a> folios—left hand pages). He used <i>Anno mundi</i> alongside all of these terms for all years.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vulgar" class="extiw" title="wikt:vulgar">vulgar</a></i> originally meant "of the ordinary people", distinguishing it from the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnal date">regnal date</a> (years since the coronation of the monarch).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To convert from a year BC to <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">astronomical year numbering</a>, reduce the absolute value of the year by 1, and prefix it with a negative sign (unless the result is zero). For years AD, omit the AD and prefix the number with a plus sign (plus sign is optional if it is clear from the context that the year is after the year 0).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anno%20Domini">"anno Domini"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam_Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster">Merriam Webster</a> Online Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=anno+Domini&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fanno%2520Domini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anno+Domini">"Anno Domini"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Anno+Domini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DAnno%2BDomini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, p. 782 "since AD stands for <i>anno Domini</i>, 'in the year of (Our) Lord<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teresi1997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teresi1997_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teresi1997_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeresi1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Teresi" title="Dick Teresi">Teresi, Dick</a> (July 1997). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/97jul/zero.htm">"Zero"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220605092148/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1997/07/zero/376900/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Zero&rft.date=1997-07&rft.aulast=Teresi&rft.aufirst=Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpast%2Fdocs%2Fissues%2F97jul%2Fzero.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–79-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–79_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778–79_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, pp. 778–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> 2010, pp. 476–7; Goldstein 2007, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i>, 1993, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan200015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan200015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan2000">Ryan 2000</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003767-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003767_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, p. 767.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226031734/http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/chrono/paschata.htm">Nineteen year cycle of Dionysius</a> Introduction and First Argumentum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003778_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, p. 778.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeres1984" class="citation journal cs1">Teres, Gustav (October 1984). "Time computations and Dionysius Exiguus". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 177–88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JHA....15..177T">1984JHA....15..177T</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182868401500302">10.1177/002182868401500302</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117094612">117094612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Time+computations+and+Dionysius+Exiguus&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=177-88&rft.date=1984-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117094612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182868401500302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984JHA....15..177T&rft.aulast=Teres&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tøndering, Claus, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/years.php">The Calendar FAQ: Counting years</a>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924142100/https://www.tondering.dk/claus/cal/years.php">Archived</a> 24 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moss-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moss_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosshammer2009" class="citation book cs1">Mosshammer, Alden A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0umDqPOf2L8C&pg=PA347"><i>The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 254, 270, 328, 333, 345–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191562365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191562365"><bdi>978-0191562365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Computus+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=254%2C+270%2C+328%2C+333%2C+345-47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0191562365&rft.aulast=Mosshammer&rft.aufirst=Alden+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0umDqPOf2L8C%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mWnYvI5RdLMC&pg=PA93">"Josephus Reexamined: Unraveling the Twenty-Second Year of Tiberius"</a>. In Vardaman, Jerry (ed.). <i>Chronos, Kairos, Christos II: Chronological, Nativity, and Religious Studies in Memory of Ray Summers</i>. Mercer University Press. pp. 85–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-582-3"><bdi>978-0-86554-582-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Josephus+Reexamined%3A+Unraveling+the+Twenty-Second+Year+of+Tiberius&rft.btitle=Chronos%2C+Kairos%2C+Christos+II%3A+Chronological%2C+Nativity%2C+and+Religious+Studies+in+Memory+of+Ray+Summers&rft.pages=85-96&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-582-3&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmWnYvI5RdLMC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinegan2015" class="citation book cs1">Finegan, Jack (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tUzSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA345"><i>The Handbook of Biblical Chronology</i></a>. Hendrickson Publishers. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61970-641-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61970-641-5"><bdi>978-1-61970-641-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Biblical+Chronology&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61970-641-5&rft.aulast=Finegan&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtUzSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosshammer2009" class="citation book cs1">Mosshammer, Alden A (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0umDqPOf2L8C&pg=PA347"><i>The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 319–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191562365" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191562365"><bdi>978-0191562365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Easter+Computus+and+the+Origins+of+the+Christian+Era&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=319-56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0191562365&rft.aulast=Mosshammer&rft.aufirst=Alden+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0umDqPOf2L8C%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Declercq, Georges(2000). "Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era" Turnhout, Belgium, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallraff, Martin: Julius Africanus und die Christliche Weltchronik. Walter de Gruyter, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsall, Guy (2013). <i>Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of The Dark Ages</i>. Oxford University Press, pp 194 - 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JDG324-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JDG324_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2003" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James DG (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame"><i>Jesus Remembered</i></a></span>. Eerdmans Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusrememberedc00jame/page/n342">324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Remembered&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+DG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusrememberedc00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doggett 1992, p579: "Although scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before AD 1, the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChronosPaul-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChronosPaul_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Maier" title="Paul L. Maier">Paul L. Maier</a> "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in <i>Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies</i> by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-931464-50-1">0-931464-50-1</a> pp. 113–29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niswonger121-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Niswonger121_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Testament History</i> by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-31201-9">0-310-31201-9</a> pp. 121–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bede 731, Book 1, Chapter 2, first sentence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003881-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003881_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003">Blackburn & Holford-Strevens 2003</a>, p. 881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncy-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick, 1908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncy-Chron-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy-Chron_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm">"General Chronology"</a>. <i>New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. III. New York: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Appleton_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Appleton Company">Robert Appleton Company</a>. 1908<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Chronology&rft.btitle=New+Advent+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1908&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03738a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteel2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Steel" title="Duncan Steel">Steel, Duncan</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&q=1627&pg=PA111"><i>Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar</i></a>. Wiley. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29827-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29827-4"><bdi>978-0-471-29827-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marking+time%3A+the+epic+quest+to+invent+the+perfect+calendar&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-471-29827-4&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfsni_qV-FJoC%26q%3D1627%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2008" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Lynn Avery (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6nrL1XxpGYC&q=petau%20%22ante%20Christum%22&pg=PA33"><i>Measuring time, making history</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-14-2"><bdi>978-963-9776-14-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Measuring+time%2C+making+history&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-963-9776-14-2&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Lynn+Avery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6nrL1XxpGYC%26q%3Dpetau%2520%2522ante%2520Christum%2522%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetau1758" class="citation book cs1">Petau, Denis (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RRv0_NEpl-oC&q=ante%20Christum&pg=PA46"><i>search for "ante Christum" in a 1748 reprint of a 1633 abridgement entitled </i>Rationarium temporum<i> by Denis Petau</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=search+for+%22ante+Christum%22+in+a+1748+reprint+of+a+1633+abridgement+entitled+Rationarium+temporum+by+Denis+Petau&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Petau&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRRv0_NEpl-oC%26q%3Dante%2520Christum%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Cheney" title="C. R. Cheney">C. R. Cheney</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/99027383.pdf"><i>A Handbook of Dates, for students of British history</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151205104025/http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/99027383.pdf">Archived</a> 5 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cambridge University Press, 1945–2000, pp. 8–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger S. Bagnall and <a href="/wiki/Klaas_Worp" title="Klaas Worp">Klaas A. Worp</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/11125">Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717092648/https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/handle/1887/11125">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Leiden, Brill, 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred von Gutschmid, <i>Kleine Schriften</i>, F. Ruehl, Leipzig, 1889, p. 433.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VulgarisAerae1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VulgarisAerae1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Kepler1615" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> (1615). <i>Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum</i> (in Latin). Francofurti : Tampach. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62188677">62188677</a>. <q>anno aerae nostrae vulgaris</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joannis+Keppleri+Eclogae+chronicae%3A+ex+epistolis+doctissimorum+aliquot+virorum+%26+suis+mutuis%2C+quibus+examinantur+tempora+nobilissima%3A+1.+Herodis+Herodiadumque%2C+2.+baptismi+%26+ministerii+Christi+annorum+non+plus+2+1%2F4%2C+3.+passionis%2C+mortis+et+resurrectionis+Dn.+N.+Iesu+Christi%2C+anno+aerae+nostrae+vulgaris+31.+non%2C+ut+vulgo+33.%2C+4.+belli+Iudaici%2C+quo+funerata+fuit+cum+Ierosolymis+%26+Templo+Synagoga+Iudaica%2C+sublatumque+Vetus+Testamentum.+Inter+alia+%26+commentarius+in+locum+Epiphanii+obscurissimum+de+cyclo+veteri+Iudaeorum.&rft.pub=Francofurti+%3A+Tampach&rft.date=1615&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62188677&rft.au=Johannes+Kepler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1635VulgarinEnglish-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1635VulgarinEnglish_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKepler,_JohannVlacq,_Adriaan1635" class="citation book cs1">Kepler, Johann; Vlacq, Adriaan (1635). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=prP9cQAACAAJ&q=vulgar+era"><i>Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633...</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ephemerides+of+the+Celestiall+Motions%2C+for+the+Yeers+of+the+Vulgar+Era+1633...&rft.date=1635&rft.au=Kepler%2C+Johann&rft.au=Vlacq%2C+Adriaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DprP9cQAACAAJ%26q%3Dvulgar%2Bera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSliter1652" class="citation book cs1">Sliter, Robert (1652). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/products?q=Ephemeris+year+Christian+era+1652"><i>A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester</i></a>. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+celestiall+glasse%2C+or%2C+Ephemeris+for+the+year+of+the+Christian+era+1652+being+the+bissextile+or+leap-year%3A+contayning+the+lunations%2C+planetary+motions%2C+configurations+%26+ecclipses+for+this+present+year+...+%3A+with+many+other+things+very+delightfull+and+necessary+for+most+sorts+of+men%3A+calculated+exactly+and+composed+for+...+Rochester&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Company+of+Stationers&rft.date=1652&rft.aulast=Sliter&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fproducts%3Fq%3DEphemeris%2Byear%2BChristian%2Bera%2B1652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1708CommonInEnglish-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1708CommonInEnglish_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_wvAAAAYAAJ&q=%22common+era%22"><i>The History of the Works of the Learned</i></a>. Vol. 10. London: Printed for H. Rhodes. 1708. p. 513<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Works+of+the+Learned&rft.place=London&rft.pages=513&rft.pub=Printed+for+H.+Rhodes&rft.date=1708&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_wvAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522common%2Bera%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CurrentEra-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CurrentEra_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml#section_2">"History of Judaism 63BCE–1086CE"</a>. <i>BBC Team</i>. BBC. 8 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513215113/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>Year 1: CE – What is nowadays called the 'Current Era' traditionally begins with the birth of a Jewish teacher called Jesus. His followers came to believe he was the promised Messiah and later split away from Judaism to found Christianity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Team&rft.atitle=History+of+Judaism+63BCE%E2%80%931086CE&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fjudaism%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_1.shtml%23section_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphall1856" class="citation book cs1">Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/postbiblicalhis05raphgoog"><i>Post-Biblical History of The Jews</i></a>. Moss & Brother<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>. <q>CE BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Biblical+History+of+The+Jews&rft.pub=Moss+%26+Brother&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Raphall&rft.aufirst=Morris+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpostbiblicalhis05raphgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span> The term <i>common era</i> does not appear in this book; the term <i>Christian era</i> [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, B.A. (20 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511090102/http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce_info1.htm">"Justification of the use of "CE" & "BCE" to identify dates. Trends"</a>. <i>ReligiousTolerance.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce_info1.htm">the original</a> on 11 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReligiousTolerance.org&rft.atitle=Justification+of+the+use+of+%22CE%22+%26+%22BCE%22+to+identify+dates.+Trends&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=B.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fce_info1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Safire, William (17 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612195845/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/17/magazine/bc-ad-or-bce-ce.html">"On Language: B.C./A.D. or B.C.E./C.E.?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/17/magazine/bc-ad-or-bce-ce.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+Language%3A+B.C.%2FA.D.+or+B.C.E.%2FC.E.%3F&rft.date=1997-08-17&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F08%2F17%2Fmagazine%2Fbc-ad-or-bce-ce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham2004-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham2004_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2004" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Philip A., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IN5VAAAAYAAJ&q=%22not+presuppose+faith+in+Christ%22"><i>Pondering the Passion : what's at stake for Christians and Jews?</i></a>. Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742532182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742532182"><bdi>978-0742532182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pondering+the+Passion+%3A+what%27s+at+stake+for+Christians+and+Jews%3F&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0742532182&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIN5VAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522not%2Bpresuppose%2Bfaith%2Bin%2BChrist%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doggett, 1992, p. 579</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbate1997" class="citation book cs1">Abate, Frank R., ed. (1997). <i>Oxford Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus</i>. American. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513097-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513097-9"><bdi>0-19-513097-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Pocket+Dictionary+and+Thesaurus&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=American&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-513097-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bede. (731). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bede/bede1.shtml"><i>Historiam ecclesiasticam gentis Anglorum</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109215631/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bede/bede1.shtml">Archived</a> 9 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2007-12-07.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs00chic"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i></a> (2nd ed.). University of Chicago. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10389-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10389-7"><bdi>0-226-10389-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-226-10389-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicagomanualofs00chic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Chicago Manual of Style</i> (16th ed.). University of Chicago. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10420-1"><bdi>978-0-226-10420-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.edition=16th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10420-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_J._Blackburn" title="Bonnie J. Blackburn">Blackburn, Bonnie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leofranc_Holford-Strevens" title="Leofranc Holford-Strevens">Holford-Strevens, Leofranc</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00blac"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Year: an exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-214231-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-214231-3"><bdi>0-19-214231-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Year%3A+an+exploration+of+calendar+customs+and+time-reckoning&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-214231-3&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Holford-Strevens%2C+Leofranc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00blac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span> Corrected reprinting of original 1999 edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham,_Philip_A.Starr,_Arthur_F.1998" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Philip A.; Starr, Arthur F. (1998). <i>Sharing Shalom: A Process for Local Interfaith Dialogue Between Christians and Jews</i>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-3835-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-3835-2"><bdi>0-8091-3835-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharing+Shalom%3A+A+Process+for+Local+Interfaith+Dialogue+Between+Christians+and+Jews&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8091-3835-2&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Philip+A.&rft.au=Starr%2C+Arthur+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeclercq2000" class="citation book cs1">Declercq, Georges (2000). <i>Anno Domini: the origins of the Christian era</i>. Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-503-51050-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-503-51050-7"><bdi>2-503-51050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anno+Domini%3A+the+origins+of+the+Christian+era&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-503-51050-7&rft.aulast=Declercq&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span> (despite beginning with 2, it is English)</li> <li>Declercq, G. "Dionysius Exiguus and the Introduction of the Christian Era". <i>Sacris Erudiri</i> 41 (2002): 165–246. An annotated version of part of <i>Anno Domini</i>.</li> <li>Doggett. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html">"Calendars"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191208132404/https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhelp/calendars.html">Archived</a> 8 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Ch. 12), in P. Kenneth Seidelmann (Ed.) <i>Explanatory supplement to the astronomical almanac.</i> Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-68-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-935702-68-7">0-935702-68-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Norm, ed. (2007). <i>Associated Press Style Book</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00489-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00489-8"><bdi>978-0-465-00489-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Associated+Press+Style+Book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00489-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Patrick, J. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm">"General Chronology"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125003503/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2008-07-16 from New Advent: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: General Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125003503/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2000" class="citation book cs1">Richards, E. G. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mappingtimecalen00rich"><i>Mapping Time</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-286205-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-286205-7"><bdi>0-19-286205-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Time&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-286205-7&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmappingtimecalen00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggs2003" class="citation web cs1">Riggs, John (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228195410/http://www.ucc.org/ucnews/janfeb03/whatever-happened-to-bc-and.html">"Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D., and why?"</a>. United Church News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucc.org/ucnews/janfeb03/whatever-happened-to-bc-and.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whatever+happened+to+B.C.+and+A.D.%2C+and+why%3F&rft.pub=United+Church+News&rft.date=2003-01&rft.aulast=Riggs&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.org%2Fucnews%2Fjanfeb03%2Fwhatever-happened-to-bc-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2000" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Donald P. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00ryan"><i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Biblical Mysteries</i></a></span>. Alpha Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeidiotsgu00ryan/page/15">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-863831-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-863831-X"><bdi>0-02-863831-X</bdi></a>. <q>must mean after death not so.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Biblical+Mysteries&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Alpha+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-02-863831-X&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteidiotsgu00ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnno+Domini" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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<li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chronology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" 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