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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tupari+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tupari+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Internal classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Proto-language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Tuparí</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Tuparí</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tupa1251">tupa1251</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tuparí languages</b> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> form a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> language family. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_classification">Internal classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Internal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tupari languages are:<sup id="cite_ref-Nikulin-Carvalho_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikulin-Carvalho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tupari</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makur%C3%A1p_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makuráp language">Makuráp</a></li> <li>Nuclear Tupari <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_language" title="Akuntsu language">Akuntsu</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekéns</a> (Sakirabiá, Waratégaya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupari_language" title="Tupari language">Tuparí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepkiriw%C3%A1t_language" title="Kepkiriwát language">Kepkiriwát</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>None are spoken by more than a few hundred people. </p><p>A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:<sup id="cite_ref-Nikulin-2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikulin-2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tuparian</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Makur%C3%A1p_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makuráp language">Makurap</a></i></li> <li>Core Tuparian <ul><li>Wayoró–Tuparí <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tupari_language" title="Tupari language">Tuparí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Corumbiara <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekéns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_language" title="Akuntsu language">Akuntsú</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tupari</b> <ul><li>Macuráp group <ul><li><b>Macuráp</b> - spoken at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado River (Rondônia)">Colorado River (Rondônia)</a>.</li> <li><b>Kanuːa</b> / <b>Koaratíra</b> / <b>Canoê</b> - spoken in the valley of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apid%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apidía (page does not exist)">Apidía</a> and on the middle course of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Verde_(Guapor%C3%A9_River_tributary,_Rond%C3%B4nia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Verde (Guaporé River tributary, Rondônia)">Verde River</a>, Rondônia.</li> <li><b>Amniapé</b> - spoken at the sources of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mequ%C3%A9ns_River_(Guapor%C3%A9_River)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mequéns River (Guaporé River) (page does not exist)">Mequéns River</a>.</li> <li><b>Guaratégaja</b> / <b>Mequen</b> - spoken at the sources of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Verde_(Guapor%C3%A9_River_tributary,_Rond%C3%B4nia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Verde (Guaporé River tributary, Rondônia)">Verde River</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mequ%C3%A9ns_River_(Guapor%C3%A9_River)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mequéns River (Guaporé River) (page does not exist)">Mequéns River</a> in the same region.</li> <li><b>Kabishiana</b> - spoken between the <a href="/wiki/Corumbiara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Corumbiara River">Corumbiara River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Verde_(Guapor%C3%A9_River_tributary,_Rond%C3%B4nia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Verde (Guaporé River tributary, Rondônia)">Verde River</a>, Rondônia.</li> <li><b>Wayoró</b> / <b>Wyarú</b> - spoken at the sources of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terevinto_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terevinto River (page does not exist)">Terevinto River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Rond%C3%B4nia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado River (Rondônia)">Colorado River (Rondônia)</a>.</li> <li><b>Apichum</b> - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown.</li> <li><b>Tupari</b> / <b>Wakaraü</b> - once spoken on the upper course of the <a href="/wiki/Branco_River" title="Branco River">Branco River</a> or <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Sim%C3%A3o_River" title="São Simão River">São Simão River</a>, the same territory; now probably extinct.</li></ul></li> <li>Kepkeriwát group <ul><li><b>Kepkeriwát</b> / <b>Quepi-quiri-uate</b> - spoken on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Pimenta_Bueno_River" title="Pimenta Bueno River">Pimenta Bueno River</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proto-language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Tupari</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reconstruction of</th><td class="infobox-data">Tupari languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Reconstructed<br />ancestor</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tupian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Tupian">Proto-Tupian</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Proto-Tuparí </th></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>’</td> <td>*gwagwo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a>’</td> <td>*ɨkwaay </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Macaw" title="Macaw">macaw</a>’</td> <td>*pet+'a </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘one’</td> <td>*kiẽt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘small’</td> <td>*Dĩĩt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fish’</td> <td>*pot </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fowl’</td> <td>*õkɨra </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘seed’</td> <td>*kit </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘neck’</td> <td>*gwotkɨp </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘heart’</td> <td>*ãnõã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to know’</td> <td>*toã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to give’</td> <td>*ñũã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to speak’</td> <td>*mãYã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sun, year’</td> <td>*ŋgiahkop </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘stone’</td> <td>*ŋwa+'i </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘earth’</td> <td>*kɨy </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘fire; firewood’</td> <td>*agopkap </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘mountain’</td> <td>*(n)dzo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘person’</td> <td>*aotse </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘mother’</td> <td>*ñä </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘husband’</td> <td>*mẽt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hammock’</td> <td>*ẽ/*ĩnĩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘seat’</td> <td>*ãβõ-pe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘seat’</td> <td>*ñãp-pe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hair’</td> <td>*Dap </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘tooth’</td> <td>*ñããy </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hand’</td> <td>*mbo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘nail’</td> <td>*mbo-ape </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘skin’</td> <td>*pe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘liver’</td> <td>*pia </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘foot’</td> <td>*mbi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘breast’</td> <td>*ŋẽp </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘blood (n)’</td> <td>*a </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘blood (n)’</td> <td>*eYɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘tobacco’</td> <td>*pitoa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘maize’</td> <td>*atsitsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘axe’</td> <td>*gwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘knife’</td> <td>*ŋgɨtpe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Albizia_inundata" class="mw-redirect" title="Albizia inundata">timbo</a>’</td> <td>*ŋĩk </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘mortar’</td> <td>*ẽndzɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘salt’</td> <td>*ŋgɨɨt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘meat’</td> <td>*ñẽt+'ã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘water (n)’</td> <td>*ɨgɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘basin’</td> <td>*βãẽkɨt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘dust’</td> <td>*ñõ'õ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘path’</td> <td>*pee </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘night’</td> <td>*ŋĩndak </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘leaf’</td> <td>*Dep/*deep </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a> tree’</td> <td>*kãnã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a> tree’</td> <td>*arao </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD_palm" title="Açaí palm">assai</a> (palm)’</td> <td>*gwit+'i </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘banana’</td> <td>*ehpiip </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cotton’</td> <td>*ororo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Genipap" class="mw-redirect" title="Genipap">genipap</a>’</td> <td>*tsigaap </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘peanut’</td> <td>*araɨgwi </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘pepper’</td> <td>*kõỹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillo</a>’</td> <td>*ndayto </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘tail’</td> <td>*okway </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘snake’</td> <td>*Dat/*daat </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘lizard’</td> <td>*Dako </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘turtle’</td> <td>*mbok+'a </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘caiman’</td> <td>*gwaYto </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘crab’</td> <td>*kera </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Achiote" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiote">achiote</a>’</td> <td>*ŋgop </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘horn’</td> <td>*apikɨp </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘paca’</td> <td>*gwãnãmbiro </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘deer’</td> <td>*ɨtsɨɨ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘dog’</td> <td>*ãŋwẽko </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelot</a>’</td> <td>*ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agouti</a>’</td> <td>*ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘bat’</td> <td>*ŋwari+'a </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">coati</a>’</td> <td>*pi'it </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Capuchin_monkey" title="Capuchin monkey">capuchin monkey</a>’</td> <td>*sahkɨrap </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Spider_monkey" title="Spider monkey">spider monkey</a>’</td> <td>*ãrĩmẽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honey_marten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honey marten (page does not exist)">honey marten</a>’ (<a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">kinkajou</a>?)</td> <td>*ãmãnã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccary</a>’</td> <td>*Daotse </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">collared peccary</a>’</td> <td>*Daotsey </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘louse’</td> <td>*ãŋgɨp </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘flea’</td> <td>*ñõk </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘wasp’</td> <td>*ŋgap </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘termite’</td> <td>*ŋgub+i </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘big ant’</td> <td>*Dat+'a </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cockroach’</td> <td>*a </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cockroach’</td> <td>*eβape </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘cicada’</td> <td>*ŋõtŋõna </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘scorpion’</td> <td>*kɨtnĩŋã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘snail’</td> <td>*ɨ̃ỹã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Piranha" title="Piranha">piranha</a>’</td> <td>*ipñãỹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/surubi" class="extiw" title="pt:surubi">surubim</a>’</td> <td>*ãnõrẽ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘mandi’</td> <td>*mõkoa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘toucan’</td> <td>*yo </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘toucan’</td> <td>*ñõkãt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘duck’</td> <td>*ɨpek </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘vulture’</td> <td>*ɨβe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘vulture’</td> <td>*ako </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hawk’</td> <td>*kẽỹ+'ã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hummingbird’</td> <td>*mĩnĩt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘owl’</td> <td>*popoβa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘<a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridge</a>’</td> <td>*kwãŋwã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘basket, big’</td> <td>*ãŋgerek </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘canoe’</td> <td>*kɨp-pe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘clothing’</td> <td>*pe </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to drink’</td> <td>*ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to take’</td> <td>*ara </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to blow’</td> <td>*ɨβa </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to vomit’</td> <td>*ẽkẽt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to push’</td> <td>*mõrã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to swim’</td> <td>*tĩptĩpnã </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to see’</td> <td>*to'a </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘to see’</td> <td>*-tso- </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘hot’</td> <td>*ahkop </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘good’</td> <td>*poat </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘new’</td> <td>*pahgop </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘old’</td> <td>*poot </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘name’</td> <td>*Det </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘sour’</td> <td>*kãỹ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘other’</td> <td>*nõõ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘smooth’</td> <td>*atsik </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘rotten’</td> <td>*ãnde </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘rotten’</td> <td>*ãkwĩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘straight’</td> <td>*kɨɨt </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘distant’</td> <td>*gwetsok </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘2nd person’</td> <td>*ẽt </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Nominative–absolutive alignment">nominative–absolutive</a> pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, i.e., they index the sole <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">argument</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a> (S) and the <a href="/wiki/Patient_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient (linguistics)">patient</a> argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>: they may encode the sole <a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">argument</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a> (S) or the <a href="/wiki/Agent_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent (linguistics)">agent</a> argument of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from <a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GN-2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GN-2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p> <div style="display:none;"> <p>V:verb </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Eamõjãn</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">/e-amõc-a-t</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-dance-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Thematic vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">TH</a></abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Nonfuture tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Nonfuture_tense" title="Nonfuture tense">NFUT</a></abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">s-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(en).</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">(ẽt)/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">NOM</a></abbr>)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="single argument of canonical intransitive verb">S</abbr>)</p></div><p style="display: none;">Eamõjãn (en).</p><p style="display: none;">/e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/</p><p style="display: none;">2-dance-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Thematic vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">TH</a></abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Nonfuture tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Nonfuture_tense" title="Nonfuture tense">NFUT</a></abbr> (2.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">NOM</a></abbr>)</p><p style="display: none;">s-V (S)</p><p style="clear: left;">‘You danced.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Etopkwap</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">/e-top-kʷ-a-p</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2</abbr>-see-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Verbal number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Verbal_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal number">PL</a></abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Thematic vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">TH</a></abbr>-p</p><p style="margin: 0px;">p-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">V</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nã</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">nã</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">FUT</a></abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">on.</p><p class="IPA" style="margin: 0px;">õt/</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">NOM</a></abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="agent-like argument of canonical transitive verb">A</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Etopkwap nã on.</p><p style="display: none;">/e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/</p><p style="display: none;">2-see-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Verbal number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Verbal_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal number">PL</a></abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Thematic vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Thematic_vowel" title="Thematic vowel">TH</a></abbr>-p <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">FUT</a></abbr> 1.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="Nominative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">NOM</a></abbr></p><p style="display: none;">p-V {} A</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I’ll see you every day.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Tupari_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Tupari reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Tupari reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nikulin-Carvalho-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nikulin-Carvalho_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikulin, Andrey; Fernando O. de Carvalho. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodicos.urca.br/ojs/index.php/MacREN/article/view/1910">Estudos diacrônicos de línguas indígenas brasileiras: um panorama</a>. <i>Macabéa – Revista Eletrônica do Netlli</i>, v. 8, n. 2 (2019), p. 255-305. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230133781.pdf">PDF</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrade, Rafael (to appear). As consoantes alvéolo-dentais do Proto-Tuparí: revisão e reconstrução fonológica. In: OLIVEIRA, Christiane Cunha de (ed.). <i>Memórias do II Encontro dos Americanistas no Cerrado</i>. Goiânia: Universidade Federal de Goiás.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikulin-2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nikulin-2020_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikulin, Andrey; Rafael Andrade. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jolr.ru/files/(294)jlr2020-18-3-4(284-319).pdf">The rise and fall of approximants in the Tuparian languages</a>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i> 18/4 (2020), pp. 284–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATupari+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, D. & Vilacy Galucio, A. (1994). Reconstruction of Proto-Tupari consonants and vowels. In Langdon, M. (eds.), Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, Report 8. 119-30, Columbus: Ohio State University. Accessed from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Source/Details/3093">DiACL</a>, 9 February 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GN-2018-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GN-2018_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaluciode_Souza_Nogueira2018" class="citation journal cs1">Galucio, Ana Vilacy; de Souza Nogueira, Antônia Fernanda (20 July 2018). "From object nominalization to object focus: The innovative A-alignment in the Tuparian languages (Tupian family)". <i>Journal of Historical Linguistics</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 95–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjhl.16025.gal">10.1075/jhl.16025.gal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Linguistics&rft.atitle=From+object+nominalization+to+object+focus%3A+The+innovative+A-alignment+in+the+Tuparian+languages+%28Tupian+family%29&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-127&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjhl.16025.gal&rft.aulast=Galucio&rft.aufirst=Ana+Vilacy&rft.au=de+Souza+Nogueira%2C+Ant%C3%B4nia+Fernanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATupari+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digihum.leidenuniv.nl/amazonianlanguages">Amazonian Languages of Rondônia and Bolivia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tupian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tupian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tupian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arikem_languages" title="Arikem languages">Arikem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arikem_language" title="Arikem language">Arikem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabixiana_language" title="Kabixiana language">Kabixiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariti%C3%A2na_language" title="Karitiâna language">Karitiâna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_language" title="Akuntsu language">Akuntsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kepkiriw%C3%A1t_language" title="Kepkiriwát language">Kepkiriwát</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makurap_language" title="Makurap language">Makurap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupari_language" title="Tupari language">Tupari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monde_languages" title="Monde languages">Mondé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru%C3%A1shi_language" title="Aruáshi language">Aruáshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_Larga_language" title="Cinta Larga language">Cinta Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guariba_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Guariba Arára language">Guariba Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mond%C3%A9_language" title="Mondé language">Mondé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suruí language">Suruí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoro language">Zoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a>–<br /><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramarama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_language" title="Ramarama language">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urumi_language" title="Urumi language">Urumi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuruna_languages" title="Yuruna languages">Yuruna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritsau%C3%A1_language" title="Maritsauá language">Maritsauá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_languages" title="Munduruku languages">Munduruku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruaya_language" title="Kuruaya language">Kuruaya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maweti%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Maweti–Guarani languages">Maweti–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_language" title="Mawé language">Mawé</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aweti–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aweti–Guarani</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awet%C3%AF_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awetï language">Awetï</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tupi–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_languages" title="Guarani languages">Guarani</a> (I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_language" title="Aché language">Aché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_dialects" title="Guarani dialects">Guarani</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ava_Guarani_language" title="Ava Guarani language">Chiripá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bolivian_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language">East Bolivian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mby%C3%A1_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Mbyá Guaraní language">Mbyá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Paraguayan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Western_Bolivian_Guarani" title="Western Bolivian Guarani">West Bolivian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pai_Tavytera_language" title="Pai Tavytera language">Pai Tavytera</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_languages" title="Guarayu languages">Guarayu</a> (II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_language" title="Guarayu language">Guarayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauserna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauserna language">Pauserna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Sirionó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi_languages" title="Tupi languages">Tupi</a> (III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Old Tupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potiguara_language" title="Potiguara language">Potiguara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_languages" title="Tenetehara languages">Tenetehara</a> (IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av%C3%A1-Canoeiro_language" title="Avá-Canoeiro language">Avá-Canoeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Guajajara" title="Guajajara">Guajajara</a></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra_language" title="Turiwára language">Turiwára</a></i></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xingu_languages" title="Xingu languages">Xingu</a> (V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanay%C3%A9_language" title="Amanayé language">Amanayé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamb%C3%A9_language" title="Anambé language">Anambé</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ararandewara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararandewara language">Ararandewara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawet%C3%A9_language" title="Araweté language">Araweté</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A1_language" title="Aurá language">Aurá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingu_Asurini_language" title="Xingu Asurini language">Xingu Asurini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kawah%C3%ADb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawahíb language">Kawahíb</a> (VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1_language" title="Apiaká language">Apiaká</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Karipuna</a> (Jau-Navo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayabi_language" title="Kayabi language">Kayabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru-Pa-In_language" title="Uru-Pa-In language">Uru-Pa-In</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a> (VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Northern Tupi–Guarani languages">Northern</a> (VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerillon_language" title="Emerillon language">Emerillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaj%C3%A1_language" title="Guajá language">Guajá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takunyap%C3%A9_language" title="Takunyapé language">Takunyapé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_language" title="Ka'apor language">Urubu–Kaapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi_language" title="Wayampi language">Wayampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampipuk%C3%BA_language" title="Wayampipukú language">Wayampipukú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tupian_language" title="Proto-Tupian language">Proto-Tupian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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