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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_effects_of_harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_effects_of_harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Environmental effects of harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_effects_of_harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union_import_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union_import_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>European Union import regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union_import_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selenium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selenium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Selenium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selenium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazil nut</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بندق البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بندق البرازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertholletia_excelsa" title="Bertholletia excelsa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bertholletia excelsa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tururi" title="Tururi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tururi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Бразилски орех – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бразилски орех" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noguera_del_Brasil" title="Noguera del Brasil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noguera del Brasil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertholletia_excelsa" title="Bertholletia excelsa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bertholletia excelsa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvie_ztepil%C3%A1" title="Juvie ztepilá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Juvie ztepilá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%B8d" title="Paranød – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paranød" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranussbaum" title="Paranussbaum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paranussbaum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parap%C3%A4hklipuu" title="Parapähklipuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parapähklipuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertholletia_excelsa" title="Bertholletia excelsa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bertholletia excelsa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertoletio" title="Bertoletio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bertoletio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فندقی برزیلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فندقی برزیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyer_du_Br%C3%A9sil" title="Noyer du Brésil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noyer du Brésil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cn%C3%B3_Brasa%C3%ADleach" title="Cnó Brasaíleach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cnó Brasaíleach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casti%C3%B1eiro_de_Par%C3%A1" title="Castiñeiro de Pará – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Castiñeiro de Pará" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%84%88%ED%8A%B8" title="브라질너트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라질너트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulki_paraworjechowc" title="Wulki paraworjechowc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wulki paraworjechowc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_Brasil" title="Kacang Brasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kacang Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertholletia_excelsa" title="Bertholletia excelsa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bertholletia excelsa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99" title="אגוז ברזילאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגוז ברזילאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panos_(riwek)" title="Panos (riwek) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Panos (riwek)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertholletia_excelsa" title="Bertholletia excelsa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bertholletia excelsa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilin%C4%97_bertoletija" title="Brazilinė bertoletija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brazilinė bertoletija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradi%C3%B3" title="Paradió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paradió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്രസീൽ നട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രസീൽ നട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბრაზილიური თხირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრაზილიური თხირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89" title="جوز برازيلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوز برازيلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_Brazil" title="Kacang Brazil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kacang Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranoot" title="Paranoot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paranoot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%83%E3%83%84" title="ブラジルナッツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラジルナッツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%B8tt" title="Paranøtt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paranøtt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orzesznica_wynios%C5%82a" title="Orzesznica wyniosła – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orzesznica wyniosła" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertholletia_excelsa" title="Bertholletia excelsa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bertholletia excelsa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertholletia_excelsa" title="Bertholletia excelsa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bertholletia excelsa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasta%C3%B1a" title="Kastaña – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kastaña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Бразильский орех – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бразильский орех" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brazil nut" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of flowering plant in the family Lecythidaceae</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">brazilwood tree</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Brazil nut tree </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertholletia_excelsa_compose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bertholletia_excelsa_compose.jpg/220px-Bertholletia_excelsa_compose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bertholletia_excelsa_compose.jpg/330px-Bertholletia_excelsa_compose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bertholletia_excelsa_compose.jpg/440px-Bertholletia_excelsa_compose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1621" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Status_iucn2.3_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn2.3_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Status_iucn2.3_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn2.3_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Status_iucn2.3_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn2.3_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 2.3</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bertholletia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Bertholletia</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Bonpl.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>B. excelsa</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Bertholletia excelsa</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Humb.</a> & Bonpl.</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Brazil nut</b> (<i><b>Bertholletia excelsa</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> in the family <a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a>, and it is also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mori_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mori-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the largest and longest-lived trees in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>. The fruit and its <a href="/wiki/Nutshell" title="Nutshell">nutshell</a> – containing the edible Brazil <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nut</a> – are relatively large and weigh as much as 2 kg (4.4 lb) in total. As food, Brazil nuts are notable for diverse content of <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a>, especially a high amount of <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>. The wood of the Brazil nut tree is prized for its quality in <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flooring" title="Flooring">flooring</a>, and heavy construction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_names">Common names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Portuguese-speaking countries, like Brazil, they are variously called "<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">castanha-do-brasil</i></span>"<sup id="cite_ref-:p0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:p0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:p1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:p1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (meaning "chestnut from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>" in Portuguese), "<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">castanha-do-pará</i></span>" (meaning "chestnut from <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>" in Portuguese), with other names: castanha-da-amazônia,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> castanha-do-acre,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">noz amazônica</i></span>" (meaning "Amazonian nut" in Portuguese), noz boliviana, tocari ("probably of Carib origin"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and tururi (from <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a> <i>turu'ri</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) also used.<sup id="cite_ref-mori_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mori-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In various Spanish-speaking countries of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, Brazil nuts are called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">castañas de Brasil</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">nuez de Brasil</i></span>, or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">castañas de Pará (or Para)</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-mori_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mori-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North America, as early as 1896, Brazil nuts were sometimes known by the <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> term "<a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a> toes",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Vulgarity" title="Vulgarity">vulgarity</a> that fell out of use after the <a href="/wiki/Racial_slur" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial slur">racial slur</a> became more <a href="/wiki/Socially_unacceptable" class="mw-redirect" title="Socially unacceptable">socially unacceptable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_Nut_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11662.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brazil_Nut_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11662.jpg/220px-Brazil_Nut_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11662.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Brazil_Nut_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11662.jpg/330px-Brazil_Nut_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Brazil_Nut_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the Brazil nut in <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> Supplement</i>, No. 598, June 18, 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>The Brazil nut is a large tree, reaching 50 metres (160 feet) tall,<sup id="cite_ref-henn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with a trunk 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) in <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>, making it among the largest of trees in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>. It may live for 500 years or more, and can often reach a thousand years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> is straight and commonly without branches for well over half the tree's height, with a large, emergent crown of long branches above the surrounding canopy of other trees. </p><p>The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are dry-season <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a>, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20–35 centimetres (8–14 in) long, and 10–15 cm (4–6 in) broad. The flowers are small, greenish-white, in <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicles</a> 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long; each flower has a two-parted, deciduous <a href="/wiki/Calyx_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calyx (botany)">calyx</a>, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazil nut trees produce fruit almost exclusively in pristine forests, as disturbed forests lack the large-bodied bees of the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Bombus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombus">Bombus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Centris" title="Centris">Centris</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epicharis_(bee)" title="Epicharis (bee)">Epicharis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eulaema" title="Eulaema">Eulaema</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Xylocopa" class="mw-redirect" title="Xylocopa">Xylocopa</a></i>, which are the only ones capable of <a href="/wiki/Pollinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollinate">pollinating</a> the tree's flowers, with different bee genera being the primary pollinators in different areas, and different times of year.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson1985_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson1985-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moritz1984_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moritz1984-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil nuts have been harvested from plantations, but production is low and is currently not economically viable.<sup id="cite_ref-mori_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mori-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-henn_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_nut_DSC05477.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Brazil_nut_DSC05477.JPG/220px-Brazil_nut_DSC05477.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Brazil_nut_DSC05477.JPG/330px-Brazil_nut_DSC05477.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Brazil_nut_DSC05477.JPG/440px-Brazil_nut_DSC05477.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>A freshly cut Brazil nut fruit</figcaption></figure> <p>The fruit takes 14 months to mature after pollination of the flowers. The fruit itself is a large <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a> 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in diameter, resembling a coconut <a href="/wiki/Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a> in size and weighing up to 2 kg (4 lb 7 oz). It has a hard, woody shell <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>8–12 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) thick, which contains eight to 24 wedge-shaped seeds <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4–5 cm (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–2 in) long (the "Brazil nuts") packed like the segments of an orange, but not limited to one whorl of segments. Up to three whorls can be stacked onto each other, with the polar ends of the segments of the middle whorl nestling into the upper and lower whorls (see illustration above). </p><p>The capsule contains a small hole at one end, which enables large rodents like the <a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agouti</a> to gnaw it open.<sup id="cite_ref-seeds_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seeds-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They then eat some of the seeds inside while burying others for later use; some of these are able to germinate into new Brazil nut trees.<sup id="cite_ref-seeds_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seeds-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the seeds are "planted" by the agoutis in <a href="/wiki/Cache_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache (biology)">caches</a> during <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-seeds_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seeds-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the young saplings may have to wait years, in a state of dormancy, for a tree to fall and sunlight to reach it, when it starts growing again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brazil nut family, the Lecythidaceae, is in the order <a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a>, as are other well-known plants such as blueberries, cranberries, <a href="/wiki/Manilkara_zapota" title="Manilkara zapota">sapote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camellia_sinensis" title="Camellia sinensis">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlox" title="Phlox">phlox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diospyros" title="Diospyros">persimmons</a>. The tree is the only species in the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> genus <i>Bertholletia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-mori_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mori-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named after French chemist <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Brazil nut is native to the <a href="/wiki/Guianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianas">Guianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Rio Negro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s" title="Tapajós">Tapajós</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a>. The fruit is heavy and rigid; when the fruits fall, they pose a serious threat to vehicles and potential for <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">traumatic brain injury</a> of people passing under the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-ideta_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ideta-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Capuchin_monkey" title="Capuchin monkey">Capuchin monkeys</a> have been reported to open Brazil nuts using a stone as an <a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">anvil</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:18em; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Brazil nut production – 2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:75%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:25%;"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>33,118 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>30,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>5,697 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>69,658</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><small>Source: <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2020, global production of Brazil nuts (in shells) was 69,658 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, most of which derive from wild harvests in tropical forests, especially the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Forest">Amazon</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> which produced 92% of the world total (table). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_effects_of_harvesting">Environmental effects of harvesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental effects of harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since most of the production for international trade is harvested in the wild,<sup id="cite_ref-evans_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kivner_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kivner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the business arrangement has been advanced as a model for generating income from a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">tropical forest</a> without destroying it.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nuts are most often gathered by migrant workers known as <i>castañeros</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) or <i>castanheiros</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-evans_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a> is a significant threat to the sustainability of the Brazil nut-harvesting industry.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kivner_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kivner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of tree ages in areas that are harvested shows that moderate and intense gathering takes so many seeds that not enough are left to replace older trees as they die.<sup id="cite_ref-kivner_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kivner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites with light gathering activities had many young trees, while sites with intense gathering practices had nearly none.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union_import_regulation">European Union import regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European Union import regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> imposed strict regulations on the import of Brazilian-harvested Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells are considered to contain unsafe levels of <a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">aflatoxins</a>, a potential cause of <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eujournal_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eujournal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_nuts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Brazil_nuts.jpg/220px-Brazil_nuts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Brazil_nuts.jpg/330px-Brazil_nuts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Brazil_nuts.jpg/440px-Brazil_nuts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Brazil nuts after shell removal</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil nuts are susceptible to contamination by <a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">aflatoxins</a>, produced by fungi, once they fall to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflatoxins can cause <a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxicity" title="Hepatotoxicity">liver damage</a>, including possible cancer, if consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-eujournal_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eujournal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aflatoxin levels have been found in Brazil nuts during inspections that were far higher than the limits set by the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, mechanical sorting and drying was found to eliminate 98% of aflatoxins; a 2003 EU ban on importation<sup id="cite_ref-eujournal_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eujournal-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was rescinded after new tolerance levels were set. </p><p>The nuts may contain traces of <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactive</a> element, with a kilogram of nuts containing an activity between 40 and 260 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerels</a> (1 and 7 <a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">nanocuries</a>). This level of radium is small, although higher than in other common foods. According to <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Associated_Universities" title="Oak Ridge Associated Universities">Oak Ridge Associated Universities</a>, elevated levels of radium in the soil does not directly cause the concentration of radium, but "the very extensive root system of the tree" can concentrate naturally occurring radioactive material, when present in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (November 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Radium can be concentrated in nuts only if it is present in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil nuts also contain <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, a metal with a chemical behavior quite similar to radium.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While barium, if ingested, can have toxic effects, such as weakness, vomiting, or diarrhea,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the amount present in Brazil nuts is orders of magnitude too small to have noticeable health effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Brazil nuts, dried, unblanched, shelled</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,743 kJ (656 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">12.27 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.25 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.33 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">7.5 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">66.43 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">15.137 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">24.548 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">20.577 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">14.32 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.141 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.362 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">Isoleucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.516 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">Leucine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.155 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.492 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.008 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">Phenylalanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.630 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.420 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.756 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">2.148 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.386 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.577 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Aspartic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.346 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.147 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.718 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.657 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.683 g</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">51%</div> 0.617 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.035 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.295 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.184 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 0.101 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 22 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">38%</div> 5.73 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 160 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 2.43 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">90%</div> 376 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">52%</div> 1.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">58%</div> 725 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">22%</div> 659 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">37%</div> 4.06 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.48 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1917 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-sitosterol">Beta-sitosterol</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">64 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170569/nutrients">Link to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazil nuts are 3% water, 14% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, 12% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, and 66% <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>. The fat components are 16% <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated</a>, 24% <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">monounsaturated</a>, and 24% <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-table_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-table-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 100 grams (3.5 ounces) reference amount, Brazil nuts supply 659 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a>, and are a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> (30% DV), <a href="/wiki/Thiamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiamin">thiamin</a> (54% DV), <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a> (38% DV), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (106% DV), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (104% DV), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (57% DV), and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (43% DV). <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> are present in moderate amounts (10–19% DV). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selenium">Selenium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Selenium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Selenium#Toxicity" title="Selenium">Selenium § Toxicity</a></div> <p>Brazil nuts are a particularly rich source of <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, with just 28 g (1 oz) supplying 544 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">micrograms</a> of selenium or 10 times the DV of 55 micrograms.<sup id="cite_ref-table_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-table-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ods_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ods-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the amount of selenium within batches of nuts may vary considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high selenium content is used as a <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> in studies of selenium intake and deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Souza_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Souza-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumption of just one Brazil nut per day over 8 weeks was sufficient to restore selenium blood levels and increase <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">HDL cholesterol</a> in obese women.<sup id="cite_ref-Souza_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Souza-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil">Oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castanha-copl6.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Castanha-copl6.JPG/220px-Castanha-copl6.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Castanha-copl6.JPG/330px-Castanha-copl6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Castanha-copl6.JPG/440px-Castanha-copl6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Brazil nut oil</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil nut <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> contains 48% <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fatty_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fatty acids">unsaturated fatty acids</a> composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">phytosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-sitosterol">beta-sitosterol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fat-soluble <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">vitamin E</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table presents the composition of fatty acids in Brazil nut oil:<sup id="cite_ref-table_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-table-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid">Palmitic acid</a></td> <td>10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palmitoleic_acid" title="Palmitoleic acid">Palmitoleic acid</a></td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stearic_acid" title="Stearic acid">Stearic acid</a></td> <td>6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">Oleic acid</a></td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">Linoleic acid</a></td> <td>24% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">Alpha-linolenic acid</a></td> <td>0.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated fats">Saturated fats</a></td> <td>16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_fats" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated fats">Unsaturated fats</a></td> <td>48% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a> from Brazil nut trees (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Brazilwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilwood">Brazilwood</a>) is of excellent quality, having diverse uses from flooring to heavy construction.<sup id="cite_ref-pfaf_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfaf-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Logging the trees is prohibited by law in all three producing countries (Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru). Illegal extraction of timber and land clearances present continuing threats.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Brazil, cutting down a Brazil nut tree requires previous authorization from the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Environment_and_Renewable_Natural_Resources" title="Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources">Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brazil nut oil is used as a <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricant</a> in clocks<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the manufacturing of paint and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, such as soap and perfume.<sup id="cite_ref-pfaf_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfaf-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its hardness, the Brazil nutshell is often pulverized and used as an abrasive to polish materials, such as metals and ceramics, in the same way as <a href="/wiki/Jeweler%27s_rouge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeweler's rouge">jeweler's rouge</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> from the shells can be used to purify water.<sup id="cite_ref-pfaf_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfaf-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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excelsa</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brazil_Nuts" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brazil Nuts">Brazil Nuts</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut_cake" title="Brazil nut cake">Brazil nut cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_nuts" title="List of culinary nuts">List of culinary nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_list_of_endangered_flora_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Official list of endangered flora of Brazil">Official list of endangered flora of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_convection" title="Granular convection">Granular convection</a>, also known as the "Brazil nut effect"</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmericas_Regional_Workshop_(Conservation_&_Sustainable_Management_of_Trees,_Costa_Rica,_November_1996)1998" class="citation journal cs1">Americas Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Costa Rica, November 1996) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/32986/9741363">"<i>Bertholletia excelsa</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>1998</b>: e.T32986A9741363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32986A9741363.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32986A9741363.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Bertholletia+excelsa&rft.volume=1998&rft.pages=e.T32986A9741363&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32986A9741363.en&rft.au=Americas+Regional+Workshop+%28Conservation+%26+Sustainable+Management+of+Trees%2C+Costa+Rica%2C+November+1996%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F32986%2F9741363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mori-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mori_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mori_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mori_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mori_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mori_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMori,_Scott_A." class="citation web cs1">Mori, Scott A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybg.org/bsci/braznut">"The Brazil Nut Industry – Past, Present, and Future"</a>. The New York Botanical Garden<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brazil+Nut+Industry+%E2%80%93+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.pub=The+New+York+Botanical+Garden&rft.au=Mori%2C+Scott+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybg.org%2Fbsci%2Fbraznut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:p0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:p0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br/digital/bitstream/item/47749/1/folder-castanhadobrasil.pdf">"Nomes comuns: castanha-do-brasil, castanha-do-pará ou castanha-da-amazônia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomes+comuns%3A+castanha-do-brasil%2C+castanha-do-par%C3%A1+ou+castanha-da-amaz%C3%B4nia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fainfo.cnptia.embrapa.br%2Fdigital%2Fbitstream%2Fitem%2F47749%2F1%2Ffolder-castanhadobrasil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span> - Folder Embrapa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:p1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:p1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">COSTA, J. R. (et al.).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aa/v39n4/v39n4a13.pdf">Uma das espécies nativas mais valiosas da floresta amazônica de terra firme é a castanha-do-brasil ou castanha-da-amazônia (<i>Bertholletia excelsa</i>)</a>, - Acta Amazônica vol. 39(4) 2009: 843 - 850</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilho2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Filho, João Carlos Meireles (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvIrAAAAYAAJ&q=%22a%20%C3%BAnica%20conhecida%20fora%22"><i>O livro de ouro da Amazônia: mitos e verdades sobre a região mais cobiçada do planeta</i></a> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 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Rio de Janeiro, 2003. p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepardRamirez2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shepard, Glenn H.; Ramirez, Henri (March 2011). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Made in Brazil": Human Dispersal of the Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excelsa, Lecythidaceae) in Ancient Amazonia1". <i>Economic Botany</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 44–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-011-9151-6">10.1007/s12231-011-9151-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43465637">43465637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=%22Made+in+Brazil%22%3A+Human+Dispersal+of+the+Brazil+Nut+%28Bertholletia+excelsa%2C+Lecythidaceae%29+in+Ancient+Amazonia1&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-65&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-011-9151-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43465637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Glenn+H.&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferreira, A. 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Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/"><i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i></a>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-table-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-table_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-table_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-table_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See USDA source in nutrition table.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ods-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ods_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/selenium-HealthProfessional/">"Selenium"</a>. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0045-6535%2894%2900409-N">"Selenium content of Brazil nuts from two geographic locations in Brazil"</a>. <i>Chemosphere</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 801–802. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Chmsp..30..801C">1995Chmsp..30..801C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0045-6535%2894%2900409-N">10.1016/0045-6535(94)00409-N</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889353">7889353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Selenium+content+of+Brazil+nuts+from+two+geographic+locations+in+Brazil&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=801-802&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7889353&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0045-6535%2894%2900409-N&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Chmsp..30..801C&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+C.&rft.au=Gutenmann%2C+Walter+H.&rft.au=Reid%2C+Charlotte+M.&rft.au=Lisk%2C+Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0045-6535%252894%252900409-N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-AloyHulshofEstruel-AmadesOsté2019" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia-Aloy, Mar; Hulshof, Paul J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/activists-trapped-by-loggers071018/">the original</a> on December 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greenpeace+Activists+Trapped+by+Loggers+in+Amazon&rft.date=2007-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Finternational%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Factivists-trapped-by-loggers071018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoncrieff2015" class="citation web cs1">Moncrieff, Virginia M. (September 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forestsnews.cifor.org/33554/brazil-nut-special-for-brazil-nuts-a-little-logging-may-go-a-long-way">"A little logging may go a long way"</a>. <i>Forest News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Forestry_Research" title="Center for International Forestry Research">Center for International Forestry Research</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2020</span> – via CIFOR.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forest+News&rft.atitle=A+little+logging+may+go+a+long+way&rft.date=2015-09-21&rft.aulast=Moncrieff&rft.aufirst=Virginia+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforestsnews.cifor.org%2F33554%2Fbrazil-nut-special-for-brazil-nuts-a-little-logging-may-go-a-long-way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Oliveira_Wadtde_Souza" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Oliveira Wadt, Lucia Helena; de Souza, Joana Maria Leite. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br/gestor/castanha-do-brasil/arvore/CONT000g1kpc3vg02wx5ok00gmbp4skbjdei.html">"Árvore do Conhecimento – Castanha-do-Brasil"</a> [Tree of Knowledge – Brazil nut]. <i><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Agricultural_Research_Corporation" title="Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation">Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation</a></i> (in Brazilian Portuguese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Agricultural+Research+Corporation&rft.atitle=%C3%81rvore+do+Conhecimento+%E2%80%93+Castanha-do-Brasil&rft.aulast=de+Oliveira+Wadt&rft.aufirst=Lucia+Helena&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Joana+Maria+Leite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agencia.cnptia.embrapa.br%2Fgestor%2Fcastanha-do-brasil%2Farvore%2FCONT000g1kpc3vg02wx5ok00gmbp4skbjdei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2012" class="citation book cs1">Lim, T. K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32rWbxUtjeMC&pg=PA131"><i>Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2534-8"><bdi>978-94-007-2534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+Medicinal+And+Non+Medicinal+Plants%3A+Volume+3%2C+Fruits&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2534-8&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=T.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32rWbxUtjeMC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil+nut" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Nuts" title="Template:Nuts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuts" title="Template talk:Nuts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True, or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Breadnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Sweet chestnut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_americana" title="Corylus americana">American hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">Beaked hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">European hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">Filbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Asian hazel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">Kola nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachychiton" title="Brachychiton">Kurrajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachira_aquatica" title="Pachira aquatica">Malabar chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Palm nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Red bopple nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilschmiedia_bancroftii" title="Beilschmiedia bancroftii">Yellow walnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semecarpus_australiensis" title="Semecarpus australiensis">Australian cashew nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Betel nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Borneo tallow nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Chilean hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coula_edulis" title="Coula edulis">Gabon nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Mockernut hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Shagbark hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Shellbark hickory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_bancroftii" title="Elaeocarpus bancroftii">Johnstone River almond</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jack nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">Karuka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_julianettii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandanus julianettii">Planted karuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_brosimos" title="Pandanus brosimos">Wild karuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo" title="Mongongo">Mongongo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panda_oleosa" title="Panda oleosa">Panda oleosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocar_nuciferum" title="Caryocar nuciferum">Pekea nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">Pili nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Butternut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">English walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_ailantifolia" title="Juglans ailantifolia">Heartnut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Burrawang nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i> spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii" title="Araucaria bidwillii">Bunya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Monkey-puzzle nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_gerardiana" title="Pinus gerardiana">Chilgoza pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_edulis" title="Pinus edulis">Colorado pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_koraiensis" title="Pinus koraiensis">Korean pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_cembroides" title="Pinus cembroides">Mexican pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_monophylla" title="Pinus monophylla">Single-leaf pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_tetraphylla" title="Macadamia tetraphylla">Macadamia nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Queensland macadamia nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythis" title="Lecythis">Paradise nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_quadrifida" title="Sterculia quadrifida">Peanut tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bertholletia excelsa</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81671" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q81671">Q81671</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bertholletia_excelsa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bertholletia excelsa">Bertholletia excelsa</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/bertholletia-excelsa/">bertholletia-excelsa</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id127838">127838</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/LMPJ">LMPJ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=3699">3699</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/321258">321258</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BTHEX">BTHEX</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=220001651">220001651</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3083180">3083180</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=7022">7022</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/145603">145603</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/591270-1">591270-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10587650">10587650</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21989">21989</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/32986">32986</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3645">3645</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/01974dcd-5b8f-4b11-8ff8-ba61f1cef906">01974dcd-5b8f-4b11-8ff8-ba61f1cef906</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/520750/">520750</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=429489">429489</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-313577">kew-313577</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/BEEX2">BEEX2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A591270-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:591270-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/17900013">17900013</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000775013">wfo-0000775013</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&oldid=1258411351">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil_nut&oldid=1258411351</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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