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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tupari+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_language_and_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_language_and_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>History of the language and population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_language_and_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Documentation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Existing_literature_on_Tuparí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_literature_on_Tuparí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Existing literature on Tuparí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_literature_on_Tuparí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation:_Caspar_and_Singerman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation:_Caspar_and_Singerman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Documentation: Caspar and Singerman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation:_Caspar_and_Singerman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Valency_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valency_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Valency manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valency_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidentiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidentiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Evidentiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidentiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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id="toc-Possessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locative_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locative_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Locative case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locative_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrumental_–_locative_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrumental_–_locative_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Instrumental – locative case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrumental_–_locative_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oblique_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oblique_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Oblique case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oblique_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_+_locative_case_stacking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_+_locative_case_stacking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Nuclear + locative case stacking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_+_locative_case_stacking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Tupian language of northwestern Brazil</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Tuparí</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Branco,_Acre" title="Rio Branco, Acre">Rio Branco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tupari people (page does not exist)">Tupari</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">340 (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />more suspected upriver</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tupar%C3%AD_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuparí languages">Tuparí languages</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tuparí</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tpr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tpr">tpr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tupa1250">tupa1250</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2127</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2127">Tuparí</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tuparí</b> is an indigenous language of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. It is one of six <a href="/wiki/Tupari_languages" title="Tupari languages">Tupari languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> language family. The Tuparí language, and its people, is located predominantly within the state of <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>, though speakers are also present in the <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">state of Acre</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Ind%C4%B1gena_Rio_Branco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terra Indıgena Rio Branco (page does not exist)">Terra Indıgena Rio Branco</a>. There are roughly 350 speakers of this language, with the total number of members of this ethnic group being around 600.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_information">Background information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_status">Current status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding the vitality of the language, the number of speakers indicate that this language is critically endangered, at moribund levels, rating an (8A) on the <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> scale.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has to do with many factors, including the fact that in some communities, for example those living on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Ind%C3%ADgena_Rio_Guapor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terra Indígena Rio Guaporé (page does not exist)">Terra Indígena Rio Guaporé</a>, intergenerational transmission has ceased entirely due to a complete shift to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_language_and_population">History of the language and population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of the language and population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Brazilian state, like many others, was once strictly belonging to indigenous people of Brazil. The large-scale colonization of Rondônia happened only in the second half of the 20th century. At this time many people died from the introduction of preventable diseases to which they were not immune, and as a result, in the 1950s the Tuparí people were nearly wiped out entirely by <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>. According to Caspar (1956),<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were only 67 survivors of these epidemics, who were then forced to work for slave wages. The group eventually recovered and increased in their numbers. Now population growth is no longer an issue due to their large family sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their language is only spoken by approximately 350 people on the two main reserves (Rio Branco and Rio Guaporé). The cultural and linguistic situation varies by village, with some partaking in trans-generational linguistic transmission and others adopting Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentation">Documentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existing_literature_on_Tuparí"><span id="Existing_literature_on_Tupar.C3.AD"></span>Existing literature on Tuparí</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Existing literature on Tuparí"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuparí is documented in the literature to some extent, with most publications being in Portuguese and English. It has also been discussed in German. </p><p>Major contributions to the literature include that of Franz Caspar, mentioned above, who wrote extensively from an ethnographic point of view in the mid 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several linguists have also produced materials on the Tuparí language. Poliana Alves has written on the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of the language (Alves, 1991)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has produced a <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">bilingual dictionary</a> (Alves, 2004).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues collaborated with Franz Caspar to publish a sketch of the grammar (Rodrigues and Caspar, 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy Seki, in 2001, wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntax">morphosyntax</a> of nouns in Tuparí (Seki, 2001).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Adam Roth Singerman produced an extensive description and analysis of Tuparí for his PhD dissertation at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, focusing on the morphosyntax of the language (Singerman, 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> As well, Singerman also worked to create a literacy workbook, <i>Wan Tupari Ema’en Nika</i>! (Tupari et al., 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to help boost vitality. His work adds information about the <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and expression of <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality</a> in Tuparí as hadn't been covered in previous research. In regards to non-linguistic references, there are Tuparí stories, written in Portuguese, as part of <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> Betty Mindlin's collection of indigenous myths (Mindlin, 1993).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other major contributions to the literature on Tuparí include Monserrat (2000),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galucio (1993,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2011<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and Moore (1994).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation:_Caspar_and_Singerman">Documentation: Caspar and Singerman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Documentation: Caspar and Singerman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguistically, the description of Tuparí was lacking prior to the publication of Singerman's dissertation in 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> especially compared to others within its linguistic family and region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tuparí was one of the first languages and cultures of Rondônia studied in detail. This research was due to the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographer</a> and explorer, Franz Caspar, who took many field-notes in the 1940s and the 1950s, as he lived within the community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known in Tuparí as <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">Toto Amsi Tàn</i></span> (the long-nosed grandfather).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caspar's notes were passed on to Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues, a Brazilian linguist who wrote his dissertation in German on Tupinambá at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>. He wrote an eighty-paged description on Tuparí based on Caspar's notes, however it was never published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed to be because, while he had come up with a description of the language, he had never done any fieldwork in the community himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was enough for him to deem that Caspar, being an anthropologist, could potentially have some linguistic errors within his field-notes and documentations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> Even though the description of the Tuparí language prior to that done by Singerman was fairly limited, the cultural documentation was among the best in the region. With that being said, the Tuparí people are also currently experiencing a loss of that culture through a language shift, due to the overwhelming modern pressure for them to switch to Portuguese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 370">: 370 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Glide</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Oral vowels<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 367">: 367 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Round</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuparí has a complex <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and morpho-syntactic system, including a nominal domain with morphologically marked aspects, as well as verbal morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> It also has <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidentiality marking</a> in past tense clauses, discussed below. In addition to strong pronouns, weak nominative enclitics and proclitic pronouns, the nominal domain is morphologically marked for possession and case. NPs are also able to undergo internal modification, and number marking can be seen on pronominals. Numerically bare NPs have interpretive flexibility and can be read as plural despite a lack of plural morphology. In verbal morphology, verbalizing is evident in this language, and follows strict ordering restrictions. Affixes can attach to the left or right side of a lexical morpheme, although this does not happen arbitrarily. Other main aspects of verbal morphology in Tuparí are deverbalizing morphology, which turn verbs into other categories such as nouns, <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">valency</a>-manipulating prefixes, discussed below, reduplication of verbal roots, adverbial prefixes and noun incorporation to modify timing and manner, and suffixal morphology with a hierarchy of positions. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>strong pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Root </th> <th>Root + nuclear case </th> <th>Root + oblique case </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">1st person </th> <th>singular </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">on</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">orẽn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">orẽrẽ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>exclusive </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">ote</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">otet</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">oterè</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">kit</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">kiret</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">kirere</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">en</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erẽn</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erẽrẽ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">wat</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">waret</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">warere</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of speakers using strong pronouns: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Otero’om</p><p style="margin: 0px;">o-tet-ro-’om</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-go.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NMZ</abbr><sub><i>ro</i></sub>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/privation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’on.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Otero’om ’on.</p><p style="display: none;">o-tet-ro-’om ’on</p><p style="display: none;">1SG-go.SG-NMZ<sub><i>ro</i></sub>-NEG 1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I have not gone there.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Wapsitkara</p><p style="margin: 0px;">w-apsitkat-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-think-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ẽrõ,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">en-o,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrumental-lative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma’a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">∅-ma’ẽ-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-speak-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’en</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’en</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">herõwap</p><p style="margin: 0px;">herõwap</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yesterday]</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hem.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hem</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer of finite embedded clauses" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HÈ</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrumental-lative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Wapsitkara ’on ẽrõ, ma’a ’en herõwap hem.</p><p style="display: none;">w-apsitkat-a ’on en-o, ∅-ma’ẽ-a ’en herõwap hem</p><p style="display: none;">1SG-think-TH 1SG 2SG-INS [3-speak-TH 2SG yesterday] <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer of finite embedded clauses" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HÈ</abbr>.INS</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I thought about you, about the thing that you said yesterday.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>weak enclitics<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>dual </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">’on</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">’ote</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">’ote</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">’on</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">’okit</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">’okitwat</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">’en</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">wat</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">wat</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">e~∅</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">e~∅</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">e~∅</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of weak nominative enclitics: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Watoa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">w-ato-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-bathe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="polite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POLITE</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">irik’enerõpe.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">irik’e-nẽ-ro-pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">work-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verbalizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VBZ</abbr><sub><i>nẽ</i></sub>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NMZ</abbr><sub><i>ro</i></sub>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Watoa ko ’on irik’enerõpe.</p><p style="display: none;">w-ato-a ko ’on irik’e-nẽ-ro-pe</p><p style="display: none;">1SG-bathe-TH POLITE.FUT 1SG work-VBZ<sub><i>nẽ</i></sub>-NMZ<sub><i>ro</i></sub>-LOC</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Let me bathe before working.’ / ‘I am going to bathe before working.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Oteatoa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ote-ato-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr>-bathe-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="polite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POLITE</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’ote.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’ote</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Oteatoa ko ’ote.</p><p style="display: none;">ote-ato-a ko ’ote</p><p style="display: none;">1PL.EXCL-bathe-TH POLITE.FUT 1PL.EXCL</p><p style="clear: left;">‘We-<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</span></span> should bathe.’ / ‘Let us-<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</span></span> bathe.’ / ‘We-<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</span></span> ought to bathe.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Teop</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-op</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="coreferential third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3C</abbr>-father</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nẽkare,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nẽkat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">resemblance</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aramirã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">aramirã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">[woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’ero’are.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’ero’are</p><p style="margin: 0px;">while.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">Teop nẽkare, {} aramirã ’ero’are.</p><p style="display: none;">te-op nẽkat e aramirã ’ero’are</p><p style="display: none;">3C-father resemblance 3 [woman while.SG]</p><p style="clear: left;">‘She resembles her father, even though she’s a girl.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>proclitic pronouns<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">o-/w-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">ote-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">o-/w-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">ki-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">e-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">wat-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th> </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">i-~y-~s-~∅-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">i-~y-~s-~∅-</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>coreferential </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">te-</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">te-</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>proclitic paradigm with the word<br /><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">ek</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">house</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>exclusive </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">wek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">otek’</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>inclusive </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">wek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">kiek</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">ek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">wat hek</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th> </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">iek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">iek</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>coreferential </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">tek</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">tek</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valency_manipulation">Valency manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Valency manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valency manipulation refers to the grammar's ability to manipulate how many and what kind of arguments a verb can take. The Tuparí language uses four prefixes for this, causative <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">m- /õ-</i></span>, comitative-causative <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">ete- /ite-</i></span>, intransitivizing <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">e-</i></span>, and reciprocal <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">e-</i></span>. The causative <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> makes the subject of an intransitive verb the object of a transitive verb. The distribution is limited to mostly <a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">unaccusatives</a> and verbs of the semantic classes of verbs of motion, nonvolitional states or changes in state, and some verbs of thought or emotion. There are a few transitives that can take this morpheme. The comitative-causative morpheme promotes an intransitive subject to a transitive subject by introducing a new direct object. This morpheme requires that both the subject and the object are undergoing the acting together (i.e. coming). Singerman reports that his consultant approved the morpheme on a wide range of verbs of motion. It may also attach to some auxiliaries to express temporary possession. The intransitivizing morpheme <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">e-</i></span> is attested on a few intransitive verbs derived from unmarked transitive base. Common examples are the verb 'command' transforming to 'speak', 'kill' transforming to 'die'. Intransitives derived with <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">e-</i></span> may also interact with other valency changing morphemes, such as causativization. Lastly is the reciprocal <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">eue-</i></span>. This morpheme can only occur on transitive roots. It requires plural subjects to be acting upon each other, i.e. fighting each other. Another notable feature is that the reciprocal can combine with other valency morphemes indicating that it probably occupies a position further left. This is further evidenced by the fact that it does not always fall under the domain of reduplication. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Eõ’era</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e-õ-’et-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="synthetic causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CAUS</abbr>-sleep-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’on.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Eõ’era ’on.</p><p style="display: none;">e-õ-’et-a ’on</p><p style="display: none;">2SG-CAUS-sleep-TH 1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I made you sleep / put you to bed.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 121">: 121 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Sitèsa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">s-ite-s-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="comitative-causative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COM</abbr>-come.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’on.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Sitèsa ’on.</p><p style="display: none;">s-ite-s-a ’on</p><p style="display: none;">3-COM-come.SG-TH 1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I brought it.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150">: 150 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Evidentiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grammaticalized evidentiality (marking of the source of information) is functional, rather than lexical, and thus is morphologically expressed in a grammatical manner, rather than as an adverbial. Additionally, it has semantic characteristics. It is typically marked in Tupí languages by free particles rather than by bound morphemes, however in Tuparí, evidentiality is marked by a bound verbal suffix. This suffix agrees in number with the subject of the verb, and is required on a <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clausal</a> level. In Tuparí, only past tense contexts mark a difference in witnessed and unwitnessed utterances, and evidentiality must be marked in these contexts. The sole purpose of the -pnẽ/ -psira morphemes is to mark this difference of witnessing. Evidential markers in Tuparí can easily be considered separately from <a href="/wiki/Epistemic_modality" title="Epistemic modality">epistemic</a> markers since their strict syntactic positioning and clausal organization mean that they can only mark sources of evidence, and not other elements such as speaker attitude. They also must be marked in every clause, for example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mõket</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mõket</p><p style="margin: 0px;">long.ago</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kut</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kut</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ancient past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ANCIENT.PAST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kire’õerẽ,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kire-’om-ere</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/privation" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiakoet</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kiakop-et</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sun-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koepa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">koepa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">moon</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">eanã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eanã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">together.with</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kirenã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kire-nẽ-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="verbalizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">VBZ</abbr><sub><i>nẽ</i></sub>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">soro’epsira.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">s-oro’e-psira</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr><sub>go</sub>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="paucal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAUC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="evidential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Mõket kut kire’õerẽ, kiakoet koepa eanã kirenã soro’epsira.</p><p style="display: none;">mõket kut kire-’om-ere kiakop-et koepa eanã kire-nẽ-a s-oro’e-psira</p><p style="display: none;">long.ago <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ancient past" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ANCIENT.PAST</abbr> person-NEG-OBL sun-NUC moon together.with person-VBZ<sub><i>nẽ</i></sub>-TH 3-AUX<sub>go</sub>.PAUC-EV.PL</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Long ago, when there were no other people, the sun and the moon were people (<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NONWITNESSED</span></span>).’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 347, 315">: 347, 315 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>There are six allomorphs of the evidential suffix in Tuparí, as seen in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>After Oral Vowel</th> <th>After Nasal Vowel</th> <th>After Consonant </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-pnẽ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-mnẽ</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-nẽ</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-psira</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-msira</i></span></td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-sira</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The evidential marker in Tuparí always attaches to the highest verbal head. For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Teaoroynaẽ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-aoros-nẽ-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="coreferential third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3C</abbr>-arrive.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="evidential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EV</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Teaoroynaẽ. {}</p><p style="display: none;">te-aoros-nẽ-a e</p><p style="display: none;">3C-arrive.SG-EV.SG-TH 3</p><p style="clear: left;">‘He/she arrived (<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">NON-WITNESSED</span></span>).’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 313, 343">: 313, 343 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>In this case, since there is no auxiliary present, it attaches to the lexical verb 'arrive'. </p><p>Due to always agreeing with sentential subjects, <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-pnẽ</i></span> only works with singular subjects and <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-psira</i></span> only with plural ones. </p><p>Example: (345) Evidential marking on the lexical verb ‘come’:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 315">: 315 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">a.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="coreferential third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3C</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">s</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="evidential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tèynẽ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">te- + s + {} → tèynẽ</p><p style="display: none;">3C {} come.SG {} EV {} {}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">b.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="coreferential third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3C</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ã’ẽ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="paucal" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAUC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="evidential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">teã’emsira</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">te- + ã’ẽ + {} → teã’emsira</p><p style="display: none;">3C {} come.PAUC {} EV {} {}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">c.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te-</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="coreferential third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3C</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ip’anẽ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">come.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">+</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="evidential" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EV</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">→</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">teip’anemsira</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">te- + ip’anẽ + {} → teip’anemsira</p><p style="display: none;">3C {} come.PL {} EV {} {}</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The variations depend on whether the lexical verb distinguishes between singular, plural and paucal (two), or just between singular and plural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Tuparí_case_system"><span id="The_Tupar.C3.AD_case_system"></span>The Tuparí case system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Tuparí case system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuparí has four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a>, as seen in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> Note that Nuclear and Locative cases can be stacked. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Grammatical case <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Form of Case Suffix </th> <th>Case Suffix in Nasal Contexts </th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-et/ -t</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-en/ -n</i></span> </td> <td>NUC (nuclear) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-pe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-pe</i></span> </td> <td>LOC (<a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-m/ -o</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-m/ -õ</i></span> </td> <td>INS (instrumental-lative) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-ere/ -re</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-ẽrẽ/ -rẽ</i></span> </td> <td>OBL (<a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-etpe/ -tpe</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-enpe/ -npe</i></span> </td> <td>NUC+LOC (nuclear + locative) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As demonstrated in the table above, there are four case types in Tuparí: nuclear, locative, instrumental-lative, and oblique. Additionally, under certain conditions, Nuclear and Locative cases are able to stack (for reasons that will be discussed below). As mentioned by Singerman (2018), the case markings are used in complementary distribution, unless they are referring to time, in which case LOC (on Portuguese loan-words), INS (on Tuparí temporal expressions) and OBL (in finite embedded clauses marking time) may be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_case">Nuclear case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nuclear case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As discussed by Singerman (2018, section 2.4),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> the nuclear case is subject to strict grammatical constraints. It is required on all NP subjects, as well as on strong pronouns that introduce a new topic. </p><p>An example of NUC case-marking on an NP subject: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Eowet</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e-op-et</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>-father-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ke</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ke</p><p style="margin: 0px;">like.this</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tewakto</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-wak-to</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="coreferential third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3C</abbr>-cry-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NMZ</abbr><sub><i>ro</i></sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pete’a.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pete’a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>+<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Eowet ke tewakto pete’a.</p><p style="display: none;">e-op-et ke te-wak-to pete’a</p><p style="display: none;">2SG-father-NUC like.this 3C-cry-NMZ<sub><i>ro</i></sub> FUT.3SG+TH</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Your father will cry like this.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>NUC case marking is optional for non-pronominal direct objects, and is barred from appearing on clause-initial foci and incorporated direct objects. The three cases in which nonpronominal direct objects do not bear a NUC case-marking are as follows: direct objects that have not previously been mentioned in the discourse, genitive possessors (never marked) and nominal predicates. Regarding direct objects, while the first mention of the object in the discourse will be bare of case-marking, subsequent mentions of the same object will bear case marking. Direct objects will also tend to not be case-marked when following a negation or negative element in the sentence. Weak nominative enclitics do not bear any case morphology. </p><p>Incorporated objects do not bear Nuclear Case: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Opẽan’aropmã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">o-pẽan-arop-mã-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-first-food-put-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="polite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POLITE</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’on.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Opẽan’aropmã ko ’on.</p><p style="display: none;">o-pẽan-arop-mã-a ko ’on</p><p style="display: none;">1SG-first-food-put-TH POLITE.FUT 1SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Let me put my food [on my plate] first.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Possessors">Possessors</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Possessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possessors in Tuparí are always unmarked for case, thus demonstrating that the language has no overt <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> case. To account for case never being marked for incorporated direct objects and clause-initial foci, and sometimes being marked for unincorporated direct objects, it has been posited by Fery and Isihara (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Krifka and Musan (2012),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others, that Tuparí has a givenness or topicality condition, notably that case marking does not appear when the object is introduced, but does appear on later mentions of that object throughout the discourse. This accounts for the ban of suffixes on <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focal clause</a>-initial NPs, as well as the variability as to whether unincorporated objects will bear case marking. This also highlights that nuclear case is sensitive to information structural considerations, due to these notions of <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a>, givenness and <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topicality</a>. </p><p>An example of the lack of Nuclear case on Focal NPs: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">a.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Òwet</p><p style="margin: 0px;">o-op-et</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-father-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tupari.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Tupari(*-t)</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Tuparí(*-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr>)</p></div><p style="display: none;">Òwet Tupari.</p><p style="display: none;">o-op-et Tupari(*-t)</p><p style="display: none;">1SG-father-NUC Tuparí(*-NUC)</p><p style="clear: left;">‘My father is Tuparí.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">b.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Òpbe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">o-op(*-et)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-father(*-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Tuparit.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Tupari-t</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Tuparí-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Òpbe {} Tuparit.</p><p style="display: none;">o-op(*-et) e Tupari-t</p><p style="display: none;">1SG-father(*-NUC) 3 Tuparí-NUC</p><p style="clear: left;">‘It is my father who is Tuparí.’ / ‘My father is the one who is Tuparí.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locative_case">Locative case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Locative case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The locative case-marker <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-pe</i></span> is used to mark location, particularly when it is inside a structure or object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup> It can be used in time expressions when combined with Portuguese loanwords depicting time, but is not seen in combination with time expressions in Tuparí. The <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-pe</i></span> morpheme can also attach to VPs to change the meaning of the verb to mean “after doing X”. </p><p>example of Locative <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">–pe</i></span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Het’aere</p><p style="margin: 0px;">het’aere</p><p style="margin: 0px;">where.you.are</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nẽ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nẽ</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="yes/no interrogative particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Y/N</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">èkpe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e-ek-pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>-house-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiret</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kire-t</p><p style="margin: 0px;">person-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">haytoe?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hayto</p><p style="margin: 0px;">a.lot</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Het’aere nẽ èkpe kiret haytoe? {}</p><p style="display: none;">het’aere nẽ e-ek-pe kire-t hayto e</p><p style="display: none;">where.you.are <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="yes/no interrogative particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Y/N</abbr> 2SG-house-LOC person-NUC a.lot 3</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Are there a lot of people where you are, in your house?’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 71">: 71 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instrumental_–_locative_case"><span id="Instrumental_.E2.80.93_locative_case"></span>Instrumental – locative case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Instrumental – locative case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The instrumental-lative case marker has two meanings, notably that it demonstrates the instrument used to perform an action, or it can highlight a person or object that is physically involved in an action. Additionally, this morpheme can express the direction in which movement happens. Singerman (2018) notes that this INS morpheme is also used in Tuparí when expressing languages, since they are considered an instrument of communication. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Kat’aro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kat’at-o</p><p style="margin: 0px;">what-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrumental-lative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’en</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’en</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">èurap?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e-eut-ap</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>-get.full-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adverbial focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADV.FOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Kat’aro ’en èurap?</p><p style="display: none;">kat’at-o ’en e-eut-ap</p><p style="display: none;">what-INS 2SG 2SG-get.full-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="adverbial focus" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ADV.FOC</abbr></p><p style="clear: left;">‘What did you fill up on?’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oblique_case">Oblique case</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Oblique case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The final case-marker in Tuparí is <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-ere/ -re</i></span>, which is used to mark oblique (OBL) case. Oblique case different from Locative case in that it marks the location of a place, or the movement from a place. It can also be used in certain temporal relations, as previously mentioned. Many intransitive verbs in Tuparí can take optional complements that bear oblique case-marking. This case-marker is often also seen stacked on top of the deverbalizing nominalizer <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-ap</i></span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Here</p><p style="margin: 0px;">here</p><p style="margin: 0px;">then</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Koloradore</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Kolorado-re</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Colorado-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otero’apbi’a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">o-tero’a-pbi’a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr><sub>go</sub>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NMZ</abbr><sub><i>ap</i></sub>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="durative aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DUR</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Pedro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Pedro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Pedro</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yare.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">yare</p><p style="margin: 0px;">alongside/with</p></div><p style="display: none;">Here Koloradore otero’apbi’a ’on Pedro yare.</p><p style="display: none;">here Kolorado-re o-tero’a-pbi’a ’on Pedro yare</p><p style="display: none;">then Colorado-OBL 1SG-AUX<sub>go</sub>.SG.TH-NMZ<sub><i>ap</i></sub>-DUR 1SG Pedro alongside/with</p><p style="clear: left;">‘Back then, I was living in Colorado, with Pedro.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear_+_locative_case_stacking"><span id="Nuclear_.2B_locative_case_stacking"></span>Nuclear + locative case stacking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Nuclear + locative case stacking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A feature of the syntax of Tuparí is that case can be stacked in certain contexts, meaning that two case features can be overtly recognized on a single nominal base. On certain NPs (rightperipheral) the Locative <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-pe</i></span> case morpheme can be stacked onto the Nuclear case marker <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">-et/ -t</i></span>. This is part of a broader tendency in Tuparí to build “new” cases by working with the four preexisting ones. Caspar and Rodrigues (1957)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Alves (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have referred to the combination of Nuclear and Locative cases in Tuparí as a form of Accusative case, however Singerman (2018) challenges this, saying that the combination should rather be seen as a method to assert coreference in the discourse. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Iyma’ẽka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">i-yma’ẽk-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>-speak.with-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ko</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="polite" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POLITE</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;">’on</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hètpe!</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hè-t-pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that.thing-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Iyma’ẽka ko ’on hètpe!</p><p style="display: none;">i-yma’ẽk-a ko ’on hè-t-pe</p><p style="display: none;">3-speak.with-TH POLITE.FUT 1SG that.thing-NUC-LOC</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I want to talk to him, to that one!’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics">Semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Singerman 2018 says that “there is little to no quantification within noun phrases”. There is little adjectival modification, and nouns do not take any articles to mark definiteness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Instead, quantification is affixed onto the verb in the form of two morphemes <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erote-</i></span> and <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">urut-</i></span>, meaning ‘All, entirely’ and ‘two, both’ respectively. Note that <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erote-</i></span> changes to <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">irote-</i></span> after 3rd person proclitic <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">s-</i></span>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Amẽkòt</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Amẽko-t</p><p style="margin: 0px;">jaguar-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiparorot</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ki-paroro-t</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>-armadillo-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">erotetãramka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">erote-tãramka-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">all-kill.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nã</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="progressive particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tero’a,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tero’a,</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr><sub>go</sub>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">saraerem</p><p style="margin: 0px;">saraerem</p><p style="margin: 0px;">everyday</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e’awa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">e’awa-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hunt-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tero’a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">tero’e-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr><sub>go</sub>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te’a.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-’a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="coreferential third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3C</abbr>-when.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Amẽkòt kiparorot erotetãramka nã tero’a, saraerem e’awa tero’a te’a.</p><p style="display: none;">Amẽko-t ki-paroro-t erote-tãramka-a nã tero’a, saraerem e’awa-a tero’e-a te-’a</p><p style="display: none;">jaguar-NUC 1PL.INCL-armadillo-NUC all-kill.PL-TH PROG AUX<sub>go</sub>.SG.TH everyday hunt-TH AUX<sub>go</sub>.SG-TH 3C-when.SG</p><p style="clear: left;">‘The Jaguar is killing all of our armadillos when it’s out hunting everyday.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>As seen above, when <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erote-</i></span> combines with a direct object, the direct object NP must have nuclear case. Definiteness/specificity seems to come from the presence of the nuclear case on the direct object, which allows <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erote-</i></span> ‘all’, which is generally only compatible with definite/specific objects. Singerman’s consultants would not accept <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erote-</i></span> combining with any caseless objects. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Korakorat</p><p style="margin: 0px;">korakora-t</p><p style="margin: 0px;">chicken-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nuclear case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NUC</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">terote’etãramka.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">te-erote-e-tãramka-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="coreferential third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3C</abbr>-all-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="intransitivizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INTRNS</abbr>-kill.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Korakorat terote’etãramka.</p><p style="display: none;">korakora-t te-erote-e-tãramka-a</p><p style="display: none;">chicken-NUC 3C-all-INTRNS-kill.PL-TH</p><p style="clear: left;">‘The chickens have all died.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Werotepuop’orap</p><p style="margin: 0px;">w-erote-puop’ot-ap</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-all-learn-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="nominalizer" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NMZ</abbr><sub><i>ap</i></sub></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kot’oa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kot’oy-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">want-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="theme vowel" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TH</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nã</p><p style="margin: 0px;">nã</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="progressive particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">otero’e,</p><p style="margin: 0px;">o-tero’e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr><sub>go</sub>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="tpr" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wat’ema’erẽ.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wat-ema’ẽ-re</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>-language-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Werotepuop’orap kot’oa nã otero’e, wat’ema’erẽ.</p><p style="display: none;">w-erote-puop’ot-ap kot’oy-a nã o-tero’e wat-ema’ẽ-re</p><p style="display: none;">1SG-all-learn-NMZ<sub><i>ap</i></sub> want-TH PROG 1SG-AUX<sub>go</sub>.SG 2PL-language-OBL</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I am wanting to learn all of your-<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</span></span> words/all of your-<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</span></span> languages.’ <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Singerman explains that the first person singular is not compatible with an ‘all’ reading, which is why <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erote-</i></span> instead quantifies ‘your languages-OBL’. These two examples show that it is possible for the <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erote-</i></span> to quantify either intransitive subjects or an oblique NP, however there is a gap in the data for what happens if both the intransitive subject and oblique object are compatible with <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">erote-</i></span>. </p><p>The previously mentioned <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">urut-</i></span> has been confirmed to exist in elicitation, however there are no examples from everyday conversation or text. It is likely derived from the noun <span title="Tuparí-language text"><i lang="tpr">huru</i></span> 'pair' but beyond that no data or analysis is offered. No other forms of quantification are discussed by Singerman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupari_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/tpr/">Tuparí</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingerman2018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingerman2018_2-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingerman2018">Singerman 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doctorate+Dissertation+for+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.atitle=The+Morphosyntax+of+Tupar%C3%AD%2C+a+Tup%C3%ADan+Language+of+the+Brazilian+Amazon&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Singerman&rft.aufirst=Adam+Roth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.umass.edu%2Fphonolist%2F2018%2F10%2F12%2Fsingerman-2018-the-morphosyntax-of-tupari-a-tupian-language-of-the-brazilian-amazon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATupari+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div style="display:none;"> <p>3C:coreferential third person CAUS:synthetic causative COM:comitative-causative INS:instrumental-lative INTRNS:intransitivizer NEG:negation/privation NMZ:nominalizer NUC:nuclear case PAUC:paucal POLITE:polite PROG:progressive particle TH:theme vowel </p> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arikem_language" title="Arikem language">Arikem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabixiana_language" title="Kabixiana language">Kabixiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariti%C3%A2na_language" title="Karitiâna language">Karitiâna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupari_languages" title="Tupari languages">Tupari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_language" title="Akuntsu language">Akuntsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kepkiriw%C3%A1t_language" title="Kepkiriwát language">Kepkiriwát</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makurap_language" title="Makurap language">Makurap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monde_languages" title="Monde languages">Mondé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru%C3%A1shi_language" title="Aruáshi language">Aruáshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_Larga_language" title="Cinta Larga language">Cinta Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guariba_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Guariba Arára language">Guariba Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mond%C3%A9_language" title="Mondé language">Mondé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suruí language">Suruí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoro language">Zoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a>–<br /><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramarama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_language" title="Ramarama language">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urumi_language" title="Urumi language">Urumi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuruna_languages" title="Yuruna languages">Yuruna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritsau%C3%A1_language" title="Maritsauá language">Maritsauá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_languages" title="Munduruku languages">Munduruku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruaya_language" title="Kuruaya language">Kuruaya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maweti%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Maweti–Guarani languages">Maweti–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_language" title="Mawé language">Mawé</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aweti–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aweti–Guarani</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awet%C3%AF_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awetï language">Awetï</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tupi–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_languages" title="Guarani languages">Guarani</a> (I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_language" title="Aché language">Aché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_dialects" title="Guarani dialects">Guarani</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ava_Guarani_language" title="Ava Guarani language">Chiripá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bolivian_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language">East Bolivian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mby%C3%A1_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Mbyá Guaraní language">Mbyá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Paraguayan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Western_Bolivian_Guarani" title="Western Bolivian Guarani">West Bolivian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pai_Tavytera_language" title="Pai Tavytera language">Pai Tavytera</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_languages" title="Guarayu languages">Guarayu</a> (II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_language" title="Guarayu language">Guarayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauserna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauserna language">Pauserna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Sirionó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi_languages" title="Tupi languages">Tupi</a> (III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Old Tupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potiguara_language" title="Potiguara language">Potiguara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_languages" title="Tenetehara languages">Tenetehara</a> (IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av%C3%A1-Canoeiro_language" title="Avá-Canoeiro language">Avá-Canoeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Guajajara" title="Guajajara">Guajajara</a></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra_language" title="Turiwára language">Turiwára</a></i></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xingu_languages" title="Xingu languages">Xingu</a> (V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanay%C3%A9_language" title="Amanayé language">Amanayé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamb%C3%A9_language" title="Anambé language">Anambé</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ararandewara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararandewara language">Ararandewara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawet%C3%A9_language" title="Araweté language">Araweté</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A1_language" title="Aurá language">Aurá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingu_Asurini_language" title="Xingu Asurini language">Xingu Asurini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kawah%C3%ADb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawahíb language">Kawahíb</a> (VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1_language" title="Apiaká language">Apiaká</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Karipuna</a> (Jau-Navo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayabi_language" title="Kayabi language">Kayabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru-Pa-In_language" title="Uru-Pa-In language">Uru-Pa-In</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a> (VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Northern Tupi–Guarani languages">Northern</a> (VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerillon_language" title="Emerillon language">Emerillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaj%C3%A1_language" title="Guajá language">Guajá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takunyap%C3%A9_language" title="Takunyapé language">Takunyapé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_language" title="Ka'apor language">Urubu–Kaapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi_language" title="Wayampi language">Wayampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampipuk%C3%BA_language" title="Wayampipukú language">Wayampipukú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tupian_language" title="Proto-Tupian language">Proto-Tupian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct 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