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Accessory nerve - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Examination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Injury" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Injury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Injury</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Injury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additional images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Accessory nerve</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="عصب إضافي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصب إضافي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flav%C9%99_sinir" title="Əlavə sinir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əlavə sinir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆ་ལག་དབང་རྩ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆ་ལག་དབང་རྩ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervi_accessori_espinal" title="Nervi accessori espinal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nervi accessori espinal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADdatn%C3%BD_nerv" title="Přídatný nerv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přídatný nerv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervus_accessorius" title="Nervus accessorius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nervus accessorius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisan%C3%A4rv" title="Lisanärv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lisanärv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Παραπληρωματικό νεύρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραπληρωματικό νεύρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervio_accesorio" title="Nervio accesorio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nervio accesorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerbio_laguntzaile" title="Nerbio laguntzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nerbio laguntzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="عصب فرعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصب فرعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerf_accessoire" title="Nerf accessoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nerf accessoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervio_accesorio" title="Nervio accesorio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nervio accesorio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%94%EB%B6%80%EC%8B%A0%EA%B2%BD" title="더부신경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="더부신경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraf_aksesorius" title="Saraf aksesorius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saraf aksesorius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo_accessorio" title="Nervo accessorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nervo accessorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99" title="עצב הלוואי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עצב הלוואי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervus_accessorius" title="Nervus accessorius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nervus accessorius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priedinis_nervas" title="Priedinis nervas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Priedinis nervas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rul%C3%A9kos_ideg" title="Járulékos ideg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Járulékos ideg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervus_accessorius" title="Nervus accessorius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nervus accessorius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%A5%9E%E7%B5%8C" title="副神経 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="副神経" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervus_accessorius" title="Nervus accessorius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nervus accessorius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervus_accessorius" title="Nervus accessorius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nervus accessorius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BBshimcha_nerv" title="Qoʻshimcha nerv – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻshimcha nerv" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerw_dodatkowy" title="Nerw dodatkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nerw dodatkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervo_acess%C3%B3rio" title="Nervo acessório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nervo acessório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerv_accesor" title="Nerv accesor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nerv accesor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2" title="Добавочный нерв – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Добавочный нерв" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Помоћни живац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Помоћни живац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C4%87ni_%C5%BEivac" title="Pomoćni živac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pomoćni živac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lis%C3%A4hermo" title="Lisähermo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lisähermo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervus_accessorius" title="Nervus accessorius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nervus accessorius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalikat_na_nerbiyos" title="Kabalikat na nerbiyos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabalikat na nerbiyos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksesuar_sinir" title="Aksesuar sinir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aksesuar sinir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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The accessory nerve emerges from the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>, and is visible at the bottom of the image in blue.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Innervates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscle" title="Sternocleidomastoid muscle">Sternocleidomastoid muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscle">trapezius muscle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>nervus accessorius</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000055">D000055</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.2.01.184%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.2.01.184</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.02.112%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.02.112</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6352">6352</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&amp;conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma6720">6720</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">&#91;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271987" class="extiw" title="d:Q271987">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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nowraplinks" style="margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; width:auto; border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">Cranial nerves</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li>CN 0 – <a href="/wiki/Terminal_nerve" title="Terminal nerve">Terminal</a></li> <li>CN I – <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory</a></li> <li>CN II – <a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic</a></li> <li>CN III – <a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">Oculomotor</a></li> <li>CN IV – <a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">Trochlear</a></li> <li>CN V – <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal</a></li> <li>CN VI – <a href="/wiki/Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">Abducens</a></li> <li>CN VII – <a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve"> Facial</a></li> <li>CN VIII – <a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear</a></li> <li>CN IX – <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal</a></li> <li>CN X – <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">Vagus</a></li> <li>CN XI – <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accessory</a></li> <li>CN XII – <a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">Hypoglossal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">Overview</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_cranial_nerves" title="Table of cranial nerves">Table</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cranial_nerves_short" title="Template:Cranial nerves short"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cranial_nerves_short" title="Template talk:Cranial nerves short"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial_nerves_short" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial nerves short"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>accessory nerve</b>, also known as the <b>eleventh cranial nerve</b>, <b>cranial nerve XI</b>, or simply <b>CN XI</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve">cranial nerve</a> that supplies the <a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternocleidomastoid">sternocleidomastoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscle">trapezius muscles</a>. It is classified as the eleventh of twelve pairs of cranial nerves because part of it was formerly believed to originate in the brain. The sternocleidomastoid muscle tilts and rotates the head, whereas the trapezius muscle, connecting to the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>, acts to shrug the shoulder. </p><p>Traditional descriptions of the accessory nerve divide it into a spinal part and a cranial part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The cranial component rapidly joins the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a>, and there is ongoing debate about whether the cranial part should be considered part of the accessory nerve proper.<sup id="cite_ref-luc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luc-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Consequently, the term "accessory nerve" usually refers only to nerve supplying the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, also called the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_root_of_accessory_nerve" title="Spinal root of accessory nerve">spinal accessory nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANTHONEY1993_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANTHONEY1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Strength testing of these muscles can be measured during a <a href="/wiki/Neurological_examination" title="Neurological examination">neurological examination</a> to assess function of the spinal accessory nerve. Poor strength or limited movement are suggestive of damage, which can result from a variety of causes. Injury to the spinal accessory nerve is most commonly caused by medical procedures that involve the head and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-london_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-london-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Injury can cause wasting of the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a> muscles, <a href="/wiki/Winged_scapula" title="Winged scapula">winging of the scapula</a>, and weakness of shoulder abduction and <a href="/wiki/External_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="External rotation">external rotation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KELLEY2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KELLEY2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accessory nerve is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Basal_plate_(neural_tube)" title="Basal plate (neural tube)">basal plate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> spinal segments C1–C6.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spinal_root_of_accessory_nerve" title="Spinal root of accessory nerve">Spinal root of accessory nerve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cranial_root_of_accessory_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial root of accessory nerve">Cranial root of accessory nerve</a></div> <p>The fibres of the spinal accessory nerve originate solely in <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> situated in the upper <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, from where the spinal cord begins at the junction with the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>, to the level of about C6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ryan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These fibres join to form rootlets, roots, and finally the spinal accessory nerve itself. The formed nerve enters the skull through the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_magnum" title="Foramen magnum">foramen magnum</a>, the large opening at the skull's base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The nerve travels along the inner wall of the skull towards the <a href="/wiki/Jugular_foramen" title="Jugular foramen">jugular foramen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Leaving the skull, the nerve travels through the jugular foramen with the <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">glossopharyngeal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The spinal accessory nerve is notable for being the only cranial nerve to both enter and exit the skull. This is due to it being unique among the cranial nerves in having neurons in the spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-Finsterer2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finsterer2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving the skull, the cranial component detaches from the spinal component. The spinal accessory nerve continues alone and heads backwards and downwards. In the neck, the accessory nerve crosses the internal jugular vein around the level of the posterior belly of digastric muscle. As it courses downwards, the nerve pierces through the <a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscle" title="Sternocleidomastoid muscle">sternocleidomastoid muscle</a> (approximately 1&#160;cm above <a href="/wiki/Erb%27s_point_(neurology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erb&#39;s point (neurology)">Erb's point</a>) while sending it <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron" title="Motor neuron">motor</a> branches, then continues down until it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscle">trapezius muscle</a> (entering at the junction of the middle and lower third of the anterior border of the <a href="/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius">trapezius</a>) to provide motor innervation to its upper part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008460_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008460-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleus">Nucleus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Nucleus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nucleus" title="Spinal accessory nucleus">Spinal accessory nucleus</a></div> <p>The fibres that form the spinal accessory nerve are formed by <a href="/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" title="Lower motor neuron">lower motor neurons</a> located in the upper segments of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(neuroanatomy)" title="Nucleus (neuroanatomy)">cluster of neurons</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nucleus" title="Spinal accessory nucleus">spinal accessory nucleus</a>, is located in the lateral aspect of the anterior horn of the spinal cord, and stretches from where the spinal cord begins (at the junction with the medulla) through to the level of about C6.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The lateral horn of high cervical segments appears to be continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>, from which the cranial component of the accessory nerve is derived.<sup id="cite_ref-Finsterer2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finsterer2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the neck, the accessory nerve crosses the internal jugular vein around the level of the posterior belly of <a href="/wiki/Digastric_muscle" title="Digastric muscle">digastric muscle</a>, in front of the vein in about 80% of people, and behind it in about 20%,<sup id="cite_ref-Finsterer2015_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finsterer2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and in one reported case, piercing the vein.<sup id="cite_ref-saman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the accessory nerve is described as having a small cranial component that descends from the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla</a> and briefly connects with the spinal accessory component before branching off of the nerve to join the vagus nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A study, published in 2007, of twelve subjects suggests that in the majority of individuals, this cranial component does not make any distinct connection to the spinal component; the roots of these distinct components were separated by a fibrous sheath in all but one subject.<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accessory nerve is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Basal_plate_(neural_tube)" title="Basal plate (neural tube)">basal plate</a> of the embryonic spinal segments C1–C6.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Nerve-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image showing the head with two muscles highlighted." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Nerve-02.jpg/220px-1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Nerve-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Nerve-02.jpg/330px-1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Nerve-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Nerve-02.jpg/440px-1610_Muscles_Controlled_by_the_Accessory_Nerve-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>The accessory nerve supplies the <a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscle" title="Sternocleidomastoid muscle">sternocleidomastoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscle">trapezius muscles</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The spinal component of the accessory nerve provides motor control of the <a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternocleidomastoid">sternocleidomastoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius">trapezius</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The trapezius muscle controls the action of shrugging the shoulders, and the sternocleidomastoid the action of turning the head.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Like most muscles, control of the trapezius muscle arises from the opposite side of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Contraction of the upper part of the trapezius muscle elevates the scapula.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The nerve fibres supplying sternocleidomastoid, however, are thought to change sides (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">decussate</i>) twice. This means that the sternocleidomastoid is controlled by the brain on the same side of the body. Contraction of the stenocleidomastoid fibres turns the head to the opposite side, the net effect meaning that the head is turned to the side of the brain receiving visual information from that area.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The cranial component of the accessory nerve, on the other hand, provides motor control to the muscles of the soft palate, larynx and pharynx. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among researchers there is disagreement regarding the terminology used to describe the type of information carried by the accessory nerve. As the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arches</a>, some researchers believe the spinal accessory nerve that innervates them must carry specific <a href="/wiki/Special_visceral_efferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Special visceral efferent">special visceral efferent</a> (SVE) information.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This is in line with the observation that the spinal accessory nucleus appears to be continuous with the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a> of the medulla. Others consider the spinal accessory nerve to carry <a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">general somatic efferent</a> (GSE) information.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Still others believe it is reasonable to conclude that the spinal accessory nerve contains both SVE and GSE components.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examination">Examination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Examination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accessory nerve is tested by evaluating the function of the <a href="/wiki/Trapezius" title="Trapezius">trapezius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sternocleidomastoid_muscle" title="Sternocleidomastoid muscle">sternocleidomastoid muscles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The trapezius muscle is tested by asking the patient to shrug their shoulders with and without resistance. The sternocleidomastoid muscle is tested by asking the patient to turn their head to the left or right against resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>One-sided weakness of the trapezius may indicate injury to the nerve on the same side of an injury to the spinal accessory nerve on the same side (Latin: <i lang="la">ipsilateral</i>) of the body being assessed.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Weakness in head-turning suggests injury to the contralateral spinal accessory nerve: a weak leftward turn is indicative of a weak right sternocleidomastoid muscle (and thus right spinal accessory nerve injury), while a weak rightward turn is indicative of a weak left sternocleidomastoid muscle (and thus left spinal accessory nerve).<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hence, weakness of shrug on one side and head-turning on the other side may indicate damage to the accessory nerve on the side of the shrug weakness, or damage along the nerve pathway at the other side of the brain. Causes of damage may include trauma, surgery, tumours, and compression at the jugular foramen.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Weakness in both muscles may point to a more general disease process such as <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Poliomyelitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poliomyelitis">poliomyelitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TC2014_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TC2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Injury">Injury</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Injury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accessory_nerve_disorder" title="Accessory nerve disorder">Accessory nerve disorder</a></div> <p>Injury to the spinal accessory nerve commonly occurs during neck surgery, including <a href="/wiki/Neck_dissection" title="Neck dissection">neck dissection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph node</a> excision. It can also occur as a result of blunt or penetrating trauma, and in some causes spontaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-MARTIN2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARTIN2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KELLEY2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KELLEY2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Damage at any point along the nerve's course will affect the function of the nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008460_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008460-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The nerve is intentionally removed in "radical" neck dissections, which are attempts at exploring the neck surgically for the presence and extent of cancer. Attempts are made to spare it in other forms of less aggressive dissection.<sup id="cite_ref-KELLEY2008_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KELLEY2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Injury to the accessory nerve can result in neck pain and weakness of the trapezius muscle. Symptoms will depend on at what point along its length the nerve was severed.<sup id="cite_ref-KELLEY2008_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KELLEY2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Injury to the nerve can result in shoulder girdle depression, atrophy, abnormal movement, a protruding scapula, and weakened <a href="/wiki/Abduction_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abduction (anatomy)">abduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KELLEY2008_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KELLEY2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Weakness of the shoulder girdle can lead to traction injury of the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">brachial plexus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008460_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008460-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Because diagnosis is difficult, <a href="/wiki/Electromyogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromyogram">electromyogram</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nerve_conduction_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve conduction studies">nerve conduction studies</a> may be needed to confirm a suspected injury.<sup id="cite_ref-KELLEY2008_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KELLEY2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Outcomes with surgical treatment appear to be better than conservative management, which entails physiotherapy and pain relief.<sup id="cite_ref-MARTIN2007_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARTIN2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Surgical management includes <a href="/wiki/Neurolysis" title="Neurolysis">neurolysis</a>, nerve end-to-end suturing, and surgical replacement of affected trapezius muscle segments with other muscle groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eden-Lange_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Eden-Lange procedure">Eden-Lange procedure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MARTIN2007_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARTIN2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Damage to the nerve can cause <a href="/wiki/Torticollis" title="Torticollis">torticollis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English anatomist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willis" title="Thomas Willis">Thomas Willis</a> in 1664 first described the accessory nerve, choosing to use "accessory" (described in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <i>nervus accessorius</i>) meaning in association with the vagus nerve.<sup id="cite_ref-NAMING2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAMING2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Jones_Quain" title="Jones Quain">Jones Quain</a> described the nerve as the "spinal nerve accessory to the vagus", recognizing that while a minor component of the nerve joins with the larger vagus nerve, the majority of accessory nerve fibres originate in the spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-ANTHONEY1993_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANTHONEY1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1893 it was recognised that the heretofore named nerve fibres "accessory" to the vagus originated from the same nucleus in the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>, and it came to pass that these fibres were increasingly viewed as part of the vagus nerve itself.<sup id="cite_ref-ANTHONEY1993_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANTHONEY1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Consequently, the term "accessory nerve" was and is increasingly used to denote only fibres from the spinal cord; the fact that only the spinal portion could be tested clinically lent weight to this opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-ANTHONEY1993_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANTHONEY1993-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anatomy_mnemonics#Cranial_nerves" title="List of anatomy mnemonics">List of anatomy mnemonics#Cranial nerves</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Additional images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray793.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. The accessory nerve (top left) travels down through the jugular foramen with the other two nerves, and then passes down, usually over the internal jugular vein, to supply the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles"><img alt="Course and distribution of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves. The accessory nerve (top left) travels down through the jugular foramen with the other two nerves, and then passes down, usually over the internal jugular vein, to supply the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gray793.png/52px-Gray793.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gray793.png/77px-Gray793.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gray793.png/103px-Gray793.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Course and distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossopharyngeal">glossopharyngeal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagus">vagus</a>, and accessory nerves. The accessory nerve (top left) travels down through the jugular foramen with the other two nerves, and then passes down, usually over the internal jugular vein, to supply the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray1210.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Side of the neck, with accessory nerve seen between the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles"><img alt="Side of the neck, with accessory nerve seen between the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray1210.png/120px-Gray1210.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray1210.png/180px-Gray1210.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gray1210.png/240px-Gray1210.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Side of the neck, with accessory nerve seen between the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slide2ZEO.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The brain and upper spinal cord in a cadaver specimen. The accessory nerve can be seen as a number of rootlets arising from the medulla."><img alt="The brain and upper spinal cord in a cadaver specimen. The accessory nerve can be seen as a number of rootlets arising from the medulla." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Slide2ZEO.JPG/120px-Slide2ZEO.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Slide2ZEO.JPG/180px-Slide2ZEO.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Slide2ZEO.JPG/240px-Slide2ZEO.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The brain and upper spinal cord in a <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadaver</a> specimen. The accessory nerve can be seen as a number of rootlets arising from the medulla.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008459_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008">Gray's Anatomy 2008</a>, p.&#160;459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-luc-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-luc_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedED/grossanatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn11.htm">"Spinal Accessory Nerve"</a>. <i>Structure of the Human body, Loyola University Medical Education Network</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616051402/http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Structure+of+the+Human+body%2C+Loyola+University+Medical+Education+Network&amp;rft.atitle=Spinal+Accessory+Nerve&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meddean.luc.edu%2Flumen%2FMedED%2Fgrossanatomy%2Fh_n%2Fcn%2Fcn1%2Fcn11.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessory+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANTHONEY1993-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANTHONEY1993_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANTHONEY1993_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANTHONEY1993_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANTHONEY1993_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerence_R._Anthoney1993" class="citation book cs1">Terence R. Anthoney (1993). <i>Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam: A Thesaurus of Synonyms, Similar-Sounding Non-Synonyms, and Terms of Variable Meanings</i>. 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In unison, the pri- mary function of the trapezius is to up- wardly rotate the scapula during shoulder elevation, forming a force couple with the serratus anterior</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Orthopaedic+%26+Sports+Physical+Therapy&amp;rft.atitle=Spinal+Accessory+Nerve+Palsy%3A+Associated+Signs+and+Symptoms&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&amp;rft.date=2008-02&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2519%2Fjospt.2008.2454&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18560187&amp;rft.aulast=Kelley&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&amp;rft.au=Kane%2C+Thomas+E.&amp;rft.au=Leggin%2C+Brian+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessory+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_T._Mosenthal1995" class="citation book cs1">William T. Mosenthal (1995). <i>A Textbook of Neuroanatomy: With Atlas and Dissection Guide</i>. 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"Torticollis". <i>Journal of Child Neurology</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">365–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0883073812469294">10.1177/0883073812469294</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23271760">23271760</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216099695">216099695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Child+Neurology&amp;rft.atitle=Torticollis&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216099695%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23271760&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0883073812469294&amp;rft.aulast=Tomczak&amp;rft.aufirst=K&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessory+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAMING2014-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAMING2014_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisGriessenauerBosmiaTubbs2014" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Matthew C.; Griessenauer, Christoph J.; Bosmia, Anand N.; Tubbs, R. Shane; Shoja, Mohammadali M. (January 2014). "The naming of the cranial nerves: A historical review". <i>Clinical Anatomy</i>. <b>27</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fca.22345">10.1002/ca.22345</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24323823">24323823</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15242391">15242391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Clinical+Anatomy&amp;rft.atitle=The+naming+of+the+cranial+nerves%3A+A+historical+review&amp;rft.volume=27&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&amp;rft.date=2014-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15242391%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24323823&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fca.22345&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.&amp;rft.au=Griessenauer%2C+Christoph+J.&amp;rft.au=Bosmia%2C+Anand+N.&amp;rft.au=Tubbs%2C+R.+Shane&amp;rft.au=Shoja%2C+Mohammadali+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessory+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones_Quain1848" class="citation book cs1">Jones Quain (1848). Richard Quain; William Sharpey (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wSAEAAAAQAAJ"><i>Elements of Anatomy</i></a>. Vol.&#160;2 (5th&#160;ed.). London: Taylor, Walton, and Maberly. p.&#160;812.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Elements+of+Anatomy&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=812&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=Taylor%2C+Walton%2C+and+Maberly&amp;rft.date=1848&amp;rft.au=Jones+Quain&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwSAEAAAAQAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessory+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray&#39;s_Anatomy2008" class="citation book cs1"><i>Gray's anatomy&#160;: the anatomical basis of clinical practice</i>. editor-in-chief, Susan Standring (40th&#160;ed.). London: Churchill Livingstone. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8089-2371-8"><bdi>978-0-8089-2371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Gray%27s+anatomy+%3A+the+anatomical+basis+of+clinical+practice&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.edition=40th&amp;rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8089-2371-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessory+nerve" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessory_nerve&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nervus_accessorius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nervus accessorius">Nervus accessorius</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyola_University_Chicago" title="Loyola University Chicago">MedEd at Loyola</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meddean.luc.edu/Lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn11.htm">GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn11.htm</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/lesson6.htm">lesson6</a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/cranialnerves.htm">cranialnerves</a> at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesnorman.com/Images/XI.jpg">XI</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ect.downstate.edu/courseware/haonline/labs/l28/130115.htm">Anatomy photo:28:13-0115</a> at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222022/http://www.yale.edu/cnerves/cn11/cn11_1.html">"11-1"</a>. <i>Cranial Nerves</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine" title="Yale School of Medicine">Yale School of Medicine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/cnerves/cn11/cn11_1.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Cranial+Nerves&amp;rft.atitle=11-1&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fcnerves%2Fcn11%2Fcn11_1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessory+nerve" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_cranial_nerves516" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cranial_nerves" title="Template talk:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial_nerves" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cranial nerves"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_cranial_nerves516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial nerves</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Terminal_nerve" title="Terminal nerve">Terminal</a> (CN 0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Septal_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Septal nuclei">septal nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory</a> (CN I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_olfactory_nucleus" title="Anterior olfactory nucleus">anterior olfactory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_tract" title="Olfactory tract">olfactory tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic</a> (CN II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_chiasm" title="Optic chiasm">optic chiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_tract" title="Optic tract">optic tract</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">Oculomotor</a> (CN III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior branch of oculomotor nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_root_of_ciliary_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion">parasympathetic root</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_ganglion" title="Ciliary ganglion">ciliary ganglion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_branch_of_oculomotor_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nerve" title="Trochlear nerve">Trochlear</a> (CN IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal</a> (CN V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_sensory_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve">PSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_trigeminal_nucleus" title="Spinal trigeminal nucleus">spinal trigeminal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_motor_nucleus" title="Trigeminal motor nucleus">TMN</a></li></ul></li> <li>Course <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_ganglion" title="Trigeminal ganglion">trigeminal ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_nerve" title="Ophthalmic nerve">ophthalmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_nerve" title="Maxillary nerve">maxillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">mandibular</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abducens_nerve" title="Abducens nerve">Abducens</a> (CN VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abducens_nucleus" title="Abducens nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><i>no significant branches</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial</a> (CN VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_nerve" title="Intermediate nerve">Intermediate nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geniculate_ganglion" title="Geniculate ganglion">Geniculate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inside<br /><a href="/wiki/Facial_canal" title="Facial canal">facial canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_petrosal_nerve" title="Greater petrosal nerve">Greater petrosal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pterygopalatine_ganglion" title="Pterygopalatine ganglion">pterygopalatine ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_to_the_stapedius" title="Nerve to the stapedius">Nerve to the stapedius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorda_tympani" title="Chorda tympani">Chorda tympani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_nerve" title="Lingual nerve">lingual nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submandibular_ganglion" title="Submandibular ganglion">submandibular ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">At <a href="/wiki/Stylomastoid_foramen" title="Stylomastoid foramen">stylomastoid<br />foramen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_nerve" title="Posterior auricular nerve">Posterior auricular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprahyoid_muscles" title="Suprahyoid muscles">Suprahyoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digastric_branch_of_facial_nerve" title="Digastric branch of facial nerve">digastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylohyoid_branch_of_facial_nerve" title="Stylohyoid branch of facial nerve">stylohyoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parotid_plexus" title="Parotid plexus">Parotid plexus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_branches_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Temporal branches of the facial nerve">temporal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_branches_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Zygomatic branches of the facial nerve">zygomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_branch_of_the_facial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal branch of the facial nerve">buccal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_mandibular_branch_of_facial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal mandibular branch of facial nerve">mandibular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_branch_of_the_facial_nerve" title="Cervical branch of the facial nerve">cervical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_motor_nucleus" title="Facial motor nucleus">Facial motor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_salivary_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior salivary nucleus">Superior salivary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear</a> (CN VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nuclei" title="Vestibular nuclei">vestibular nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochlear nuclei">cochlear nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochlear_nerve" title="Cochlear nerve">Cochlear nerve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striae_medullares" class="mw-redirect" title="Striae medullares">striae medullares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">lateral lemniscus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_nerve" title="Vestibular nerve">Vestibular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scarpa%27s_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarpa&#39;s ganglion">Scarpa's ganglion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal</a> (CN IX)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Superior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Inferior ganglion of glossopharyngeal nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_nerve" title="Tympanic nerve">Tympanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tympanic_plexus" title="Tympanic plexus">tympanic plexus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_petrosal_nerve" title="Lesser petrosal nerve">lesser petrosal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otic_ganglion" title="Otic ganglion">otic ganglion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylopharyngeal_branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Stylopharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve">Stylopharyngeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Pharyngeal branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsillar_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Tonsillar branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Tonsillar branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_branches_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Lingual branches of glossopharyngeal nerve">Lingual branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_of_glossopharyngeal_nerve_to_carotid_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Branch of glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid sinus">Carotid sinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_salivatory_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior salivatory nucleus">Inferior salivatory nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">Vagus</a> (CN X)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ganglia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve" title="Superior ganglion of vagus nerve">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_ganglion_of_vagus_nerve" title="Inferior ganglion of vagus nerve">inferior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After <a href="/wiki/Jugular_fossa" title="Jugular fossa">jugular fossa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Meningeal branch of vagus nerve">Meningeal branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auricular_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Auricular branch of vagus nerve">Auricular branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_branch_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve">Pharyngeal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_plexus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pharyngeal plexus of vagus nerve">pharyngeal plexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_laryngeal_nerve" title="Superior laryngeal nerve">Superior laryngeal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_laryngeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="External laryngeal nerve">external</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_laryngeal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal laryngeal nerve">internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_laryngeal_nerve" title="Recurrent laryngeal nerve">Recurrent laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cervical_cardiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior cervical cardiac branches of vagus nerve">Superior cervical cardiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_cardiac_branches_of_the_vagus_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior cardiac branches of the vagus nerve">Inferior cardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Pulmonary branches of vagus nerve">Pulmonary</a></li> <li>Vagal trunks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Anterior vagal trunk">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_vagal_trunk" title="Posterior vagal trunk">posterior</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celiac_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Celiac branches of vagus nerve">Celiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_branches_of_vagus_nerve" title="Renal branches of vagus nerve">Renal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Hepatic branches of anterior vagal trunk">Hepatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_gastric_branches_of_anterior_vagal_trunk" title="Anterior gastric branches of anterior vagal trunk">Anterior gastric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_gastric_branches_of_posterior_vagal_trunk" title="Posterior gastric branches of posterior vagal trunk">Posterior gastric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">Nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nucleus_of_vagus_nerve" title="Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve">Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_nucleus" title="Solitary nucleus">Solitary nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accessory</a> (CN XI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nuclei <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_ambiguus" title="Nucleus ambiguus">nucleus ambiguus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_accessory_nucleus" title="Spinal accessory nucleus">spinal accessory nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_root_of_accessory_nerves" title="Cranial root of accessory nerves">Cranial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_root_of_accessory_nerve" title="Spinal root of accessory nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve" title="Hypoglossal nerve">Hypoglossal</a> (CN XII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus" title="Hypoglossal nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li>Branches <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingual_branches_of_hypoglossal_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingual branches of hypoglossal nerve">lingual</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox833" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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