History | Imperial College Business School

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <script> //let partyLib = '/themes/custom/icbs/build/js/partytown/'; //if (window.location.href.indexOf("business-school") > -1) { // partyLib = '/business-school' + partyLib; //} //partytown = { // lib: partyLib, // //forward: ['dataLayer.push', 'fbq'], // //resolveUrl: function (url, location, type) { // // //if (type === 'script') { // // // const proxyUrl = new URL('https://cdn.builder.codes/api/v1/js-proxy'); // // // proxyUrl.searchParams.append('url', url.href); // // // proxyUrl.searchParams.append('apiKey', '15f3da5fbb10456e95a390848ef2b861'); // // // return proxyUrl; // // //} // // if (type === 'script') { // // var proxyUrl = new URL('https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/'); // // proxyUrl.searchParams.append('url', url.href); // // return proxyUrl; // // } // // return url; // //}, //}; // ///* Partytown 0.7.0 - MIT builder.io */ //!function(t,e,n,i,r,o,a,d,s,c,p,l){function u(){l||(l=1,"/"==(a=(o.lib||"/~partytown/")+(o.debug?"debug/":""))[0]&&(s=e.querySelectorAll('script[type="text/partytown"]'),i!=t?i.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pt1",{detail:t})):(d=setTimeout(w,1e4),e.addEventListener("pt0",f),r?h(1):n.serviceWorker?n.serviceWorker.register(a+(o.swPath||"partytown-sw.js"),{scope:a}).then((function(t){t.active?h():t.installing&&t.installing.addEventListener("statechange",(function(t){"activated"==t.target.state&&h()}))}),console.error):w())))}function h(t){c=e.createElement(t?"script":"iframe"),t||(c.setAttribute("style","display:block;width:0;height:0;border:0;visibility:hidden"),c.setAttribute("aria-hidden",!0)),c.src=a+"partytown-"+(t?"atomics.js?v=0.7.0":"sandbox-sw.html?"+Date.now()),e.body.appendChild(c)}function w(t,n){for(f(),t=0;t<s.length;t++)(n=e.createElement("script")).innerHTML=s[t].innerHTML,e.head.appendChild(n);c&&c.parentNode.removeChild(c)}function f(){clearTimeout(d)}o=t.partytown||{},i==t&&(o.forward||[]).map((function(e){p=t,e.split(".").map((function(e,n,i){p=p[i[n]]=n+1<i.length?"push"==i[n+1]?[]:p[i[n]]||{}:function(){(t._ptf=t._ptf||[]).push(i,arguments)}}))})),"complete"==e.readyState?u():(t.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",u),t.addEventListener("load",u))}(window,document,navigator,top,window.crossOriginIsolated); </script>  <script src="https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="504a1c92-b457-4e6b-ac1a-afd67320ff16" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>   <script> (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-NLPNR5'); </script>  <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="History main page" /> <meta name="abstract" content="History main page" /> <meta name="geo.placename" content="London" /> <meta name="geo.region" content="GB" /> <meta name="icbm" content="51.499273, -0.174787" /> <meta name="geo.position" content="51.499273, -0.174787" /> <meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/about-us/history/" /> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Imperial College Business School" /> <meta property="og:type" content="Basic page" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/about-us/history/" /> <meta property="og:title" content="History" /> <meta property="og:description" content="History main page" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/sites/default/files/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/sites/default/files/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="History" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="History main page" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ImperialBiz" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/about-us/history/" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/sites/default/files/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.jpg" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1120036338",accountID:"3403031",trustKey:"66686",xpid:"VwIHUlZQCRABVFJUDggGV1cJ",licenseKey:"NRJS-dc31a2b6da7019ef036",applicationID:"1036991138"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>p,gD:()=>m,xN:()=>g});var n=r(3333),i=r(993);const o=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var a=r(2614),s=r(944),c=r(384),u=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",l=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:i.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:a.wk,inactiveMs:a.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){o(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,s.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){o(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,s.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,s.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},f={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function p(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);f[e]=(0,u.a)(t,l());const r=(0,c.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=f[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=p(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>c,Qu:()=>u,TZ:()=>s,ih:()=>d,pP:()=>a,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit","popstate"],o="api",a="initialPageLoad",s=n.K7.softNav,c={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},u={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},d={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>T,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>A,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>E,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",E="cb"+R,T="jsTime",A="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);const E=new Map;function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[x.Jt]||t[r];return E.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>E.get(c))),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const S={};var N=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:E,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();E||(x=L.init,E=L.info,j=L.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),E.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(E.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,E);const H=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),M=[E.beacon,E.errorBeacon];P||(H.proxy.assets&&(I(H.proxy.assets),M.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&M.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?M:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");S[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{S[e]=t}));var E="api-",A=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function _(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(E,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.recordCustomEvent=I(E,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new _).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const O=_.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(A+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{O[e]=I(A,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(A,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!S[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.281.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-jmvAlmjCn64ans8tLueqHRlBI/iWekylsDWb94A77CG0ukSriVDvgD3dThx+XjUSBBBMYhFn8B1a18fViyBPEQ==",249:"sha512-ICY/ZrcytM/86t5KFy+9OAWVYmNNJy10EBtxoSUGjQWuZx53p/eLo+L8HfrGjvHuRHRnutqLTGSnvNttffJkaA==",212:"sha512-pQSn+X/RfBOvx/49HvlghaiXMLhhDQXTi13n1N2XMpDquWJgs9U0pbqE3RbAnYC9nsdaTu/RVGvneEPv1fpCxA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),E=i(2843),T=i(3878),A=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=A.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,A.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,T.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,A.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var _=i(3969);class O extends b{static featureName=_.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class M extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,T.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var D=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,D.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===p.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,T.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,T.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(_.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Ee,Lc:Te,uP:Ae,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var _e=i(2614);class Oe extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(_e.H3,"_").concat(_e.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===_e.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(_e.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=_e.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==_e.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=_e.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,T.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var je=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,T.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,T.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function Me(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const De={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(De[t.debugId]++)return t;De[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:$e,e5:Je,tH:Qe,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=je;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=Me(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Je]=~~this[Je]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on($e,m),o.on($e,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([Qe+Ze,Qe+"-done",Qe+Xe+Ze,Qe+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,$e,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,Qe+Ze),v(d,Qe+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,T.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(p.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,T.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,T.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&p.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,x.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,Oe,O,M,ot,ct,Pe,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <link rel="icon" href="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>History | Imperial College Business School</title> <link rel="preload" href="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/fonts/NeueHaasUnica/NeueHaasUnicaW05-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/fonts/NeueHaasUnica/NeueHaasUnicaW05-Medium.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Raleway&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/business-school/sites/default/files/css/css_vcEkd7i_Incn87642qE_KFR76eQLlv2mABpI8kPnW6A.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=icbs&include=eJxlkOFuwzAIhF8oqR_JwjaLvRGwgFTtnn5pkirK-g-dD_zdwTc8IgkU1ADnfPOqkhLqYJIbUJyxNIjU-MfCp7TaccbBnuY4hwSGQyYwe17mGc1gQhuyKAYWnYHaLw4tJwsTSQLa5y8RRx0hZ13_cPAmvL3E3WWhZWFD3-07z7iRfCjXi6XoCnHRshDhhMd6B4VJoVcLRZcOdDuV28J9SdSsYtlPrISi5U0XHB_-DstSjmQnRZU7amNH9msc4FxFty7jfS2lgIteLdJfLVg0BM31iNkcx6TApfH0ryCMXfrS_wBmd7nY" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/business-school/sites/default/files/css/css_gpdvtOvtPOIbzKsPLrwXD4DhUJTlTLT5RUGSZxXCWPk.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=icbs&include=eJxlkOFuwzAIhF8oqR_JwjaLvRGwgFTtnn5pkirK-g-dD_zdwTc8IgkU1ADnfPOqkhLqYJIbUJyxNIjU-MfCp7TaccbBnuY4hwSGQyYwe17mGc1gQhuyKAYWnYHaLw4tJwsTSQLa5y8RRx0hZ13_cPAmvL3E3WWhZWFD3-07z7iRfCjXi6XoCnHRshDhhMd6B4VJoVcLRZcOdDuV28J9SdSsYtlPrISi5U0XHB_-DstSjmQnRZU7amNH9msc4FxFty7jfS2lgIteLdJfLVg0BM31iNkcx6TApfH0ryCMXfrS_wBmd7nY" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/business-school/sites/default/files/css/css_ikWRWXUBrLC404N2A_oMeA8E8DYIiJL5Qey4vSqV434.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=icbs&include=eJxlkOFuwzAIhF8oqR_JwjaLvRGwgFTtnn5pkirK-g-dD_zdwTc8IgkU1ADnfPOqkhLqYJIbUJyxNIjU-MfCp7TaccbBnuY4hwSGQyYwe17mGc1gQhuyKAYWnYHaLw4tJwsTSQLa5y8RRx0hZ13_cPAmvL3E3WWhZWFD3-07z7iRfCjXi6XoCnHRshDhhMd6B4VJoVcLRZcOdDuV28J9SdSsYtlPrISi5U0XHB_-DstSjmQnRZU7amNH9msc4FxFty7jfS2lgIteLdJfLVg0BM31iNkcx6TApfH0ryCMXfrS_wBmd7nY" /> <script src="/business-school/core/assets/vendor/modernizr/modernizr.min.js?v=3.11.7"></script> </head> <body class="path-node page-node-type-page">  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NLPNR5" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div id="page-wrapper"> <div id="page" class="page page--node"> <header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="Site header"> <div class="section layout-container clearfix"> <div class="region region-header"> <div class="region__outer"> <div id="js-header-region-inner" class="region__inner"> <div class="c-site-branding"> <a href="/business-school/" title="Home" class="c-site-branding__site-logo" rel="home" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/logo.svg" alt="Home" id="site-logo--static" /> <div id="site-logo--animated"></div> </a> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-secondarytopnavigation-menu" id="block-secondarytopnavigation" class="block block-menu navigation menu--secondary-top-navigation"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-secondarytopnavigation-menu">Secondary Top Navigation</h2> <ul class="menu secondary-top-navigation"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/news/" data-drupal-link-system-path=""> News <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/blogs/" data-drupal-link-system-path=""> Blogs <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/events/" data-drupal-link-system-path=""> Events <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/corporate-relations/" data-drupal-link-system-path=""> Corporate Relations <i class="fa fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div id="block-search-block-header" class="block block-icbs-search block-search-block block--"> <button type="button" aria-label="Toggle search box" class="button button--header icbs-search-drawer__button js-drawer-search-toggle"> <i class="fa fa-times js-drawer-search-toggle search--close"></i> <i class="fa fa-search js-drawer-search-toggle search--open"></i> <span class="js-drawer-search-toggle search--open">Search</span> <span class="js-drawer-search-toggle search--close">Close</span> </button> <div style="display:none;"> <div id="js-icbs-search-drawer" class="icbs-search-drawer"> <form class="search-form" data-drupal-selector="search-form" novalidate="novalidate" action="/business-school/about-us/history/" method="post" id="search-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield form-type-textfield js-form-item-search-textfield form-item-search-textfield form-no-label"> <label for="edit-search-textfield" class="visually-hidden">Search</label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-search-textfield" type="text" id="edit-search-textfield" name="search_textfield" value="" size="64" maxlength="64" placeholder="Type your query here..." class="form-text" /> </div> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit button--primary" /> <input autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="form-dv4nczmu1nnk14pyhj4dedd7uvpittzlxnkvxpdydao" type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-Dv4NCzMU1nnK14PYhj4dedD7UvpITtZlxNkvXPdydao" /> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-search-form" type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_form" /> </form> </div> </div> </div> <button type="button" id="js-drawer-menu-toggle" aria-label="Toggle menu" class="button button--header region-header__drawer-menu-toggle js-drawer-menu-toggle"> Menu <i class="fa fa-bars"></i> </button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="region region-primary-menu"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div id="block-icbs-megamenu" class="block block-icbs-navigation block-main-menu-block block--"> <div class="megamenu-container"> <nav class="megamenu"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-0" data-menu-level="0"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--active-trail js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2">About us</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/rankings-facts-and-figures/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5388">Rankings, facts and figures</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--active-trail"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/history/" class="megamenu__link is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4">History</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/leadership/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4763">Leadership</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/publications/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8">Publications</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/global-initiatives/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Global Initiatives</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/corporate-relations/giving/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Giving</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/culture-and-inclusion/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6578">Culture and inclusion</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/job-opportunities/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18">Job opportunities</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/professional-staff/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17">Professional staff</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/careers/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3453">Careers</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/idea-lab/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6472">IDEA Lab</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/living-london/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19">Living in London</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/locations/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12">Locations</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/contact-us/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3446">Contact us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="megamenu__item js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/mba/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6282">MBA</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/mba/full-time-mba/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/968">Full-Time MBA</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/mba/global-online-mba/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2387">Global Online MBA</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/mba/weekend-mba/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2271">Weekend MBA</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/mba/executive-mba/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1107">Executive MBA</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/mba/connect/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6340">Connect with us</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/mba/compare/?compare%5B0%5D=1&compare%5B1%5D=2&compare%5B2%5D=3&compare%5B3%5D=4" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-query="{"compare":["1","2","3","4"]}" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6283">Compare our MBA programmes</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/our-students/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6302">Our students</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/imperial-advantage/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6284">The Imperial advantage</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/programmes/advisory-board/" class="megamenu__link">Advisory Board</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/mba/company-sponsorship/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6965">Company sponsorship</a> </li> </ul> <div class="menu-ctas"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/meet-us/" class="button button--cta "> Register for an upcoming MBA event </a> <a href="/business-school/mba/brochure/" class="button button--cta "> Download brochure </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="megamenu__item js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/masters/" class="megamenu__link" title="MSc" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6305">Masters'</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/masters/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6305">Finance Masters'</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/finance/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1879">MSc Finance</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/finance-accounting/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2563">MSc Finance & Accounting</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/financial-technology/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2480">MSc Financial Technology</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/investment-wealth-management/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2594">MSc Investment & Wealth Management</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/risk-management/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2672">MSc Risk Management & Financial Engineering</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/compare-finance-masters/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6311">Compare our Finance Masters'</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/masters/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6305">Management Masters'</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/management/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6757">MSc in Management (MiM)</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/economics-strategy-business/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2769">MSc Economics & Strategy for Business</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/strategic-marketing/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2779">MSc Strategic Marketing</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/strategic-marketing-online/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6319">MSc Strategic Marketing (online, part-time)</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/masters/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6305">Specialised Masters'</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/business-analytics/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2870">MSc Business Analytics</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/business-analytics-online/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6341">MSc Business Analytics (online, part-time)</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/climate-change-management-finance/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2896">MSc Climate Change, Management & Finance</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/innovation-entrepreneurship-management/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2891">MSc Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Management</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/global-health-management/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2904">MSc Global Health Management</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6305">All MSc programmes</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/connect/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6435">Connect with us</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/our-students/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6302">Our students</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/imperial-advantage/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6284">The Imperial advantage</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/masters/extended-term/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6774">Extended term</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/programmes/advisory-board/" class="megamenu__link">Advisory Board</a> </li> </ul> <div class="menu-ctas"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/meet-us/" class="button button--cta "> Register for an upcoming MSc event </a> <a href="/business-school/masters/brochure/" class="button button--cta "> Download brochure </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="megamenu__item js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6323">Undergraduate</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/economics-finance-data-science/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5708">BSc Economics, Finance and Data Science</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/economics-finance-data-science/how-to-apply/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5709">Admissions</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/economics-finance-data-science/funding-scholarships/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6066">Funding and scholarships</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/economics-finance-data-science/careers/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5715">Careers</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/economics-finance-data-science/class-profile/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6500">Class profile</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/economics-finance-data-science/student-experience/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5712">Student experience</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/joint-honours/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3270">Joint Honours</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/intercalated/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3278">Intercalated BSc</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/bpes/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3263">BPES modules</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/undergraduate/biomedical-technology-ventures/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6022">BSc Biomedical Technology Ventures</a> </li> </ul> <div class="menu-ctas"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/meet-us/" class="button button--cta "> Register for an upcoming event </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="megamenu__item js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/phd/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3081">PhD</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/admissions/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3124">Admissions</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/funding-scholarships/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3151">Funding and scholarships</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/career-impact/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3172">Career impact</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/analytics/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3960">Analytics & Operations</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/economics/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3981">Economics & Public Policy</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/finance/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3982">Finance</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/management/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6856">Management & Entrepreneurship</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/marketing/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3984">Marketing</a> </li> </ul> <div class="menu-ctas"> <a href="/business-school/phd/brochure/" class="button button--cta "> Download brochure </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="megamenu__item js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3578">Faculty & Research</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/faculty/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3579">Faculty</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/faculty/people/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1529">People</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/faculty/honorary-fellows/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4260">Honorary Fellows</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/faculty/join-imperial/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3580">Join Imperial</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/academic-areas/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1596">Academic areas</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/academic-areas/analytics-operations/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2963">Analytics & Operations</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/academic-areas/economics-public-policy/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2872">Economics & Public Policy</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/academic-areas/finance/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2842">Finance</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/academic-areas/management-entrepreneurship/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2873">Management & Entrepreneurship</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/academic-areas/marketing/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2964">Marketing</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1908">Research Centres</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/brevan-howard-centre-financial-analysis/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/137">Brevan Howard Centre for Financial Analysis</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-climate-finance-investment/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/139">Centre for Climate Finance & Investment</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-digital-transformation/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4945">Centre for Digital Transformation</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-financial-technology/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/365">Centre for Financial Technology</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-health-economics-policy-innovation/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/404">Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-responsible-leadership/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4373">Centre for Responsible Leadership</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/gandhi-centre-inclusive-innovation/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/520">Gandhi Centre for Inclusive Innovation</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/imperial-business-design-studio/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4122">Imperial Business Design Studio</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/leonardo-centre-business-society/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3571">Leonardo Centre on Business for Society</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/our-research/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1906">Our Research</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/our-research/coronavirus-covid-19-related-research/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4431">Coronavirus (COVID-19)-related research</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/phd/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3081">Doctoral Programme</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3454">IB Knowledge</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/our-research/research-impact/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1911">Research impact</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/our-research/research-support/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3368">Research Support</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/our-research/publications/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6088">Publications</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="megamenu__item js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1111">Executive Education</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/apprenticeship-programmes/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5418">Apprenticeship programmes</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/apprenticeship-programmes/data-analytics/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6382">Data & Analytics</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/apprenticeship-programmes/healthcare/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6398">Healthcare</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/apprenticeship-programmes/leadership/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16">Leadership</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/apprenticeship-programmes/testimonials/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1540">Testimonials</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/short-courses/" title="All categories" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2361">Short executive programmes</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/technology-analytics-data/" title="Technology, analytics and data science" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2525">Technology & Analytics</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/marketing-innovation-strategy/" title="Marketing, innovation & strategy" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2529">Marketing & Strategy</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/sustainability-climate/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2569">Sustainability & Climate</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/finance-economics/" title="Finance" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2447">Finance & Economics</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/healthcare/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6074">Healthcare</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/leadership/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6075">Leadership</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/custom-programmes/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4308">Custom programmes</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/custom-programmes/why-imperial/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/465">Why Imperial ?</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/custom-programmes/approach/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5931">Our approach</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/contact-us/custom-programmes-enquiries/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2574">Book a free consultation</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/custom-programmes/testimonials/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4196">Testimonials</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/associate-alumni/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5156">Associate Alumni</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/events/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4282">Events & webinars</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/faqs/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3383">FAQs</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/about-us/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2609">About us</a> </li> </ul> <div class="menu-ctas"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/contact-us/" class="button button--cta "> Contact us </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="megamenu__item js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3454">IB Knowledge</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/entrepreneurship-innovation/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3411">Entrepreneurship & Innovation</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/finance/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3412">Finance</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/technology/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3416">Technology</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/management/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3413">Management</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/marketing/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3415">Marketing</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/health/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3414">Health</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/ib-knowledge/strategy-leadership/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3410">Strategy & Leadership</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="megamenu__item js-has-megamenu"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3436">Alumni</a> <div class="megamenu__container"> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/stay-connected/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/22">Stay Connected</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/stay-connected/frequently-asked-questions/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/64">FAQs</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/alumni/imperial-plexus/" class="megamenu__link">Alumni Log-In</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/alumni-advisory-council/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/23">Alumni Advisory Council</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/stay-connected/alumni-profiles/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2463">Alumni Profiles</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-3" data-menu-level="3"> </ul> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/stay-connected/alumni-social-media-groups/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/38">Alumni Social Media Groups</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/stay-connected/business-directory/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/39">Alumni Business Directory</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/stay-connected/why-alumni-give/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">Why Alumni Give</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/stay-connected/magazines-and-enewsletters/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/40">Magazines & eNewsletters</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/get-involved/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/42">Get Involved</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/get-involved/volunteering/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/43">Volunteering</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/corporate-relations/corporate-partnerships/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/53">Business Services</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/keep-learning/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47">Keep Learning</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/keep-learning/professional-interest-networks/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/48">Professional Interest Networks</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/keep-learning/electives/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/49">Electives</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/keep-learning/professional-development-webinars/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50">Professional Development Webinars</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/executive-education/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1111">Executive Education</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-1" data-menu-level="1"> <li class="megamenu__item megamenu__item--highlighted"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/career-support/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">Career Support</a> <ul class="menu megamenu__level-2" data-menu-level="2"> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/career-support/jobs-board/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/61">Jobs Board</a> </li> <li class="megamenu__item"> <a href="/business-school/alumni/career-support/student-services/" class="megamenu__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/63">Student Services</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="menu-ctas"> <a href="/business-school/giving/" class="button button--cta "> Donate to Imperial </a> <a href="https://imperial.eu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5gsYbX2KlJQReCh?Q_JFE=qdg" class="button button--cta "> Update your details </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="drawer-menu__wrapper"> <div class="drawer-menu__buttons"> <button type="button" disabled aria-label="Go back a level" class=" drawer-menu__back-link js-drawer-submenu-reset"> <i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i> Menu </button> <button type="button" aria-label="Close menu" class="button button--header js-drawer-menu-toggle"><i class="fa fa-times js-drawer-menu-toggle"></i></button> </div> <nav class="drawer-menu" id="drawer-ajax-content"> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="page-header-wrapper" class="layout-page-header layout-container clearfix"> <div class="region region-breadcrumb"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div id="block-icbs-breadcrumbs" class="block block-system block-system-breadcrumb-block block--"> <nav class="breadcrumb" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li> <a href="/business-school/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/business-school/about-us/">About us</a> </li> <li> History </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> </div> <main id="main-wrapper" class="layout-main-wrapper layout-container clearfix"> <div class="layout-main-wrapper--banner"></div> <div class="layout-main-wrapper--outer"> <div class="layout-main-wrapper--inner"> <div id="side" class="layout-side"> <section class="section page-header"> <div class="region region-page-header"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div id="block-icbs-page-title" class="block block-core block-page-title-block block--"> <h1 class="page-title"><span class="field field--name-title field--type-string field--label-hidden">History</span> </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="section sidebar-first"> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div id="block-icbs-sidebar-menu" class="block block-icbs-navigation block-sidebar-block block--"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/" class="parent-item">About us</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/rankings-facts-and-figures/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5388">Rankings, facts and figures</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--active-trail"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/history/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4" class="is-active">History</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/leadership/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4763">Leadership</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/publications/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8">Publications</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/global-initiatives/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9">Global Initiatives</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/corporate-relations/giving/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10">Giving</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/culture-and-inclusion/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6578">Culture and inclusion</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/job-opportunities/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/18">Job opportunities</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/professional-staff/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/17">Professional staff</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/business-school/programmes/careers/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3453">Careers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/idea-lab/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6472">IDEA Lab</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/living-london/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/19">Living in London</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/locations/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12">Locations</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/about-us/contact-us/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3446">Contact us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div id="main" class="layout-main"> <div id="content" class="column main-content"> <section class="section content"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div id="block-icbs-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block block--"> <article class="node node--type-page node--view-mode-full node--no-sidebar"> <div class="node__content"> <div class="node__content-top"> <div class="media--image field field--name-media field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field__item"> <picture> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_960/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=7rkETfkU 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1060px)" type="image/webp" width="960" height="576"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_720/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=vzvwjpOi 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/webp" width="740" height="445"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_560/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=ATGeT2a5 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px)" type="image/webp" width="560" height="336"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_480/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=1jcgivPv 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/webp" width="480" height="288"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_960/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.jpg?h=aa81dfca&itok=7rkETfkU 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1060px)" type="image/jpeg" width="960" height="576"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_720/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.jpg?h=aa81dfca&itok=vzvwjpOi 1x" media="all and (min-width: 840px)" type="image/jpeg" width="740" height="445"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_560/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.jpg?h=aa81dfca&itok=ATGeT2a5 1x" media="all and (min-width: 576px)" type="image/jpeg" width="560" height="336"/> <source srcset="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_480/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.jpg?h=aa81dfca&itok=1jcgivPv 1x" media="all and (min-width: 0)" type="image/jpeg" width="480" height="288"/> <img loading="eager" src="/business-school/sites/default/files/styles/focalpoint_5x3_960/public/2021-12/Queen%20Victoria%20Statue.jpg?h=aa81dfca&itok=7rkETfkU" width="960" height="576" alt="Queen Victoria Statue" /> </picture> </div> <div class="field field--name-content-top field--type-entity-reference-revisions field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--text paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph--no-margin"> <div class="field field--name-field-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__items"> <div class="text-formatted "> <h2>Fusing business and technology since 1955</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field__item"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph--no-margin"> <div class="c-accordion"> <div data-accordion> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=0> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1851-----the-great-exhibition-inspires-the-first-colleges-in-south-kensington">1851 – The Great Exhibition inspires the first colleges in South Kensington</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Great Exhibition of 1851, a Victorian global fair of culture and industry, provides the impetus for the formation of several educational colleges in South Kensington. Prince Albert took a great interest in the exhibition and supported the idea of South Kensington becoming a hub for science, the arts and industry.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=1> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1907-----imperial-college-gains-a-royal-charter">1907 – Imperial College gains a Royal Charter</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The City and Guilds College, the Royal School of Mines and the Royal College of Science merge to create one university, the Imperial College of Science and Technology.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=2> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1910-----work-starts-on-the-royal-school-of-mines-building">1910 – Work starts on the Royal School of Mines building</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Royal School of Mines building, designed by Sir Ashton Webb, is now part of the current day Business School facilities. The building has been featured in several films and has been seamlessly incorporated into the modern frontage of the Imperial’s main entrance.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=3> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1954-----imperial-expands-postgraduate-education">1954 – Imperial expands postgraduate education</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Owen Saunders, Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department, with strong support from Imperial College Rector Sir Patrick Linstead discusses plans to launch production engineering and management studies as part of a significant expansion of postgraduate education at the College.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=4> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1955-----first-postgraduate-management-degree-launched">1955 – First postgraduate management degree launched</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Mechanical Engineering Department launches an MSc in Production Engineering & Management, appointing Samuel Eilon to lead the programme, with a focus on production technology and production management.</p> <p><strong>Nicol Gross appointed first Reader in Production Engineering</strong></p> <p>Imperial appoints Nicol Gross as the first Reader in Production Engineering in the Mechanical Engineering Department to develop an MSc in Production Engineering.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=5> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1956-----production-engineering-section-established">1956 – Production Engineering Section established</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Imperial establishes the Production Engineering section at 14 Prince’s Gardens and appoints Samuel Eilon to head the section.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=6> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1957-----joan-woodward-appointed">1957 – Joan Woodward appointed</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Joan Woodward joins the Production Engineering section as a lecturer in industrial sociology.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=7> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1959-----samuel-eilon-appointed-reader-in-production-engineering-and-head-of-section">1959 – Samuel Eilon appointed Reader in Production Engineering and head of section</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Samuel Eilon is appointed Reader in Production Engineering and returns to Imperial to head the Production Engineering section. He oversees growth of the MSc and a research programme in operational research.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=8> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1961-----msc-operational-research-and-management-studies-launched-and-section-is-renamed">1961 – MSc Operational Research and Management Studies launched and Section is renamed</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Imperial launches MSc in Operational Research and Management Studies. The Production Engineering section is renamed the Production Engineering & Management Studies section.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=9> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1964-----executive-education-courses-launched">1964 – Executive Education courses launched</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Production Engineering and Management section launches its first short courses in Operational Research for managers from industry.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=10> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1965-----production-engineering-and-management-section-moves-into-new-mechanical-engineering-building">1965 – Production Engineering and Management Section moves into new Mechanical Engineering building</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Production Engineering & Management Studies section moves into the new Mechanical Engineering building due to growth in teaching and research.</p> <p><strong>Dorothy Wedderburn appointed</strong></p> <p>Dorothy Wedderburn, at the instigation of Joan Woodward, joins the Industrial Sociology unit as a lecturer in industrial sociology. The pair successfully attract significant research funds from research councils and organisations such as Fords, ICI, and government bodies including the Post Office.</p> <p><strong>Imperial and the LSE co-sponsor the founding of London Business School</strong></p> <p>At the request of the UK Government, Imperial’s Rector joined the founding governing body of the London Graduate School of Business Studies (later renamed the London Business School) in order to guide and help the new school. Roger Hall was seconded from the Production Engineering & Management Studies section and became one of the original seven members of the academic staff at London Business School.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=11> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1966-----section-renamed-management-science-section">1966 – Section renamed Management Science section</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Production technology moves to the Applied Mechanics section, leaving Production Engineering & Management Studies section to be renamed the Management Science section.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=12> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1967-----industrial-sociology-unit-established-by-joan-woodward">1967 – Industrial Sociology unit established by Joan Woodward</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Social Science & Business Studies splits from the Management Science section (Operational Research) to form the Industrial Sociology unit with Joan Woodward as its director. The new unit moves to 11 Prince’s Gate</p> <p><strong>Management Science section launches business seminars for industry</strong></p> <p>Samuel Eilon launches Business Policy seminars at Imperial, which included industrialists who came to talk about their companies and their strategic problems</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=13> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1969-----joan-woodward-appointed-first-reader-in-industrial-sociology">1969 – Joan Woodward appointed first Reader in Industrial Sociology</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p><strong>Joan Woodward appointed first Reader in Industrial Sociology</strong></p> <p>Joan Woodward becomes the second woman to hold a Chair at the College when she is appointed Professor of Industrial Sociology. Joan was one of the world’s foremost organisation theorists. She was invited to join a group of the top seven theorists, which called itself the Magnificent Seven. This international recognition was a huge achievement for a woman in the 1960s.</p> <p><strong>MSc in Industrial Sociology launched</strong></p> <p>The Industrial Sociology unit launches an MSc in Industrial Sociology.</p> <p><strong>Dorothy Griffiths appointed</strong></p> <p>Dorothy "Dot" Griffiths and Sandra Dawson join the Industrial Sociology unit as research assistants.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=14> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1971-----department-of-management-science-established">1971 – Department of Management Science established</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Management Science section achieves departmental status, with Imperial recognising Operational Research had moved beyond inventory control and scheduling of manufacturing operations to cover applications in non-manufacturing activities and in service industries, including banking and finance.</p> <p><strong>Joan Woodward passes away</strong></p> <p>Joan Woodward, at the early age of 54, tragically succumbs to breast cancer. Her colleagues and collaborators felt her loss acutely and in her memory endowed undergraduate and postgraduate prizes and a memorial lecture series in her name.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=15> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1973-----dorothy-wedderburn-appointed-reader-in-industrial-sociology-and-unit-director">1973 – Dorothy Wedderburn appointed Reader in Industrial Sociology and unit director</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Dorothy Wedderburn is appointed Director of the Industrial Sociology unit by new rector Sir Brian Flowers.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=16> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1978-----department-of-social-and-economic-studies-established">1978 – Department of Social and Economic Studies established</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Industrial Sociology Unit achieves departmental status and is renamed the Department of Social & Economic Studies. The new department is headed by Dorothy Wedderburn.</p> <p>Aubrey Silberston CBE appointed Imperial’s first Chair of Economics.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=17> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1981-----aubrey-silberston-appointed-head-of-department">1981 – Aubrey Silberston appointed Head of Department</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Aubrey Silberston appointed to head the Department of Social & Economic Studies.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=18> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1987-----the-management-school-established-with-david-norburn-as-director">1987 – The Management School established with David Norburn as Director</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Departments of Management Science and Social & Economic Studies merge to form the Management School with David Norburn as its Director and Sandra Dawson as Deputy Director. The new School moves to remodeled facilities in 53 Prince’s Gate and is charged to compete with the best business schools in the UK. The School focuses on the integration of management, new technology and entrepreneurship.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=19> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1989-----executive-mba-programme-launched">1989 – Executive MBA programme launched</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p> </p> <h4> </h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=20> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="1990-----sue-birley-appointed-first-professor-of-entrepreneurship">1990 – Sue Birley appointed first Professor of Entrepreneurship</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Sue Birley FRSS is appointed Professor of Entrepreneurship, Director of Research and also leads the MBA's 120-hour specialisation in entrepreneurship and innovation.</p> <p>Sandra Dawson is appointed first Professor of Organisation Behaviour.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=21> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2001-----entrepreneurship-centre-established">2001 – Entrepreneurship Centre established</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Sue Birley is appointed the Director of the Entrepreneurship Centre after a £2 million government award won from the University Challenge Fund competition.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=22> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2002-----innovation-studies-centre-and-centre-for-health-management-established">2002 – Innovation Studies Centre and Centre for Health Management established</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Distance Learning MBA launched</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=23> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2003---imperial-college-business-school-is-awarded-faculty-status">2003 - Imperial College Business School is awarded Faculty status</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The School’s position in the College is officially recognised with its elevation to Faculty status alongside the Faculties of Natural Science, Medicine and Engineering. David Begg is appointed Principal of the Business School.</p> <p><strong>Innovation</strong><strong> & Entrepreneurship Group established</strong><br /> David Gann appointed to head the Innovation & Entrepreneurship Group. The Group establishes a centre of excellence in innovation and entrepreneurship, influencing policy and practice by working at the interface of science, engineering and business management.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=24> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2004-----the-queen-officially-opens-new-business-school-building">2004 – The Queen officially opens new Business School building</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>A dramatic modern building to house the College’s main entrance and the School is officially opened by Her Majesty the Queen, accompanied by the Duke of York, on 24 June 2004. The building was designed by Lord Norman Foster and includes seven lecture theatres in a drum-shaped metal core.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=25> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2005-----edtech-lab-established-">2005 – Edtech Lab established </button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/about-us/idea-lab/">Edtech Lab</a>, Imperial College London's very first digital learning and education group, launches. The Edtech Lab champions the substantial increase in the use of educational technology at the Business School, leading to the launch of a Global Online MBA programme in 2015<a href="https://www.topuniversities.com/mba-rankings/2020">.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=26> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2005--msc-in-management-launched">2005 MSc in Management launched</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>MSc Management Science merges with the MSc in Technology & Industrial Organisation (formerly MSc in Social & Psychological Aspects of Science, Technology & Industry) to form the MSc in Management.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=27> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2006---msc-risk-management-and-financial-engineering-launched">2006 - MSc Risk Management and Financial Engineering launched</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>A part-time MSc Risk Management & Financial Engineering is launched.  </p> <p>The Executive MBA increases it's flexibility by offering a weekend delivery option (in addition to the weekday delivery option).</p> <p><strong>School first accredited by EQUIS.</strong></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=28> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2007-----imperial-centenary">2007 – Imperial Centenary</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Business School celebrates Imperial's Centenary with the first ever Business School Alumni Reunion. The event brings together over 150 alumni from as far afield as Russia, Egypt, Brazil and India.</p> <p>Full-Time MSc Risk Management and Financial Engineering launched</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=29> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2008-----imperial-college-london-incorporates--business--into-its-mission">2008 – Imperial College London incorporates "business" into its mission</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Imperial College London mission is changed to incorporate the word "business", confirming the greater esteem in which the School is held.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=30> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2011-----msc-innovation--entrepreneurship--amp--management-launched">2011 – MSc Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Management launched</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>MSc Strategic Marketing and MSc Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Management launched.</p> <p>Executive Education Open Enrolment Portfolio launched.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=31> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2012-----dot-griffiths-appointed-dean-and-school-achieves-triple-accreditation">2012 – Dot Griffiths appointed Dean and School achieves triple accreditation</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Dot Griffiths is appointed Dean following David Beggs' retirement after 10 years as Principal.</p> <p><strong>School achieves triple accreditation with EQUIS, AACSB and AMBA.</strong></p> <p>MSc Economics & Strategy for Business launched.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=32> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2013---anand-g--anandalingam-appointed-dean">2013 - Anand G. Anandalingam appointed Dean</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Anand G. Anandalingam joins Imperial College London as Dean of the Business School.</p> <p>The Business School launches a Summer School programme.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=33> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2014-----global-online-mba-launched-">2014 – Global Online MBA launched </button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Imperial College Business School takes its teachings to the world via its new online MBA programme. The <a href="/business-school/mba/global-online-mba/">Global Online MBA</a> is a flexible, part-time, online programme that allows students to gain core business knowledge and skills without having to be physically present in the classroom for the majority of the programme.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=34> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2014------brevan-howard-centre-for-financial-analysis-launched">2014 – Brevan Howard Centre for Financial Analysis launched</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Brevan Howard Centre is launched after one of the largest donations in business education history: £20.1 million. The gift comes from Brevan Howard, the world’s third largest hedge fund, at the behest of its co-founder Alan Howard, an Imperial alumnus (MEng Chemical Engineering & Chemical Technology 1986). The Centre is headed by Professor Franklin Allen and Professor Douglas Gale. </p> <p>MSc Investment & Wealth Management and MSc Accounting and Finance launched.</p> <p><strong>ELITE Programme launched</strong><br /> In partnership with the London Stock Exchange, Imperial provides support for high growth small and medium-sized enterprises.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=35> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2016-----woodward-buildings-named-after-professor-joan-woodward">2016 – Woodward Buildings named after Professor Joan Woodward</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Woodward Buildings, located in North Acton, is named after Professor Joan Woodward, a leading academic in organisation theory. She was the second woman to ever receive a chair at Imperial College and the first to have a building named in her honour. Woodward was a pioneer of empirical research in organisational structures and analytical frameworks that established the link between technology and production systems.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=36> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2016-----centre-for-climate-finance--amp--investment-launched-">2016 – Centre for Climate Finance & Investment launched </button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-climate-finance-investment/">Centre for Climate Finance & Investment</a> is launched. The Centre's purpose is to unlock solutions within capital markets to address the challenges posed by global climate change, using interdisciplinary research. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=37> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2017-----francisco-veloso-appointed-dean-">2017 – Francisco Veloso appointed Dean </button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>Francisco Veloso joins Imperial College London as Dean of the Business School.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=38> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2019-----leonardo-centre-launched-">2019 – Leonardo Centre launched </button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The <a href="/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/leonardo-centre-business-society/">Leonardo Centre</a> aims to contribute to the positive evolution of business by exploring how companies can be more inclusive and sustainable. </p> <p>The Centre was launched in 2019 by Scientific Director Maurizio Zollo, Professor of Strategy & Sustainability and Head of the Department of Management & Entrepreneurship, and Executive Director Livio Scalvini.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=39> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2020-----centre-for-responsible-leadership-launched-">2020 – Centre for Responsible Leadership launched </button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-responsible-leadership/">Centre for Responsible Leadership</a> aims to generate meaningful change in businesses and organisations through evidence-based research that addresses the key economic, social, environmental and technological challenges facing organisations today. </p> <p>The Centre's directors are Celia Moore, Professor of Organisational Behaviour and Nelson Phillips, Abu Dhabi Chamber Chair in Innovation and Strategy and Associate Dean of External Relations. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=40> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2020-----centre-for-digital-transformation-launched-">2020 – Centre for Digital Transformation launched </button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-digital-transformation/">Centre for Digital Transformation</a> is the meeting point between industry and academia – enabling the Business School’s academic experts to help businesses address and capitalise upon the challenges, implications and opportunities brought by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-accordion__row" data-index=41> <button type="button" class="c-accordion__button" data-title="2021-----first-business-school-space-opens-at-white-city">2021 – First Business School space opens at White City</button> <div class="c-accordion__panel"> <div class="text-formatted "> <p>The Business School opens a new 12,000 ft2 teaching and research space at Imperial's <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/white-city-campus/">White City Campus</a>, located in the heart of West London’s innovation district.</p> <p>The development is part of <a href="https://www.scalespace.co.uk/london-white-city">Scale Space</a> – the UK’s first community created specifically to help innovative businesses accelerate growth – enabling students to forge connections with scale up companies, as well as the wider entrepreneurship community of White City. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div class="featured-bottom"> <aside class="layout-container clearfix" role="complementary"> </aside> </div> <footer id="footer" class="site-footer"> <div class="layout-container"> <div class="site-footer__top clearfix"> <div class="region region-footer-first"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div class="c-footer-college-links block"> <div class="c-footer-college-links__link c-footer-college-links__link--logo"> <a href="/business-school/"> <img src="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/images/icbs-logo-footer.png" alt="Imperial College Business School" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> <div class="c-footer-college-links__link c-footer-college-links__link--text-logo"> <a href="https://imperial.ac.uk"> <img src="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/images/ic-logo-footer.svg" alt="Imperial College London" loading="lazy"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer-address block"> <h2>Find us</h2> <div class="c-footer-address__inner"> <h3>Imperial College Business School</h3> <address>Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom</address> </div> </div> <div id="block-footer-social-media" class="block-social-media-links block block-social-media-links-block block--"> <h2>Connect with us</h2> <div class="c-social-links "> <div class="c-social-link c-social-link--linkedin"> <a class="c-social-link__icon" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/2661479" aria-label="LinkedIn"> <span class='icbs-fa fab fa-linkedin-in i-linkedin'></span> </a> </div> <div class="c-social-link c-social-link--twitter"> <a class="c-social-link__icon" href="https://www.twitter.com/ImperialBiz" aria-label="Twitter"> <span class='icbs-fa fab fa-x-twitter i-twitter'></span> </a> </div> <div class="c-social-link c-social-link--facebook"> <a class="c-social-link__icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/imperialbusiness" aria-label="Facebook"> <span class='icbs-fa fab fa-facebook-f i-facebook'></span> </a> </div> <div class="c-social-link c-social-link--instagram"> <a class="c-social-link__icon" href="https://www.instagram.com/imperialbiz" aria-label="Instagram"> <span class='icbs-fa fab fa-instagram i-instagram'></span> </a> </div> <div class="c-social-link c-social-link--youtube"> <a class="c-social-link__icon" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ICBusinessSchool" aria-label="Youtube"> <span class='icbs-fa fab fa-youtube i-youtube'></span> </a> </div> <div class="c-social-link c-social-link--e-mail"> <a class="c-social-link__icon" href="mailto:info@icbs.biz" aria-label="E-Mail"> <span class='icbs-fa fas fa-envelope i-email'></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer-accreditations block"> <h2>Accreditations</h2> <div class="c-footer-accreditations__items"> <div class="c-footer-accreditations__item"> <img src="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/images/accreditations/aacsb.png" alt="AACSB (Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business) accreditation" loading="lazy"/> </div> <div class="c-footer-accreditations__item"> <img src="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/images/accreditations/amba.png" alt="AMBAs (Association of MBAs) accreditation" loading="lazy"/> </div> <div class="c-footer-accreditations__item"> <img src="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/images/accreditations/athena.png" alt="Athena SWAN (Scientific Women's Academic Network) accreditation" loading="lazy"/> </div> <div class="c-footer-accreditations__item"> <img src="/business-school/themes/custom/icbs/images/accreditations/equis.png" alt="EFMD EQUIS (European Foundation for Management Development - Quality Improvement System) accreditation" loading="lazy"/> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__bottom"> <div class="region region-footer-second"> <div class="region__outer"> <div class="region__inner"> <div id="block-footercopyright" class="block block-icbs-globals block-footer-copyright block--"> <div class="footer-copyright">© 2025 Imperial College London</div> </div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-icbs-footer-menu" id="block-icbs-footer" class="block block-menu navigation menu--footer"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-icbs-footer-menu">Footer menu</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/sitemap" data-drupal-link-system-path="sitemap">Sitemap</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/glossary/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/512">Glossary</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/accessibility/" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3794">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/about-the-site/privacy/">Privacy</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://imperial.eu.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9Np7BJAXlkiHpid">Feedback</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/business-school/user/login" data-drupal-link-system-path="user/login">Login</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/business-school\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/4","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"ajax_loader\/ajax_loader.throbber,classy\/base,classy\/messages,classy\/node,core\/normalize,icbs\/accordion,icbs\/footer-accreditation,icbs\/footer-address,icbs\/footer-college-links,icbs\/global,icbs\/hoverintent,icbs\/link,icbs\/site-branding,icbs\/social-link,icbs\/social-links,icbs\/text,icbs_globals\/anchor_link_validator,icbs_globals\/iconset,icbs_globals\/ie_popup,icbs_globals\/options_search,paragraphs\/drupal.paragraphs.unpublished,social_media_links\/social_media_links.theme,system\/base","theme":"icbs","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"form_action_p_pvdeGsVG5zNF_XLGPTvYSKCf43t8qZYSwcfZl2uzM":true},"ajaxLoader":{"markup":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022ajax-throbber sk-bounce\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-bounce-dot\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022sk-bounce-dot\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E","hideAjaxMessage":true,"alwaysFullscreen":true,"throbberPosition":"body"},"breakpoints":{"icbs.xs":"all and (min-width: 0)","icbs.sm":"all and (min-width: 576px)","icbs.md":"all and (min-width: 840px)","icbs.lg":"all and (min-width: 1060px)","icbs.xl":"all and (min-width: 1240px)"},"browserIs":"OTHERS","user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"480aaf810d464e7aa2d30a8fd9582f6595c8f9506f925cab9e1de270666cbd55"}}</script> <script src="/business-school/sites/default/files/js/js_tYEGs12gHyGGVQZJw3oHeSuPMYU37BaRiJ4TRo7ZgZM.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=icbs&include=eJxlkOFuwzAIhF8oqR_JwjaLvRGwgFTtnn5pkirK-g-dD_zdwTc8IgkU1ADnfPOqkhLqYJIbUJyxNIjU-MfCp7TaccbBnuY4hwSGQyYwe17mGc1gQhuyKAYWnYHaLw4tJwsTSQLa5y8RRx0hZ13_cPAmvL3E3WWhZWFD3-07z7iRfCjXi6XoCnHRshDhhMd6B4VJoVcLRZcOdDuV28J9SdSsYtlPrISi5U0XHB_-DstSjmQnRZU7amNH9msc4FxFty7jfS2lgIteLdJfLVg0BM31iNkcx6TApfH0ryCMXfrS_wBmd7nY"></script> <script src="/business-school/sites/default/files/js/js_uKaEHdh1byX07M3VQVcwLpFpJ7Qxos7JcYCGVs-7hYU.js?scope=footer&delta=1&language=en&theme=icbs&include=eJxlkOFuwzAIhF8oqR_JwjaLvRGwgFTtnn5pkirK-g-dD_zdwTc8IgkU1ADnfPOqkhLqYJIbUJyxNIjU-MfCp7TaccbBnuY4hwSGQyYwe17mGc1gQhuyKAYWnYHaLw4tJwsTSQLa5y8RRx0hZ13_cPAmvL3E3WWhZWFD3-07z7iRfCjXi6XoCnHRshDhhMd6B4VJoVcLRZcOdDuV28J9SdSsYtlPrISi5U0XHB_-DstSjmQnRZU7amNH9msc4FxFty7jfS2lgIteLdJfLVg0BM31iNkcx6TApfH0ryCMXfrS_wBmd7nY"></script>    <script id="hs-script-loader" async defer src="//js.hs-scripts.com/5653437.js"></script>   <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:3070969,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script>  </js-bottom-placeholder> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-dc31a2b6da7019ef036","applicationID":"1036991138","transactionName":"YlBQMkBXCxJSVBIMDVsacwVGXwoPHHMUEBJUWW4IXVIAPXBYCBEQWlleA0BqKw5XUjAMB0J2XQhGRAoNX1IUSFxDXFcR","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1597,"atts":"ThdTRAhNGBw=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

History | Imperial College Business School