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href="#Birth_and_family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Birth and family background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Youth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graduation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graduation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Graduation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graduation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocate_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocate_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Advocate practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocate_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalist_movement_(1912–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_movement_(1912–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Nationalist movement (1912–1939) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationalist_movement_(1912–1939)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nationalist movement (1912–1939) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_movement_(1912–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_and_home_rule:_1912–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_and_home_rule:_1912–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Civil rights and home rule: 1912–1919 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_and_home_rule:_1912–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-cooperation_and_afterwards:_1919–1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-cooperation_and_afterwards:_1919–1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-cooperation_and_afterwards:_1919–1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Declaration of independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_March:_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_March:_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Salt March: 1930 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_March:_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salt_satyagraha_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_satyagraha_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Salt satyagraha success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_satyagraha_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_prison_1930–1935" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_prison_1930–1935"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 In prison 1930–1935 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_prison_1930–1935-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_president,_provincial_elections:_1935–1939" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_president,_provincial_elections:_1935–1939"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Congress president, provincial elections: 1935–1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_president,_provincial_elections:_1935–1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalist_movement_(1939–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_movement_(1939–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nationalist movement (1939–1947) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationalist_movement_(1939–1947)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nationalist movement (1939–1947) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_movement_(1939–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_disobedience,_Lahore_Resolution,_August_Offer:_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_disobedience,_Lahore_Resolution,_August_Offer:_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Civil disobedience, Lahore Resolution, August Offer: 1940 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_disobedience,_Lahore_Resolution,_August_Offer:_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_attacks_India,_Cripps'_mission,_Quit_India:_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_attacks_India,_Cripps'_mission,_Quit_India:_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Japan attacks India, Cripps' mission, Quit India: 1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_attacks_India,_Cripps'_mission,_Quit_India:_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_prison_1943–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_prison_1943–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 In prison 1943–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_prison_1943–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cabinet_mission,_Interim_government_1946–1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_mission,_Interim_government_1946–1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cabinet mission, Interim government 1946–1947 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_mission,_Interim_government_1946–1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_India_(1947–1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_of_India_(1947–1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prime Minister of India (1947–1964) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_of_India_(1947–1964)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prime Minister of India (1947–1964) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_of_India_(1947–1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Republicanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence,_Dominion_of_India:_1947–1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence,_Dominion_of_India:_1947–1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Independence, Dominion of India: 1947–1950 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence,_Dominion_of_India:_1947–1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi:_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi:_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi: 1948 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi:_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integration_of_states_and_Adoption_of_New_Constitution:_1947–1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integration_of_states_and_Adoption_of_New_Constitution:_1947–1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Integration of states and Adoption of New Constitution: 1947–1950 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integration_of_states_and_Adoption_of_New_Constitution:_1947–1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1952" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1952"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Election of 1952 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1952-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister:_1952–1957" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister:_1952–1957"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Prime Minister: 1952–1957 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister:_1952–1957-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_elections:_1957,_1962" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_elections:_1957,_1962"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Subsequent elections: 1957, 1962 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_elections:_1957,_1962-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1961_annexation_of_Goa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1961_annexation_of_Goa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 1961 annexation of Goa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1961_annexation_of_Goa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Indian_War_of_1962" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Indian_War_of_1962"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Sino-Indian War of 1962 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Indian_War_of_1962-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Popularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_and_governing_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_and_governing_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Vision and governing policies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vision_and_governing_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vision and governing policies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vision_and_governing_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Economic policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Social policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_code_bills_and_marriage_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_code_bills_and_marriage_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Hindu code bills and marriage laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_code_bills_and_marriage_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Language policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 The Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-aligned_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-aligned_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Non-aligned movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-aligned_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_and_nuclear_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_and_nuclear_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Defence and nuclear policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_and_nuclear_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defending_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defending_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Defending Kashmir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defending_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.5 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.6 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempts_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempts_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Assassination attempts and security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempts_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positions_held" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions_held"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Positions held </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions_held-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_cabinet_members_and_associates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_cabinet_members_and_associates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Key cabinet members and associates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_cabinet_members_and_associates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_personal_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_personal_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Religion and personal beliefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_personal_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Awards and honours </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and honours subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 State honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jawaharlal Nehru</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" > 146 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%83%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%83%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%88%8D_%E1%8A%94%E1%88%85%E1%88%A9" title="ጃዋሃርላል ኔህሩ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃዋሃርላል ኔህሩ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83,_%D0%8F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неру, Џьавахарлал – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Неру, Џьавахарлал" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواهر لال نهرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جواهر لال نهرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81" title="জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৱাহৰলাল নেহৰু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99vahirl%C9%99l_Nehru" title="Cəvahirləl Nehru – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cəvahirləl Nehru" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواهیر نهرو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جواهیر نهرو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81" title="জওহরলাল নেহেরু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জওহরলাল নেহেরু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джавахарлал Неру – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джавахарлал Неру" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джавахарлал Нэру – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джавахарлал Нэру" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джавагарлал Нэру – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джавагарлал Нэру" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джавахарлал Неру – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джавахарлал Неру" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEav%C3%A1harl%C3%A1l_N%C3%A9hr%C3%BA" title="Džaváharlál Néhrú – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džaváharlál Néhrú" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواهرلال نيهرو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جواهرلال نيهرو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%A7%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%82%DE%AC%DE%80%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AB" title="ޖަވާހަރްލާލް ނެހްރޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަވާހަރްލާލް ނެހްރޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BB_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Τζαβαχαρλάλ Νεχρού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζαβαχαρλάλ Νεχρού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواهر لعل نهرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جواهر لعل نهرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81" title="જવાહરલાલ નેહરુ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જવાહરલાલ નેહરુ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%99%80%ED%95%A0%EB%9E%84_%EB%84%A4%EB%A3%A8" title="자와할랄 네루 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자와할랄 네루" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ջավահառլալ Ներու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջավահառլալ Ներու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEavaharlal_Nehru" title="Džavaharlal Nehru – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Džavaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95" title="ג'ווהרלל נהרו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ווהרלל נהרו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಜವಾಹರ‌ಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜವಾಹರ‌ಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3" title="ჯავაჰარლალ ნერუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯავაჰარლალ ნერუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%8E%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%90%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%97" title="جَواہَر لال نِہروٗ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَواہَر لال نِہروٗ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джавахарлал Неру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джавахарлал Неру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEav%C4%81harl%C4%81ls_Nehru" title="Džavāharlāls Nehru – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džavāharlāls Nehru" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джавагьарлал Неру – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Джавагьарлал Неру" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEavaharlalis_Nehru" title="Džavaharlalis Nehru – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džavaharlalis Nehru" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzsav%C3%A1harl%C3%A1l_Nehru" title="Dzsaváharlál Nehru – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzsaváharlál Nehru" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D1%83" title="Џавахарлал Нехру – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џавахарлал Нехру" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81" title="ജവഹർലാൽ നെഹ്രു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജവഹർലാൽ നെഹ്രു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3" title="ჯავაჰარლალ ნერუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯავაჰარლალ ნერუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواهرلال نيهرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جواهرلال نيهرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواهر لعل نهرو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جواهر لعل نهرو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Жавахарлал Неру – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жавахарлал Неру" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျဝါဟာလာ နေရူး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျဝါဟာလာ နေရူး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AF%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC" title="ジャワハルラール・ネルー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャワハルラール・ネルー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неру, Джавахарлал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Неру, Джавахарлал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81" title="ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜବାହରଲାଲ ନେହେରୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82" title="ਜਵਾਹਰ ਲਾਲ ਨਹਿਰੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਵਾਹਰ ਲਾਲ ਨਹਿਰੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواہر لعل نہرو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جواہر لعل نہرو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواهر لال نهرو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جواهر لال نهرو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джавагарлал Негру – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джавагарлал Негру" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Неру, Джавахарлал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неру, Джавахарлал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82" title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जवाहरलाल नेहरू" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱵᱟᱦᱚᱨᱞᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱦᱨᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواہر لال نہرو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جواہر لال نہرو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhavaharlal_Nehru" title="Xhavaharlal Nehru – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhavaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="ජවහර්ලාල් නේරු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජවහර්ලාල් නේරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواهر لال نهرو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جواهر لال نهرو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEav%C3%A1harl%C3%A1l_N%C3%A9hr%C3%BA" title="Džaváharlál Néhrú – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Džaváharlál Néhrú" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEavaharlal_Nehru" title="Džavaharlal Nehru – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džavaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%86%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%86" title="جەواھرلەعل نەھرۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەواھرلەعل نەھرۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%80%D1%83" title="Џавахарлал Нехру – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џавахарлал Нехру" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEavaharlal_Nehru" title="Džavaharlal Nehru – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džavaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_N%C3%A9hru" title="Jawaharlal Néhru – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jawaharlal Néhru" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="ஜவகர்லால் நேரு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜவகர்லால் நேரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavaharlal_Neru" title="Cavaharlal Neru – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Cavaharlal Neru" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82" title="జవాహర్ లాల్ నెహ్రూ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జవాహర్ లాల్ నెహ్రూ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9" title="ชวาหะร์ลาล เนห์รู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชวาหะร์ลาล เนห์รู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D2%B3%D1%80%D1%83" title="Ҷавоҳирлаъл Неҳру – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷавоҳирлаъл Неҳру" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82" title="ಜವಾಹರಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರೂ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜವಾಹರಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರೂ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevahirlal_Nehru" title="Cevahirlal Nehru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cevahirlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83" title="Джавахарлал Неру – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джавахарлал Неру" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1_%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%88" title="جواہر لعل نہرو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جواہر لعل نہرو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neru_D%C5%BEavaharlal" title="Neru Džavaharlal – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Neru Džavaharlal" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81" title="贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95" title="דזשאוואהארלאל נעהרו – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשאוואהארלאל נעהרו" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jawaharlal Nehru" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%AD%AF" title="賈瓦哈拉爾·尼赫魯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="賈瓦哈拉爾·尼赫魯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cevahirlel_Nehru" title="Cevahirlel Nehru – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cevahirlel Nehru" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEavaharlals_Neru" title="Džavaharlals Neru – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džavaharlals Neru" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81" title="贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1st Prime Minister of India from 1947 to 1964 (1889-1964)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nehru" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nehru_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nehru (disambiguation)">Nehru (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jawaharlal Nehru</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jnehru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/220px-Jnehru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/330px-Jnehru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/440px-Jnehru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1962" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1948</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> (until 1950)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> (from 1950)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a> (until 1950)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a> (until 1950)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister of External Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 September 1946 – 27 May 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Head of <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India" title="Interim Government of India">Interim Government of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 September 1946 – 15 August 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors General</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Earl Wavell</a></li><li>Lord Mountbatten</li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Lok_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha">Member of Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 17 April 1952 – 27 May 1964</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">constituency established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phulpur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phulpur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1889-11-14)14 November 1889 <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 May 1964(1964-05-27) (aged 74) <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Shantivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantivan">Shantivan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Kaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamala Kaul">Kamala Kaul</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1916; died 1936)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> (daughter)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Swarup_Rani_Nehru" title="Swarup Rani Nehru">Swarup Rani Nehru</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Awards_and_honours">awards</a> section</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jawaharlal Nehru's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Signature.svg/128px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Signature.svg/192px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Signature.svg/256px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="74" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #00BFFF"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jnehru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/75px-Jnehru.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/113px-Jnehru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jnehru.jpg/150px-Jnehru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1962" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#00BFFF;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> (1947–1964) <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Life and events</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryst_with_Destiny" title="Tryst with Destiny">Tryst with Destiny</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_light_has_gone_out_of_our_lives" title="The light has gone out of our lives">The light has gone out of our lives</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India" title="Interim Government of India">Interim Government of India</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_University_of_Cambridge_Chancellor_election" title="1950 University of Cambridge Chancellor election">1950 Cambridge election</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration of India</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru">International trips by Nehru</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nehru_ministry" title="First Nehru ministry">First Nehru ministry</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nehru_ministry" title="Second Nehru ministry">Second Nehru ministry</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nehru_ministry" title="Third Nehru ministry">Third Nehru ministry</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nehru_ministry" title="Fourth Nehru ministry">Fourth Nehru ministry</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Accession of Jammu and Kashmir</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Junagarh">Annexation of Junagarh</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" title="Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru">Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru</a> </li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Philosophy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian socialism</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_temper" title="Scientific temper">Scientific temper</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> </li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Publications</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)" title="An Autobiography (Nehru)">An Autobiography</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Freedom:_Nehru%27s_Letters_to_His_Sister_1909%E2%80%931947" title="Before Freedom: Nehru's Letters to His Sister 1909–1947">Before Freedom: Nehru's Letters to His Sister 1909–1947</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_India" title="The Discovery of India">The Discovery of India</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimpses_of_World_History" title="Glimpses of World History">Glimpses of World History</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughter" title="Letters from a Father to His Daughter">Letters from a Father to His Daughter</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herald_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Herald (India)">National Herald</a> </li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Influences</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism#Hindu_philosophy" title="Agnosticism">Hindu agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Associates</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjabrao_Deshmukh" title="Panjabrao Deshmukh">Panjabrao Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Legacy</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_jacket" title="Nehru jacket">Nehru jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru vest">Nehru vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Brigade" title="Nehru Brigade">Nehru Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of things named after Jawaharlal Nehru">List of things named after Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Award" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Award">Jawaharlal Nehru Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Fellowship" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship">Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Nehru_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi–Nehru family">Family</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li>Raj Kaul</li> <li>Gangadhar Nehru</li> <li>Nandlal Nehru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarup_Rani_Nehru" title="Swarup Rani Nehru">Swarup Rani Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brijlal_Nehru" title="Brijlal Nehru">Brijlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Nehru" title="Uma Nehru">Uma Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Hutheesing" title="Krishna Hutheesing">Krishna Hutheesing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Nehru" title="Kamala Nehru">Kamala Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayantara_Sahgal" title="Nayantara Sahgal">Nayantara Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feroze_Gandhi" title="Feroze Gandhi">Feroze Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Nehru" title="Arun Nehru">Arun Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneka_Gandhi" title="Maneka Gandhi">Maneka Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyanka_Vadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Priyanka Vadra">Priyanka Vadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varun_Gandhi" title="Varun Gandhi">Varun Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vadra" title="Robert Vadra">Robert Vadra</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> Influenced <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Places related</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Bhavan" title="Anand Bhavan">Anand Bhavan</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Murti_Bhavan" title="Teen Murti Bhavan">Teen Murti Bhavan</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Planetarium" title="Nehru Planetarium">Nehru Planetarium</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Planetarium" title="Jawahar Planetarium">Jawahar Planetarium</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Shantivan</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Memorial_Museum_and_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru Memorial Museum and Library">Nehru Memorial Museum and Library</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru:_A_Contemporary%27s_Estimate" title="Nehru: A Contemporary's Estimate">Nehru: A Contemporary's Estimate</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Chennai)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Kochi)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)</a> </li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/40px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/60px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/80px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Jawaharlal_Nehru" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Jawaharlal Nehru">Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jawaharlal_Nehru_series" title="Template:Jawaharlal Nehru series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jawaharlal_Nehru_series" title="Template talk:Jawaharlal Nehru series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jawaharlal_Nehru_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jawaharlal Nehru series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jawaharlal Nehru (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈneɪru/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NAY-roo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɛru/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NERR-oo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hindi: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[dʒəˌʋaːɦəɾˈlaːl ˈneːɦɾuː]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2a\/Hi-JawaharlalNehru.ogg\/Hi-JawaharlalNehru.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-JawaharlalNehru.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2a/Hi-JawaharlalNehru.ogg/Hi-JawaharlalNehru.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-JawaharlalNehru.ogg" title="File:Hi-JawaharlalNehru.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 14 November 1889 – 27 May 1964) was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial nationalism">anti-colonial nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular humanist">secular humanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrat">social democrat</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> and statesman who was a central figure in India during the middle of the 20th century. Nehru was second only to <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in leading the <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nationalist movement">Indian nationalist movement</a> in the 1930s and 1940s. Upon India's independence from Britain in 1947, he served as the country's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a> for 16 years.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> Nehru championed parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_India" title="Democracy in India">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">science and technology</a> during the 1950s, influencing India's arc as a modern nation. In international affairs, he is well-known as one of the Founders of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-aligned Movement</a> and, concomitantly, for steering India clear of the two blocs of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. A coveted author, the books he wrote in prison, such as <a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughter" title="Letters from a Father to His Daughter">Letters from a Father to His Daughter</a> (1929), <a href="/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)" title="An Autobiography (Nehru)">An Autobiography</a> (1936) and <a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_India" title="The Discovery of India">The Discovery of India</a> (1946), have been read and deliberated upon around the world. The son of <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, a prominent lawyer and <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nationalist">Indian nationalist</a>, Jawaharlal Nehru was educated in England—at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, and trained in the law at the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a>. He became a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, returned to India, enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> and soon began to take an interest in national politics, which eventually became a full-time occupation. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, rose to become the leader of a progressive faction during the 1920s, and eventually of the Congress in its totality, receiving the support of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> who was to designate Nehru as his political heir. As <a href="/wiki/Congress_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress president">Congress president</a> in 1929, Nehru called for <a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">complete independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s. Nehru promoted the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular nation-state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">1937 provincial elections</a>, allowing the Congress to sweep the elections, and to form governments in several provinces. In September 1939, the Congress ministries resigned to protest Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Lord Linlithgow</a>'s decision to join the war without consulting them. After the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India Resolution">Quit India Resolution</a> of 8 August 1942, senior Congress leaders were imprisoned and for a time the organisation was suppressed. Nehru, who had reluctantly heeded Gandhi's call for immediate independence, and had desired instead to support the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war effort during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, came out of a lengthy prison term to a much altered political landscape. The Muslim League, under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, had come to dominate Muslim politics in the interim. In the <a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">1946 provincial elections</a>, Congress won the elections but the League won most seats reserved for Muslims, which the British interpreted to be a clear mandate for Pakistan in some form. Nehru became the interim prime minister of India in September 1946, with the League joining his government with some hesitancy in October 1946. Upon India's independence on 15 August 1947, Nehru gave a critically acclaimed speech, "<a href="/wiki/Tryst_with_Destiny" title="Tryst with Destiny">Tryst with Destiny</a>"; he was sworn in as the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>'s prime minister and raised the Indian flag at the <a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a> in Delhi. On 26 January 1950, when India became a republic within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, Nehru became the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>'s first prime minister. He embarked on an ambitious program of economic, social, and political reforms. Nehru promoted a pluralistic <a href="/wiki/Multi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party">multi-party</a> democracy. In foreign affairs, he played a leading role in establishing <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, a group of nations that did not seek membership in the two main ideological blocs of the Cold War. Under Nehru's leadership, the Congress emerged as a <a href="/wiki/Catch-all_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch-all party">catch-all party</a>, dominating national and state-level politics and winning elections in <a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Indian_general_election" title="1951–52 Indian general election">1951</a>, <a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election" title="1957 Indian general election">1957</a> and <a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962</a>. His premiership, spanning 16 years and 286 days—which is, to date, the longest in India—ended with <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru">his death</a> in 1964 from a heart attack. Hailed as the "Architect of Modern India", his birthday is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(India)" title="Children's Day (India)">Children's Day</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career_(1889–1912)">Early life and career (1889–1912)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_family_background">Birth and family background</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anand_Bhawan,_Allahabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg/220px-Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg/330px-Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg/440px-Anand_Bhawan%2C_Allahabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anand_Bhawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anand Bhawan">Anand Bhawan</a> the Nehru family home in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a></figcaption></figure> Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. His father, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a> (1861–1931), a self-made wealthy <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> who was born into the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Pandit">Kashmiri Pandit</a> community, served twice as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Indian National Congress">president of the Indian National Congress</a>, in 1919 and 1928.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> His mother, <a href="/wiki/Swarup_Rani_Nehru" title="Swarup Rani Nehru">Swarup Rani Thussu</a> (1868–1938), who came from a well-known Kashmiri Pandit family settled in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200721-8">[7]</a> was Motilal's second wife, his first having died in <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>. Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda200725-9">[8]</a> The elder of his two sisters, <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi</a>, later became the first female president of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> His youngest sister, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Hutheesing" title="Krishna Hutheesing">Krishna Hutheesing</a>, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother.<a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times-2020-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_mother_Swarup_Rani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_mother_Swarup_Rani.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_mother_Swarup_Rani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_mother_Swarup_Rani.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_mother_Swarup_Rani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_mother_Swarup_Rani.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_mother_Swarup_Rani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Jawaharlal Nehru as a young boy and his mother <a href="/wiki/Swarup_Rani_Nehru" title="Swarup Rani Nehru">Swarup Rani</a></figcaption></figure> Nehru described his childhood as a "sheltered and uneventful one". He grew up in an atmosphere of privilege in wealthy homes, including a <a href="/wiki/Palatial" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatial">palatial</a> estate called the <a href="/wiki/Anand_Bhavan" title="Anand Bhavan">Anand Bhavan</a>. His father had him educated at home by private <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governesses</a> and tutors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200722-13">[12]</a> Influenced by the Irish theosophist Ferdinand T. Brooks' teaching,<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Nehru became interested in science and <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">theosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OPM-15">[14]</a> A family friend, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> subsequently initiated him into the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> at age thirteen. However, his interest in theosophy did not prove to be enduring, and he left the society shortly after Brooks departed as his tutor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200723-16">[15]</a> He wrote: "For nearly three years [Brooks] was with me and in many ways, he influenced me greatly".<a href="#cite_note-OPM-15">[14]</a> Nehru's theosophical interests induced him to study the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Hindu scriptures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda200788-17">[16]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/B._R._Nanda" class="mw-redirect" title="B. R. Nanda">B. R. Nanda</a>, these scriptures were Nehru's "first introduction to the religious and cultural heritage of [India]....[They] provided Nehru the initial impulse for [his] long intellectual quest which culminated...in <a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_India" title="The Discovery of India">The Discovery of India</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda200788-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth">Youth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_at_Harrow.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Nehru dressed in a cadet uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nehru_at_Harrow.png/200px-Nehru_at_Harrow.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Nehru_at_Harrow.png 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>A young Nehru dressed in a cadet's uniform at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> in England</figcaption></figure> Nehru became an ardent nationalist during his youth.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> intensified his feelings. Of the latter he wrote, "[The] Japanese victories [had] stirred up my enthusiasm. ...<a href="/wiki/Nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalistic">Nationalistic</a> ideas filled my mind. ... I mused of Indian freedom and Asiatic freedom from the <a href="/wiki/Thraldom" class="mw-redirect" title="Thraldom">thraldom</a> of Europe."<a href="#cite_note-OPM-15">[14]</a> Later, in 1905, when he had begun his institutional schooling at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a>, a leading school in England where he was nicknamed "Joe",<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> books, which he had received as prizes for academic merit, influenced him greatly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200736-20">[19]</a> He viewed Garibaldi as a revolutionary hero. He wrote: "Visions of similar deeds in India came before, of [my] gallant fight for [Indian] freedom and in my mind, India and Italy got strangely mixed together."<a href="#cite_note-OPM-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graduation">Graduation</h3></div> Nehru went to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, in October 1907 and graduated with an honours degree in <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200743-21">[20]</a> During this period, he studied politics, economics, history and literature with interest. The writings of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldsworthy_Lowes_Dickinson" title="Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson">Lowes Dickinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Townsend" title="Meredith Townsend">Meredith Townsend</a> moulded much of his political and economic thinking.<a href="#cite_note-OPM-15">[14]</a> After completing his degree in 1910, Nehru moved to London and studied law at the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a> (one of the four <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a> to which English barristers must belong).<a href="#cite_note-Sen-1964-22">[21]</a> During this time, he continued to study <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> scholars including <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OPM-15">[14]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Called_to_the_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the Bar">called to the Bar</a> in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Sen-1964-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200747-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocate_practice">Advocate practice</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_barrister.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph if Nehru in his barrister's attire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nehru_barrister.png/200px-Nehru_barrister.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Nehru_barrister.png 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Jawaharlal Nehru, Barrister-at-Law</figcaption></figure> After returning to India in August 1912, Nehru enrolled as an advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> and tried to settle down as a barrister. But, unlike his father, he had very little interest in his profession and relished neither the practice of law nor the company of lawyers: "Decidedly the atmosphere was not intellectually stimulating and a sense of the utter insipidity of life grew upon me."<a href="#cite_note-OPM-15">[14]</a> His involvement in nationalist politics was to gradually replace his legal practice.<a href="#cite_note-OPM-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalist_movement_(1912–1939)">Nationalist movement (1912–1939)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_and_home_rule:_1912–1919">Civil rights and home rule: 1912–1919</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamala_and_Jawaharlal_Nehru_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See captionKamala and Jawaharlal Nehru marriage ceremony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kamala_and_Jawaharlal_Nehru_1916.jpg/200px-Kamala_and_Jawaharlal_Nehru_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kamala_and_Jawaharlal_Nehru_1916.jpg/300px-Kamala_and_Jawaharlal_Nehru_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Kamala_and_Jawaharlal_Nehru_1916.jpg/400px-Kamala_and_Jawaharlal_Nehru_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Nehru and Kamala Kaul at their wedding in Delhi, 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_family_in_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Family portrait of Nehru, his wife and daughter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_family_in_1918.jpg/200px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_family_in_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_his_family_in_1918.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Nehru in 1919 with wife <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Nehru" title="Kamala Nehru">Kamala</a> and daughter <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira</a></figcaption></figure> Nehru's father, Motilal, was an important <a href="/wiki/Early_Nationalists" title="Early Nationalists">moderate</a> leader of the Indian National Congress. The moderates believed British rule was modernising, and sought reform and more participation in government in cooperation with British authorities.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> However, Nehru sympathised with the Congress radicals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachariah200420–21-25">[24]</a> who promoted <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadesh</a>, and boycott. The two factions had <a href="/wiki/Surat_Split" title="Surat Split">split</a> in 1907. After returning to India in 1912, Nehru attended the annual session of the Congress at <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose199325-26">[25]</a> The Congress was then considered a party of moderates and elites dominated by <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose199325-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200750-27">[26]</a> and Nehru was disconcerted by what he saw as "very much an English-knowing <a href="/wiki/Upper-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper-class">upper-class</a> affair".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200749-28">[27]</a> However, Nehru agreed to raise funds for the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Indian civil rights movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose199325-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200750-27">[26]</a> In 1916, Nehru married <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Kaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamala Kaul">Kamala Kaul</a>, who came from a Kashmiri Pandit family settled in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007173-29">[28]</a> Their only daughter, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira</a>, was born in 1917. Kamala gave birth to a son in 1924, but the baby lived for only a few days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007330-30">[29]</a> The influence of moderates declined after Gokhale died in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose199325-26">[25]</a> Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a> to voice a demand for Swaraj or <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a>. Besant and Tilak formed separate <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Home Rule Leagues</a>. Nehru joined both groups, but he worked primarily with Besant, with whom he had a very close relationship since childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200755-31">[30]</a> He became the secretary of Besant's Home Rule League.<a href="#cite_note-JNACA-32">[31]</a> In June 1917, the British government arrested Besant. The Congress and other organisations threatened to launch protests if she was not freed. The government was forced to release Besant in September, but the protestors successfully negotiated further <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">concessions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200758-33">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-cooperation_and_afterwards:_1919–1929">Non-cooperation and afterwards: 1919–1929</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru,_circa_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_circa_1925.jpg/199px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_circa_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_circa_1925.jpg/300px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_circa_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_circa_1925.jpg/399px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_circa_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>Jawaharlal Nehru, circa 1925</figcaption></figure> Nehru met Gandhi for the first time in 1916 at the Lucknow session of the Congress,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200755-31">[30]</a> but he had been then dissuaded by his father from being drawn into Gandhi's satyagraha politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007214-34">[33]</a> 1919 marked the beginning of a strong wave of nationalist activity and subsequent government repression that included the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh killings</a>. Motilal Nehru lost his belief in constitutional reform, and joined his son in accepting Gandhi's methods and paramount leadership of the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007228-35">[34]</a> In December 1919, Nehru's father was elected president of the Indian National Congress in what is regarded as "the first Gandhi Congress".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachariah200439-36">[35]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">non-cooperation movement</a> launched by Gandhi in 1920, Nehru played an influential role in directing political activities in the United Provinces (now <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>) as provincial Congress secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007325-37">[36]</a> He was imprisoned on 6 December 1921 on charges of anti-governmental activities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007259-38">[37]</a> marking the first of eight periods of detention between 1921-1945, lasting over nine years in all. By 1923, Nehru had emerged as a national figure of some stature. He was elected general secretary of the Congress,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007323-39">[38]</a> president of the United Provinces Congress,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> and mayor of Allahabad all in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007325-37">[36]</a> The non-cooperation movement was halted in 1923 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007267-41">[40]</a> Nehru's two-year term as general secretary ended after 1925,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007323-39">[38]</a> and earlier that year he resigned as mayor of Allahabad due to his disillusionment with municipal politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007327-42">[41]</a> In 1926, Nehru left for Europe with his wife and daughter to seek treatment for his wife's tuberculosis diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007331-43">[42]</a> While in Europe, he was invited to attend the Congress of oppressed nationalities in Brussels, Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007334-44">[43]</a> The meeting was called to coordinate and plan a common struggle against <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. Nehru represented India and was elected to the Executive Council of the <a href="/wiki/League_against_Imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="League against Imperialism">League against Imperialism</a> which was born at this meeting.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> He made a statement in favour of complete independence for India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007335-46">[45]</a> Nehru's stay in Europe included a visit to the Soviet Union, which sparked his interest in <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and socialism. Appealed by its ideas but repelled by some of its tactics, he never completely agreed with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s ideas. However, from that time on, the benchmark of his <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">economic</a> view remained Marxist, adapted, where necessary, to Indian circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> After returning to India in December 1927, Nehru was elected to another two-year term as Congress general secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda2007391-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_independence">Declaration of independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Motilal_Nehru_in_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Motilal_Nehru_in_1929.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Motilal_Nehru_in_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Motilal_Nehru_in_1929.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Motilal_Nehru_in_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Motilal_Nehru_in_1929.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_and_Motilal_Nehru_in_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>Nehru, President-elect of the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress in 1929, with the outgoing President, his father Motilal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Nehru_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gandhi_Nehru_1929.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Nehru_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Gandhi_Nehru_1929.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi in 1929</figcaption></figure> Nehru was one of the first leaders to demand that the Congress Party should resolve to make a complete and explicit break from all ties with the British Empire. The Madras session of Congress in 1927, approved his resolution for independence despite Gandhi's criticism. At that time, he formed the Independence for India League, a pressure group within the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-1991-50">[49]</a> In 1928, Gandhi agreed to Nehru's demands and proposed a resolution that called for the British to grant Dominion status to India within two years.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> If the British failed to meet the deadline, the Congress would call upon all Indians to fight for complete independence. Nehru was one of the leaders who objected to the time given to the British—he pressed Gandhi to demand immediate actions from the British. Gandhi brokered a further compromise by reducing the time given from two years to one.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-1991-50">[49]</a> The British rejected demands for Dominion status in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-1991-50">[49]</a> Nehru assumed the presidency of the Congress party during the Lahore session on 29 December 1929 and introduced a successful resolution calling for <a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">complete independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-1991-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Nehru drafted the Indian Declaration of Independence, which stated: <blockquote>We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities for growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe, therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></blockquote> At midnight on New Year's Eve 1929, Nehru hoisted the <a href="/wiki/Tricolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour">tricolour</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag of India</a> upon the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a> in Lahore.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> A pledge of independence was read out, which included a readiness to withhold taxes. The massive gathering of the public attending the ceremony was asked if they agreed with it, and the majority of people were witnessed raising their hands in approval. 172 Indian members of central and provincial legislatures resigned in support of the resolution and in accordance with Indian public sentiment. The Congress asked the people of India to observe 26 January as Independence Day.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Congress volunteers, nationalists, and the public hoisted the flag of India publicly across India. Plans for mass civil disobedience were also underway.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> After the Lahore session of the Congress in 1929, Nehru gradually emerged as the paramount leader of the Indian independence movement. Gandhi stepped back into a more spiritual role. Although Gandhi did not explicitly designate Nehru as his political heir until 1942, as early as the mid-1930s, the country saw Nehru as the natural successor to Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> In 1929, Nehru had already drafted the "Fundamental Rights and Economic Policy" resolution that set the government agenda for an independent India.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The resolution was ratified in 1931 at the <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> session chaired by <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_March:_1930">Salt March: 1930</h3></div> Nehru and most of the Congress leaders were ambivalent initially about Gandhi's plan to begin <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> with a satyagraha aimed at the British <a href="/wiki/Salt_tax" title="Salt tax">salt tax</a>. After the protest had gathered steam, they realised the power of salt as a symbol. Nehru remarked about the unprecedented popular response, "It seemed as though a spring had been suddenly released".<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> He was arrested on 14 April 1930 while on a train from Allahabad to <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a>. Earlier, after addressing a huge meeting and leading a vast procession, he had ceremoniously manufactured some contraband salt. He was charged with breach of the salt law and sentenced to six months of imprisonment at Central Jail.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> He nominated Gandhi to succeed him as the Congress president during his absence in jail, but Gandhi declined, and Nehru nominated his father as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007167-63">[62]</a> With Nehru's arrest, the civil disobedience acquired a new tempo, and arrests, firing on crowds and <a href="/wiki/Baton_charge" title="Baton charge">lathi charges</a> grew to be ordinary occurrences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007168-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Salt_satyagraha_success">Salt satyagraha success</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Salt_satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt satyagraha">salt satyagraha</a> ("pressure for reform through passive resistance") succeeded in attracting world attention. Indian, British, and world opinion increasingly recognised the legitimacy of the claims by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress party">Congress party</a> for independence. Nehru considered the salt satyagraha the high-water mark of his association with Gandhi,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> and felt its lasting importance was in changing the attitudes of Indians:<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <blockquote>Of course these movements exercised tremendous pressure on the British Government and shook the government machinery. But the real importance, to my mind, lay in the effect they had on our own people, and especially the village masses. ... Non-cooperation dragged them out of the mire and gave them self-respect and self-reliance. ... They acted courageously and did not submit so easily to unjust oppression; their outlook widened and they began to think a little in terms of India as a whole. ... It was a remarkable transformation and the Congress, under Gandhi's leadership, must have the credit for it.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_prison_1930–1935">In prison 1930–1935</h3></div> On 11 October 1930, Nehru's detention ended, but he was back in jail in less than ten days for resuming the presidency of the banned Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976147-67">[66]</a> On 26 January 1931, Nehru and other prisoners were released early by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Irwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Irwin">Lord Irwin</a>, who was negotiating with Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007181-68">[67]</a> His father died on 6 February 1931. Nehru was back in jail on 26 December 1931 after violating court orders not to leave Allahabad while leading a "no-rent" campaign to alleviate peasant distress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976170-69">[68]</a> On 30 August 1933, Nehru was released from prison, but the government soon moved to detain him again. On 22 December 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gilmour,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet">Home Secretary</a> sent a memo to all local governments in India: <blockquote>The Government of India regard him [Nehru] as by far the most dangerous element at large in India, and their view is that the time has come, in accordance with their general policy of taking steps at an early stage to prevent attempts to work up mass agitation, to take action against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976185-70">[69]</a></blockquote> He was arrested in Allahabad on 12 January 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976185-70">[69]</a> In August 1934, he was briefly released for eleven days to attend to his wife's ailing health. In October, he was allowed to see her again, but he turned down an early release conditional on withdrawing from politics for the duration of his sentence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007255–256-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_president,_provincial_elections:_1935–1939">Congress president, provincial elections: 1935–1939</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Karachi_on_return_from_Lausanne_with_Kamala_Nehru%E2%80%99s_ashes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Karachi_on_return_from_Lausanne_with_Kamala_Nehru%E2%80%99s_ashes.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Karachi_on_return_from_Lausanne_with_Kamala_Nehru%E2%80%99s_ashes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Karachi_on_return_from_Lausanne_with_Kamala_Nehru%E2%80%99s_ashes.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Karachi_on_return_from_Lausanne_with_Kamala_Nehru%E2%80%99s_ashes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Karachi_on_return_from_Lausanne_with_Kamala_Nehru%E2%80%99s_ashes.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Karachi_on_return_from_Lausanne_with_Kamala_Nehru%E2%80%99s_ashes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Nehru in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> after returning from <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> with the ashes of his wife <a href="/wiki/Kamla_Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamla Nehru">Kamla Nehru</a> in March 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Rabindranath_Tagore,1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Rabindranath_Tagore%2C1936.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Rabindranath_Tagore%2C1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Rabindranath_Tagore%2C1936.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Rabindranath_Tagore%2C1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Rabindranath_Tagore%2C1936.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Rabindranath_Tagore%2C1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Nehru with Indian Nobel-prize-winning poet <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> in 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_in_a_procession_at_Peshawar,North_West_Frontier_Province,_14_October_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of 1000s of people in a procession" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jawaharlal_Nehru_in_a_procession_at_Peshawar%2CNorth_West_Frontier_Province%2C_14_October_1937.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_in_a_procession_at_Peshawar%2CNorth_West_Frontier_Province%2C_14_October_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jawaharlal_Nehru_in_a_procession_at_Peshawar%2CNorth_West_Frontier_Province%2C_14_October_1937.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_in_a_procession_at_Peshawar%2CNorth_West_Frontier_Province%2C_14_October_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jawaharlal_Nehru_in_a_procession_at_Peshawar%2CNorth_West_Frontier_Province%2C_14_October_1937.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_in_a_procession_at_Peshawar%2CNorth_West_Frontier_Province%2C_14_October_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Nehru in a procession at <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>, 14 October 1937</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_on_visit_to_Egypt,_June_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jawaharlal_Nehru_on_visit_to_Egypt%2C_June_1938.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_on_visit_to_Egypt%2C_June_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jawaharlal_Nehru_on_visit_to_Egypt%2C_June_1938.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_on_visit_to_Egypt%2C_June_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jawaharlal_Nehru_on_visit_to_Egypt%2C_June_1938.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_on_visit_to_Egypt%2C_June_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Nehru on a visit to Egypt in June 1938</figcaption></figure> In September 1935, Nehru's wife, Kamala, became terminally ill while receiving medical treatment in <a href="/wiki/Badenweiler" title="Badenweiler">Badenweiler</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZachariah200476–77-72">[71]</a> Nehru was released from prison early on compassionate grounds, and moved his wife to a sanatorium in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland, where she died on 28 February 1936.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007245–248-73">[72]</a> While in Europe, Nehru learned that he was elected as Congress president for the coming year. He returned to India in March 1936 and led the Congress response to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a>. He condemned the Act as a "new charter of bondage" and a "machine with strong brakes but no engine".<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> He initially wanted to boycott the <a href="/wiki/1937_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1937 Indian provincial elections">1937 provincial elections</a>, but agreed to lead the election campaign after receiving vague assurances about <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a> from the party leaders who wished to contest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976214-76">[75]</a> Nehru hoped to treat the election campaign as a mass outreach programme.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> During the campaign, Nehru was elected to another term as Congress president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee201841-78">[77]</a> The election manifesto, drafted largely by Nehru, attacked both the Act and the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a> that went with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976214-76">[75]</a> He campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>, and argued that Muslims could not be regarded as a separate nation. The Congress won most general seats, and the Muslim League fared poorly with Muslim electorates.<a href="#cite_note-Schöttli-79">[78]</a> After the elections, Nehru drafted a resolution against taking office, but there were many Congress leaders who wanted to assume power under the 1935 Act. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a> (CWC) under Gandhi passed a compromise resolution that authorised office acceptance, but reiterated that the fundamental objective of the Congress was the destruction of the 1935 Act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee201843-80">[79]</a> Nehru was more popular than before with the public,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976214-76">[75]</a> but he found himself isolated at the CWC meetings due to the anti-socialist orientation of its membership. Gandhi had to personally intervene when a group of CWC members and Nehru threatened to resign and counter-resign their posts over disagreements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMöllerSchierenbeck201452-81">[80]</a> He became discontented with his role, especially after the death of his mother in January 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976233-82">[81]</a> In February 1938, he did not stand for re-election as president, and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Subash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subash Chandra Bose">Subash Chandra Bose</a>. He left for Europe in June, stopping on the way at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGopal1976233-82">[81]</a> While in Europe, Nehru became very concerned with the possibility of another world war.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> At that time, he emphasised that, in the event of war, India's place was alongside the democracies, though he insisted India could only fight in support of Great Britain and France as a free country.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> After returning to India in December 1938, Nehru accepted Bose's offer to head the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SugataBose2012-85">[84]</a> In February 1939, he became president of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples_Conference" title="All India States Peoples Conference">All India States Peoples Conference</a> (AISPC), which was leading popular agitations in princely states.<a href="#cite_note-Bandyopadhyay2004-86">[85]</a> Nehru was not directly involved in the events that split the Congress during the Bose presidency, and unsuccessfully attempted to mediate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee201844-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalist_movement_(1939–1947)">Nationalist movement (1939–1947)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Mahatma_Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_Working_Committee_of_the_Congress_at_Wardha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Mahatma_Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_Working_Committee_of_the_Congress_at_Wardha.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Mahatma_Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_Working_Committee_of_the_Congress_at_Wardha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Mahatma_Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_Working_Committee_of_the_Congress_at_Wardha.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Mahatma_Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_Working_Committee_of_the_Congress_at_Wardha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Mahatma_Gandhi_during_a_meeting_of_Working_Committee_of_the_Congress_at_Wardha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a>, Nehru, and <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> at the Congress Working Committee meeting in Wardha in September 1939</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Viceroy Linlithgow</a> unilaterally declared India a <a href="/wiki/Belligerent" title="Belligerent">belligerent</a> on the side of Britain, without consulting the elected Indian representatives.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Nehru hurried back from a visit to China, announcing that, in a conflict between democracy and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, "our sympathies must inevitably be on the side of democracy, ... I should like India to play its full part and throw all her resources into the struggle for a new order".<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> After much deliberation, the Congress under Nehru informed the government that it would co-operate with the British but on certain conditions. First, Britain must give an assurance of full independence for India after the war and allow the election of a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">constituent assembly</a> to frame a new constitution; second, although the Indian armed forces would remain under the <a href="/wiki/British_Commander-in-chief" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commander-in-chief">British Commander-in-chief</a>, Indians must be included immediately in the central government and given a chance to share power and responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-plassey-to-partition-90">[89]</a> When Nehru presented Lord Linlithgow with these demands, he chose to reject them. A <a href="/wiki/Political_deadlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Political deadlock">deadlock</a> was reached: "The same old game is played again," Nehru wrote bitterly to Gandhi, "the background is the same, the various epithets are the same and the actors are the same and the results must be the same".<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> On 23 October 1939, the Congress condemned the Viceroy's attitude and called upon the Congress ministries in the various provinces to resign in protest.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Before this crucial announcement, Nehru urged Jinnah and the Muslim League to join the protest, but Jinnah declined.<a href="#cite_note-plassey-to-partition-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_disobedience,_Lahore_Resolution,_August_Offer:_1940">Civil disobedience, Lahore Resolution, August Offer: 1940</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seva_Dal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Seva_Dal.jpg/260px-Seva_Dal.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Seva_Dal.jpg/390px-Seva_Dal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Seva_Dal.jpg/520px-Seva_Dal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Nehru with the Seva Dal volunteer corps in Allahabad, 1940</figcaption></figure> In March 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah passed what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Resolution">Pakistan Resolution</a>, declaring that, "Muslims are a nation according to any definition of a nation, and they must have their <a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">homelands</a>, their territory and their State." This state was to be known as Pakistan, meaning 'Land of the Pure'.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Nehru angrily declared that "all the old problems ... pale into insignificance before the latest stand taken by the Muslim League leader in Lahore".<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Linlithgow made Nehru an <a href="/wiki/August_Offer" title="August Offer">offer</a> on 8 October 1940, which stated that <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion status for India</a> was the objective of the British government.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> However, it referred neither to a date nor a method to accomplish this. Only Jinnah received something more precise: "The British would not contemplate transferring power to a Congress-dominated national government, the authority of which was denied by various elements in India's national life".<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> In October 1940, Gandhi and Nehru, abandoning their original stand of supporting Britain, decided to launch a limited civil disobedience campaign in which leading advocates of Indian independence were selected to participate one by one. Nehru was arrested and sentenced to four years imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-Hindustan_Times-2020-11">[10]</a> On 15 January 1941, Gandhi stated: <blockquote>Some say Jawaharlal and I were estranged. It will require much more than a difference of opinion to estrange us. We had differences from the time we became co-workers and yet I have said for some years and say so now that not Rajaji but Jawaharlal will be my successor.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></blockquote> After spending a little more than a year in jail, Nehru was released, along with other Congress prisoners, three days before the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pearl_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Pearl Harbor">bombing of Pearl Harbor</a> in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_attacks_India,_Cripps'_mission,_Quit_India:_1942">Japan attacks India, Cripps' mission, Quit India: 1942</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg/220px-Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg/330px-Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg/440px-Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi and Nehru during the drafting of <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India Resolution">Quit India Resolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, August 1942, </figcaption></figure> When the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">carried their attack through Burma</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>) to the borders of India in the spring of 1942, the British government, faced with this new military threat, decided to make some overtures to India, as Nehru had originally desired.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> dispatched Sir <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/War_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="War Cabinet">War Cabinet</a> who was known to be politically close to Nehru and knew Jinnah, with proposals for a settlement of the constitutional problem.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> As soon as he arrived, he discovered that India was more deeply divided than he had imagined. Nehru, eager for a compromise, was hopeful; Gandhi was not. Jinnah had continued opposing the Congress: "Pakistan is our only demand, and by God, we will have it," he declared in the Muslim League newspaper <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cripps%27_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cripps' mission">Cripps' mission</a> failed as Gandhi would accept nothing less than independence. Relations between Nehru and Gandhi cooled over the latter's refusal to co-operate with Cripps, but the two later reconciled.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> In 1942, Gandhi called on the British to leave India; Nehru, though reluctant to embarrass the allied war effort, had no alternative but to join Gandhi. Following the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India resolution</a> passed by the Congress party in Bombay on 8 August 1942, the entire Congress working committee, including Gandhi and Nehru, was arrested and imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Most of the Congress working committee including Nehru, Abdul Kalam Azad, and Sardar Patel were incarcerated at the <a href="/wiki/Ahmednagar_Fort" title="Ahmednagar Fort">Ahmednagar Fort</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> until 15 June 1945.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_prison_1943–1945">In prison 1943–1945</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_room_at_Ahmednagar_fort_-_20151226_031536.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_room_at_Ahmednagar_fort_-_20151226_031536.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_room_at_Ahmednagar_fort_-_20151226_031536.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_room_at_Ahmednagar_fort_-_20151226_031536.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_room_at_Ahmednagar_fort_-_20151226_031536.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_room_at_Ahmednagar_fort_-_20151226_031536.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_room_at_Ahmednagar_fort_-_20151226_031536.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Nehru's room at Ahmednagar fort where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1945, and where he wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_India" title="The Discovery of India">The Discovery of India</a></figcaption></figure> During the period when all the Congress leaders were in jail, the Muslim League under Jinnah grew in power.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In April 1943, the League captured the governments of Bengal and, a month later, that of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>. In none of these provinces had the League previously had a majority—only the arrest of Congress members made it possible. With all the Muslim-dominated provinces except Punjab under Jinnah's control, the concept of a separate Muslim State was turning into a reality.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> However, by 1944, Jinnah's power and prestige were waning.<a href="#cite_note-B._N-1969-111">[110]</a> A general sympathy towards the jailed Congress leaders was developing among Muslims, and much of the blame for the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>–44 during which two million died had been laid on the shoulders of the province's Muslim League government. The numbers at Jinnah's meetings, once counted in thousands, soon numbered only a few hundred. In despair, Jinnah left the political scene for a stay in Kashmir. His prestige was restored unwittingly by Gandhi, who had been released from prison on medical grounds in May 1944 and had met Jinnah in Bombay in September.<a href="#cite_note-B._N-1969-111">[110]</a> There, he offered the Muslim leader a plebiscite in the Muslim areas after the war to see whether they wanted to separate from the rest of India. Essentially, it was an acceptance of the principle of Pakistan—but not in so many words. Jinnah demanded that the exact words be used. Gandhi refused and the talks broke down. Jinnah, however, had greatly strengthened his own position and that of the League. The most influential member of the Congress had been seen to negotiate with him on equal terms.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_mission,_Interim_government_1946–1947">Cabinet mission, Interim government 1946–1947</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_with_members_of_Interim_gov%27t_faction_leaving_Viceroy%27s_home_after_Swearing_in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nehru_with_members_of_Interim_gov%27t_faction_leaving_Viceroy%27s_home_after_Swearing_in.jpg/220px-Nehru_with_members_of_Interim_gov%27t_faction_leaving_Viceroy%27s_home_after_Swearing_in.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nehru_with_members_of_Interim_gov%27t_faction_leaving_Viceroy%27s_home_after_Swearing_in.jpg/330px-Nehru_with_members_of_Interim_gov%27t_faction_leaving_Viceroy%27s_home_after_Swearing_in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nehru_with_members_of_Interim_gov%27t_faction_leaving_Viceroy%27s_home_after_Swearing_in.jpg/440px-Nehru_with_members_of_Interim_gov%27t_faction_leaving_Viceroy%27s_home_after_Swearing_in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Nehru and the Congress party members of his interim government after being sworn in by the Viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Wavell">Lord Wavell</a>, 2 September 1946</figcaption></figure> Nehru and his colleagues were released prior to the arrival of the British <a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">1946 Cabinet Mission to India</a> to propose plans for the transfer of power.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mukhopadhyay-2018-114">[113]</a> The agreed plan in 1946 led to elections to the provincial assemblies. In turn, the members of the assemblies elected members of the Constituent Assembly. Congress won the majority of seats in the assembly and headed the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India" title="Interim Government of India">interim government</a>, with Nehru as the prime minister. The Muslim League joined the government later with <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a> as the Finance member.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_of_India_(1947–1964)">Prime Minister of India (1947–1964)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teen_Murti_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Teen_Murti_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-Teen_Murti_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Teen_Murti_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg/330px-Teen_Murti_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Teen_Murti_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg/440px-Teen_Murti_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teen_Murti_Bhavan" title="Teen Murti Bhavan">Teen Murti Bhavan</a>, Nehru's official residence as prime minister, is now a museum.</figcaption></figure> Nehru served as prime minister for 16 years, initially as the interim prime minister, then from 1947 as the prime minister of the Dominion of India and then from 1950 as the prime minister of the Republic of India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republicanism">Republicanism</h3></div> Jawaharlal Nehru showed his concern for the princely states of South Asia since 1920s. During his Presidential Address at the Lahore session in 1929, Nehru had declared that, "The Indian States cannot live apart from the rest of India and their rulers must, unless they accept their inevitable limitations, go the way of others like them."<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In July 1946, Nehru pointedly observed that no princely state could prevail militarily against the army of independent India.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In January 1947, he said that independent India would not accept the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> In May 1947, he declared that any <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> which refused to join the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly</a> would be treated as an enemy state.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Vallabhbhai Patel and V. P. Menon were more conciliatory towards the princes, and as the men charged with integrating the states, were successful in the task.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> During the drafting of the Indian constitution, many Indian leaders (except Nehru) were in favour of allowing each princely state or covenanting state to be independent as a federal state along the lines suggested originally by the Government of India Act 1935. But as the drafting of the constitution progressed, and the idea of forming a republic took concrete shape, it was decided that all the princely states/covenanting states would merge with the Indian republic.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In 1963, Nehru brought in legislation making it illegal to demand secession and introduced the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution which makes it necessary for those running for office to take an oath that says "I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India".<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence,_Dominion_of_India:_1947–1950">Independence, Dominion of India: 1947–1950</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Mountbatten_swears_in_Jawaharlal_Nehru_as_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_free_India_on_Aug_15,_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lord_Mountbatten_swears_in_Jawaharlal_Nehru_as_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_free_India_on_Aug_15%2C_1947.jpg/300px-Lord_Mountbatten_swears_in_Jawaharlal_Nehru_as_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_free_India_on_Aug_15%2C_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lord_Mountbatten_swears_in_Jawaharlal_Nehru_as_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_free_India_on_Aug_15%2C_1947.jpg/450px-Lord_Mountbatten_swears_in_Jawaharlal_Nehru_as_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_free_India_on_Aug_15%2C_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Lord_Mountbatten_swears_in_Jawaharlal_Nehru_as_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_free_India_on_Aug_15%2C_1947.jpg/600px-Lord_Mountbatten_swears_in_Jawaharlal_Nehru_as_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_free_India_on_Aug_15%2C_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a> swears in Nehru as the first Prime Minister of independent India on 15 August 1947</figcaption></figure> The period before independence in early 1947 was impaired by outbreaks of communal violence and political disorder, and the opposition of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who were demanding a separate Muslim state of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence">Independence</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tryst_with_Destiny" title="Tryst with Destiny">Tryst with Destiny</a></div> He took office as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of India">prime minister of India</a> on 15 August and delivered his inaugural address titled "<a href="/wiki/Tryst_with_Destiny" title="Tryst with Destiny">Tryst with Destiny</a>". <blockquote>Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history when we step out from the old to the new when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi:_1948">Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi: 1948</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_light_has_gone_out_of_our_lives" title="The light has gone out of our lives">Nehru's address on Gandhi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital_in_May_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital_in_May_1948.jpg/220px-Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital_in_May_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital_in_May_1948.jpg/330px-Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital_in_May_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital_in_May_1948.jpg/440px-Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital_in_May_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Nehru visiting an Indian soldier recovering from injuries at the Brigade Headquarters Military Hospital in Srinagar, Kashmir</figcaption></figure> On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking in the garden of Birla House on his way to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> with links to the extremist <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> party, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Nehru addressed the nation by radio: <blockquote>Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me but for millions and millions in this country.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Yasmin_Khan" title="Yasmin Khan">Yasmin Khan</a> argued that Gandhi's death and funeral helped consolidate the authority of the new Indian state under Nehru and Patel. The Congress tightly controlled the epic public displays of grief over a two-week period—the funeral, mortuary rituals and distribution of the martyr's ashes with millions participating in different events.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The goal was to assert the power of the government, legitimise the Congress party's control and suppress all religious paramilitary groups. Nehru and Patel suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), the Muslim National Guards, and the <a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a>, with some 200,000 arrests.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Gandhi's death and funeral linked the distant state with the Indian people and helped them to understand the need to suppress religious parties during the transition to independence for the Indian people.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> In later years, there emerged a revisionist school of history which sought to blame Nehru for the partition of India, mostly referring to his highly <a href="/wiki/Centralised" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralised">centralised</a> policies for an independent India in 1947, which Jinnah opposed in favour of a more <a href="/wiki/Decentralised" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralised">decentralised</a> India.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Integration_of_states_and_Adoption_of_New_Constitution:_1947–1950">Integration of states and Adoption of New Constitution: 1947–1950</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act, 1956</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_Gandhi,_Jawaharlal_Nehru,_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg/330px-Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg/440px-Indira_Gandhi%2C_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_Rajiv_Gandhi_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, Nehru, <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a> in June 1949</figcaption></figure> The British Indian Empire, which included present-day India, Pakistan, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, was divided into two types of territories: the provinces of British India, which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> of India; and princely states, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> in return for local autonomy, in most cases as established by a treaty.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union under Nehru and Sardar Patel. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, Himachal Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Bharat" title="Madhya Bharat">Madhya Bharat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Pradesh" title="Vindhya Pradesh">Vindhya Pradesh</a>, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal and Bilaspur, became separate provinces.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India the pending adoption of a new Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_signing_Indian_Constitution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Nehru signing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Constitution">Indian Constitution</a> c.1950</figcaption></figure> In December 1946, Nehru moved the Objectives Resolution. This resolution, upon Nehru's suggestion, ultimately turned into the <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Preamble to the Constitution of India">Preamble to the Constitution of India</a>. The preamble is considered to be the spirit of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The new Constitution of India, which came into force on <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)" title="Republic Day (India)">26 January 1950</a> (Republic Day), made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was declared to be a "Union of States".<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1952">Election of 1952</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_1951-52_election_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jawaharlal_Nehru_1951-52_election_poster.jpg/178px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_1951-52_election_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jawaharlal_Nehru_1951-52_election_poster.jpg/267px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_1951-52_election_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Jawaharlal_Nehru_1951-52_election_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Nehru as the main campaigner of the Indian National Congress, 1951–52 elections</figcaption></figure> After the adoption of the constitution on 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly continued to act as the interim parliament until new elections. Nehru's interim cabinet consisted of 15 members from diverse communities and parties.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> The first elections to Indian legislative bodies (National parliament and State assemblies ) under the new constitution of India were held in <a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Indian_general_election" title="1951–52 Indian general election">1952</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The Congress party under Nehru's leadership won a large majority at both state and national levels.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prime_Minister:_1952–1957">Prime Minister: 1952–1957</h3></div> In December 1953, Nehru appointed the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Commission" title="States Reorganisation Commission">States Reorganisation Commission</a> to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. Headed by Justice <a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali">Fazal Ali</a>, the commission itself was also known as the Fazal Ali Commission.<a href="#cite_note-Koshi-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a>, who served as Nehru's <a href="/wiki/Home_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Home minister">home minister</a> from December 1954, oversaw the commission's efforts.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> The commission created a report in 1955 recommending the reorganisation of India's states.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of India">Seventh Amendment</a>, the existing distinction between Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as <a href="/wiki/States_of_india" class="mw-redirect" title="States of india">statess</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> A new type of entity, the <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a>, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state. Nehru stressed commonality among Indians and promoted <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">pan-Indianism</a>, refusing to reorganise states on either religious or ethnic lines.<a href="#cite_note-Koshi-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_elections:_1957,_1962">Subsequent elections: 1957, 1962</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/1957_Indian_general_election" title="1957 Indian general election">1957 elections</a>, under Nehru's leadership, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> easily won a second term in power, taking 371 of the 494 seats. They gained an extra seven seats (the size of the Lok Sabha had been increased by five) and their vote share increased from 45.0% to 47.8%. The INC won nearly five times more votes than the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party</a>, the second-largest party.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_general_election" title="1962 Indian general election">1962</a>, Nehru led the Congress to victory with a diminished majority. The numbers who voted for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Communist_Party" title="Indian Communist Party">Communist</a> and socialist parties grew, although some right-wing groups like <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> also did well.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1961_annexation_of_Goa">1961 annexation of Goa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></div> After years of failed negotiations, Krishna Menon ordered the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> to invade Portuguese-controlled <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> (Goa) in 1961, after which Nehru formally annexed it to India. It increased the popularity of both in India, but he was criticised by the communist opposition in India for the use of military force.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Indian_War_of_1962">Sino-Indian War of 1962</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_disputed_areas_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/India_disputed_areas_map.svg/220px-India_disputed_areas_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/India_disputed_areas_map.svg/330px-India_disputed_areas_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/India_disputed_areas_map.svg/440px-India_disputed_areas_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>Map showing <a href="/wiki/List_of_disputed_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disputed territories of India">disputed territories of India</a></figcaption></figure> From 1959, in a process that accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the "<a href="/wiki/Forward_policy_(Sino-Indian_conflict)" title="Forward policy (Sino-Indian conflict)">Forward Policy</a>" of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> China attacked some of these outposts, and the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> began, which India lost. The war ended with China announcing a unilateral ceasefire and with its forces withdrawing to 20 kilometres behind the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_actual_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of actual control">line of actual control</a> of 1959.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The war exposed the unpreparedness of India's military, which could send only 14,000 troops to the war zone in opposition to the much larger <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Army">Chinese Army</a>, and Nehru was widely criticised for his government's insufficient attention to defence. In response, defence minister V. K. Krishna Menon resigned and Nehru sought <a href="/wiki/US_military_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="US military aid">US military aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> Nehru's improved relations with the US under <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> proved useful during the war, as in 1962, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">president of Pakistan</a> (then closely aligned with the Americans) Ayub Khan was made to guarantee his neutrality regarding India, threatened by "<a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> aggression from Red China".<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> India's relationship with the Soviet Union, criticised by right-wing groups supporting <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> policies, was also seemingly validated. Nehru would continue to maintain his commitment to the non-aligned movement, despite calls from some to settle down on one permanent ally.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The unpreparedness of the army was blamed on Defence Minister Menon, who "resigned" from his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India's military further. India's policy of weaponisation using indigenous sources and self-sufficiency began in earnest under Nehru, completed by his daughter Indira Gandhi, who later led India to a crushing military victory over rival Pakistan in 1971. Toward the end of the war, India had increased her support for Tibetan refugees and revolutionaries, some of them having settled in India, as they were fighting the same common enemy in the region. Nehru ordered the raising of an elite Indian-trained "Tibetan Armed Force" composed of Tibetan refugees, which served with distinction in future wars against Pakistan in 1965 and 1971.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity">Popularity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Einstein,_1949.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Einstein%2C_1949.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Einstein%2C_1949.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Einstein%2C_1949.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Einstein%2C_1949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Einstein%2C_1949.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_Einstein%2C_1949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Nehru with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in Princeton, New Jersey, 1949</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_motorcade_passing_through_the_crowded_streets_of_Djakarta,_Indonesia,1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_motorcade_passing_through_the_crowded_streets_of_Djakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C1950.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_motorcade_passing_through_the_crowded_streets_of_Djakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_motorcade_passing_through_the_crowded_streets_of_Djakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C1950.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_motorcade_passing_through_the_crowded_streets_of_Djakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_motorcade_passing_through_the_crowded_streets_of_Djakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C1950.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%27s_motorcade_passing_through_the_crowded_streets_of_Djakarta%2C_Indonesia%2C1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Nehru with Indonesian president <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> in 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_tiger_cubs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_tiger_cubs.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_tiger_cubs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_tiger_cubs.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_tiger_cubs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_tiger_cubs.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_tiger_cubs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Nehru playing with a tiger cub at his home in 1955</figcaption></figure> To date, Nehru is considered the most popular prime minister, winning three consecutive elections with around 45% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_News" title="Pathé News">Pathé News</a> archive video reporting Nehru's death remarks "Neither on the political stage nor in moral stature was his leadership ever challenged".<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> In his book Verdicts on Nehru, <a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Ramachandra Guha</a> cited a contemporary account that described what Nehru's 1951–52 Indian general election campaign looked like: <blockquote>Almost at every place, city, town, village or wayside halt, people had waited overnight to welcome the nation's leader. Schools and shops closed; milkmaids and cowherds had taken a holiday; the kisan and his helpmate took a temporary respite from their dawn-to-dusk programme of hard work in field and home. In Nehru's name, stocks of soda and lemonade sold out; even water became scarce ... Special trains were run from out-of-the-way places to carry people to Nehru's meetings, enthusiasts travelling not only on footboards but also on top of carriages. Scores of people fainted in milling crowds.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></blockquote> In the 1950s, Nehru was admired by world leaders such as British prime minister Winston Churchill, and US President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. A letter from Eisenhower to Nehru, dated 27 November 1958, read: <blockquote>Universally you are recognised as one of the most powerful influences for peace and conciliation in the world. I believe that because you are a world leader for peace in your individual capacity, as well as a representative of the largest neutral nation....<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></blockquote> In 1955, Churchill called Nehru, the light of Asia, and a greater light than <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Nehru is time and again described as a charismatic leader with a rare charm.<a href="#cite_note-169">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vision_and_governing_policies">Vision and governing policies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_school_children_at_Durgapur_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nehru with schoolchildren at the Durgapur Steel Plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_school_children_at_Durgapur_copy.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_school_children_at_Durgapur_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_school_children_at_Durgapur_copy.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_school_children_at_Durgapur_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_school_children_at_Durgapur_copy.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_with_school_children_at_Durgapur_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Nehru with schoolchildren at the <a href="/wiki/Durgapur_Steel_Plant" title="Durgapur Steel Plant">Durgapur Steel Plant</a>. Durgapur, <a href="/wiki/Rourkela_Steel_Plant" title="Rourkela Steel Plant">Rourkela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhilai_Steel_Plant" title="Bhilai Steel Plant">Bhilai</a> were three integrated steel plants set up under India's <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India#Second_Plan_(1956–1961)" title="Five-Year Plans of India">Second Five-Year Plan</a> in the late 1950s.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Bhikhu_Parekh" title="Bhikhu Parekh">Bhikhu Parekh</a>, Nehru can be regarded as the founder of the modern Indian state. Parekh attributes this to the national philosophy Nehru formulated for India. For him, modernisation was the national philosophy, with seven goals: national unity, parliamentary democracy, industrialisation, socialism, development of the scientific temper, and non-alignment. In Parekh's opinion, the philosophy and the policies that resulted from this benefited a large section of society such as public sector workers, industrial houses, and middle and upper peasantry. However, it failed to benefit the urban and rural poor, the unemployed and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu fundamentalist">Hindu fundamentalists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Nehru is credited with having prevented civil wars in India.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Nehru convincingly succeeded in secularism and <a href="/wiki/Religious_harmony_in_India" title="Religious harmony in India">religious harmony</a>, increasing the representation of minorities in government.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policies">Economic policies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_mit_Adenauer_und_Nehru_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Nehru and German chancellor Konrad Adenauer and Deutsche Bank chairman Hermann Josef Abs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_mit_Adenauer_und_Nehru_1956.jpg/220px-Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_mit_Adenauer_und_Nehru_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_mit_Adenauer_und_Nehru_1956.jpg/330px-Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_mit_Adenauer_und_Nehru_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_mit_Adenauer_und_Nehru_1956.jpg/440px-Hermann_Josef_Abs_-_mit_Adenauer_und_Nehru_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Nehru meeting with Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Josef_Abs" title="Hermann Josef Abs">Hermann Josef Abs</a> during a state visit to West Germany in June 1956.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Bhakra,_1953.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Bhakra%2C_1953.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Bhakra%2C_1953.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Bhakra%2C_1953.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Bhakra%2C_1953.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Bhakra%2C_1953.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_Bhakra%2C_1953.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Nehru during the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Bhakra_Dam" title="Bhakra Dam">Bhakra Dam</a> in the Punjab, 1953</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_the_Penicillin_Factory,_Pune,_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_the_Penicillin_Factory%2C_Pune%2C_1956.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_the_Penicillin_Factory%2C_Pune%2C_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_the_Penicillin_Factory%2C_Pune%2C_1956.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_the_Penicillin_Factory%2C_Pune%2C_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_the_Penicillin_Factory%2C_Pune%2C_1956.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru_at_the_Penicillin_Factory%2C_Pune%2C_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Nehru at an <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> manufacturing facility, <a href="/wiki/Poona" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona">Poona</a>, 1956</figcaption></figure> Nehru implemented policies based on <a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Import substitution industrialisation">import substitution industrialisation</a> and advocated a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> where the government-controlled <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> would co-exist with the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1993243-174">[172]</a> He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. The government, therefore, directed investment primarily into key <a href="/wiki/Public_sector_undertakings_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector undertakings in India">public sector</a> industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopstein2005364-175">[173]</a> Nehru's vision of an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> society was "a co-operative ideal, a one world ideal, based on social justice and economic equality". In 1928, Nehru had affirmed that "Our economic programme must aim at the removal of all economic inequalities". Later in 1955, he declared that "I also want a classess society in India and the world." He identified his concept of economic freedom with the country's <a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">economic development</a> and material advancement.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The policy of non-alignment during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> meant that Nehru received financial and technical support from both power blocs in building India's industrial base from scratch.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel mill</a> complexes were built at <a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rourkela_Steel_Plant" title="Rourkela Steel Plant">Rourkela</a> with assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. There was substantial industrial development.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-177">[175]</a> The industry grew 7.0% annually between 1950 and 1965—almost trebling industrial output and making India the world's seventh-largest <a href="/wiki/Industrial_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial nation">industrial country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh-177">[175]</a> Nehru's critics, however, contended that India's import substitution industrialisation, which continued long after the Nehru era, weakened the international competitiveness of its manufacturing industries.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> India's share of world trade fell from 1.4% in 1951–1960 to 0.5% between 1981 and 1990.<a href="#cite_note-Grabowski-179">[177]</a> However, India's export performance is argued to have shown actual sustained improvement over the period. The volume of exports grew at an annual rate of 2.9% in 1951–1960 to 7.6% in 1971–1980.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> GDP and <a href="/wiki/GNP" class="mw-redirect" title="GNP">GNP</a> grew 3.9 and 4.0% annually between 1950 and 1951 and 1964–1965.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> It was a radical break from the British colonial period,<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> but the growth rates were considered anaemic at best compared to other industrial powers in Europe and East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Grabowski-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kapila-2009-184">[182]</a> India lagged behind the miracle economies (Japan, West Germany, France, and Italy).<a href="#cite_note-Giersch-185">[183]</a> However, this mixed development strategy allowed native industrialisation to gain ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopstein2005364-175">[173]</a> While India's economy grew faster than both the United Kingdom and the United States, low initial income and rapid population increase meant that growth was inadequate for any sort of catch-up with rich income nations.<a href="#cite_note-Kapila-2009-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giersch-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> India saw significant improvements in health, literacy and life expectancy since its independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopstein2005366-187">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_policies">Agriculture policies</h3></div> Under Nehru's leadership, the government attempted to develop India quickly by embarking on <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">agrarian reform</a> and rapid industrialisation.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> A successful <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> was introduced that abolished giant <a href="/wiki/Landholding" class="mw-redirect" title="Landholding">landholdings</a>, but efforts to redistribute land by placing limits on landownership failed. Attempts to introduce large-scale cooperative farming were frustrated by landowning rural elites, who formed the core of the powerful right-wing of the Congress and had considerable political support in opposing Nehru's efforts.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> Agricultural production expanded until the early 1960s, as additional land was brought under cultivation and some irrigation projects began to have an effect. The establishment of agricultural universities, modelled after land-grant colleges in the United States, contributed to the development of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> These universities worked with high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, initially developed in Mexico and the Philippines, that in the 1960s began the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>, an effort to diversify and increase crop production. At the same time, a series of failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages, despite the steady progress and an increase in agricultural production.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policies">Social policies</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4></div> Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India's children and youth, believing it essential for India's future progress. His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences">All India Institute of Medical Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Nehru also outlined a commitment in his <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_India" title="Five-Year Plans of India">five-year plans</a> to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrolment programs and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children to fight <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition_in_India" title="Malnutrition in India">malnutrition</a>. Adult education centres and vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindu_code_bills_and_marriage_laws">Hindu code bills and marriage laws</h4></div> Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_code_bills" title="Hindu code bills">Hindu code bills</a> to criminalise <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> The Nehru administration saw such codification as necessary to unify the Hindu community, which ideally would be a first step towards unifying the nation.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> They succeeded in passing four Hindu code bills in 1955–56: the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Succession_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Succession Act">Hindu Succession Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Minority_and_Guardianship_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act">Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Adoptions_and_Maintenance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act">Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Those who practise <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> are categorised as Hindus under the jurisdiction of the Code Bill.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Nehru specifically wrote Article 44 of the Indian constitution under the <a href="/wiki/Directive_Principles_of_State_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive Principles of State Policy">Directive Principles of State Policy</a> which states: "The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India." The article has formed the basis of secularism in India.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> However, Nehru has been criticised for the inconsistent application of the law. Most notably, he allowed <a href="/wiki/Muslim_personal_law_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim personal law in India">Muslims to keep their personal law</a> in matters relating to marriage and inheritance. In the small state of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, a civil code based on the old Portuguese Family Laws was allowed to continue, and Nehru prohibited Muslim personal law. This resulted from the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">annexation of Goa</a> in 1961 by India, when Nehru promised the people that their laws would be left intact. This has led to accusations of selective secularism.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> While Nehru exempted Muslim law from legislation and they remained unreformed, he passed the <a href="/wiki/Special_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Marriage Act">Special Marriage Act</a> in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> The idea behind this act was to give everyone in India the ability to marry outside the personal law under a <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a>. In many respects, the act was almost identical to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act,_1955" title="Hindu Marriage Act, 1955">Hindu Marriage Act, 1955</a>, demonstrating how secularised the law regarding Hindus had become. The Special Marriage Act allowed Muslims to marry under it and keep the protections, generally beneficial to Muslim women, that could not be found in the personal law. Under the act, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> was illegal, and inheritance and succession would be governed by the Indian Succession Act, rather than the respective Muslim personal law. Divorce would be governed by secular law, and maintenance of a divorced wife would be along the lines set down in civil law.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language_policy">Language policy</h4></div> The Constituent assembly debated the question of national language between 1946 and 1949.<a href="#cite_note-Gusain-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-annamalai1-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Within the assembly there were two blocs, pro-Hindi and anti-Hindi. The pro-Hindi bloc was further divided between supporters of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> led by Nehru, and supporters of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Hindi">Modern Standard Hindi</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. The anti-Hindi bloc was generally in favour of promoting English to an official status.<a href="#cite_note-Gusain-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-annamalai1-205">[203]</a> Nehru stated that "We must have our own language...but English must continue to be a most important language in India which large numbers of people learn and learn perhaps compulsorily".<a href="#cite_note-Kashyap-207">[205]</a> After an exhaustive and divisive debate, Hindi was adopted as the official rather than national language of India in 1950, with English continuing as an associate official language for 15 years, after which Hindi would become the sole official language.<a href="#cite_note-Gusain-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-annamalai1-205">[203]</a> The Hindi-Hindustani debate was resolved through a compromise that the official language would be called Hindi, with a directive clause that while Sanskrit would be the primary source of vocabulary, the traditional Hindustani vocabulary would also be supported.<a href="#cite_note-Gusain-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-annamalai1-205">[203]</a> Claims of other Indian languages were upheld through the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gusain-204">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-annamalai1-205">[203]</a> Efforts by the Indian government to make Hindi the sole official language after 1965 were unacceptable to many non-Hindi Indian states, which wanted the continued use of English. The <a href="/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam" title="Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam">Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam</a> (DMK), a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Dravidar_Kazhagam" title="Dravidar Kazhagam">Dravidar Kazhagam</a>, led the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">opposition</a> to Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> To allay their fears, Nehru enacted the <a href="/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_in_1963" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Languages Act in 1963">Official Languages Act in 1963</a> to ensure the continuing use of English beyond 1965. The text of the Act did not satisfy the DMK and increased their scepticism that future administrations might not honour his assurances. The Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi eventually amended the Official Languages Act in 1967 to guarantee the indefinite use of Hindi and English as official languages. This effectively ensured the current "virtual indefinite policy of <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a>" of the Indian Republic.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state visits made by Jawaharlal Nehru">List of state visits made by Jawaharlal Nehru</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">India and the Non-Aligned Movement</a></div> Throughout his long tenure as the prime minister, Nehru also held the portfolio of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">External Affairs</a>. His idealistic approach focused on giving India a leadership position in nonalignment. He sought to build support among the newly independent nations of Asia and Africa in opposition to the two hostile superpowers contesting the Cold War. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Commonwealth">The Commonwealth</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations,_at_Windsor_Castle_(1960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Queen Elizabeth II with Nehru and other Commonwealth leaders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_the_Prime_Ministers_of_the_Commonwealth_Nations%2C_at_Windsor_Castle_%281960_Commonwealth_Prime_Minister%27s_Conference%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> with Nehru and other Commonwealth leaders, taken at the <a href="/wiki/1960_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1960 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">1960 Commonwealth Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></figcaption></figure> After independence, Nehru wanted to maintain good relations with Britain and other British Commonwealth countries. As prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, he acquiesced only after Krishna Menon's redrafting of the 1949 <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a>, under which India agreed to remain within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> after becoming a republic in January 1950, and to recognise the British monarch as a "symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth".<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> The other nations of the Commonwealth recognised India's continuing membership of the association.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-aligned_movement">Non-aligned movement</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade,_Yugoslavia,_1961_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Jawaharlal_Nehru%E2%80%99s_tour_of_Belgrade%2C_Yugoslavia%2C_1961_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Nehru with <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 1961</figcaption></figure> On the international scene, Nehru was an opponent of military action and military alliances. He was a strong supporter of the United Nations, except when it tried to resolve the Kashmir question. He pioneered the policy of non-alignment and co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> of nations professing neutrality between the rival blocs of nations led by the US and the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The term "non-alignment" was coined earlier by <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a> at the United Nations in 1953 and 1954.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> India recognised the People's Republic of China soon after its founding (while most of the Western bloc continued relations with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>). Nehru argued for its inclusion in the United Nations and refused to brand the Chinese as the aggressors in the west's conflict with Korea.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> He sought to establish warm and friendly relations with China in 1950 and hoped to act as an intermediary to bridge the gulf and tensions between the communist states and the Western bloc.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> Nehru was a key organiser of the <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a> of April 1955, which brought 29 newly independent nations together from Asia and Africa, and was designed to galvanise the nonalignment movement under Nehru's leadership. He envisioned it as his key leadership opportunity on the world stage, where he would bring together emerging nations.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> He was one of the key participants of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">1st Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement</a> in 1961 in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/FPR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="FPR Yugoslavia">FPR Yugoslavia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defence_and_nuclear_policy">Defence and nuclear policy</h4></div> While averse to war, Nehru led the campaigns against Pakistan in Kashmir. He used military force to annexe <a href="/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Hyderabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian annexation of Hyderabad">Hyderabad in 1948</a> and Goa in 1961. While laying the foundation stone of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Academy">National Defence Academy</a> in 1949, he stated:<blockquote>We, who for generations had talked about and attempted in everything a peaceful way and practised non-violence, should now be, in a sense, glorifying our army, navy and air force. It means a lot. Though it is odd, yet it simply reflects the oddness of life. Though life is logical, we have to face all contingencies, and unless we are prepared to face them, we will go under. There was no greater prince of peace and apostle of non-violence than Mahatma Gandhi...but yet, he said it was better to take the sword than to surrender, fail or run away. We cannot live carefree assuming that we are safe. Human nature is such. We cannot take the risks and risk our hard-won freedom. We have to be prepared with all modern defence methods and a well-equipped army, navy, and air force."<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a></blockquote> Nehru entrusted <a href="/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha" title="Homi J. Bhabha">Homi J. Bhabha</a>, a nuclear physicist, with complete authority over all nuclear-related affairs and programs and answerable only to the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> Many hailed Nehru for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953).<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> He commissioned the first study of the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions_on_human_health" title="Effects of nuclear explosions on human health">effects of nuclear explosions on human health</a> and campaigned ceaselessly for the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">abolition</a> of what he called "these frightful engines of destruction". He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearization, fearing a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defending_Kashmir">Defending Kashmir</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948</a> and <a href="/wiki/UN_mediation_of_the_Kashmir_dispute" title="UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute">UN mediation of the Kashmir dispute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital.jpg/220px-Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital.jpg/330px-Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital.jpg/440px-Nehru_visiting_Srinagar_Brigade_Headquarters_Military_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Nehru inspecting the troops on a visit to the Srinagar Brigade Headquarters Military Hospital, April 1948</figcaption></figure> At <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten's</a> urging, in 1948, Nehru had promised to hold a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> under the auspices of the UN.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Kashmir was a disputed territory between India and Pakistan, the two have <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947">gone to war</a> over it in 1947. However, as Pakistan failed to pull back troops in accordance with the UN resolution, and as Nehru grew increasingly wary of the UN, he declined to hold a plebiscite in 1953. His policies on Kashmir and the integration of the state into India were frequently defended before the United Nations by his aide, V. K. Krishna Menon, who earned a reputation in India for his passionate speeches.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1974-224">[222]</a> In 1953, Nehru orchestrated the ouster and arrest of <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a>, the prime minister of Kashmir, whom he had previously supported but was now suspected of harbouring separatist ambitions; <a href="/wiki/Bakshi_Ghulam_Mohammad" title="Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad">Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad</a> replaced him.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Menon was instructed to deliver an unprecedented eight-hour speech defending India's stand on Kashmir in 1957; to date, the speech is the longest ever delivered in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, covering five hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January, and two hours and forty-eight minutes on the 24th, reportedly concluding with Menon's collapse on the Security Council floor.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes1974-224">[222]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>, Nehru moved swiftly and successfully to consolidate Indian power in Kashmir (then under great unrest). Menon's passionate defence of Indian sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India and led to the Indian press temporarily dubbing him the "Hero of Kashmir". Nehru was then at the peak of his popularity in India; the only (minor) criticism came from the far right.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Nehru with Mao Zedong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg/440px-Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Nehru and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in Beijing, China, October 1954</figcaption></figure> In 1954, Nehru signed with China the <a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a>, known in India as the Panchsheel (from the Sanskrit words, panch: five, sheel: virtues), a set of principles to govern relations between the two states. Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954, which recognised Chinese sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> They were enunciated in the preamble to the "Agreement (with the exchange of notes) on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India", which was signed at Peking on 29 April 1954. Negotiations took place in Delhi from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries regarding the disputed territories of <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> and South Tibet. By 1957, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai had also persuaded Nehru to accept the Chinese position on Tibet, thus depriving Tibet of a possible ally, and of the possibility of receiving military aid from India.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> The treaty was disregarded in the 1960s, but in the 1970s, the Five Principles again came to be seen as important in <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India relations</a>, and more generally as norms of relations between states. They became widely recognised and accepted throughout the region during the premiership of Indira Gandhi and the three-year rule of the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> (1977–1980).<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Although the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence were the basis of the 1954 Sino-Indian border treaty, in later years, Nehru's foreign policy suffered from increasing Chinese assertiveness over border disputes and his decision to grant <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Indo_US.jpg/220px-Indo_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Indo_US.jpg/330px-Indo_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Indo_US.jpg/440px-Indo_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>Nehru receiving US President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> at Parliament House, 1959</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_India_Jawaharlal_Nehru_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_India_Jawaharlal_Nehru_%281%29.jpg/220px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_India_Jawaharlal_Nehru_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_India_Jawaharlal_Nehru_%281%29.jpg/330px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_India_Jawaharlal_Nehru_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_India_Jawaharlal_Nehru_%281%29.jpg/440px-President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_Prime_Minister_of_India_Jawaharlal_Nehru_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Nehru with John F. Kennedy at the White House, 7 November 1961</figcaption></figure> In 1956, Nehru criticised the joint invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> by the British, French, and Israelis. His role, both as Indian prime minister and a leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, was significant; he tried to be even-handed between the two sides while vigorously denouncing <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> and co-sponsors of the invasion. Nehru had a powerful ally in the US President Dwight Eisenhower who, if relatively silent publicly, went to the extent of using America's clout at the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> to make Britain and France back down. During the <a href="/wiki/Suez_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez crisis">Suez crisis</a>, Nehru's right-hand man, Menon attempted to persuade a recalcitrant <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamal Nasser">Gamal Nasser</a> to compromise with the West and was instrumental in moving Western powers towards an awareness that Nasser might prove willing to compromise.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_attempts_and_security">Assassination attempts and security</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_assassination_attempts_on_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of assassination attempts on prime ministers of India">List of assassination attempts on prime ministers of India</a></div> There were various assassination attempts on Nehru. The first attempt was made during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">North-West Frontier Province</a> (now in Pakistan) in a car.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> The second attempt came from Baburao Laxman Kochale, a knife-wielding <a href="/wiki/Rickshaw" title="Rickshaw">rickshaw</a>-puller, near <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-239">[c]</a> The third attempt was a plot by <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> The fourth attempt took place in <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a> in 1956,<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> and the fifth was a failed bombing attempt on train tracks in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> Despite threats to his life, Nehru despised having too much security around him and did not like to disrupt traffic because of his movements.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru">Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 83%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">If any people choose to think of me then I should like them to say, "This was the man who with all his mind and heart loved India and the Indian people. And they in turn were indulgent to him and gave him of their love most abundantly and extravagantly." – Jawaharlal Nehru, 1954.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Nehru's health began declining steadily in 1962. In the spring of 1962, he was affected with a viral infection over which he spent most of April in bed.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> In the next year, through 1963, he spent months recuperating in Kashmir. Some writers attribute this dramatic decline to his surprise and chagrin over the Sino-Indian War, which he perceived as a betrayal of trust.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> Upon his return from <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> on 26 May 1964, he was feeling quite comfortable and went to bed at about 23:30 as usual. He had a restful night until about 06:30. Soon after he returned from the bathroom, Nehru complained of pain in the back. He spoke to the doctors who attended to him for a brief while, and almost immediately he collapsed. He remained unconscious until he died at 13:44.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> His death was announced in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> at 14:00 local time on 27 May 1964; the cause of death was believed to be a heart attack.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> Draped in the Indian national Tri-colour flag, the body of Jawaharlal Nehru was placed for public viewing. "<a href="/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Rajaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghupati Raghava Rajaram">Raghupati Raghava Rajaram</a>" was chanted as the body was placed on the platform. On 28 May, Nehru was cremated in accordance with Hindu rites at the <a href="/wiki/Shantivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantivan">Shantivan</a> on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, witnessed by 1.5 million mourners who had flocked into the streets of Delhi and the cremation grounds.<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> US President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> remarked on his death:- <blockquote>History has already recorded his monumental contribution to the molding of a strong and independent India. And yet, it is not just as a leader of India that he has served humanity. Perhaps more than any other world leader he has given expression to man's yearning for peace. This is the issue of our age. In his fearless pursuit of a world free from war he has served all humanity.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> Premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and the future Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> remarked:- <blockquote>The name of Jawaharal Nehru enjoyed the tremendous respect and love of the Soviet people, who knew him as a tested and wise leader of the Indian people's struggle for national independence and the rebirth of their country, and as an active fighter against colonialism. Jawaharal Nehru is known as an outstanding statesman of modern times who devoted his entire life to the struggle for strengthening friendship and cooperation among peoples and for the progress of humanity. He was a passionate fighter for peace in the world and an ardent champion of principles of peaceful coexistence of states. He was the inspirer of the nonalignment policy promoted by the Indian Government. This reasonable policy won India respect and, due to it, India is now occupying a worthy place in the international arena.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a></blockquote> Countries such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (now Sri Lanka), India and others declared national mourning over the death of Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> Nehru's death left India with no clear political heir to his leadership. <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> later succeeded Nehru as the prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> The death was announced to the Indian parliament in words similar to Nehru's own at the time of Gandhi's assassination: "<a href="/wiki/The_light_has_gone_out_of_our_lives" title="The light has gone out of our lives">The light is out</a>."<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> India's future prime minister and then a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament,_Rajya_Sabha" title="Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha MP</a> from Uttar Pradesh <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> famously delivered Nehru an acclaimed eulogy.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> After Nehru's death, Vajpayee made a speech in the Rajya Sabha, hailing Nehru as <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a>'s "favourite prince" and likened him to the Hindu <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a> <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions_held">Positions held</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1946–1950 </td> <td>Elected to <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India" title="Interim Government of India">Vice President of Executive Council</a> (2 Sep 1946 – 15 April 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> (15 Aug 1947 – 15 April 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister for External Affairs</a> (15 Aug 1947 – 15 April 1952)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952–1957 </td> <td>Elected to <a href="/wiki/1st_Lok_Sabha" title="1st Lok Sabha">1st Lok Sabha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> (15 Apr 1952 – 17 April 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister for External Affairs</a> (15 Apr 1952 – 17 April 1957)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957–1962 </td> <td>Elected to <a href="/wiki/2nd_Lok_Sabha" title="2nd Lok Sabha">2nd Lok Sabha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> (17 Apr 1957 – 2 April 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister for External Affairs</a> (17 Apr 1957 – 2 April 1962)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962–1964 </td> <td>Elected to <a href="/wiki/3rd_Lok_Sabha" title="3rd Lok Sabha">3rd Lok Sabha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> (2 Apr 1962 – 27 May 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister for External Affairs</a> (2 Apr 1962 – 27 May 1964)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Key_cabinet_members_and_associates">Key cabinet members and associates</h2></div> Nehru served as the prime minister for eighteen years, first as interim prime minister during 1946–1947 during the last year of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> and then as prime minister of independent India from 15 August 1947 to 27 May 1964. <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a> (1896–1974) was a close associate of Nehru, and was described as the second most powerful man in India during Nehru's tenure as prime minister. From the inception of Nehru's prime ministry, Menon carefully selected <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a> as the only suitable candidate and presented him as such to <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sir_Stafford_Cripps" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, who promptly appointed him the last Viceroy. the early governance and partition ultimately reduced to Mountbatten, Nehru, Menon, V.P. Menon, Sardar Patel, and an adamant Jinnah. Under Nehru, he served as India's high commissioner to the UK, ambassador to Ireland, ambassador-at-large and plenipotentiary, UN ambassador, minister without portfolio, de facto Foreign minister, and Union minister of defence. He was significantly involved in the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">annexation of Goa</a>. He resigned after the debacle of the 1962 China War but remain a close friend of Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, the law minister in the interim cabinet, also chaired the Constitution Drafting Committee.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> Vallabhbhai Patel served as home minister in the interim government. He was instrumental in getting the Congress party working committee to vote for partition. He is also credited with integrating many princely states of India. Patel was a long-time comrade to Nehru but died in 1950, leaving Nehru as the unchallenged leader of India until his own death in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-269">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a> served as the first <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Minister for Industry and Supply</a> in the first ministry of Nehru. After resigning from the cabinet, he founded the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> in 1951, the forefunner of the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a> was the First Minister of Education in the Indian government <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Human_Resource_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Human Resource Development">Minister of Human Resource Development</a> (until 25 September 1958, Ministry of Education). His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as National Education Day across India.<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a> became the youngest minister in Nehru's Interim Government of India, a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Employment_(India)" title="Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)">labour minister</a> and also a member of the Constituent Assembly of India, where, as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a> caste, he ensured that <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a> was enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a>. He went on to serve as a minister with various portfolios during Nehru's tenure and in Shastri and Indira Gandhi governments.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> was a nationalist with anti-corruption leanings but was socially conservative, pro-business, and in favour of free enterprise reforms, as opposed to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's socialistic policies. After serving as chief minister of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a>, he joined Nehru's cabinet in 1956 as the finance minister of India. he held that position until 1963 when he along with other senior ministers in the Nehru cabinet resigned under the <a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">Kamaraj plan</a>.The plan, as proposed by Madras Chief Minister K.Kamaraj, was to revert government ministers to party positions after a certain tenure and vice versa. With Nehru's age and health failing in the early 1960s, Desai was considered a possible contender for the position of Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> Later Desai alleged that Nehru used the Kamaraj Plan to remove all possible contenders 'from the path of his daughter, Indira Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a> Desai succeeded Indira Gandhi as the prime minister in <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">1977</a> when he was selected by the victorious <a href="/wiki/Janata_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Janata alliance">Janata alliance</a> as their parliamentary leader.<a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a> (1887–1961) was a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and later a pivotal figure in the politics of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and in the Indian Government. Pant served in Nehru's cabinet as Union home minister from 1955 until his death in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a> As home minister, his chief achievement was the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">re-organisation of states along linguistic lines</a>. He was also responsible for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> as the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">central government</a> and a few states.<a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> During his tenure as the home minister, Pant was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a> was one of five members of the Planning Commission when it was constituted in 1950 by a cabinet resolution.<a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> Deshmukh succeeded <a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Finance_minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister of India">Union Finance Minister</a> in 1950 after Mathai resigned in protest over the transfer of certain powers to the Planning Commission.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> As finance minister, Deshmukh remained a member of the Planning Commission.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> Deshmukh's tenure—during which he delivered six budgets and an interim budget<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a>—is noted for the effective management of the Indian economy and its steady growth which saw it recover from the impacts of the events of the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a> During Deshmukh's tenure, the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">State Bank of India</a> was formed in 1955 through the nationalisation and amalgamation of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Bank_of_India" title="Imperial Bank of India">Imperial Bank</a> with several smaller banks.<a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> He accomplished the nationalisation of insurance companies and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Life_Insurance_Corporation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Insurance Corporation of India">Life Insurance Corporation of India</a> through the Life Insurance Corporation of India Act, 1956.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a> Deshmukh resigned over the Government's proposal to move a bill in Parliament bifurcating <a href="/wiki/Bombay_State" title="Bombay State">Bombay State</a> into <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and Maharashtra while designating the city of <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> a Union territory.<a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> In the years following independence, Nehru frequently turned to his daughter Indira Gandhi for managing his personal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a> Indira moved into Nehru's official residence to attend to him and became his constant companion in his travels across India and the world. She would virtually become Nehru's chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Towards the end of the 1950s, Indira Gandhi served as the president of the Congress. In that capacity, she was instrumental in getting the Communist-led <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">Kerala</a> State Government dismissed in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> Indira was elected as Congress party president in 1959, which aroused criticism for alleged <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>, although Nehru had actually disapproved of her election, partly because he considered that it smacked of "dynasticism"; he said, indeed it was "wholly undemocratic and an undesirable thing", and refused her a position in his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-297">[294]</a> Indira herself was at loggerheads with her father over policy; most notably, she used his oft-stated personal deference to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a> to push through the dismissal of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a> government in the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, over his own objections.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-297">[294]</a> Nehru began to be embarrassed by her ruthlessness and disregard for parliamentary tradition and was "hurt" by what he saw as an assertiveness with no purpose other than to stake out an identity independent of her father.<a href="#cite_note-298">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_personal_beliefs">Religion and personal beliefs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Clothes" title="The Emperor's New Clothes">The Emperor's New Clothes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_republics" title="List of republics">List of republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasant republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">Primus inter pares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_without_republicans" title="Republic without republicans">Republic without republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Republican empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Republican Party (disambiguation)">Republican Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table>Described as a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[297]</a> and styling himself as a "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific humanist">scientific humanist</a>",<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Nehru thought that religious taboos were preventing India from moving forward and adapting to modern conditions: "No country or people who are slaves to dogma and dogmatic mentality can progress, and unhappily our country and people have become extraordinarily dogmatic and little-minded."<a href="#cite_note-302">[299]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The spectacle of what is called religion, or at any rate organised religion, in India and elsewhere, has filled me with horror and I have frequently condemned it and wished to make a clean sweep of it. Almost always it seemed to stand for blind belief and reaction, dogma and bigotry, superstition, exploitation and the preservation of vested interests.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)" title="An Autobiography (Nehru)">Toward Freedom: The Autobiography of Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (1936); pp. 240–241.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a></cite></div></blockquote> As a humanist, Nehru considered that his afterlife was not in some mystical heaven or reincarnation but in the practical achievements of a life lived fully with and for his fellow human beings: "...Nor am I greatly interested in life after death. I find the problems of this life sufficiently absorbing to fill my mind," he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-1991-50">[49]</a> In his Last Will and Testament, he wrote: "I wish to declare with all earnestness that I do not want any religious ceremonies performed for me after my death. I do not believe in such ceremonies, and to submit to them, even as a matter of form, would be hypocrisy and an attempt to delude ourselves and others."<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-1991-50">[49]</a> In his autobiography, he analysed Abrahamic and Indian religions<a href="#cite_note-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[302]</a> and their impact on India. He wanted to model India as a <a href="/wiki/Secular_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular country">secular country</a>; his <a href="/wiki/Secularist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularist">secularist</a> policies remain a subject of debate mainly by the <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> proponents.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of things named after Jawaharlal Nehru">List of things named after Jawaharlal Nehru</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 79%; background:#white; colour:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Nehru was a great man... Nehru gave to Indians an image of themselves that I don't think others might have succeeded in doing. – <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaiah_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaiah Berlin">Sir Isaiah Berlin</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Jawaharlal Nehru, next to Mahatma Gandhi, is regarded as the most significant figure of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> that successfully ended British rule over the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[309]</a> He is also noted for contributing in the independence of other countries like <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-313">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> As India's first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India's government and political culture along with the sound foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-Madan-2014-315">[312]</a> He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education,<a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a> reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru's education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions like the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> Indian Institutes of Technology,<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> and the Indian Institutes of Management.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> Following the independence, Nehru popularised the credo of 'unity in diversity' and implemented it as state policy.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> This proved particularly important as post-Independence differences surfaced since British withdrawal from the subcontinent prompted regional leaders to no longer relate to one another as allies against a common adversary. While differences in culture and, especially, language threatened the unity of the new nation, Nehru established programs such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Trust" title="National Book Trust">National Book Trust</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">National Literary Academy</a> which promoted the translation of regional works of literatures between languages and organised the transfer of materials between regions. In pursuit of a single, unified India, Nehru warned, "Integrate or perish."<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a> Called an "architect of India",<a href="#cite_note-332">[d]</a> he is widely recognised as the greatest figure of modern India after Mahatma Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a> On the occasion of his first death anniversary in 1965, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> and others described Nehru as the greatest figure of India after Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> Writing in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Ramachandra Guha</a> wrote that while no other Indian prime minister was ever close to the challenges that Nehru dealt with and if Nehru had died in 1958 then he would be remembered as the greatest statesman of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a> However, in recent years, Nehru's reputation has seen re-emergence and he is credited for keeping India together contrary to predictions of many that the country was bound to fall apart.<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_bust,_India_Place,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Nehru at Aldwych, London"><img alt="Bust of Nehru at Aldwych, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nehru_bust%2C_India_Place%2C_London.JPG/148px-Nehru_bust%2C_India_Place%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nehru_bust%2C_India_Place%2C_London.JPG/222px-Nehru_bust%2C_India_Place%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Nehru_bust%2C_India_Place%2C_London.JPG/297px-Nehru_bust%2C_India_Place%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2392" data-file-height="3224" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of Nehru at <a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawaharlal_nehru_Palais_de_la_Paix_Peace_Palace_Den_Haag_The_Hague_La_Haye.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Nehru at Peace Palace, The Hague"><img alt="Bust of Nehru at Peace Palace, The Hague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Jawaharlal_nehru_Palais_de_la_Paix_Peace_Palace_Den_Haag_The_Hague_La_Haye.jpg/150px-Jawaharlal_nehru_Palais_de_la_Paix_Peace_Palace_Den_Haag_The_Hague_La_Haye.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Jawaharlal_nehru_Palais_de_la_Paix_Peace_Palace_Den_Haag_The_Hague_La_Haye.jpg/225px-Jawaharlal_nehru_Palais_de_la_Paix_Peace_Palace_Den_Haag_The_Hague_La_Haye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Jawaharlal_nehru_Palais_de_la_Paix_Peace_Palace_Den_Haag_The_Hague_La_Haye.jpg/300px-Jawaharlal_nehru_Palais_de_la_Paix_Peace_Palace_Den_Haag_The_Hague_La_Haye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of Nehru at <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace" title="Peace Palace">Peace Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TMstudy.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nehru's study in Teen Murti Bhavan, which is now converted into a museum."><img alt="Nehru's study in Teen Murti Bhavan, which is now converted into a museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TMstudy.png/200px-TMstudy.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TMstudy.png/300px-TMstudy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/TMstudy.png/400px-TMstudy.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nehru's study in <a href="/wiki/Teen_Murti_Bhavan" title="Teen Murti Bhavan">Teen Murti Bhavan</a>, which is now converted into a museum.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1989_CPA_6121.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1989_CPA_6121.jpg/170px-1989_CPA_6121.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1989_CPA_6121.jpg/255px-1989_CPA_6121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1989_CPA_6121.jpg/340px-1989_CPA_6121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Nehru on a 1989 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> commemorative stamp</figcaption></figure> In his lifetime, Jawaharlal Nehru enjoyed an iconic status in India and was generally admired across the world for his idealism and statesmanship.<a href="#cite_note-Madan-2014-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> The honorific <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a>, meaning Wise One, has been applied before his name since his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> Nehru's ideals and policies continue shaping the Congress Party's <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> and core political philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Thakur-2010-341">[337]</a> His birthday, 14 November is celebrated in India as Bal Divas ("<a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Day in India">Children's Day</a>") in recognition of his lifelong passion and work for the welfare, education and development of children and young people. Children across India remember him as Chacha Nehru ("Uncle Nehru").<a href="#cite_note-Thakur-2010-341">[337]</a> Nehru remains a popular symbol of the Congress Party which frequently celebrates his memory. People often emulate his style of clothing, especially the <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nehru_jacket" title="Nehru jacket">Nehru jacket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a> Nehru's preference for the <a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">sherwani</a> ensured it continues to be considered formal wear in North India today.<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Rupees_coin_of_India_commemorating_the_birth_centenary_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru,_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/5_Rupees_coin_of_India_commemorating_the_birth_centenary_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_India.jpg/220px-5_Rupees_coin_of_India_commemorating_the_birth_centenary_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/5_Rupees_coin_of_India_commemorating_the_birth_centenary_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_India.jpg/330px-5_Rupees_coin_of_India_commemorating_the_birth_centenary_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/5_Rupees_coin_of_India_commemorating_the_birth_centenary_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_India.jpg/440px-5_Rupees_coin_of_India_commemorating_the_birth_centenary_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_the_first_Prime_Minister_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_5-rupee_coin" title="Indian 5-rupee coin">Indian 5 rupees coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">commemorating</a> the birth centenary of Nehru in 1989.</figcaption></figure> Many public institutions and memorials across India are dedicated to Nehru's memory. The <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a> in Delhi is among the most prestigious universities in India. The <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Port" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Port">Jawaharlal Nehru Port</a> near the city of Mumbai is a modern port and <a href="/wiki/Dock" title="Dock">dock</a> designed to handle a huge cargo and traffic load. Nehru's residence in Delhi is preserved as the <a href="/wiki/Teen_Murti_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen Murti House">Teen Murti House</a> now has the <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Memorial_Museum_%26_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru Memorial Museum & Library">Nehru Memorial Museum & Library</a>, and one of five <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Planetarium" title="Nehru Planetarium">Nehru Planetariums</a> that were set in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Allahabad and Pune. The complex also houses the offices of the Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund, established in 1964 under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, then president of India. The foundation also gives away the prestigious Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fellowship, established in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> The Nehru family homes at Anand Bhavan and <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Bhavan" title="Swaraj Bhavan">Swaraj Bhavan</a> are also preserved to commemorate Nehru and his family's legacy.<a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> In 1997, Nehru was voted as the greatest Indian since independence in <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>' poll.<a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> In 2012, he ranked number four in <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a>'s poll of <a href="/wiki/The_Greatest_Indian" title="The Greatest Indian">The Greatest Indian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> In 2010, he ranked among <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>'s The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time.<a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru">Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru</a></div> There have been many documentaries about Nehru's life, and he has been portrayed in fictionalised films. The canonical performance is probably that of <a href="/wiki/Roshan_Seth" title="Roshan Seth">Roshan Seth</a>, who played him three times: in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s 1982 film <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a>'s 1988 television series <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ek_Khoj" title="Bharat Ek Khoj">Bharat Ek Khoj</a>, based on Nehru's The Discovery of India,<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a> and in a 2007 TV film entitled The Last Days of the Raj.<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a> Benegal directed the 1984 documentary film, <a href="/wiki/Nehru_(1984_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru (1984 film)">Nehru</a>, covering his political career.<a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a> Indian film director <a href="/wiki/Kiran_Kumar" title="Kiran Kumar">Kiran Kumar</a> made a film about Nehru titled Nehru: The Jewel of India in 1990 starring <a href="/wiki/Partap_Sharma" title="Partap Sharma">Partap Sharma</a> in the titular role.<a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Ketan_Mehta" title="Ketan Mehta">Ketan Mehta</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Sardar_(1993_film)" title="Sardar (1993 film)">Sardar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilani" title="Benjamin Gilani">Benjamin Gilani</a> portrayed Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naunihal" title="Naunihal">Naunihal</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Young man'), a 1967 Indian Hindi-language drama film by Raj Marbros, follows Raju, an orphan, who believes that Jawaharlal Nehru is his relative and sets out to meet him.<a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_sweets_oratarians_Nongpoh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nehru_sweets_oratarians_Nongpoh.jpg/220px-Nehru_sweets_oratarians_Nongpoh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nehru_sweets_oratarians_Nongpoh.jpg/330px-Nehru_sweets_oratarians_Nongpoh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Nehru_sweets_oratarians_Nongpoh.jpg/440px-Nehru_sweets_oratarians_Nongpoh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Nehru distributes sweets among children at <a href="/wiki/Nongpoh" title="Nongpoh">Nongpoh</a>, Meghalaya</figcaption></figure> Similarly, in the 1957 film <a href="/wiki/Ab_Dilli_Dur_Nahin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Dilli Dur Nahin">Ab Dilli Dur Nahin</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Now Delhi is not far away') by Amar Kumar, Rattan, a young boy, travels to Delhi and seeks to avert the death sentence of his wrongly convicted father by asking Prime Minister Nehru for help.<a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a> Another 1957 <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> short documentary <a href="/wiki/Our_Prime_Minister" title="Our Prime Minister">Our Prime Minister</a> was produced, compiled and directed by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Mir" title="Ezra Mir">Ezra Mir</a>, who also directed Three Weeks in the Life of Prime Minister Nehru in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-358">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a>'s historical play, <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_(play)" title="Tughlaq (play)">Tughlaq</a> (1962) is an allegory about the Nehruvian era. It was staged by <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a> with the <a href="/wiki/National_School_of_Drama" title="National School of Drama">National School of Drama</a> Repertory at <a href="/wiki/Purana_Qila" title="Purana Qila">Purana Qila</a>, Delhi in the 1970s and later at the Festival of India, London in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div> Nehru was a prolific writer in English who wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_India" title="The Discovery of India">The Discovery of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glimpses_of_World_History" title="Glimpses of World History">Glimpses of World History</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)" title="An Autobiography (Nehru)">An Autobiography</a> (released in the United States as Toward Freedom,) and <a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughter" title="Letters from a Father to His Daughter">Letters from a Father to His Daughter</a>, all written in jail.<a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a> Letters comprised 30 letters written to his daughter Indira Priyadarshani Nehru (later Gandhi) who was then 10 years old and studying at a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a>. It attempted to instruct her about natural history and world civilisations.<a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a> Nehru's books have been widely read.<a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a> An Autobiography, in particular, has been critically acclaimed. <a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">John Gunther</a>, writing in Inside Asia, contrasted it with Gandhi's autobiography:<blockquote> The Mahatma's placid story compares to Nehru's as a cornflower to an orchid, a rhyming couplet to a sonnet by MacLeish or Auden, a water pistol to a machine gun. Nehru's autobiography is subtle, complex, discriminating, infinitely cultivated, steeped in doubt, suffused with intellectual passion. Lord Halifax once said that no one could understand India without reading it; it is a kind of 'Education of Henry Adams,' written in superlative prose—hardly a dozen men alive write English as well as Nehru ...<a href="#cite_note-367">[363]</a></blockquote> Michael Brecher, who considered Nehru to be an intellectual for whom ideas were important aspects of Indian nationalism, wrote in Political Leadership and Charisma: Nehru, Ben-Gurion, and Other 20th-Century Political Leaders:<blockquote> Nehru's books were not scholarly, nor were they intended to be. He was not a trained historian, but his feel for the flow of events and his capacity to weave together a wide range of knowledge in a meaningful pattern give to his books qualities of a high order. In these works, he also revealed a sensitive literary style. ... Glimpses of World History is the most illuminating on Nehru as an intellectual. The first of the trilogy, Glimpses, was a series of thinly connected sketches of the story of mankind in the form of letters to his teenage daughter, Indira, later prime minister of India. ... Despite its polemical character in many sections and its shortcomings as an impartial history, Glimpses is a work of great artistic value, a worthy precursor of his noble and magnanimous Autobiography.<a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a></blockquote> Michael Crocker thought An Autobiography would have given Nehru literary fame had the political fame eluded him:<blockquote>It is to his years in prison that we owe his three main books, ... Nehru's writings illustrate a cerebral life, and a power of self-discipline, altogether out of the ordinary. Words by the million bubbled up out of his fullness of mind and spirit. Had he never been prime minister of India he would have been famous as the author of the Autobiography and the autobiographical parts of The Discovery of India. An Autobiography, at least with some excisions here and there, is likely to be read for generations. ... There are, for instance, the characteristic touches of truism and anticlimax, strange in a man who could both think and, at his best, write so well ...<a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a></blockquote> Nehru's speech "<a href="/wiki/Tryst_with_Destiny" title="Tryst with Destiny">Tryst with Destiny</a>" was rated by the British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> to be among the great speeches of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Jack" title="Ian Jack">Ian Jack</a> wrote in his introduction to the speech: <blockquote>Dressed in a golden silk jacket with a red rose in the buttonhole, Nehru rose to speak. His sentences were finely made and memorable—Nehru was a good writer; his Discovery of India stands well above the level reached by most politician-writers. ... The nobility of Nehru's words—their sheer sweep—provided the new India with a lodestone that was ambitious and humane. Post-colonialism began here as well as Indian democracy, which has since outlived many expectations of its death.<a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div> In 1948, Nehru was conferred an honorary doctorate by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mysore" title="University of Mysore">University of Mysore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a> He later received honorary doctorates from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg University">Hamburg University</a> had awarded Nehru two honorary degrees of the Faculties of Law and Agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a> In 1955, he was awarded <a href="/wiki/List_of_honorary_citizens_of_Belgrade" title="List of honorary citizens of Belgrade">honorary citizenship of Belgrade</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a> In 1955, Nehru was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a>, India's highest civilian honour.<a href="#cite_note-376">[372]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> awarded him the honour without taking advice from the Prime Minister and added that "I am taking this step on my own initiative".<a href="#cite_note-377">[373]</a> In 1970, he was posthumously awarded with the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council_prizes" title="World Peace Council prizes">World Peace Council prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a> He was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O._R._Tambo" title="Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo">Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo</a> by the Government of South Africa in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_honours">State honours</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Posthumous</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ribbon </th> <th>Decoration </th> <th width="100px">Country </th> <th width="100px">Date </th> <th width="300px">Note </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/100px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/150px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg/200px-Bharat_Ratna_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>The highest civilian honour of India. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg/100px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg/150px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg/200px-Bintang_Republik_Indonesia_Adipurna_rib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="142" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Star_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Star of the Republic of Indonesia">Star of the Republic of Indonesia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>First Class, the highest civilian honour of Indonesia. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CEE8F0;"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_(ribbon_bar).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/100px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/150px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif/200px-Order_of_the_Companions_of_O.R._Tambo_%28ribbon_bar%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O._R._Tambo" title="Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo">Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>Grand Companion, the highest civilian honour of South Africa awarded to foreign dignitaries. </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families" title="List of political families">List of political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_writers" title="List of Indian writers">List of Indian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_temper" title="Scientific temper">Scientific temper</a>, a phrase popularised by Nehru</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> served as acting prime minister in the interim for 13 days. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nehru">"Nehru"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014207/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nehru">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> — <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGangulyMukherji2011" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Sumit; Mukherji, Rahul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UpK7oyb0kvkC&pg=PA64">India Since 1980</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49866-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49866-1"><bdi>978-1-139-49866-1</bdi></a>. <q>Nehru was a social democrat who believed that liberal political and economic institutions could deliver economic growth with redistribution. The 1950s witnessed greater state control over industrial activity and the birth of the industrial licensing system, which made it necessary for companies to seek the permission of the government before initiating business in permitted areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Since+1980&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49866-1&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rft.au=Mukherji%2C+Rahul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUpK7oyb0kvkC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenk2020" class="citation book cs1">Schenk, Hans (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-XkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67">Housing India's Urban Poor 1800–1965: Colonial and Post-colonial Studies</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-019185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-019185-1"><bdi>978-1-00-019185-1</bdi></a>. <q>The idea that the state should actively and in a planned and 'rational' and 'modern' manner promote development originated abroad. Inspiration came to some extent from the Soviet Russian planned economic development, and for some, including Nehru, from the—at that time still a bit remote—concept of the West European and largely social-democrat idea of the 'Welfare' state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Housing+India%27s+Urban+Poor+1800%E2%80%931965%3A+Colonial+and+Post-colonial+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-00-019185-1&rft.aulast=Schenk&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-XkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiniecki2016" class="citation book cs1">Winiecki, Jan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zEISDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Shortcut or Piecemeal: Economic Development Strategies and Structural Change</a>. Central European University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789633860632" title="Special:BookSources/9789633860632"><bdi>9789633860632</bdi></a>. <q>Nehru, a Fabian socialist, or social-democrat in modern parlance, either did not read Mill or disregarded the (minimal) institutional requirements outlined by that classical writer. In Nehru's view, it was the state that should direct the economy from the center, as well as decide about the allocation of scarce resources.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shortcut+or+Piecemeal%3A+Economic+Development+Strategies+and+Structural+Change&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789633860632&rft.aulast=Winiecki&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzEISDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChalam2017" class="citation book cs1">Chalam, K. S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XumoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA325">Social Economy of Development in India</a>. Sage. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385985126" title="Special:BookSources/9789385985126"><bdi>9789385985126</bdi></a>. <q>Social democrats advocate peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism. While Jawaharlal Nehru was considered as a social democrat, his colleague in the Constituent Assembly, B. R. Ambedkar, was emphatic about state socialism. It appears that the compromise between these two ideas has been reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy. The principles of social democracy and/or democratic socialism can be interrogated in the context of the present situation in India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Economy+of+Development+in+India&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9789385985126&rft.aulast=Chalam&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXumoDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.in/our-inspiration/pandit-jawaharlal-nehru">"Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru"</a>. Indian National Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003060759/https://www.inc.in/our-inspiration/pandit-jawaharlal-nehru">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 18 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pandit+Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.pub=Indian+National+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.in%2Four-inspiration%2Fpandit-jawaharlal-nehru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/jawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india/story-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html">"Jawaharlal Nehru: Architect of modern India"</a>. Hindustan Times. 14 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109200224/https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/jawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india/story-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%3A+Architect+of+modern+India&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Finspiring-lives%2Fjawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india%2Fstory-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabu2019" class="citation news cs1">Babu, D. Shyam (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehru-and-the-kashmir-quandary/article28362589.ece">"Nehru and the Kashmir quandary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202142950/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/nehru-and-the-kashmir-quandary/article28362589.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Nehru+and+the+Kashmir+quandary&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Babu&rft.aufirst=D.+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fnehru-and-the-kashmir-quandary%2Farticle28362589.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanda1963" class="citation book cs1">Nanda, B.R. (1963). The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nehrus%3A+Motilal+and+Jawaharlal&rft.pages=38-40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Nanda&rft.aufirst=B.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200721-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoraes200721_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoraes2007">Moraes 2007</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENanda200725-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENanda200725_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNanda2007">Nanda 2007</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Smith,_Bonnie_G." class="mw-redirect" title="Smith, Bonnie G.">Smith, Bonnie G.</a> 2008.The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514890-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514890-9">978-0-19-514890-9</a>. pp. 406–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindustan_Times-2020-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times-2020_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_Times-2020_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/jawaharlal-nehru-freedom-struggle-icon-maker-of-modern-india/story-VdEiIZ6OtVV2NFtTuToL2I.html">"Jawaharlal Nehru: Freedom struggle icon, maker of modern India"</a>. Hindustan Times. 2 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115110906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/jawaharlal-nehru-freedom-struggle-icon-maker-of-modern-india/story-VdEiIZ6OtVV2NFtTuToL2I.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%3A+Freedom+struggle+icon%2C+maker+of+modern+India&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fht-school%2Fjawaharlal-nehru-freedom-struggle-icon-maker-of-modern-india%2Fstory-VdEiIZ6OtVV2NFtTuToL2I.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/10/archives/mrs-krishna-hutheesing-an-author-and-a-sister-of-nehru-dies.html">"Mrs. Krishna Hutheesing, an Author and a Sister of Nehru, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. 10 November 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709213838/https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/10/archives/mrs-krishna-hutheesing-an-author-and-a-sister-of-nehru-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Krishna+Hutheesing%2C+an+Author+and+a+Sister+of+Nehru%2C+Dies&rft.date=1967-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1967%2F11%2F10%2Farchives%2Fmrs-krishna-hutheesing-an-author-and-a-sister-of-nehru-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes200722-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoraes200722_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoraes2007">Moraes 2007</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokhale,_Balkrishna_Govind1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Balkrishna_Govind_Gokhale" title="Balkrishna Govind Gokhale">Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind</a> (1978). "Nehru and History". 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Paranjoy Guha Thakurta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84439-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84439-70-5"><bdi>978-93-84439-70-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netaji%3A+Living+Dangerously&rft.pub=Paranjoy+Guha+Thakurta&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-84439-70-5&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=Kingshuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DduHwCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108144457/http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/283-purna-swaraj-the-demand-for-full-independence-26-january-1930-">"Purna Swaraj: The Demand for Full Independence 26 January 1930"</a>. indiaofthepast.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiaofthepast.org/contribute-memories/read-contributions/major-events-pre-1950/283-purna-swaraj-the-demand-for-full-independence-26-january-1930-">the original</a> on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purna+Swaraj%3A+The+Demand+for+Full+Independence+26+January+1930&rft.pub=indiaofthepast.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiaofthepast.org%2Fcontribute-memories%2Fread-contributions%2Fmajor-events-pre-1950%2F283-purna-swaraj-the-demand-for-full-independence-26-january-1930-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice" class="citation web cs1">Office, Public Record. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/transcript/g3cs3s2t.htm">"Learning Curve British Empire"</a>. Public Record Office, The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128132706/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/transcript/g3cs3s2t.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Record+Office%2C+The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Learning+Curve+British+Empire&rft.aulast=Office&rft.aufirst=Public+Record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fempire%2Ftranscript%2Fg3cs3s2t.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2018" class="citation web cs1">Khalid, Haroon (26 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/866428/republic-day-story-on-ravis-banks-a-pledge-that-shaped-the-course-of-modern-india-88-years-ago">"Republic Day story: On Ravi's banks, a pledge that shaped the course of modern India 88 years ago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scroll.in" title="Scroll.in">Scroll.in</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730202934/https://scroll.in/article/866428/republic-day-story-on-ravis-banks-a-pledge-that-shaped-the-course-of-modern-india-88-years-ago">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Republic+Day+story%3A+On+Ravi%27s+banks%2C+a+pledge+that+shaped+the+course+of+modern+India+88+years+ago&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Haroon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F866428%2Frepublic-day-story-on-ravis-banks-a-pledge-that-shaped-the-course-of-modern-india-88-years-ago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-january-26-is-celebrated-as-republic-day-6230037/">"Explained: Why India celebrates January 26 as Republic Day"</a>. 30 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121012116/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-january-26-is-celebrated-as-republic-day-6230037/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explained%3A+Why+India+celebrates+January+26+as+Republic+Day&rft.date=2021-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fwhy-january-26-is-celebrated-as-republic-day-6230037%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEducation" class="citation book cs1">Education, Pearson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADFpDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA1-PA145">SSC topic-wise Previous Years Solved Papers General Awareness</a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5286-640-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5286-640-3"><bdi>978-93-5286-640-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SSC+topic-wise+Previous+Years+Solved+Papers+General+Awareness&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.isbn=978-93-5286-640-3&rft.aulast=Education&rft.aufirst=Pearson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADFpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSA1-PA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavar2018" class="citation web cs1">Davar, Praveen (15 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/151118/the-greatest-indian-after-the-mahatma-why-gandhi-chose-nehru-to-lead.html">"The greatest Indian after the Mahatma? Why Gandhi chose Nehru to lead India"</a>. Deccan Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211121011350/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/151118/the-greatest-indian-after-the-mahatma-why-gandhi-chose-nehru-to-lead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+greatest+Indian+after+the+Mahatma%3F+Why+Gandhi+chose+Nehru+to+lead+India&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft.aulast=Davar&rft.aufirst=Praveen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2F151118%2Fthe-greatest-indian-after-the-mahatma-why-gandhi-chose-nehru-to-lead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaheshwari1997" class="citation book cs1">Maheshwari, Neerja (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=okUSbReaevUC&pg=PA41">Economic Policy of Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. Deep & Deep. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-850-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7100-850-6"><bdi>978-81-7100-850-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Policy+of+Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7100-850-6&rft.aulast=Maheshwari&rft.aufirst=Neerja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokUSbReaevUC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2015" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, BN, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KauwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7">The Indian Nationalist Movement 1885–1947: Select Documents</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-86215-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-86215-3"><bdi>978-1-349-86215-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Nationalist+Movement+1885%E2%80%931947%3A+Select+Documents&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-349-86215-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKauwCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gandhi, Gopalkrishna</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388858.ece">"The Great Dandi March – eighty years after"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717030642/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article388858.ece">Archived</a> 17 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>, 5 April 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanal2014" class="citation web cs1">Khanal, Vinod (13 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Mahatma-Gandhi-describes-Nehrus-arrest-in-1930-as-rest/articleshow/45140212.cms">"Mahatma Gandhi describes Nehru's arrest in 1930 as 'rest'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128191124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Mahatma-Gandhi-describes-Nehrus-arrest-in-1930-as-rest/articleshow/45140212.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Mahatma+Gandhi+describes+Nehru%27s+arrest+in+1930+as+%27rest%27&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.aulast=Khanal&rft.aufirst=Vinod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fallahabad%2FMahatma-Gandhi-describes-Nehrus-arrest-in-1930-as-rest%2Farticleshow%2F45140212.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Telegram Post No. 90, dated (and read) 14th April, 1930". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2754199?searchWord=nehru&backquery=%5Bquery=nehru+liaquat+pact&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=100">Civil Disobedience Movement in the United Provinces. Arrest of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru</a>. New Delhi: United Provinces Government. 1930. p. 71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010075306/https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2754199?searchWord=nehru&backquery=%5Bquery=nehru+liaquat+pact&originalquery=&sort_by=dc.date.accessioned_dt&order=desc&rpp=20&etal=0&start=100">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_India" title="National Archives of India">National Archives of India</a>. <q>For breaking Salt Law Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was arrested at Allahabad this morning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telegram+Post+No.+90%2C+dated+%28and+read%29+14th+April%2C+1930&rft.btitle=Civil+Disobedience+Movement+in+the+United+Provinces.+Arrest+of+Pandit+Jawahar+Lal+Nehru&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=United+Provinces+Government&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abhilekh-patal.in%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F2754199%3FsearchWord%3Dnehru%26backquery%3D%26%2391%3Bquery%3Dnehru%2Bliaquat%2Bpact%26originalquery%3D%26sort_by%3Ddc.date.accessioned_dt%26order%3Ddesc%26rpp%3D20%26etal%3D0%26start%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007167-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007167_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoraes2007">Moraes 2007</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007168-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoraes2007168_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoraes2007">Moraes 2007</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Fisher, Margaret W. June 1967. "India's Jawaharlal Nehru." <a href="/wiki/Asian_Survey" title="Asian Survey">Asian Survey</a> 7(6):363–373 [368]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2642611">10.2307/2642611</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642611">2642611</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Johnson, Richard L. 2005. 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New Word City. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61230-809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61230-809-8"><bdi>978-1-61230-809-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire&rft.pub=New+Word+City&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61230-809-8&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xt6BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Science & culture, Volume 30. Indian Science News Association. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+%26+culture%2C+Volume+30&rft.pub=Indian+Science+News+Association&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAditit_De2009" class="citation book cs1">Aditit De (8 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AcQDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT91">Jawaharlal Nehruh – The Jewel of India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puffin_Books" title="Puffin Books">Puffin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-866-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-866-5"><bdi>978-81-8475-866-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehruh+%E2%80%93+The+Jewel+of+India&rft.pub=Puffin+Books&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-866-5&rft.au=Aditit+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAcQDAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Hoiberg" title="Dale Hoiberg">Hoiberg, Dale</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA109">Students' Britannica India</a>. Popular Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISFBJarYX7YC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmy_McKenna2009" class="citation book cs1">Amy McKenna, ed. 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Popular Prakashan. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&rft.aulast=Hoiberg&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISFBJarYX7YC%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansergh2013" class="citation book cs1">Mansergh, Nicholas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZiAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145">Survey of British Commonwealth Affairs: Problems of Wartime Cooperation and Post-War Change 1939–1952</a>. Routledge. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24289-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-24289-2"><bdi>978-1-136-24289-2</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+British+Commonwealth+Affairs%3A+Problems+of+Wartime+Cooperation+and+Post-War+Change+1939%E2%80%931952&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-24289-2&rft.aulast=Mansergh&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtZiAAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201235944/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/cripps-nehru-gandhi/">"The National Archives – Homepage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nationalarchives.gov.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalarchives.gov.uk">nationalarchives.gov.uk</a>. 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Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+National+Archives+%E2%80%93+Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fthe-road-to-partition%2Fcripps-nehru-gandhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement">"1942 Quit India Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">open.ac.uk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213225/https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. 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The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-015-0"><bdi>978-1-61530-015-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+100+Most+Influential+World+Leaders+of+All+Time&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-015-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3Lc8XRHz7kC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKher" class="citation book cs1">Kher, N.N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lS1LuJbhl9YC&pg=PA228">Civics & History</a>. Pitambar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-209-1088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-209-1088-1"><bdi>978-81-209-1088-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civics+%26+History&rft.pub=Pitambar+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-81-209-1088-1&rft.aulast=Kher&rft.aufirst=N.N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlS1LuJbhl9YC%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2014" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Stephen W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xt6BAAAQBAJ&q=In+April+1943%2C+the+League+captured+the+government+of+Bengal+and%2C+a+month+later%2C+that+of+the+North+West+Frontier+Province.&pg=PT619">The British Empire</a>. New Word City. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61230-809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61230-809-8"><bdi>978-1-61230-809-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire&rft.pub=New+Word+City&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61230-809-8&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xt6BAAAQBAJ%26q%3DIn%2BApril%2B1943%252C%2Bthe%2BLeague%2Bcaptured%2Bthe%2Bgovernment%2Bof%2BBengal%2Band%252C%2Ba%2Bmonth%2Blater%252C%2Bthat%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNorth%2BWest%2BFrontier%2BProvince.%26pg%3DPT619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B._N-1969-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B._N-1969_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B._N-1969_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._N1969" class="citation book cs1">B. N, Pandey (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajxdDwAAQBAJ">Break Up of British India</a>. Macmillan Education UK. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-15307-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-15307-7"><bdi>978-1-349-15307-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Break+Up+of+British+India&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-1-349-15307-7&rft.aulast=B.+N&rft.aufirst=Pandey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajxdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2014" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Stephen W. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xt6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT619">The British Empire</a>. NewWord City. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61230-809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61230-809-8"><bdi>978-1-61230-809-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire&rft.pub=NewWord+City&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61230-809-8&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7xt6BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPT619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasniyal2015" class="citation web cs1">Kasniyal, B.D. (13 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/nehru-s-belongings-still-intact-in-almora-jail-157835">"Nehru's belongings still intact in Almora jail"</a>. Tribuneindia News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206134810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/nehru-s-belongings-still-intact-in-almora-jail-157835">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribuneindia+News+Service&rft.atitle=Nehru%27s+belongings+still+intact+in+Almora+jail&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft.aulast=Kasniyal&rft.aufirst=B.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Ffeatures%2Fnehru-s-belongings-still-intact-in-almora-jail-157835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukhopadhyay-2018-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Mukhopadhyay-2018_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhopadhyay2018" class="citation web cs1">Mukhopadhyay, Nilanjan (14 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/history/past-continuous-nehru-independence">"Past Continuous: Those Who Think Nehru Was Power Hungry Should Review Events Leading to Independence"</a>. The Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109070909/https://thewire.in/history/past-continuous-nehru-independence">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Past+Continuous%3A+Those+Who+Think+Nehru+Was+Power+Hungry+Should+Review+Events+Leading+to+Independence&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft.aulast=Mukhopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Nilanjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fhistory%2Fpast-continuous-nehru-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarathe2019" class="citation web cs1">Marathe, Om (3 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/september-2-when-indias-interim-govt-was-formed-in-1946-5959889/">"Explained: When India's interim government was formed in 1946"</a>. The Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212412/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/september-2-when-indias-interim-govt-was-formed-in-1946-5959889/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Explained%3A+When+India%27s+interim+government+was+formed+in+1946&rft.date=2019-09-03&rft.aulast=Marathe&rft.aufirst=Om&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fseptember-2-when-indias-interim-govt-was-formed-in-1946-5959889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> V. Krishna Ananth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X62Sc3muOyQC">India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics</a>. Pearson Education India. 2010. pp 28–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBombwall1967" class="citation book cs1">Bombwall, K.R. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFYLAQAAIAAJ">The Foundations of Indian Federalism</a>. Asia Publishing House. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Indian+Federalism&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Bombwall&rft.aufirst=K.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFYLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> "><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2021" class="citation book cs1">Menon, Shivshankar (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eaWWDwAAQBAJ">India and Asian Geopolitics: The Past, Present</a>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-09129-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-09129-4"><bdi>978-0-670-09129-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Asian+Geopolitics%3A+The+Past%2C+Present&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-670-09129-4&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Shivshankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeaWWDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Lumby, E. W. R. 1954. The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947. London: <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_and_Unwin" class="mw-redirect" title="George Allen and Unwin">George Allen & Unwin</a>. p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2017" class="citation web cs1">Tiwari, Aaditya (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=172053">"Sardar Patel – Man who United India"</a>. Press Information Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327011611/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=172053">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau&rft.atitle=Sardar+Patel+%E2%80%93+Man+who+United+India&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Aaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2Fnewsite%2Fprintrelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D172053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoychowdhury2017" class="citation web cs1">Roychowdhury, Adrija (31 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/">"How Vallabhbhai Patel, V P Menon and Mountbatten unified India"</a>. The Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327134148/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=How+Vallabhbhai+Patel%2C+V+P+Menon+and+Mountbatten+unified+India&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft.aulast=Roychowdhury&rft.aufirst=Adrija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fhow-vallabhbhai-patel-v-p-menon-and-mountbatten-unified-india-4915468%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurber,_Holden1951" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Holden_Furber" title="Holden Furber">Furber, Holden</a> (1951). "The Unification of India, 1947–1951". <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Affairs" title="Pacific Affairs">Pacific Affairs</a>. 24 (4): 352–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2753451">10.2307/2753451</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2753451">2753451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Unification+of+India%2C+1947%E2%80%931951&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=352-371&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2753451&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2753451%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Furber%2C+Holden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.A._Chandraprema1991" class="citation book cs1">C.A. Chandraprema (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GmRuAAAAMAAJ">Sri Lanka, the Years of Terror: The J.V.P. Insurrection, 1987–1989</a>. Lake House Bookshop. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789559029038" title="Special:BookSources/9789559029038"><bdi>9789559029038</bdi></a>. <q>Nehru brought in legislation making illegal the demand for secession in 1963. Thereafter, the DMK dropped its demand for a "Dravida Nadu".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lanka%2C+the+Years+of+Terror%3A+The+J.V.P.+Insurrection%2C+1987%E2%80%931989&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Lake+House+Bookshop&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789559029038&rft.au=C.A.+Chandraprema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGmRuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayantha_Dhanapala,_United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research1999" class="citation book cs1">Jayantha Dhanapala, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lw7z_JOnv0sC">Small Arms Control: Old Weapons, New Issues</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754620761" title="Special:BookSources/9780754620761"><bdi>9780754620761</bdi></a>. <q>Although the campaign for secession has reached its apex in Kashmir, the first Indian state to agitate for separatism was Tamil Nadu. In 1963, in response to the vociferous campaign for a Dravidastan, Premier Nehru introduced the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution, making it mandatory for those running for office to take an oath stating, "I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Arms+Control%3A+Old+Weapons%2C+New+Issues&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780754620761&rft.au=Jayantha+Dhanapala%2C+United+Nations+Institute+for+Disarmament+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLw7z_JOnv0sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfcvAQAAIAAJ&q=After+failed+bid+to+form+coalition,+Nehru+reluctantly+supported+the+partition+of+India,+according+to+a+plan+released+by+the+British+on+3+June+1947.">Encyclopaedia Indica: Independent India and wars – I</a>. Anmol Publications. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7"><bdi>978-81-7041-859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Indica%3A+Independent+India+and+wars+%E2%80%93+I&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7041-859-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlfcvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DAfter%2Bfailed%2Bbid%2Bto%2Bform%2Bcoalition%2C%2BNehru%2Breluctantly%2Bsupported%2Bthe%2Bpartition%2Bof%2BIndia%2C%2Baccording%2Bto%2Ba%2Bplan%2Breleased%2Bby%2Bthe%2BBritish%2Bon%2B3%2BJune%2B1947.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1MwAQAAIAAJ&q=After+failed+bid+to+form+coalition,+Nehru+reluctantly+supported+the+partition+of+India,+according+to+a+plan+released+by+the+British+on+3+June+1947.">Encyclopaedia of Indian War of Independence, 1857–1947: Gandhi era : Jawahar Lal Nehru and Sardar Patel</a>. Anmol Publications. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-3745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-3745-9"><bdi>978-81-261-3745-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+War+of+Independence%2C+1857%E2%80%931947%3A+Gandhi+era+%3A+Jawahar+Lal+Nehru+and+Sardar+Patel&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-261-3745-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1MwAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DAfter%2Bfailed%2Bbid%2Bto%2Bform%2Bcoalition%2C%2BNehru%2Breluctantly%2Bsupported%2Bthe%2Bpartition%2Bof%2BIndia%2C%2Baccording%2Bto%2Ba%2Bplan%2Breleased%2Bby%2Bthe%2BBritish%2Bon%2B3%2BJune%2B1947.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehru2007" class="citation news cs1">Nehru, Jawaharlal (30 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/may/01/greatspeeches">"A Tryst with Destiny"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524211546/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/may/01/greatspeeches">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=A+Tryst+with+Destiny&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft.aulast=Nehru&rft.aufirst=Jawaharlal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2007%2Fmay%2F01%2Fgreatspeeches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaha2015" class="citation web cs1">Saha, Abhishek (15 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-politics-of-an-assassination-who-killed-gandhi-and-why/story-iUJqKjuw0sP9nAfc5KcOII.html">"The politics of an assassination: Who killed Gandhi and why?"</a>. Hindustan Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213151236/https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-politics-of-an-assassination-who-killed-gandhi-and-why/story-iUJqKjuw0sP9nAfc5KcOII.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+an+assassination%3A+Who+killed+Gandhi+and+why%3F&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft.aulast=Saha&rft.aufirst=Abhishek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fanalysis%2Fthe-politics-of-an-assassination-who-killed-gandhi-and-why%2Fstory-iUJqKjuw0sP9nAfc5KcOII.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanak_Raj_Jai1996" class="citation book cs1">Janak Raj Jai (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC&pg=PAPA45">1947–1980</a>. Regency Publications. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86030-23-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86030-23-3"><bdi>978-81-86030-23-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1947%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-86030-23-3&rft.au=Janak+Raj+Jai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Wrc1K0uJTgC%26pg%3DPAPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsariGould2019" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Sarah; Gould, William (2019). "'Performing the State' in Post-1947 India and Pakistan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-belonging/performing-the-state-in-post1947-india-and-pakistan/51E29D5CE278C3362B5D10B45D35C71F/core-reader">Boundaries of Belonging</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 23–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108164511.003">10.1017/9781108164511.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19605-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19605-6"><bdi>978-1-107-19605-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211394653">211394653</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911043326/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/boundaries-of-belonging/performing-the-state-in-post1947-india-and-pakistan/51E29D5CE278C3362B5D10B45D35C71F/core-reader">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Performing+the+State%27+in+Post-1947+India+and+Pakistan&rft.btitle=Boundaries+of+Belonging&rft.pages=23-66&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211394653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108164511.003&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19605-6&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Gould%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fboundaries-of-belonging%2Fperforming-the-state-in-post1947-india-and-pakistan%2F51E29D5CE278C3362B5D10B45D35C71F%2Fcore-reader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Yasmin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78902926.pdf">"Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Core.ac.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Core.ac.uk">core.ac.uk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911043329/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/78902926.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=core.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Performing+Peace%3A+Gandhi%27s+assassination+as+a+critical+moment+in+the+consolidation+of+the+Nehruvian+state&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F78902926.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X10000223">"Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 45 (1): 57–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X10000223">10.1017/S0026749X10000223</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144894540">144894540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Performing+Peace%3A+Gandhi%27s+assassination+as+a+critical+moment+in+the+consolidation+of+the+Nehruvian+state&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-80&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X10000223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144894540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0026749X10000223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Yasmin (12 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X10000223">"Performing Peace: Gandhi's assassination as a critical moment in the consolidation of the Nehruvian state"</a>. Modern Asian Studies. 45 (1): 57–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X10000223">10.1017/S0026749X10000223</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144894540">144894540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Performing+Peace%3A+Gandhi%27s+assassination+as+a+critical+moment+in+the+consolidation+of+the+Nehruvian+state&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-80&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X10000223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144894540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0026749X10000223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karan_Thapar" title="Karan Thapar">Thapar, Karan</a> (17 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703195004/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gandhi-jinnah-both-failed-jaswant/99323-37.html">"Gandhi, Jinnah both failed: Jaswant"</a>. ibnlive.in.com. 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Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=After+Advani%2C+Jaswant+turns+Jinnah+admirer&rft.date=2009-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2FNews%2FPoliticsNation%2FAfter-Advani-Jaswant-turns-Jinnah-admirer%2Farticleshow%2F4900326.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2016" class="citation news cs1">Ghosh, Bishwanath (17 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/article8366115.ece">"Maps are malleable. Even Bharat Mata's"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302163809/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/article8366115.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. 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Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Five+states+that+refused+to+join+India+after+Independence&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.aulast=Roychowdhury&rft.aufirst=Adrija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Ffive-states-that-refused-to-join-india-after-independence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.2016" class="citation news cs1">S., Mohamed Imranullah (1 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/time-to-recall-efforts-made-to-create-the-constitution/article8177274.ece">"Time to recall efforts made to create the Constitution"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603213805/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/time-to-recall-efforts-made-to-create-the-constitution/article8177274.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Time+to+recall+efforts+made+to+create+the+Constitution&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Imranullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FMadurai%2Ftime-to-recall-efforts-made-to-create-the-constitution%2Farticle8177274.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhaskar2022" class="citation news cs1">Bhaskar, Anurag (25 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/preamble-embodies-constitution-s-vision/story-vLbo5CoBlXdmCgtSWb7v2K.html">"Republic at 70: Preamble embodies Constitution's vision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311200233/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/preamble-embodies-constitution-s-vision/story-vLbo5CoBlXdmCgtSWb7v2K.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Republic+at+70%3A+Preamble+embodies+Constitution%27s+vision&rft.date=2022-11-25&rft.aulast=Bhaskar&rft.aufirst=Anurag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fpreamble-embodies-constitution-s-vision%2Fstory-vLbo5CoBlXdmCgtSWb7v2K.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauhan" class="citation news cs1">Chauhan, Dinesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1682-preamble-the-spirit-of-constitution-of-india.html#google_vignette">"Preamble the Spirit of Constitution of India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311200600/https://legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-1682-preamble-the-spirit-of-constitution-of-india.html#google_vignette">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Preamble+the+Spirit+of+Constitution+of+India&rft.aulast=Chauhan&rft.aufirst=Dinesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalserviceindia.com%2Flegal%2Farticle-1682-preamble-the-spirit-of-constitution-of-india.html%23google_vignette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinhaRoy2018" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Shakti; Roy, Himanshu (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWJ2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT167">Patel: Political Ideas and Policies</a>. 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Strategic and Defence Studies Centre). Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7315-0087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7315-0087-1"><bdi>978-0-7315-0087-1</bdi></a>. <q>China declared a unilateral ceasefire and by December it had withdrawn its forces to positions 20 km behind the line of actual control that had existed in 1959</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+India+War%3A+A+Question+of+Confidence&rft.series=Working+paper+%28Australian+National+University.+Strategic+and+Defence+Studies+Centre%29&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Strategic+and+Defence+Studies+Centre%2C+Research+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7315-0087-1&rft.aulast=Klintworth&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNt65AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichele_L._Louro2018" class="citation book cs1">Michele L. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108419307" title="Special:BookSources/9781108419307"><bdi>9781108419307</bdi></a>. <q>Menon resigned under India's military preparedness failed to prevent a Chinese invasion during the Sino-Indian war of 1962</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrades+against+Imperialism%3A+Nehru%2C+India%2C+and+Interwar+Internationalism&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781108419307&rft.au=Michele+L.+Louro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4JIDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521075607/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C842104-10%2C00.html">"Asia: Ending the Suspense"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 17 September 1965. 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New Horizons. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Today&rft.pub=New+Horizons&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2GYZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bestablishment%2Bof%2Bagricultural%2Buniversities%2C%2Bmodelled%2Bafter%2Bland-grant%2Bcolleges%2Bin%2Bthe%2BUnited%2BStates%2C%2Bcontributed%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bdevelopment%2Bof%2Bthe%2Beconomy.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer1993" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, B.H. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PAPA120">An Introduction to South Asia</a>. Routledge. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05695-3"><bdi>978-0-415-05695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+South+Asia&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05695-3&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=B.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNINAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/childrens-day-2021-heres-why-jawaharlal-nehrus-birthday-celebrated-as-bal-diwas-4439072.html">"Children's Day 2021: Here's Why Jawaharlal Nehru's Birthday Celebrated as Bal Diwas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News18" class="mw-redirect" title="News18">News18</a>. 14 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226034430/https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/childrens-day-2021-heres-why-jawaharlal-nehrus-birthday-celebrated-as-bal-diwas-4439072.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Children%27s+Day+2021%3A+Here%27s+Why+Jawaharlal+Nehru%27s+Birthday+Celebrated+as+Bal+Diwas&rft.date=2021-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Flifestyle%2Fchildrens-day-2021-heres-why-jawaharlal-nehrus-birthday-celebrated-as-bal-diwas-4439072.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLion_M.G._Agrawal2008" class="citation book cs1">Lion M.G. Agrawal (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJu9Dkv_2zEC&pg=PA132">Freedom Fighters of India</a>. Vol. 2. Isha Books. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-470-7"><bdi>978-81-8205-470-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Fighters+of+India&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Isha+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8205-470-7&rft.au=Lion+M.G.+Agrawal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJu9Dkv_2zEC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSom1994" class="citation journal cs1">Som, Reba (February 1994). "Jawaharlal Nehru and the Hindu Code: A Victory of Symbol over Substance?". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 28 (1): 165–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00011732">10.1017/S0026749X00011732</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312925">312925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145393171">145393171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru+and+the+Hindu+Code%3A+A+Victory+of+Symbol+over+Substance%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-194&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145393171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312925%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00011732&rft.aulast=Som&rft.aufirst=Reba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasu2005" class="citation book cs1">Basu, Srimati (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgX8rrW6JsC&pg=PAPA3">She Comes to Take Her Rights: Indian Women, Property, and Propriety</a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86706-49-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86706-49-7"><bdi>978-81-86706-49-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Hindu Code Bill was visualised by Ambedkar and Nehru as the flagship of modernisation and a radical revision of Hindu law ... it is widely regarded as dramatic benchmark legislation giving Hindu women equitable if not superior entitlements as legal subjects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She+Comes+to+Take+Her+Rights%3A+Indian+Women%2C+Property%2C+and+Propriety&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-86706-49-7&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=Srimati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXgX8rrW6JsC%26pg%3DPAPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Williams, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Williams, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUppal2021" class="citation book cs1">Uppal, N. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRswEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48">Narcissus or Machiavelli?: Learning Leadership from Indian Prime Ministers</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-41480-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-41480-6"><bdi>978-1-000-41480-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcissus+or+Machiavelli%3F%3A+Learning+Leadership+from+Indian+Prime+Ministers&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-41480-6&rft.aulast=Uppal&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRswEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Erckel, Sebastian (2011). India and the European Union – Two Models of Integration, GRIN Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-656-01048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-656-01048-7">978-3-656-01048-7</a>, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerchant2020" class="citation web cs1">Merchant, Minhaz (27 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/nehrus-noble-intent-of-treating-muslims-fairly-put-india-on-slippery-slope-of-faux-secularism/489174/">"Nehru's noble intent of treating Muslims fairly put India on slippery slope of faux secularism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ThePrint" title="ThePrint">ThePrint</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823155854/https://theprint.in/opinion/nehrus-noble-intent-of-treating-muslims-fairly-put-india-on-slippery-slope-of-faux-secularism/489174/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Nehru%27s+noble+intent+of+treating+Muslims+fairly+put+India+on+slippery+slope+of+faux+secularism&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=Minhaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fnehrus-noble-intent-of-treating-muslims-fairly-put-india-on-slippery-slope-of-faux-secularism%2F489174%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PAPA328">A History of India</a>. Routledge. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32919-4"><bdi>978-0-415-32919-4</bdi></a>. <q>One subject that particularly interested Nehru was the reform of Hindu law, particularly with regard to the rights of Hindu women ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32919-4&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Dietmar+Rothermund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPVq3ykHyH4C%26pg%3DPAPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurandare2017" class="citation news cs1">Purandare, Vaibhav (23 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uniform-code-nehru-okayed-principle-but-didnt-make-it-a-directive/articleshow/60183225.cms">"triple talaq: Uniform code: Nehru okayed principle, but didn't make it a directive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216055158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/uniform-code-nehru-okayed-principle-but-didnt-make-it-a-directive/articleshow/60183225.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=triple+talaq%3A+Uniform+code%3A+Nehru+okayed+principle%2C+but+didn%27t+make+it+a+directive&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Purandare&rft.aufirst=Vaibhav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Funiform-code-nehru-okayed-principle-but-didnt-make-it-a-directive%2Farticleshow%2F60183225.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomanNiaz2016" class="citation web cs1">Soman, Zakia; Niaz, Noorjehan (17 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/religion/why-triple-talaq-needs-to-be-abolished">"Why Triple Talaq Needs to Be Abolished"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727053221/https://thewire.in/religion/why-triple-talaq-needs-to-be-abolished">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Why+Triple+Talaq+Needs+to+Be+Abolished&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft.aulast=Soman&rft.aufirst=Zakia&rft.au=Niaz%2C+Noorjehan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Freligion%2Fwhy-triple-talaq-needs-to-be-abolished&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gusain-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gusain_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gusain_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gusain_204-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gusain_204-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gusain_204-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusain,_Lakhan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gusain, Lakhan (2012). "The Effectiveness of Establishing Hindi as a National Language". <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Journal_of_International_Affairs" title="Georgetown Journal of International Affairs">Georgetown Journal of International Affairs</a>. 13 (1): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43134213">43134213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Effectiveness+of+Establishing+Hindi+as+a+National+Language&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-50&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43134213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Gusain%2C+Lakhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-annamalai1-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annamalai1_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annamalai1_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annamalai1_205-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annamalai1_205-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annamalai1_205-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Annamalai1979" class="citation book cs1">E. 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Central Institute of Indian Languages. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Movements+Against+Hindi+as+An+Official+Language&rft.btitle=Language+movements+in+India&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Central+Institute+of+Indian+Languages&rft.date=1979&rft.au=E.+Annamalai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciil-ebooks.net%2Fhtml%2Flangmove%2Fhinoff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathi2017" class="citation news cs1">Rathi, Nandini (15 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hindi-diwas-2017-journey-of-hindi-from-pre-partition-india-to-post-independence-language-politics-4843807/">"Hindi Diwas: Journey of Hindi from pre-Partition India to post-independence language politics"</a>. The Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630103210/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/hindi-diwas-2017-journey-of-hindi-from-pre-partition-india-to-post-independence-language-politics-4843807/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Hindi+Diwas%3A+Journey+of+Hindi+from+pre-Partition+India+to+post-independence+language+politics&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.aulast=Rathi&rft.aufirst=Nandini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fhindi-diwas-2017-journey-of-hindi-from-pre-partition-india-to-post-independence-language-politics-4843807%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kashyap-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Kashyap_207-0">^</a> Kashyap, S. C., Nehru, J. (1982). Jawaharlal Nehru and the Constitution, p. 289. India: Metropolitan. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViswanathan2009" class="citation news cs1">Viswanathan, S. (6 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/Language-issue-again-the-need-for-a-clear-headed-policy/article16854068.ece">"Language issue again: The need for a clear-headed policy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919210830/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/Readers-Editor/Language-issue-again-the-need-for-a-clear-headed-policy/article16854068.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Language+issue+again%3A+The+need+for+a+clear-headed+policy&rft.date=2009-12-06&rft.aulast=Viswanathan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2FReaders-Editor%2FLanguage-issue-again-the-need-for-a-clear-headed-policy%2Farticle16854068.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2000" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Bipan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y5JEDxGZTOUC&dq=%22virtual+indefinite+policy+of%22+india&pg=PT146">India After Independence: 1947–2000</a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351181200" title="Special:BookSources/9789351181200"><bdi>9789351181200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+After+Independence%3A+1947%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789351181200&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Bipan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy5JEDxGZTOUC%26dq%3D%2522virtual%2Bindefinite%2Bpolicy%2Bof%2522%2Bindia%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensenBaker2013" class="citation book cs1">Sorensen, Clark W.; Baker, Donald (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGU-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA265">The Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 18, Number 2 (Fall 2013)</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3336-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-3336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Korean+Studies%2C+Volume+18%2C+Number+2+%28Fall+2013%29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3336-2&rft.aulast=Sorensen&rft.aufirst=Clark+W.&rft.au=Baker%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGU-AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Srinivasan2005" class="citation book cs1">K. Srinivasan (7 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FbNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR2">The Rise, Decline and Future of the British Commonwealth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24843-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24843-4"><bdi>978-0-230-24843-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise%2C+Decline+and+Future+of+the+British+Commonwealth&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2005-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-230-24843-4&rft.au=K.+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5FbNCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704130811/https://thecommonwealth.org/london-declaration">"London Declaration"</a>. 16 May 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecommonwealth.org/london-declaration">the original</a> on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Declaration&rft.date=2019-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecommonwealth.org%2Flondon-declaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaque2017" class="citation web cs1">Haque, Affanul (20 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jawaharlal-nehru-the-architect-of-indias-foreign-policy/articleshow/58767014.cms">"Non-Aligned Movement: Jawaharlal Nehru – The architect of India's foreign policy"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006223403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jawaharlal-nehru-the-architect-of-indias-foreign-policy/articleshow/58767014.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Non-Aligned+Movement%3A+Jawaharlal+Nehru+%E2%80%93+The+architect+of+India%27s+foreign+policy&rft.date=2017-05-20&rft.aulast=Haque&rft.aufirst=Affanul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fjawaharlal-nehru-the-architect-of-indias-foreign-policy%2Farticleshow%2F58767014.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2004" class="citation book cs1">Ali, H.M.W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VezCRvqKq7MC&pg=PA7">India and the Non-aligned Movement</a>. Adam Pub. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7435-367-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7435-367-2"><bdi>978-81-7435-367-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+the+Non-aligned+Movement&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Adam+Pub.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7435-367-2&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=H.M.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVezCRvqKq7MC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Sherrod1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sherrod" title="Robert Sherrod">Robert Sherrod</a> (19 January 1963). "Nehru:The Great Awakening". <a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a>. 236 (2): 60–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Nehru%3AThe+Great+Awakening&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=60-67&rft.date=1963-01-19&rft.au=Robert+Sherrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShashi1996" class="citation book cs1">Shashi, Shyam Singh (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bf8vAQAAIAAJ">Encyclopaedia Indica: Great political personalities of Post Colonial Era-I</a>. Anmol Publications. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170418597" title="Special:BookSources/9788170418597"><bdi>9788170418597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Indica%3A+Great+political+personalities+of+Post+Colonial+Era-I&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788170418597&rft.aulast=Shashi&rft.aufirst=Shyam+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbf8vAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a>,"Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography" Vol.2, 2:232–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a>, 6 October 1949 at Pune at the time of lying of the foundation stone of <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defence Academy">National Defence Academy</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Mahatma Gandhi's relevant quotes, "My non-violence does not admit of running away from danger and leaving dear ones unprotected. Between violence and cowardly flight, I can only prefer violence to cowardice. Non-violence is the summit of bravery." "I do believe that, where there is only a choice between cowardice and violence, I would advise violence." "I would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend her honour than that she should in a cowardly manner become or remain a helpless witness to her own dishonour." – All Men Are Brothers Life and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi as told in his own words. UNESCO. pp. 85–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSublet" class="citation web cs1">Sublet, Carrie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/Bhabha.html">"Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha"</a>. nuclearweaponarchive.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807160029/http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/Bhabha.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nuclearweaponarchive.org&rft.atitle=Dr.+Homi+Jehangir+Bhabha&rft.aulast=Sublet&rft.aufirst=Carrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnuclearweaponarchive.org%2FIndia%2FBhabha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1989" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, Vinod (1989). Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him. Panchsheel Publishers. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%2C+as+Scholars+of+Socialist+Countries+See+Him&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Panchsheel+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Vinod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuaJames_Manor1994" class="citation book cs1">Dua, B. D.; James Manor (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X90G8gnoqv4C&pg=PAPA141">Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India</a>. <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> Publishers. pp. 141, 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-180-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-180-2"><bdi>978-1-85065-180-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nehru+to+the+Nineties%3A+The+Changing+Office+of+Prime+Minister+in+India&rft.pages=141%2C+261&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-180-2&rft.aulast=Dua&rft.aufirst=B.+D.&rft.au=James+Manor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX90G8gnoqv4C%26pg%3DPAPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihir_Bose2004" class="citation book cs1">Mihir Bose (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Rh7DAdsK0gC&pg=PAPA137">Raj, Secrets, Revolution: A Life of Subhas Chandra Bose</a>. Grice Chapman Publishing. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9545726-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9545726-4-8"><bdi>978-0-9545726-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raj%2C+Secrets%2C+Revolution%3A+A+Life+of+Subhas+Chandra+Bose&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Grice+Chapman+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9545726-4-8&rft.au=Mihir+Bose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Rh7DAdsK0gC%26pg%3DPAPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes1974-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1974_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes1974_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/06/archives/vk-krishna-menon-india-defense-minister-un-aide-dies-a-year-of.html">"V.K. Krishna Menon, India Defense Minister, U.N. Aide, Dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 6 October 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/06/archives/vk-krishna-menon-india-defense-minister-un-aide-dies-a-year-of.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=V.K.+Krishna+Menon%2C+India+Defense+Minister%2C+U.N.+Aide%2C+Dies&rft.date=1974-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F10%2F06%2Farchives%2Fvk-krishna-menon-india-defense-minister-un-aide-dies-a-year-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2008" class="citation news cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/A-fateful-arrest/article15401893.ece">"A fateful arrest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081416/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/A-fateful-arrest/article15401893.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+fateful+arrest&rft.date=2008-08-02&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-sundaymagazine%2FA-fateful-arrest%2Farticle15401893.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankar_Ghose1993" class="citation book cs1">Sankar Ghose (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA1">Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography</a>. Allied Publishers. pp. 1888–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-369-5"><bdi>978-81-7023-369-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%2C+a+Biography&rft.pages=1888-190&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-369-5&rft.au=Sankar+Ghose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUeyUhVGIDMC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8272473.stm">"A short history of long speeches"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 25 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305174645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8272473.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+long+speeches&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F8272473.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajid,_Amir_A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Majid, Amir A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316211935/http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf">"Can Self Determination Solve the Kashmir Dispute?"</a> (PDF). Romanian Journal of European Affairs. 7 (3): 38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romanian+Journal+of+European+Affairs&rft.atitle=Can+Self+Determination+Solve+the+Kashmir+Dispute%3F&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Majid%2C+Amir+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.ro%2Fdocumente%2Frjea_vol7_no3%2FRJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankar_Ghose1993" class="citation book cs1">Sankar Ghose (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUeyUhVGIDMC&pg=PA1">Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography</a>. Allied Publishers. pp. 266–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-369-5"><bdi>978-81-7023-369-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%2C+a+Biography&rft.pages=266-268&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-369-5&rft.au=Sankar+Ghose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUeyUhVGIDMC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWilf2016" class="citation book cs1">Li, Jianglin; Wilf, Susan (2016). Tibet in agony : Lhasa 1959. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. pp. 40–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08889-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-08889-4"><bdi>978-0-674-08889-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946579956">946579956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+in+agony+%3A+Lhasa+1959&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946579956&rft.isbn=978-0-674-08889-4&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jianglin&rft.au=Wilf%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> The full text of this agreement (which entered into force on 3 June 1954): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v299.pdf">"Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Treaty_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Treaty Series">United Nations Treaty Series</a>. New York: United Nations. 1958. pp. 57–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327031415/http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v299.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Series&rft.atitle=Treaties+and+international+agreements+registered+or+filed+and+recorded+with+the+Secretariat+of+the+United+Nations&rft.pages=57-81&rft.date=1958&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2Fpublication%2Funts%2Fvolume%2520299%2Fv299.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9x8RPd562DusWqVQQ91NfN/Nehrus-India.html">"Nehru's India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a>. 23 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212075501/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9x8RPd562DusWqVQQ91NfN/Nehrus-India.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=Nehru%27s+India&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FLeisure%2F9x8RPd562DusWqVQQ91NfN%2FNehrus-India.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayudu2016" class="citation web cs1">Nayudu, Swapna Kona (8 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/indias-moment-in-the-suez-canal-crisis/article9320638.ece">"India's moment in the Suez Canal crisis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Line" title="Business Line">Business Line</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728020914/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/indias-moment-in-the-suez-canal-crisis/article9320638.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Line&rft.atitle=India%27s+moment+in+the+Suez+Canal+crisis&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.aulast=Nayudu&rft.aufirst=Swapna+Kona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fopinion%2Findias-moment-in-the-suez-canal-crisis%2Farticle9320638.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathai1978" class="citation book cs1">Mathai (1978). Reminiscences of the Nehru Age.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+the+Nehru+Age&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Mathai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19550312&id=xTAmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1451,3268287">"Assassination Attempt on Nehru Made in Car"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Times">Gettysburg Times</a>. 22 March 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064151/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19550312&id=xTAmAAAAIBAJ&pg=1451,3268287">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gettysburg+Times&rft.atitle=Assassination+Attempt+on+Nehru+Made+in+Car&rft.date=1955-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D2202%26dat%3D19550312%26id%3DxTAmAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1451%2C3268287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19550314&id=99cbAAAAIBAJ&pg=3125,3067050">"Rickshaw Boy Arrested for Nehru Attack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Herald_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasota Herald Tribune">Sarasota Herald Tribune</a>. 14 March 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064227/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19550314&id=99cbAAAAIBAJ&pg=3125,3067050">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Rickshaw+Boy+Arrested+for+Nehru+Attack&rft.date=1955-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1755%26dat%3D19550314%26id%3D99cbAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3125%2C3067050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19550314&id=nmNTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6416,4776451">"Rickshaw Boy Arrested for Attempting to Kill Nehru"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Victoria_Advocate" title="The Victoria Advocate">The Victoria Advocate</a>. 14 March 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064003/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19550314&id=nmNTAAAAIBAJ&pg=6416,4776451">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Victoria+Advocate&rft.atitle=Rickshaw+Boy+Arrested+for+Attempting+to+Kill+Nehru&rft.date=1955-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D861%26dat%3D19550314%26id%3DnmNTAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6416%2C4776451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P4ZjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6064,1041556&dq=nehru+assassination">"Knife Wielder Jumps on Car of Indian Premier"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. 12 March 1955. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064318/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=P4ZjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6064,1041556&dq=nehru+assassination">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Knife+Wielder+Jumps+on+Car+of+Indian+Premier&rft.date=1955-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DP4ZjAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6064%2C1041556%26dq%3Dnehru%2Bassassination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eytFAQAAIAAJ">Covertaction Quarterly</a>. Covert Action Publications. 1992. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covertaction+Quarterly&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Covert+Action+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeytFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Blum2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Blum" title="William Blum">William Blum</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBM8UiDYz1MC">Rogue State: A Guide to the Worlds Only Superpower</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842778272" title="Special:BookSources/9781842778272"><bdi>9781842778272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rogue+State%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Worlds+Only+Superpower&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781842778272&rft.au=William+Blum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBM8UiDYz1MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BDdEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3947,2134723&dq=nehru+assassination">"Police Say Nehru's Assassination Plot is Thwarted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Altus_Times-Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Altus Times-Democrat">Altus Times-Democrat</a>. 4 June 1956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064322/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BDdEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3947,2134723&dq=nehru+assassination">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Altus+Times-Democrat&rft.atitle=Police+Say+Nehru%27s+Assassination+Plot+is+Thwarted&rft.date=1956-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DBDdEAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3947%2C2134723%26dq%3Dnehru%2Bassassination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G8RdAAAAIBAJ&pg=4365,3368509&dq=nehru+assassination">"Bombay Police Thwart Attempt on Nehru's Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxnard_Press-Courier" title="Oxnard Press-Courier">Oxnard Press-Courier</a>. 4 June 1956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064321/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=G8RdAAAAIBAJ&pg=4365,3368509&dq=nehru+assassination">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxnard+Press-Courier&rft.atitle=Bombay+Police+Thwart+Attempt+on+Nehru%27s+Life&rft.date=1956-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DG8RdAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4365%2C3368509%26dq%3Dnehru%2Bassassination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19610930&id=v2cUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3440,1262437">"Bomb Explodes on Nehru's Route"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo Blade">Toledo Blade</a>. 30 September 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128100718/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19610930&id=v2cUAAAAIBAJ&pg=3440,1262437">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toledo+Blade&rft.atitle=Bomb+Explodes+on+Nehru%27s+Route&rft.date=1961-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1350%26dat%3D19610930%26id%3Dv2cUAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3440%2C1262437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathai1979" class="citation book cs1">Mathai, M.O. (1979). My Days with Nehru. Vikas Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Days+with+Nehru&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Mathai&rft.aufirst=M.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2017" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Elizabeth Mauchline (2017) [1974], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=De2oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT143">Gandhi, Nehru and Modern India</a>, Routledge Library Editions: British in India, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-063959-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-063959-9"><bdi>978-1-00-063959-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+Nehru+and+Modern+India&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+British+in+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-00-063959-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Mauchline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDe2oDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarvepalli_Gopal2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pd-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT293">Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 3 1956–1964</a>. Random House. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-2189-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4735-2189-6"><bdi>978-1-4735-2189-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%3A+A+Biography+Volume+3+1956%E2%80%931964&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4735-2189-6&rft.au=Sarvepalli+Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pd-BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsia_Society1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Asia Society (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr/page/98">"Jawaharlal Nehru"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ainslie_Embree" title="Ainslie Embree">Embree, Ainslie T.</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of Asian History. Vol. 3. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000embr/page/98">98–100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18899-7"><bdi>978-0-684-18899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=98-100&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-684-18899-7&rft.au=Asia+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofas0000embr%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanwar_Raj" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raj_Kanwar_(journalist)" title="Raj Kanwar (journalist)">Kanwar Raj</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-evening-58-years-ago-when-i-saw-off-nehru-on-his-last-flight-1112895.html">"The evening 58 years ago when I saw off Nehru on his last flight"</a>. Deccan Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220527070751/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-evening-58-years-ago-when-i-saw-off-nehru-on-his-last-flight-1112895.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=The+evening+58+years+ago+when+I+saw+off+Nehru+on+his+last+flight&rft.au=Kanwar+Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fopinion%2Fthe-evening-58-years-ago-when-i-saw-off-nehru-on-his-last-flight-1112895.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/27/newsid_3690000/3690019.stm">BBC On This Day | 27 | 1964: Light goes out in India as Nehru dies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130811052528/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/27/newsid_3690000/3690019.stm">Archived</a> 11 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 17 March 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1964" class="citation news cs1">Brady, Thomas F. (29 May 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/29/1-5-million-view-rites-for-nehru.html">"1.5 Million View Rites for Nehrus; Procession Route Jammed as Indians and Foreigners Pay Last Respects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802130344/http://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/29/1-5-million-view-rites-for-nehru.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=1.5+Million+View+Rites+for+Nehrus%3B+Procession+Route+Jammed+as+Indians+and+Foreigners+Pay+Last+Respects&rft.date=1964-05-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F05%2F29%2F1-5-million-view-rites-for-nehru.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-the-president-india-the-death-prime-minister-nehru">"Letter to the President of India on the Death of Prime Minister Nehru"</a>. The American Presidency Project. 27 May 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230904010824/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-the-president-india-the-death-prime-minister-nehru">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+President+of+India+on+the+Death+of+Prime+Minister+Nehru.&rft.date=1964-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fletter-the-president-india-the-death-prime-minister-nehru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JhzOORv_t68C">Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts</a>. 1964. p. 2. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Report%2C+Foreign+Radio+Broadcasts&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJhzOORv_t68C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nq0MAQAAMAAJ">Mideast Mirror</a>. Arab News Agency. 1964. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mideast+Mirror&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Arab+News+Agency&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNq0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIran_Society_(Calcutta2024" class="citation book cs1">Iran Society (Calcutta, India) (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UURIAAAAMAAJ">Indo-iranica</a>. Iran Society. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-iranica&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Iran+Society.&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Iran+Society+%28Calcutta&rft.aufirst=India%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUURIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1976" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, B.N. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PO-wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA436">Nehru</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 436. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00792-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00792-9"><bdi>978-1-349-00792-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nehru&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-1-349-00792-9&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=B.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPO-wCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakistan._Safārah_(U.S.)1963" class="citation book cs1">Pakistan. Safārah (U.S.) (10 March 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bVEdAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT37">Pakistan Affairs</a>. Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Affairs&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Information+Division%2C+Embassy+of+Pakistan&rft.date=1963-03-10&rft.au=Pakistan.+Saf%C4%81rah+%28U.S.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbVEdAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPT37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_TnAAAAMAAJ">West Bengal</a>. Director of Information. 1964. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Bengal&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Director+of+Information&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_TnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/28/nehru-india-death-1964-archive">"From the archive, 28 May 1964: The death of Mr Nehru, hero and architect of modern India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 28 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629050923/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/28/nehru-india-death-1964-archive">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+the+archive%2C+28+May+1964%3A+The+death+of+Mr+Nehru%2C+hero+and+architect+of+modern+India&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fmay%2F28%2Fnehru-india-death-1964-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PAPA32">"A Man Who, with All His Mind and Heart, Loved India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Life_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Magazine">Life Magazine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_Inc." title="Time Inc.">Time Inc.</a> 5 June 1964. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Man+Who%2C+with+All+His+Mind+and+Heart%2C+Loved+India&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1964-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUEEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPAPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0527.html">"India Mourning Nehru, 74, Dead of a Heart Attack; World Leaders Honor Him"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170322235121/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0527.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+Mourning+Nehru%2C+74%2C+Dead+of+a+Heart+Attack%3B+World+Leaders+Honor+Him&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0527.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPathak2018" class="citation news cs1">Pathak, Vikas (17 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/atal-bihari-vajpayee-the-orator/article24710175.ece">"Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the orator: Speech that sounded like poetry"</a>. The Hindu. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107063443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/atal-bihari-vajpayee-the-orator/article24710175.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Atal+Bihari+Vajpayee%2C+the+orator%3A+Speech+that+sounded+like+poetry&rft.date=2018-08-17&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Pathak&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fatal-bihari-vajpayee-the-orator%2Farticle24710175.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/vajpayee-on-nehrus-death-bharat-mata-has-lost-her-favourite-prince/99455/">"Vajpayee on Nehru's death: Bharat Mata has lost her favourite prince"</a>. ThePrint. 16 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107063443/https://theprint.in/opinion/vajpayee-on-nehrus-death-bharat-mata-has-lost-her-favourite-prince/99455/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022. <q>In the Ramayana, Maharashi Valmiki has said of Lord Rama that he brought the impossible together. In Panditji's life, we see a glimpse of what the great poet said. He was a devotee of peace and yet the harbinger of revolution, he was a devotee of non-violence but advocated every weapon to defend freedom and honour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Vajpayee+on+Nehru%27s+death%3A+Bharat+Mata+has+lost+her+favourite+prince&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fvajpayee-on-nehrus-death-bharat-mata-has-lost-her-favourite-prince%2F99455%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2007" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Norman D. (12 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318032815/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf">"The 1962 Election in North Bombay"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">cs.nyu.edu</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cs.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=The+1962+Election+in+North+Bombay&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Norman+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.nyu.edu%2F~kandathi%2Fvkkm1962.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1976" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, C.J. (30 December 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=vengalil+landowner&pg=PR6">The Nayars today – Christopher John Fuller</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29091-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29091-3"><bdi>978-0-521-29091-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 July 2012 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nayars+today+%E2%80%93+Christopher+John+Fuller&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29091-3&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyQM4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dvengalil%2Blandowner%26pg%3DPR6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Michael Brecher, and Janice Gross Stein, eds., India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world (<a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishing">Praeger Publishing</a>, 1968). </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2014" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBBVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">Forged in Crisis: India and the United States Since 1947</a>. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935486-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-935486-3"><bdi>978-0-19-935486-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged+in+Crisis%3A+India+and+the+United+States+Since+1947&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-935486-3&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhBBVBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/we-ensured-b-r-ambedkar-was-chairman-of-drafting-committee-of-constitution-congress/articleshow/49987634.cms?from=mdr">"We ensured B R Ambedkar was chairman of drafting committee of Constitution: Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. 30 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718020757/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/we-ensured-b-r-ambedkar-was-chairman-of-drafting-committee-of-constitution-congress/articleshow/49987634.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=We+ensured+B+R+Ambedkar+was+chairman+of+drafting+committee+of+Constitution%3A+Congress&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fwe-ensured-b-r-ambedkar-was-chairman-of-drafting-committee-of-constitution-congress%2Farticleshow%2F49987634.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJivanta_Schoettli2011" class="citation book cs1">Jivanta Schoettli (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=376oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">Vision and Strategy in Indian Politics: Jawaharlal Nehru's Policy Choices and the Designing of Political Institutions</a>. Routledge. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62787-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-62787-3"><bdi>978-1-136-62787-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+and+Strategy+in+Indian+Politics%3A+Jawaharlal+Nehru%27s+Policy+Choices+and+the+Designing+of+Political+Institutions&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-62787-3&rft.au=Jivanta+Schoettli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D376oAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiry2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lahiry, Sutapa (26 April 2024). "Jana Sangh and Bharatiya Janata Party : A Comparative Assessment of Their Philosophy and Strategy and Their Proximity with the Other Members of the Sangh Parivar". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 66 (4). Indian Political Science Association: 831–850. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5510">0019-5510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856171">41856171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Jana+Sangh+and+Bharatiya+Janata+Party+%3A+A+Comparative+Assessment+of+Their+Philosophy+and+Strategy+and+Their+Proximity+with+the+Other+Members+of+the+Sangh+Parivar&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=831-850&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41856171%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5510&rft.aulast=Lahiry&rft.aufirst=Sutapa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111204425/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/07/stories/2010110754680500.htm">"International Urdu conference from Nov. 10"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 7 November 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/07/stories/2010110754680500.htm">the original</a> on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=International+Urdu+conference+from+Nov.+10&rft.date=2010-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2010%2F11%2F07%2Fstories%2F2010110754680500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChawla,_Muhammad2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chawla, Muhammad (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117092116/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4269551701/maulana-azad-and-the-demand-for-pakistan-a-reappraisal">"Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan: A Reappraisal"</a>. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 64 (3): 7–24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4269551701/maulana-azad-and-the-demand-for-pakistan-a-reappraisal">the original</a> on 17 November 2020. 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Prabhat Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5266-769-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5266-769-7"><bdi>978-93-5266-769-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+General+Knowledge+Digest&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-93-5266-769-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pradyuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D399UDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DJagjivan%2BRam%2Bbecame%2Bthe%2Byoungest%2Bminister%2Bin%2BNehru%2527s%2BInterim%2Bgovernment%2Bof%2BIndia%2Ba%2BLabour%2BMinister%2Band%2Balso%2Ba%2Bmember%2Bof%2Bthe%2BConstituent%2BAssembly%2Bof%2BIndia%2C%2Bwhere%2C%2Bas%2Ba%2Bmember%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bdalit%2Bcaste%2C%2Bhe%2Bensured%2Bthat%2Bsocial%2Bjustice%2Bwas%2Benshrined%2Bin%2Bthe%2BConstitution.%26pg%3DPT591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwarul_Haque_HaqqiIndian_Political_Science_Association1986" class="citation book cs1">Anwarul Haque Haqqi; Indian Political Science Association (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk7c6O2XlGwC&pg=PA150">Indian Democracy at the Crossroads</a>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989014-9"><bdi>978-0-19-989014-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Emerging+Giant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-989014-9&rft.au=Arvind+Panagariya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDqppvb19TsC%26pg%3DPT180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.S._PalandeR.S._Shah2003" class="citation book cs1">P.S. Palande; R.S. Shah (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlN819nQS-wC&pg=PT41">Insurance in India: Changing Policies and Emerging Opportunities</a>. New Delhi: Response Books. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9747-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-9747-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurance+in+India%3A+Changing+Policies+and+Emerging+Opportunities&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Response+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9747-4&rft.au=P.S.+Palande&rft.au=R.S.+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlN819nQS-wC%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiaul_Hasan_Faruqi1999" class="citation book cs1">Ziaul Hasan Faruqi (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzNnwUasQ3wC&pg=PA280">Dr. Zakir Hussain, Quest for Truth</a>. Delhi: APH Publishing. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-056-7"><bdi>978-81-7648-056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Zakir+Hussain%2C+Quest+for+Truth&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-056-7&rft.au=Ziaul+Hasan+Faruqi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzNnwUasQ3wC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiranjan_Rajadhyaksha2012" class="citation news cs1">Niranjan Rajadhyaksha (7 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vSENKsR3LEwbCgaG4zMw8K/The-anxiety-that-lingers.html">"The anxiety that lingers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817001151/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vSENKsR3LEwbCgaG4zMw8K/The-anxiety-that-lingers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mint&rft.atitle=The+anxiety+that+lingers&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.au=Niranjan+Rajadhyaksha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FLeisure%2FvSENKsR3LEwbCgaG4zMw8K%2FThe-anxiety-that-lingers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Blema S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZIBxpeRXxsC&pg=PAPR7">Women in power : the personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher</a>. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3356-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3356-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-3356-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+power+%3A+the+personalities+and+leadership+styles+of+Indira+Gandhi%2C+Golda+Meir%2C+and+Margaret+Thatcher&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3356-1&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Blema+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZIBxpeRXxsC%26pg%3DPAPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Blema S. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZIBxpeRXxsC&pg=PAPR7&q=indira%2520nehru%2520hostess">Women in power : the personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, and Margaret Thatcher</a>. Montreal: <a href="/wiki/McGill-Queen%27s_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen's University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3356-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3356-1"><bdi>978-0-7735-3356-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+power+%3A+the+personalities+and+leadership+styles+of+Indira+Gandhi%2C+Golda+Meir%2C+and+Margaret+Thatcher&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3356-1&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Blema+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZIBxpeRXxsC%26pg%3DPAPR7%26q%3Dindira%252520nehru%252520hostess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpadhyaya1989" class="citation journal cs1">Upadhyaya, Prakash Chandra (1989). "Review of Marxist State Governments in India, Politics, Economics and Society by T.J. Nossiter". Social Scientist. 17 (1/2 January – February 1989): 84–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3520112">10.2307/3520112</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3520112">3520112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Scientist&rft.atitle=Review+of+Marxist+State+Governments+in+India%2C+Politics%2C+Economics+and+Society+by+T.J.+Nossiter&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1%2F2+January+%E2%80%93+February+1989&rft.pages=84-91&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3520112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3520112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Upadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Prakash+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_297-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2002" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Katherine (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0eolM37FUWYC&pg=PAPA250">Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a> Books. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-73097-3"><bdi>978-0-395-73097-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira%3A+The+Life+of+Indira+Nehru+Gandhi&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-395-73097-3&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0eolM37FUWYC%26pg%3DPAPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlayClark_D._Neher1999" class="citation book cs1">Marlay, Ross; Clark D. Neher (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064008/https://books.google.com/books?id=7i0jGxysUUcC&pg=PAPA368">Patriots and Tyrants: Ten Asian Leaders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8442-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8442-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-8442-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7i0jGxysUUcC&pg=PAPA368">the original</a> on 5 February 2021. 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Brill. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04380-0"><bdi>978-90-04-04380-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Muslim+Relations+in+British+India%3A+A+Study+of+Controversy%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Communal+Movements+in+Northern+India+1923%E2%80%931928&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04380-0&rft.aulast=Thursby&rft.aufirst=Gene+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabcfAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.A._Parvathy1994" class="citation book cs1">A.A. Parvathy (1994). Secularism and Hindutva, a Discursive Study. Codewood Process & Printing. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secularism+and+Hindutva%2C+a+Discursive+Study&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Codewood+Process+%26+Printing&rft.date=1994&rft.au=A.A.+Parvathy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Jamil_Akhtar" class="citation book cs1">Mohammad Jamil Akhtar. Babri Masjid: a tale untold. Genuine Publications. p. 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babri+Masjid%3A+a+tale+untold&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Genuine+Publications&rft.au=Mohammad+Jamil+Akhtar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRam_Puniyani1999" class="citation book cs1">Ram Puniyani (1999). Communal Threat to Secular Democracy. Kalpaz Publications. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communal+Threat+to+Secular+Democracy&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Kalpaz+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Ram+Puniyani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankar_Ghose1993" class="citation book cs1">Sankar Ghose (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru, a Biography. Alied Publishers. p. 210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%2C+a+Biography&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Alied+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Sankar+Ghose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Jahanbegloo, Ramin Conversations with Isaiah Berlin (London 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-164-1">978-1-84212-164-1</a> pp. 201–202 </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGail_Omvedt1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gail_Omvedt" title="Gail Omvedt">Gail Omvedt</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEe3AAAAIAAJ">We Will Smash this Prison!.: Indian Women in Struggle</a>. Women in the Third World series. Zed Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905762-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905762-44-9"><bdi>978-0-905762-44-9</bdi></a>. <q>Jawaharlal Nehru was the most famous leader, next to Mahatma Gandhi, of the Indian independence movement</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Will+Smash+this+Prison%21.%3A+Indian+Women+in+Struggle&rft.series=Women+in+the+Third+World+series&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Zed+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-905762-44-9&rft.au=Gail+Omvedt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEe3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiatr2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Wiatr" title="Jerzy Wiatr">Wiatr, J.J.</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tcJZEAAAQBAJ">Political Leadership Between Democracy and Authoritarianism: Comparative and Historical Perspectives</a>. Verlag Barbara Budrich. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8474-1693-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8474-1693-7"><bdi>978-3-8474-1693-7</bdi></a>. <q>scholars underline the importance of demographic political culture and its roots in the decades of peaceful struggle for independence (Vidyarthi 1967). Next to Gandhi himself, it was Nehru who deserved credit for such development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leadership+Between+Democracy+and+Authoritarianism%3A+Comparative+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Verlag+Barbara+Budrich&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-8474-1693-7&rft.aulast=Wiatr&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtcJZEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatil1987" class="citation book cs1">Patil, V.T. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTluAAAAMAAJ">Studies on Nehru</a>. Facet Books International. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932377-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932377-14-2"><bdi>978-0-932377-14-2</bdi></a>. <q>Among the many giants of the freedom movement, next to Gandhi, Nehru was the tallest</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Nehru&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Facet+Books+International&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-932377-14-2&rft.aulast=Patil&rft.aufirst=V.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonCannonBrine1995" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, P.G.; Cannon, G.; Brine, K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QvMJ7draBvkC">Objects of Enquiry: The Life, Contributions, and Influences of Sir William Jones, 1746-1794</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1517-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-1517-8</bdi></a>. <q>"In the generation that won independence for India and the one following it [...] Jawaharlal Nehru, the second most important Indian nationalist next to Gandhi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objects+of+Enquiry%3A+The+Life%2C+Contributions%2C+and+Influences+of+Sir+William+Jones%2C+1746-1794&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1517-8&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=P.G.&rft.au=Cannon%2C+G.&rft.au=Brine%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQvMJ7draBvkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla2009" class="citation book cs1">Shukla, K.R.G.V. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx6O-BiIFTcC&pg=PA99">Foreign Policy of India</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1030-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-1030-4"><bdi>978-81-269-1030-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Policy+of+India&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-269-1030-4&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=K.R.G.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhx6O-BiIFTcC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorne_John_Kavic" class="citation web cs1">Lorne John Kavic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/831/1.0105964/1">"In search of peace and security – A study of Indian foreign policy in the Cold War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423122502/https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/831/1.0105964/1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+search+of+peace+and+security+%E2%80%93+A+study+of+Indian+foreign+policy+in+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.au=Lorne+John+Kavic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2Fmedia%2Fstream%2Fpdf%2F831%2F1.0105964%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madan-2014-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madan-2014_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madan-2014_315-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadan2014" class="citation web cs1">Madan, Karuna (13 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887">"The relevance of Jawaharlal Nehru"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gulfnews.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulfnews.com">gulfnews.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724171836/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=The+relevance+of+Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft.aulast=Madan&rft.aufirst=Karuna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia%2Fthe-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal1997" class="citation news cs1">Pal, R.M. (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924083134/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Academia/primary-education-pm.htm">"Universal primary education first on the Prime Minster's agenda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">pucl.org</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Academia/primary-education-pm.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=pucl.org&rft.atitle=Universal+primary+education+first+on+the+Prime+Minster%27s+agenda&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pucl.org%2Ffrom-archives%2FAcademia%2Fprimary-education-pm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625122618/http://aiims.ac.in/aiims/aboutaiims/aboutaiimsintro.htm">"Introduction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AIIMS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIIMS">AIIMS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiims.ac.in/aiims/aboutaiims/aboutaiimsintro.htm">the original</a> on 25 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIIMS&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiims.ac.in%2Faiims%2Faboutaiims%2Faboutaiimsintro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813213137/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php">"Institute History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kharagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur">Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php">the original</a> on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Institute+of+Technology+Kharagpur&rft.atitle=Institute+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iitkgp.ac.in%2Finstitute%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/28/archives/nehru-a-queer-mixture-of-east-and-west-led-the-struggle-for-a.html">"Nehru, a 'Queer Mixture of East and West,' Led the Struggle for a, Modern India; Devoted His Life to Nation's Cause; Blended Skill in Politics With the Spiritualism of His Mentor, Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 28 May 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614111525/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/28/archives/nehru-a-queer-mixture-of-east-and-west-led-the-struggle-for-a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nehru%2C+a+%27Queer+Mixture+of+East+and+West%2C%27+Led+the+Struggle+for+a%2C+Modern+India%3B+Devoted+His+Life+to+Nation%27s+Cause%3B+Blended+Skill+in+Politics+With+the+Spiritualism+of+His+Mentor%2C+Gandhi&rft.date=1964-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F05%2F28%2Farchives%2Fnehru-a-queer-mixture-of-east-and-west-led-the-struggle-for-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVertovec2014" class="citation book cs1">Vertovec, Steven (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=az2LBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140">Routledge International Handbook of Diversity Studies</a>. Routledge International Handbooks. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60069-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-60069-5"><bdi>978-1-317-60069-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+International+Handbook+of+Diversity+Studies&rft.series=Routledge+International+Handbooks&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-60069-5&rft.aulast=Vertovec&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daz2LBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison,_Selig_S.1956" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison, Selig S. (July 1956). "The Challenge to Indian Nationalism". <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 34 (2): 620–636. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20031191">10.2307/20031191</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20031191">20031191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Challenge+to+Indian+Nationalism&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=620-636&rft.date=1956-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20031191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20031191%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Selig+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2022" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, T.C. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sklnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Nehru's India: A History in Seven Myths</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22722-1"><bdi>978-0-691-22722-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nehru%27s+India%3A+A+History+in+Seven+Myths&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-691-22722-1&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=T.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsklnEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article25402011.ece">"Architect of modern India"</a>. Frontline. 8 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204140223/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article25402011.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Architect+of+modern+India&rft.date=2018-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontline.thehindu.com%2Fthe-nation%2Farticle25402011.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/27/architect-of-modern-india-congress-pays-tributes-to-jawaharlal-nehru-on-death-anniversary-2308208.html">"'Architect of modern India': Congress pays tributes to Jawaharlal Nehru on death anniversary"</a>. The New Indian Express. 27 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204140222/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/27/architect-of-modern-india-congress-pays-tributes-to-jawaharlal-nehru-on-death-anniversary-2308208.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=%27Architect+of+modern+India%27%3A+Congress+pays+tributes+to+Jawaharlal+Nehru+on+death+anniversary&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2021%2Fmay%2F27%2Farchitect-of-modern-india-congress-pays-tributes-to-jawaharlal-nehru-on-death-anniversary-2308208.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/jawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india/story-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html">"Jawaharlal Nehru: Architect of modern India"</a>. Hindustan Times. 14 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109200224/https://www.hindustantimes.com/inspiring-lives/jawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india/story-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%3A+Architect+of+modern+India&rft.date=2019-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Finspiring-lives%2Fjawaharlal-nehru-architect-of-modern-india%2Fstory-Ch4DgrerxtY448l0yxulTO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Hall2021" class="citation web cs1">Ian Hall, The Conversation (22 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/1002353/nehru-the-architect-of-modern-india-also-helped-discredit-european-imperialism">"Nehru, the architect of modern India, also helped discredit European imperialism"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115163627/https://scroll.in/article/1002353/nehru-the-architect-of-modern-india-also-helped-discredit-european-imperialism">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Nehru%2C+the+architect+of+modern+India%2C+also+helped+discredit+European+imperialism&rft.date=2021-08-22&rft.aulast=Ian+Hall&rft.aufirst=The+Conversation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F1002353%2Fnehru-the-architect-of-modern-india-also-helped-discredit-european-imperialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixit2021" class="citation web cs1">Dixit, J.N. (14 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-how-jawaharlal-nehru-shaped-india-in-the-20th-century-1876654-2021-11-14">"From the archives: How Jawaharlal Nehru shaped India in the 20th century"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115132155/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/from-the-archives-how-jawaharlal-nehru-shaped-india-in-the-20th-century-1876654-2021-11-14">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=From+the+archives%3A+How+Jawaharlal+Nehru+shaped+India+in+the+20th+century&rft.date=2021-11-14&rft.aulast=Dixit&rft.aufirst=J.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia-today-insight%2Fstory%2Ffrom-the-archives-how-jawaharlal-nehru-shaped-india-in-the-20th-century-1876654-2021-11-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/kangana-ranauts-statement-is-a-testament-to-the-quid-pro-quo-arrangement-between-the-current-regime-and-its-pets/cid/1838908">"Editorial: Master's voice"</a>. www.telegraphindia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204140222/https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/kangana-ranauts-statement-is-a-testament-to-the-quid-pro-quo-arrangement-between-the-current-regime-and-its-pets/cid/1838908">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Master%27s+voice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fopinion%2Fkangana-ranauts-statement-is-a-testament-to-the-quid-pro-quo-arrangement-between-the-current-regime-and-its-pets%2Fcid%2F1838908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siasat.com/nehruvian-legacy-is-his-idea-of-india-2141877/">"Opinion: Nehruvian legacy is his idea of India"</a>. The Siasat Daily. 26 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103182714/https://www.siasat.com/nehruvian-legacy-is-his-idea-of-india-2141877/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Siasat+Daily&rft.atitle=Opinion%3A+Nehruvian+legacy+is+his+idea+of+India&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siasat.com%2Fnehruvian-legacy-is-his-idea-of-india-2141877%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService" class="citation web cs1">Service, Tribune News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-thousand-lies-cant-dwarf-the-giant-nehru-was-258860">"A thousand lies can't dwarf the giant Nehru was"</a>. Tribuneindia News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240330155854/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/a-thousand-lies-cant-dwarf-the-giant-nehru-was-258860">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribuneindia+News+Service&rft.atitle=A+thousand+lies+can%27t+dwarf+the+giant+Nehru+was&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tribune+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Fcomment%2Fa-thousand-lies-cant-dwarf-the-giant-nehru-was-258860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141116/commentary-op-ed/article/nehru-real-architect-modern-india">"Nehru, the real architect of modern India"</a>. Deccan Chronicle. 16 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109051932/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141116/commentary-op-ed/article/nehru-real-architect-modern-india">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Nehru%2C+the+real+architect+of+modern+India&rft.date=2014-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2F141116%2Fcommentary-op-ed%2Farticle%2Fnehru-real-architect-modern-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramanian2003" class="citation book cs1">Subramanian, V.K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpGFRh_YbpkC">The Great Ones Vol. IV</a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-472-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-472-1"><bdi>978-81-7017-472-1</bdi></a>. <q>He was the greatest figure after Gandhi in the history of modern India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Ones+Vol.+IV&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-472-1&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=V.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpGFRh_YbpkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInder_Malhotra2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Inder_Malhotra" title="Inder Malhotra">Inder Malhotra</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRxnDwAAQBAJ">Indira Gandhi: A Personal and Political Biography</a>. Hay House. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84544-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84544-16-4"><bdi>978-93-84544-16-4</bdi></a>. <q>Jawaharlal Nehru, the greatest of all Indians after Gandhi and free India's first prime minister</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indira+Gandhi%3A+A+Personal+and+Political+Biography&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Hay+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-84544-16-4&rft.au=Inder+Malhotra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRxnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia1989" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, V. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-RHAAAAMAAJ">Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him</a>. Panchsheel Publishers. p. 105. <q>Jawaharlal Nehru was incomparably the greatest figure after Gandhi in our history - a man of dynamic force, intellectual power and profound vision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%2C+as+Scholars+of+Socialist+Countries+See+Him&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Panchsheel+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-RHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_8gdyzTBTrgC">Lok Rajya</a>. Directorate-General of Information and Public Relations. 1965. p. 40. <q>Nehru was the greatest man produced by the nation after Mahatma Gandhi and the torch he lit must remain burning forever.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lok+Rajya&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Directorate-General+of+Information+and+Public+Relations.&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_8gdyzTBTrgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2005" class="citation journal cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2005). "Verdicts on Nehru: Rise and Fall of a Reputation". Economic and Political Weekly. 40 (19): 1958–1962. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2349-8846">2349-8846</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4416605">4416605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Verdicts+on+Nehru%3A+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Reputation&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1958-1962&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.eissn=2349-8846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4416605%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Jeffrey,_John_Harriss2014" class="citation book cs1">Craig Jeffrey, <a href="/wiki/John_Harriss" title="John Harriss">John Harriss</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hRVCBAAAQBAJ">Keywords for Modern India</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966563-1"><bdi>978-0-19-966563-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keywords+for+Modern+India&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966563-1&rft.au=Craig+Jeffrey%2C+John+Harriss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRVCBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaur2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kaur, Navtej (2008). "Nehru as a prophet of world peace". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 69 (1). Indian Political Science Association: 203–222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5510">0019-5510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856405">41856405</a>. <q>He was generally praised and supported for his statesmanship. Nehru did a commendable job in promoting world peace. As a statesman, committed to world peace, he strive hard to promote international understanding and co-operation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Nehru+as+a+prophet+of+world+peace&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=203-222&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41856405%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0019-5510&rft.aulast=Kaur&rft.aufirst=Navtej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinckHayes1987" class="citation book cs1">Finck, L.; Hayes, J.P. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKs2zZaApl0C">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. World leaders past & present. Chelsea House Publishers. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87754-543-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87754-543-9"><bdi>978-0-87754-543-9</bdi></a>. <q>Nehru was now given a special title of respect by the people of India. They called him Pandit, or Wise One.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.series=World+leaders+past+%26+present&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87754-543-9&rft.aulast=Finck&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Hayes%2C+J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKs2zZaApl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thakur-2010-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thakur-2010_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thakur-2010_341-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakur2010" class="citation book cs1">Thakur, Harish (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtuRMJCIe0cC&pg=PA175">Gandhi Nehru and Globalization</a>. Concept Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-684-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-684-8"><bdi>978-81-8069-684-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+Nehru+and+Globalization&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-684-8&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=Harish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtuRMJCIe0cC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290519/remembering-jawaharlal-nehru.html">"Remembering Jawaharlal Nehru"</a>. Deccan Chronicle. 29 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908180725/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/290519/remembering-jawaharlal-nehru.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Remembering+Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.date=2019-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F290519%2Fremembering-jawaharlal-nehru.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/modish-designs/294045">"Modish Designs"</a>. outlookindia. 4 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210908180726/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/modish-designs/294045">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outlookindia&rft.atitle=Modish+Designs&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fwebsite%2Fstory%2Fmodish-designs%2F294045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahiri2012" class="citation news cs1">Lahiri, Tripti (20 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150303195903/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/01/20/a-profile-of-the-nehru-jacket/">"A Profile of the Nehru Jacket"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">blogs.wsj.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnmf.in/history.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=blogs.wsj.com&rft.atitle=A+Profile+of+the+Nehru+Jacket&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.aulast=Lahiri&rft.aufirst=Tripti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnmf.in%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnmf.in/history.html">"Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107075119/http://www.jnmf.in/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru+Memorial+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnmf.in%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887">"The relevance of Jawaharlal Nehru"</a>. gulfnews.com. 13 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724171836/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/the-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=The+relevance+of+Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.date=2014-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Findia%2Fthe-relevance-of-jawaharlal-nehru-1.1411887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hl9DAAAAYAAJ">India Today, Volume 22</a>. Thomson Living Media India Limited. 1997. p. 77. <q>on the choice of the greatest Indian since 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru was the clear choice of 42 percent</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Today%2C+Volume+22&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Thomson+Living+Media+India+Limited&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHl9DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2012" class="citation web cs1">Sengupta, Uttam (20 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724075649/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949">"A Measure Of The Man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949">the original</a> on 24 July 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=A+Measure+Of+The+Man&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Uttam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.outlookindia.com%2Fstory%2Fa-measure-of-the-man%2F281949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gale.com/ebooks/9781615300594/the-britannica-guide-the-worlds-most-influential-people-series-the-100-most-influential-world-leaders-of-all-time">"The Britannica Guide the World's Most Influential People Series: The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time"</a>. Gale eBooks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423122502/https://www.gale.com/ebooks/9781615300594/the-britannica-guide-the-worlds-most-influential-people-series-the-100-most-influential-world-leaders-of-all-time">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 23 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gale+eBooks&rft.atitle=The+Britannica+Guide+the+World%27s+Most+Influential+People+Series%3A+The+100+Most+Influential+World+Leaders+of+All+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gale.com%2Febooks%2F9781615300594%2Fthe-britannica-guide-the-worlds-most-influential-people-series-the-100-most-influential-world-leaders-of-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuman_Bhuchar2002" class="citation book cs1">Suman Bhuchar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfdpdZ9DwH0C&pg=PA276">"Seth, Roshan"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Alison_Donnell" title="Alison Donnell">Alison Donnell</a> (ed.). Companion to Contemporary Black British Culture. Routledge. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70025-7"><bdi>978-1-134-70025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seth%2C+Roshan&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Contemporary+Black+British+Culture&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-70025-7&rft.au=Suman+Bhuchar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfdpdZ9DwH0C%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030627193719/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm">"What makes Shyam special..."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 17 January 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011700990100.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2003. Retrieved 6 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=What+makes+Shyam+special...&rft.date=2003-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Ffr%2F2003%2F01%2F17%2Fstories%2F2003011700990100.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/universal-studio-scraps-nehru-edwina-film/668111">"Universal Studio Scraps Nehru-Edwina Film"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Studio+Scraps+Nehru-Edwina+Film&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnewswire%2Fstory%2Funiversal-studio-scraps-nehru-edwina-film%2F668111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2010" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Garima (7 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shyam-benegal-on-his-film-nehru/articleshow/5651571.cms">"Shyam Benegal on his film Nehru"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Shyam+Benegal+on+his+film+Nehru&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Garima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fhindi%2Fbollywood%2Fnews%2Fshyam-benegal-on-his-film-nehru%2Farticleshow%2F5651571.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIeWcOf-_k8C">Documentary Today</a>. <a href="/wiki/Films_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Films Division">Films Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. 2010. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documentary+Today&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Films+Division%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIeWcOf-_k8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html">"Jawaharlal Nehru Biography – Childhood, Facts & Achievements of India's First Prime Minister"</a>. culturalindia.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813223309/http://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/jawaharlal-nehru.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=culturalindia.net&rft.atitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru+Biography+%E2%80%93+Childhood%2C+Facts+%26+Achievements+of+India%27s+First+Prime+Minister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalindia.net%2Fleaders%2Fjawaharlal-nehru.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609103731/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqwfCtoflUk">"Naunihal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shemaroo" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemaroo">Shemaroo</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 22 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqwfCtoflUk">the original</a> on 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shemaroo&rft.atitle=Naunihal&rft.date=2016-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWqwfCtoflUk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ab-dilli-dur-nahin">"Ab Dilli Dur Nahin (1957)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>. Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft.atitle=Ab+Dilli+Dur+Nahin+%281957%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fab-dilli-dur-nahin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshish_RajadhyakshaPaul_Willemen2014" class="citation book cs1">Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=RA9-PA1979">"Mir, Ezra"</a>. Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Taylor & Francis. pp. 9–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94325-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94325-7"><bdi>978-1-135-94325-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mir%2C+Ezra&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Cinema&rft.pages=9-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94325-7&rft.au=Ashish+Rajadhyaksha&rft.au=Paul+Willemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrF8ABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA9-PA1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Meran_Barsam1992" class="citation book cs1">Richard Meran Barsam (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7p36FdLYdIC&pg=PA271">Nonfiction Film: A Critical History</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20706-7"><bdi>978-0-253-20706-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonfiction+Film%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20706-7&rft.au=Richard+Meran+Barsam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7p36FdLYdIC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113084937/http://www.moviemoviesite.com/Countries/Countries%20I/India/india_1951_1960.htm">"India, 1951–1960"</a>. Movie Movie. 2009–2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moviemoviesite.com/Countries/Countries%20I/India/india_1951_1960.htm">the original</a> on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Movie+Movie&rft.atitle=India%2C+1951%E2%80%931960&rft.date=2009%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moviemoviesite.com%2FCountries%2FCountries%2520I%2FIndia%2Findia_1951_1960.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011230180843/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1603/16031170.htm">Awards: The multi-faceted playwright</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)" title="Frontline (magazine)">Frontline</a>, Vol. 16, No. 3, 30 January – 12 February 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachindananda2006" class="citation book cs1">Sachindananda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGWa7v08JikC&pg=PAPT82">"Girish Karnad"</a>. Authors speak. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1945-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1945-8"><bdi>978-81-260-1945-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Girish+Karnad&rft.btitle=Authors+speak&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1945-8&rft.au=Sachindananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPGWa7v08JikC%26pg%3DPAPT82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/most-searched-products/books/childrens-day-special-popular-books-by-and-on-jawaharlal-nehru/articleshow/72039865.cms">"Children's Day: Popular Books On and By Jawaharlal Nehru"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 13 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Children%27s+Day%3A+Popular+Books+On+and+By+Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fmost-searched-products%2Fbooks%2Fchildrens-day-special-popular-books-by-and-on-jawaharlal-nehru%2Farticleshow%2F72039865.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalakrishnan2006" class="citation news cs1">Balakrishnan, Anima (4 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112142131/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/08/04/stories/2006080402320600.htm">"Young World : From dad with love"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/yw/2006/08/04/stories/2006080402320600.htm">the original</a> on 12 November 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Young+World+%3A+From+dad+with+love&rft.date=2006-08-04&rft.aulast=Balakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Anima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fyw%2F2006%2F08%2F04%2Fstories%2F2006080402320600.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsWillisMcCarthyGarton_Ash2016" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Adam; Willis, Michael J.; McCarthy, Rory; Garton Ash, Timothy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHt9DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44">Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108833-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108833-9"><bdi>978-0-19-108833-9</bdi></a>. <q>Nehru's books were translated into Arabic and widely read</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Resistance+in+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Triumphs+and+Disasters&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-108833-9&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Willis%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Rory&rft.au=Garton+Ash%2C+Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHt9DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana1994" class="citation book cs1">Rana, A.P. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3x1uAAAAMAAJ">Four Decades of Indo-U.S. Relations: A Commemorative Retrospective</a>. Har-Anand Publications. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0156-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-0156-8"><bdi>978-81-241-0156-8</bdi></a>. <q>Nehru's books were widely read and reviewed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Decades+of+Indo-U.S.+Relations%3A+A+Commemorative+Retrospective&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-241-0156-8&rft.aulast=Rana&rft.aufirst=A.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3x1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther1942" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Gunther" title="John Gunther">Gunther, John</a> (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275215/page/n451/mode/2up">Inside Asia</a>, New York and London: Harper and Brothers, p. 429</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Asia&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=429&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.275215%2Fpage%2Fn451%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecher2016" class="citation cs2">Brecher, Michael (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1EiDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">Political Leadership and Charisma: Nehru, Ben-Gurion, and Other 20th-Century Political Leaders, Intellectual Odyssey I</a>, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 80–81, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-32627-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-32627-6"><bdi>978-3-319-32627-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leadership+and+Charisma%3A+Nehru%2C+Ben-Gurion%2C+and+Other+20th-Century+Political+Leaders%2C+Intellectual+Odyssey+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-32627-6&rft.aulast=Brecher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1EiDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker2008" class="citation cs2">Crocker, Walter (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ8p4XTRZgEC&pg=PT96">Nehru: A Contemporary's Estimate</a>, Penguin Random House India, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184002133" title="Special:BookSources/9788184002133"><bdi>9788184002133</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nehru%3A+A+Contemporary%27s+Estimate&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788184002133&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhQ8p4XTRZgEC%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2007" class="citation cs2">Jack, Ian (1 May 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/01/jawaharlal-nehru-tryst-with-dignity-speech-introduction">Noble words</a>, Great speeches of the 20th-century: Nehru, Guardian</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noble+words&rft.series=Great+speeches+of+the+20th-century%3A+Nehru&rft.pub=Guardian&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fmay%2F01%2Fjawaharlal-nehru-tryst-with-dignity-speech-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Laiqh A. (18 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nehrus-address-at-uom-convocation-in-1948-remains-untraceable/article32887599.ece">"Nehru's address at UoM convocation in 1948 remains untraceable"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Nehru%27s+address+at+UoM+convocation+in+1948+remains+untraceable&rft.date=2020-10-18&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Laiqh+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkarnataka%2Fnehrus-address-at-uom-convocation-in-1948-remains-untraceable%2Farticle32887599.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalcenters.columbia.edu/content/columbia-india">"Who We Are"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Global_Centers" title="Columbia Global Centers">globalcenters.columbia.edu</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalcenters.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Who+We+Are&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalcenters.columbia.edu%2Fcontent%2Fcolumbia-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keio.ac.jp/en/about/learn-more/honorary-degrees/">"Conferment of Honorary Degree of Doctor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conferment+of+Honorary+Degree+of+Doctor&rft.pub=Keio+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keio.ac.jp%2Fen%2Fabout%2Flearn-more%2Fhonorary-degrees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirija_Kanta_Mookerjee1972" class="citation book cs1">Girija Kanta Mookerjee (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B7EsAAAAMAAJ">Nehru, the Humanist</a>. Trimurti Publications. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nehru%2C+the+Humanist&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Trimurti+Publications&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Girija+Kanta+Mookerjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB7EsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiwanchand_Institute_of_National_AffairsIndian_Council_of_World_Affairs1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diwanchand Institute of National Affairs; Indian Council of World Affairs (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JncPAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA6-PA23">Indian Recorder & Digest</a> (in German). p. 23. Retrieved 11 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Recorder+%26+Digest&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Diwanchand+Institute+of+National+Affairs&rft.au=Indian+Council+of+World+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJncPAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA6-PA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf">"Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007)"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Home affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Padma+Awards+Directory+%281954%E2%80%932007%29&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Home+affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mha.nic.in%2Fpdfs%2FPadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1958" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Rajendra (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.529211/2015.529211.speeches-of#page/n373/mode/2up">Speeches of President Rajendra Prasad 1952–1956</a>. The Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, GOI. pp. 340–341.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+of+President+Rajendra+Prasad+1952%E2%80%931956&rft.pages=340-341&rft.pub=The+Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+GOI&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.529211%2F2015.529211.speeches-of%23page%2Fn373%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988">: "In doing so, for once, I may be said to be acting unconstitutionally, as I am taking this step on my own initiative and without any recommendation or advice from my Prime Minister; but I know that my action will be endorsed most enthusiastically not only by my Cabinet and other Ministers but by the country as a whole." </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livinghumanity.org/peace-laureates/">"Peace Laureates – Living Humanity"</a>. livinghumanity. 2 September 1996. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livinghumanity&rft.atitle=Peace+Laureates+%E2%80%93+Living+Humanity&rft.date=1996-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivinghumanity.org%2Fpeace-laureates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804045043/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/order-companions-o.r.-tambo-0">"The Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo"</a>. The Presidency. 25 April 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/order-companions-o.r.-tambo-0">the original</a> on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Presidency&rft.atitle=The+Order+of+the+Companions+of+O.R.+Tambo&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepresidency.gov.za%2Fnational-orders%2Forder-companions-o.r.-tambo-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/28116/1/MANIS032_001_web.pdf">"Decoration Ceremony of the First Class Star of the Republic of Indonesia and the First Class Star of Services Awarded by the Government of Indonesia"</a> (PDF). Government of the Republic Indonesia. 12 December 1995. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decoration+Ceremony+of+the+First+Class+Star+of+the+Republic+of+Indonesia+and+the+First+Class+Star+of+Services+Awarded+by+the+Government+of+Indonesia&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Republic+Indonesia&rft.date=1995-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopus.lib.uts.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F10453%2F28116%2F1%2FMANIS032_001_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhose1993" class="citation book cs1">Ghose, Sankar (1993). Jawaharlal Nehru. Allied Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-369-5"><bdi>978-81-7023-369-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-369-5&rft.aulast=Ghose&rft.aufirst=Sankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 1 1889–1947 (1975); Jawaharlal Nehru Vol. 2 1947–1956 (1979); Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 3 1956–1964 (2014), a major scholarly biography. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1976" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Sarvepalli (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13225">Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Volume 1 1889–1947</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198079828" title="Special:BookSources/9780198079828"><bdi>9780198079828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru%3A+A+Biography%2C+Volume+1+1889%E2%80%931947&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780198079828&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Sarvepalli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Kopstein, Jeffrey (2005). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44604-4"><bdi>978-1-139-44604-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Interests%2C+Identities%2C+and+Institutions+in+a+Changing+Global+Order&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44604-4&rft.aulast=Kopstein&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraes2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moraes" title="Frank Moraes">Moraes, Frank</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0us3TambWogC">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jaico_Publishing_House" title="Jaico Publishing House">Jaico Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7992-695-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7992-695-6"><bdi>978-81-7992-695-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7992-695-6&rft.aulast=Moraes&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0us3TambWogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanda2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bal_Ram_Nanda" title="Bal Ram Nanda">Nanda, B.R.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iiwpDwAAQBAJ">The Nehrus: Motilal and Jawaharlal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908793-8"><bdi>978-0-19-908793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nehrus%3A+Motilal+and+Jawaharlal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908793-8&rft.aulast=Nanda&rft.aufirst=B.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiiwpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudrangshu_Mukherjee" title="Rudrangshu Mukherjee">Mukherjee, Rudrangshu</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7mCDwAAQBAJ">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199096596" title="Special:BookSources/9780199096596"><bdi>9780199096596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jawaharlal+Nehru&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780199096596&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Rudrangshu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7mCDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Gopal, S. and Uma Iyengar, eds. The Essential Writings of Jawaharlal Nehru (Oxford University Press, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565324-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-565324-3">978-0-19-565324-3</a></li> <li>Autobiography: Toward freedom, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></li> <li>Letters for a Nation: From Jawaharlal Nehru to His Chief Ministers 1947–1963 (Penguin UK, 2015).</li> <li>Letters from a father to his daughter by Jawaharlal Nehru, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208134134/http://www.childrensbooktrust.com/index.htm">Children's Book Trust</a></li> <li> Independence and After: A collection of the more important speeches of Jawaharlal Nehru from September 1946 to May 1949 (1949). Delhi: The Publications Division, Government of India.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Tryst_With_Destiny" class="extiw" title="s:A Tryst With Destiny">"A Tryst with Destiny"</a> – Historic speech made by Jawaharlal Nehru on 14 August 1947</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaru2021" class="citation book cs1">Baru, Sanjaya (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4QmEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22nehruvian+intellectual%22&pg=PT47">India's Power Elite: Class, Caste and Cultural Revolution</a>. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-90914-76-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-90914-76-0"><bdi>978-93-90914-76-0</bdi></a>. <q>Prime Minister Modi decided to alter the character of the premises as part of his campaign to liberate India from the Nehruvian intellectual inheritance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Power+Elite%3A+Class%2C+Caste+and+Cultural+Revolution&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+India+Private+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-93-90914-76-0&rft.aulast=Baru&rft.aufirst=Sanjaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4QmEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522nehruvian%2Bintellectual%2522%26pg%3DPT47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1984" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Judith M. (1984). "The Mountbatten Viceroyalty. Announcement and Reception of the 3 June Plan, 31 May–7 July 1947". The English Historical Review. 99 (392): 667–668. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIX.CCCXCII.667">10.1093/ehr/XCIX.CCCXCII.667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mountbatten+Viceroyalty.+Announcement+and+Reception+of+the+3+June+Plan%2C+31+May%E2%80%937+July+1947&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=392&rft.pages=667-668&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCIX.CCCXCII.667&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumby1954" class="citation book cs1">Lumby, E.W.R. (1954). The Transfer of Power in India, 1945–1947. London: George Allen and Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+of+Power+in+India%2C+1945%E2%80%931947&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Lumby&rft.aufirst=E.W.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachariah2004" class="citation book cs1">Zachariah, Benjamin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qaaBAgAAQBAJ">Nehru</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134577392" title="Special:BookSources/9781134577392"><bdi>9781134577392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nehru&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134577392&rft.aulast=Zachariah&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqaaBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Bayly, C.A. "The Ends of Liberalism and the Political Thought of Nehru's India." Modern Intellectual History 12.3 (2015): 605–626.</li> <li>Nehru: A Political Biography by Michael Brecher (1959). London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</li> <li>"Nehru, Jawaharlal" in <a href="/wiki/Ainslie_T._Embree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainslie T. Embree">Ainslie T. Embree</a>, ed. (1988). Encyclopedia of Asian History. Vol. 3. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. 98–100.</li> <li>Fonseca, Rena. "Nehru and the Diplomacy of Nonalignment." The Diplomats, 1939–1979 (<a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2019) pp. 371–397. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.19">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvapelli_Gopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvapelli Gopal">Gopal, Sarvapelli</a>. "Nehru and minorities." Economic and Political Weekly (1988): 2463–2466. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4394015">4394015</a></li> <li>Gopal, Sarvepalli. "The Formative Ideology of Jawaharlal Nehru." Economic and Political Weekly (1976): 787–792 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4364645">4364645</a>.</li> <li>Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 1 1889–1947 (1975); Jawaharlal Nehru Vol. 2 1947–1956 (1979); Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Vol.3 1956–1964 (2014), a major scholarly biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Jawaharlal-Nehru-Biography-1-1889-1947-ebook/dp/B00N7F58Q6/">excerpt vol 1</a></li> <li>Guha, Ramachandra. "Jawaharlal Nehru." in Makers of Modern Asia (Harvard University Press, 2014) pp. 117–146.</li> <li>Heimsath, C.H. and Surjit Mansingh. A diplomatic history of modern India (1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000heim">online</a></li> <li>Louro, Michele L. Comrades against imperialism: Nehru, India, and interwar internationalism (Cambridge UP, 2018).</li> <li>Malone, David et al. eds. The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Handbooks/dp/019874353X">excerpt</a>; a comprehensive overview by over 50 leading experts.</li> <li>Purushotham, Sunil. "World history in the atomic age: Past, present and future in the political thought of Jawaharlal Nehru." Modern Intellectual History 14.3 (2017): 837–867.</li> <li>Raghavan, Srinath. War and peace in modern India (Springer, 2016); focus on Nehru's foreign policy</li> <li>Raghavan, Srinath. The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia. (Penguin Random House India, 2018); also published as Fierce Enigmas: A History of the United States in South Asia.(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/reviews/3515710/subramaniam-raghavan-fierce-enigmas-history-united-states-south-asia">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Stanislaw_and_Daniel_A._Yergin1988" class="citation web cs1">Joseph Stanislaw and Daniel A. Yergin (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/prof_jawaharlalnehru.pdf">"Commanding Heights"</a> (PDF). New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Simon & Schuster, Inc.">Simon & Schuster, Inc.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commanding+Heights&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Joseph+Stanislaw+and+Daniel+A.+Yergin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-tc.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fcommandingheights%2Fshared%2Fpdf%2Fprof_jawaharlalnehru.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJawaharlal+Nehru" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharoor,_Shashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tharoor, Shashi">Tharoor, Shashi</a> (2003). Nehru: The Invention of India. Arcade Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-697-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-697-1">978-1-55970-697-1</a>.</li> <li>Tyson, Geoffrey (1966). Nehru: The Years of Power. London: Pall Mall Press.</li> <li>Zachariah, Benjamin (2004). Nehru; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Historical-Biographies-Benjamin-Zachariah/dp/041525017X/">excerpt</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inc.in/our-inspiration/pandit-jawaharlal-nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> at official website of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jawaharlal-Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-jawaharlal-nehru/">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> at official website of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(India)" title="Prime Minister's Office (India)">Prime Minister's Office (India)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/nehrus-birthday-dinner-programme/">70th Anniversary of Indian Independence – Nehru's Birthday Dinner Programme – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151103174317/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/nehru.html">Profile of Nehru</a> in <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sI_I-jk8YWsC&q=nehru+communalism">Nehru on Communalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/search/jawaharlal%20nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru materials</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_American_Digital_Archive" title="South Asian American Digital Archive">South Asian American Digital Archive</a> (SAADA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL741A">Works by Jawaharlal Nehru</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0624587/">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nehru_jawaharlal.shtml">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jawaharlal_Nehru" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Template:Jawaharlal Nehru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Template talk:Jawaharlal Nehru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jawaharlal Nehru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jawaharlal_Nehru" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events and administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryst_with_Destiny" title="Tryst with Destiny">Tryst with Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_light_has_gone_out_of_our_lives" title="The light has gone out of our lives">The light has gone out of our lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_India" title="Interim Government of India">Interim Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_University_of_Cambridge_Chancellor_election" title="1950 University of Cambridge Chancellor election">1950 University of Cambridge Chancellor election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru">List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nehru_ministry" title="First Nehru ministry">First Nehru ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nehru_ministry" title="Second Nehru ministry">Second Nehru ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nehru_ministry" title="Third Nehru ministry">Third Nehru ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nehru_ministry" title="Fourth Nehru ministry">Fourth Nehru ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947-1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948">Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_temper" title="Scientific temper">Scientific temper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)" title="An Autobiography (Nehru)">An Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Freedom:_Nehru%27s_Letters_to_His_Sister_1909%E2%80%931947" title="Before Freedom: Nehru's Letters to His Sister 1909–1947">Before Freedom: Nehru's Letters to His Sister 1909–1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_India" title="The Discovery of India">The Discovery of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimpses_of_World_History" title="Glimpses of World History">Glimpses of World History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Father_to_His_Daughter" title="Letters from a Father to His Daughter">Letters from a Father to His Daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Herald" title="National Herald">National Herald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjabrao_Deshmukh" title="Panjabrao Deshmukh">Panjabrao Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Vallabh_Pant" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Vallabh Pant">Govind Vallabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Deshmukh" class="mw-redirect" title="CD Deshmukh">CD Deshmukh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_jacket" title="Nehru jacket">Nehru jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru vest">Nehru vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Brigade" title="Nehru Brigade">Nehru Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of things named after Jawaharlal Nehru">List of things named after Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Award" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Award">Jawaharlal Nehru Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Fellowship" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship">Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_University" title="Jawaharlal Nehru University">Jawaharlal Nehru University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nehru_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Raj Kaul</li> <li>Gangadhar Nehru</li> <li>Nandlal Nehru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarup_Rani_Nehru" title="Swarup Rani Nehru">Swarup Rani Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brijlal_Nehru" title="Brijlal Nehru">Brijlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwari_Nehru" title="Rameshwari Nehru">Rameshwari Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Nehru" title="Uma Nehru">Uma Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Hutheesing" title="Krishna Hutheesing">Krishna Hutheesing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayantara_Sahgal" title="Nayantara Sahgal">Nayantara Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feroze_Gandhi" title="Feroze Gandhi">Feroze Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi" title="Sanjay Gandhi">Sanjay Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Nehru" title="Arun Nehru">Arun Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneka_Gandhi" title="Maneka Gandhi">Maneka Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priyanka_Vadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Priyanka Vadra">Priyanka Vadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varun_Gandhi" title="Varun Gandhi">Varun Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vadra" title="Robert Vadra">Robert Vadra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashi_Tharoor" title="Shashi Tharoor">Shashi Tharoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Monuments_and_memorials_to_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Category:Monuments and memorials to Jawaharlal Nehru">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International stadiums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Chennai)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Stadium_(Kochi)" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)">Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru">Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(India)" title="Children's Day (India)">Children's Day (India)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Bhavan" title="Anand Bhavan">Anand Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Murti_Bhavan" title="Teen Murti Bhavan">Teen Murti Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Planetarium" title="Nehru Planetarium">Nehru Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Planetarium" title="Jawahar Planetarium">Jawahar Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Shantivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Memorial_Museum_%26_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Nehru Memorial Museum & Library">Nehru Memorial Museum & Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru:_A_Contemporary%27s_Estimate" title="Nehru: A Contemporary's Estimate">Nehru: A Contemporary's Estimate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Jawaharlal Nehru at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jawaharlal_Nehru" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Jawaharlal Nehru">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" class="extiw" title="q:Jawaharlal Nehru">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Jawaharlal_Nehru" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Jawaharlal Nehru">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047" class="extiw" title="d:Q1047">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template talk:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/25px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/38px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/50px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional Congress Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> 15 August 1947 – 27 May 1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a> Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Union Minister of External Affairs</a> 2 September 1946 – 27 May 1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairperson of the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" title="Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission</a> 15 March 1950 – 27 May 1964 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami_Ayyangar" title="N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Union Minister of Defence</a> 27 January 1953 – 10 January 1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chintaman_Dwarakanath_Deshmukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh">Chintaman Dwarakanath Deshmukh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Union Minister of Finance</a> 1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tiruvellore_Thattai_Krishnamachariar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar">Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Union Minister of Defence</a> 30 January 1957 – 17 April 1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vengalil_Krishnan_Krishna_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon">Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tiruvellore_Thattai_Krishnamachariar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar">Tiruvellore Thattai Krishnamachariar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Union Minister of Finance</a> 1958 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vengalil_Krishnan_Krishna_Menon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon">Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Union Minister of Defence</a> 1 November 1962 – 21 November 1962 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First_Nehru_ministry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Template:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Template talk:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_Nehru_ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First Nehru ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Nehru_ministry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Nehru_ministry" title="First Nehru ministry">First Nehru ministry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nehru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">External Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Patel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Deputy Prime Minister of India">Deputy Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Home Affairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Singh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty" title="R. K. Shanmukham Chetty">Chetty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Azad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Human_Resource_Development_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Human Resource Development (India)">Education</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Ram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_Employment_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Labour and Employment (India)">Labour</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Law and Justice (India)">Law</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhar_Vishnu_Gadgil" title="Narhar Vishnu Gadgil">Gadgil</a> (Public Works, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Power_(India)" title="Ministry of Power (India)">Power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Kidwai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Communications</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mookerjee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Kaur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)">Health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Matthai" title="John Matthai">Matthai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Railways_(India)" title="Minister of Railways (India)">Railways</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_Minister_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_India" title="Template:Prime ministers of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_India" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_Minister_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India_by_previous_experience" title="List of prime ministers of India by previous experience">By previous experience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri">Premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Morarji_Desai" title="Premiership of Morarji Desai">Premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_V._P._Singh" title="Premiership of V. P. Singh">Premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Premiership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Premiership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi" title="Premiership of Narendra Modi">Premiership</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/31px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/63px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of things named after prime ministers of India">Things named after prime ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of things named after Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of things named after Indira Gandhi">Indira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="List of things named after Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(India)" title="Prime Minister's Office (India)">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7,_Lok_Kalyan_Marg" title="7, Lok Kalyan Marg">Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of international trips made by prime ministers of India">International trips</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">Indira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the prime minister of India">Spouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_children_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of children of prime ministers of India">Children</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_India" title="Category:Prime ministers of India">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Defence_Ministers_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defence_Ministers_of_India" title="Template:Defence Ministers of India"><abbr title="View 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data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Defence Ministers of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami_Ayyangar" title="N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansi_Lal" title="Bansi Lal">Bansi Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Pant" title="K. C. Pant">K. C. Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Finance (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Finance (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Finance (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)#Department_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Economic Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic Division: <a href="/wiki/Economic_survey_of_India" title="Economic survey of India">Economic Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Budget Division: <a href="/wiki/Union_budget_of_India" title="Union budget of India">Union budget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Expenditure" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Expenditure">Expenditure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_Commission" title="Pay Commission">Pay Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Pay_Commission_(CPC)_and_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces">7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Central_Pay_Commission" title="Sixth Central Pay Commission">Sixth Central Pay Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Revenue (India)">Revenue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_Tax_Department" title="Income Tax Department">Income Tax Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Indirect_Taxes_and_Customs" title="Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs">Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)#Department_of_Financial_Services" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Financial Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Jan_Dhan_Yojana" title="Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana">Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Investment_and_Public_Asset_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (page does not exist)">DIPAM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_in_India" title="Disinvestment in India">Disinvestment in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_of_Public_Sector_Units_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India">Disinvestment of Public Sector Units in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Enterprises" title="Department of Public Enterprises">DPE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efficient_monitoring_of_the_capital_expenditure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efficient monitoring of the capital expenditure (page does not exist)">Efficient monitoring of the capital expenditure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asset_monetisation_and_financial_health_of_the_Central_Public_Sector_Enterprises_(CPSEs)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs) (page does not exist)">Asset monetisation and financial health of the Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSEs)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Mehrishi" title="Rajiv Mehrishi">Rajiv Mehrishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktikanta_Das" title="Shaktikanta Das">Shaktikanta Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Garg" title="Subhash Chandra Garg">Subhash Chandra Garg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atanu_Chakraborty" title="Atanu Chakraborty">Atanu Chakraborty</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revenue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktikanta_Das" title="Shaktikanta Das">Shaktikanta Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Bhushan_Pandey" title="Ajay Bhushan Pandey">Ajay Bhushan Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmukh_Adhia" title="Hasmukh Adhia">Hasmukh Adhia</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratan_P._Watal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratan P. Watal (page does not exist)">Ratan P. Watal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Lavasa" title="Ashok Lavasa">Ashok Lavasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmukh_Adhia" title="Hasmukh Adhia">Hasmukh Adhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Narayan_Jha" title="Ajay Narayan Jha">Ajay Narayan Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Kumar_(economist)" title="Rajiv Kumar (economist)">Rajiv Kumar</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Shanmukham_Chetty" title="R. K. Shanmukham Chetty">R. K. Shanmukham Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._T._Krishnamachari" title="T. T. Krishnamachari">T. T. Krishnamachari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachindra_Chaudhuri" title="Sachindra Chaudhuri">Sachindra Chaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidambaram_Subramaniam" title="Chidambaram Subramaniam">Chidambaram Subramaniam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirubhai_M._Patel" title="Hirubhai M. Patel">Hirubhai M. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemwati_Nandan_Bahuguna" title="Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna">Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">Vishwanath Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Dandavate" title="Madhu Dandavate">Madhu Dandavate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwant_Sinha" title="Yashwant Sinha">Yashwant Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._K._Gujral" class="mw-redirect" title="I. K. Gujral">I. K. Gujral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Goyal" title="Piyush Goyal">Piyush Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State for Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayant_Sinha" title="Jayant Sinha">Jayant Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Ram_Meghwal" title="Arjun Ram Meghwal">Arjun Ram Meghwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pon_Radhakrishnan" title="Pon Radhakrishnan">Pon Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anurag_Thakur" title="Anurag Thakur">Anurag Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwat_Karad" title="Bhagwat Karad">Bhagwat Karad</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Chaudhary" title="Pankaj Chaudhary">Pankaj Chaudhary</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Economic_Advisor_to_the_Government_of_India" title="Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India">Chief Economic Advisor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JJ_Anjaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JJ Anjaria (page does not exist)">JJ Anjaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IG_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="IG Patel">IG Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IG_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="IG Patel">IG Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VK_Ramaswamy_(economist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VK Ramaswamy (economist) (page does not exist)">VK Ramaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_Mitra" title="Ashok Mitra">Ashok Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RM_Honavar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RM Honavar (page does not exist)">RM Honavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Jalan" title="Bimal Jalan">Bimal Jalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitin_Desai" title="Nitin Desai">Nitin Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Nayyar" title="Deepak Nayyar">Deepak Nayyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Acharya" title="Shankar Acharya">Shankar Acharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Mohan" title="Rakesh Mohan">Rakesh Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashok_K_Lahiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashok K Lahiri">Ashok K Lahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Virmani" title="Arvind Virmani">Arvind Virmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushik_Basu" title="Kaushik Basu">Kaushik Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuram_Rajan" title="Raghuram Rajan">Raghuram Rajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Subramanian" title="Arvind Subramanian">Arvind Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnamurthy_Subramanian" title="Krishnamurthy Subramanian">Krishnamurthy Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Anantha_Nageswaran" title="V. Anantha Nageswaran">V. Anantha Nageswaran</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commissions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Finance_Commission" title="First Finance Commission">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Finance_Commission" title="Second Finance Commission">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Finance_Commission" title="Third Finance Commission">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Finance_Commission" title="Fourth Finance Commission">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Finance_Commission" title="Fifth Finance Commission">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Finance_Commission" title="Sixth Finance Commission">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Finance_Commission" title="Seventh Finance Commission">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Finance_Commission" title="Eighth Finance Commission">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Finance_Commission" title="Ninth Finance Commission">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Finance_Commission" title="Tenth Finance Commission">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Finance_Commission" title="Eleventh Finance Commission">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Finance_Commission" title="Twelfth Finance Commission">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Finance_Commission" title="Thirteenth Finance Commission">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Finance_Commission" title="Fourteenth Finance Commission">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Finance_Commission" title="Fifteenth Finance Commission">15th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Ministry_(India)" title="Template:Home Ministry (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Ministry_(India)" title="Template talk:Home Ministry (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Ministry_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Ministry (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Ministry of Home Affairs (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Internal Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Bureau_(India)" title="Intelligence Bureau (India)">Intelligence Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Police_Research_and_Development" title="Bureau of Police Research and Development">Bureau of Police Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guard" title="National Security Guard">National Security Guard</a></li> <li>National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Defence_College" title="National Civil Defence College">National Civil Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Crime_Investigation_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Crime Investigation Bureau (page does not exist)">National Crime Investigation Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Council" title="North Eastern Council">North Eastern Council</a></li> <li>North Eastern Police Academy</li> <li>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_National_Police_Academy" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Rifles" title="Rashtriya Rifles">Rashtriya Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Official Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central Translation Bureau</li> <li>Central Hindi Training Institute</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Armed_Police_Forces" title="Central Armed Police Forces">Central Armed Police Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashastra_Seema_Bal" title="Sashastra Seema Bal">Sashastra Seema Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Security_Force" title="Central Industrial Security Force">Central Industrial Security Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Guards">National Security Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Rifles" title="Assam Rifles">Assam Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Security_Corps" title="Defence Security Corps">Defence Security Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bureaus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Immigration_(India)" title="Bureau of Immigration (India)">Bureau of Immigration (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotics_Control_Bureau" title="Narcotics Control Bureau">Narcotics Control Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Crime_Investigation_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Crime Investigation Bureau (page does not exist)">National Crime Investigation Bureau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Department of Jammu and Kashmir Affairs</li> <li>Department of Home</li> <li>Department of States</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._N._Banerjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. N. Banerjee (page does not exist)">R. N. Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._V._Pai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. V. Pai (page does not exist)">A. V. Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B._N._Jha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. N. Jha (page does not exist)">B. N. Jha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Vishwanathan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Vishwanathan (page does not exist)">V. Vishwanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._P._Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="L. P. Singh">L. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N._K._Mukherjee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. K. Mukherjee (page does not exist)">N. K. Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._L._Khurana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. L. Khurana (page does not exist)">S. L. Khurana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T._C._A._Srinivasavaradan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. C. A. Srinivasavaradan (page does not exist)">T. C. A. Srinivasavaradan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._H._Burney" title="S. M. H. Burney">S. M. H. Burney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._M._K._Wali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. M. K. Wali (page does not exist)">M. M. K. Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Kumar_(politician)" title="Prem Kumar (politician)">Prem Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._D._Pradhan" title="R. D. Pradhan">R. D. Pradhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._G._Somiah" title="C. G. Somiah">C. G. Somiah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._A._Kalyankrishnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. A. Kalyankrishnan (page does not exist)">J. A. Kalyankrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiromani_Sharma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiromani Sharma (page does not exist)">Shiromani Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._K._Bhargava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. K. Bhargava (page does not exist)">R. K. Bhargava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhav_Godbole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhav Godbole (page does not exist)">Madhav Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._N._Vohra" class="mw-redirect" title="N. N. Vohra">N. N. Vohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Padmanabhaiah" title="K. Padmanabhaiah">K. Padmanabhaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmiki_Prasad_Singh" title="Balmiki Prasad Singh">Balmiki Prasad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamal_Pande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamal Pande (page does not exist)">Kamal Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswami" title="N. Gopalaswami">N. Gopalaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Baijal" title="Anil Baijal">Anil Baijal</a></li> <li>Dhirendra Singh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Kumar_Duggal" title="Vinod Kumar Duggal">Vinod Kumar Duggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Pillai" title="Gopal Krishna Pillai">Gopal Krishna Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._K._Singh" title="R. K. Singh">R. K. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Goswami" title="Anil Goswami">Anil Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._C._Goyal" title="L. C. Goyal">L. C. Goyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Mehrishi" title="Rajiv Mehrishi">Rajiv Mehrishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gauba" title="Rajiv Gauba">Rajiv Gauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajay_Kumar_Bhalla" title="Ajay Kumar Bhalla">Ajay Kumar Bhalla</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Home Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzari_Lal_Nanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulzari Lal Nanda">Gulzari Lal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirubhai_M._Patel" title="Hirubhai M. Patel">Hirubhai M. Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prakash_Chandra_Sethi" title="Prakash Chandra Sethi">Prakash Chandra Sethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Singh" title="Buta Singh">Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti_Mohammad_Sayeed" title="Mufti Mohammad Sayeed">Mufti Mohammad Sayeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit_Gupta" title="Indrajit Gupta">Indrajit Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivraj_Patil" title="Shivraj Patil">Shivraj Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnath_Singh" title="Rajnath Singh">Rajnath Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State for Home Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratanjit_Pratap_Narain_Singh" title="Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh">Ratanjit Pratap Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiren_Rijiju" title="Kiren Rijiju">Kiren Rijiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Kishan_Reddy" title="G. Kishan Reddy">G. Kishan Reddy</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative & General Division</li> <li>Finance Division</li> <li>Economic Division</li> <li>Trade Policy Division</li> <li>Foreign Trade</li> <li>Territorial Division</li> <li>Plantation Division</li> <li>Supply Division</li> <li>State Trading & Infrastructure Division</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached & Subordinate Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Directorate General of Foreign Trade">Directorate General of Foreign Trade</a></li> <li>Directorate General of Supplies & Disposals (DGS&D)</li> <li>Directorate General of Anti-Dumping & Allied Duties (DGAD)</li> <li>Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence & Statistics, Kolkata</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_economic_zones_in_India" title="List of special economic zones in India">Special Economic Zones</a></li> <li>Pay & Account Office (Supply, Commerce & Textiles)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commodity Boards</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_and_Processed_Food_Products_Export_Development_Authority" title="Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority">Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority</a></li> <li>Export Inspection Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Indian Institute of Foreign Trade">Indian Institute of Foreign Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Packaging" title="Indian Institute of Packaging">Indian Institute of Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Products_Export_Development_Authority" title="Marine Products Export Development Authority">Marine Products Export Development Authority</a> <ul><li>National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA)</li> <li>Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA)</li> <li>Network for Fish Quality Management & Sustainable Fishing (NETFISH)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>State Trading Corporation (STC)</li> <li>PEC Limited</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMTC_Ltd" title="MMTC Ltd">MMTC Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Credit_Guarantee_Corporation_of_India" title="Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India">Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Trade_Promotion_Organisation" title="India Trade Promotion Organisation">India Trade Promotion Organisation</a></li> <li>Pay & Account Office (Supply, Commerce & Textiles)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Board of Trade (BOT)</li> <li>Inter State Trade Council</li> <li>Council for Trade Development & Promotion</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Export_Promotion_Organisations_in_India" title="List of Export Promotion Organisations in India">Export Promotion Councils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_Exports_Promotion_Council" title="Engineering Exports Promotion Council">Engineering Exports Promotion Council</a></li> <li>Project Export Promotion Council of India (PEPC)</li> <li>Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals & Cosmetics Export Promotion Council (Chemexcil)</li> <li>Chemicals & Allied Products Export Promotion Council (CAPEXIL)</li> <li>Council for Leather Exports</li> <li>Sports Goods Export Promotion Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gem_and_Jewellery_Export_Promotion_Council" title="Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council">Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council</a></li> <li>Shellac Export Promotion Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_Export_Promotion_Council_of_India" title="Cashew Export Promotion Council of India">Cashew Export Promotion Council of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Export_Promotion_Council" title="Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council">Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council</a></li> <li>The Plastics Export Promotion Council</li> <li>Indian Oil Seeds & Produce Export Promotion Council (IOPEPC)</li> <li>Services Export Promotion Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Export_Organisations" title="Federation of Indian Export Organisations">Federation of Indian Export Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Diamond_Institute" title="Indian Diamond Institute">Indian Diamond Institute</a></li> <li>Footwear Design & Development Institute (FDDI)</li> <li>National Centre for Trade Information</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Brand_Equity_Foundation" title="India Brand Equity Foundation">India Brand Equity Foundation</a></li> <li>Price Stabilization Fund Trust</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Promotion_of_Industry_and_Internal_Trade" title="Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade">DPIIT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Intellectual Property Appellate Board</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_and_Explosives_Safety_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation">Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation</a></li> <li>Copyright Office</li> <li>Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Registry</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Council for Cement & Building Materials (NCCBM)</li> <li>Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Design" title="National Institute of Design">National Institute of Design</a></li> <li>National Productivity Council (NPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_Council_of_India" title="Quality Council of India">Quality Council of India</a></li> <li>Central Manufacturing Technology Institute (CMTI)</li> <li>Central Pulp & Paper Research Institute (CPPRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached & Subordinate offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Grievance Offices</li> <li>Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks</li> <li>Office of Chief Controller of Accounts (Disclosure of Central Government Accounting Data) <ul><li>Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Intellectual Property Management (NIIPM)</li></ul></li> <li>Principal Account Office</li> <li>Office of Technical Adviser (Boilers)</li> <li>Tariff Commission</li> <li>Office of the Salt Commissioner</li> <li>Office of the Economic Adviser</li> <li>National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council</li> <li>Office of Chief Controller of Accounts</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Guruprasad Mohapatra(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harekrushna_Mahtab" class="mw-redirect" title="Harekrushna Mahtab">Harekrushna Mahtab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nityanand_Kanungo" title="Nityanand Kanungo">Nityanand Kanungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Dasappa" title="H. C. Dasappa">H. C. Dasappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_Narain_Singh" title="Tribhuvan Narain Singh">Tribhuvan Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodaram_Sanjivayya" title="Damodaram Sanjivayya">Damodaram Sanjivayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Ahmed">F. A. Ahmed</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a> (Industrial Development & Internal Trade)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moinul_Hoque_Choudhury" title="Moinul Hoque Choudhury">Moinul Hoque Choudhury</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C Subramaniam">C Subramaniam</a>(Industrial Development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Pai" title="T. A. Pai">T. A. Pai</a>(Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Verma" class="mw-redirect" title="Brij Lal Verma">Brij Lal Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Pai" title="T. A. Pai">T. A. Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotla_Vijay_Bhaskar_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy">Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerendra_Patil" title="Veerendra Patil">Veerendra Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vengala_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Vengala Rao">J. Vengala Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Karunakaran" title="K. Karunakaran">K. Karunakaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Bakht" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Bakht">Sikandar Bakht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar" title="I. I. Chundrigar">I. I. Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooverji_Hormusji_Bhabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha">Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshitish_Chandra_Neogy" title="Kshitish Chandra Neogy">Kshitish Chandra Neogy</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harekrushna_Mahtab" class="mw-redirect" title="Harekrushna Mahtab">Harekrushna Mahtab</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_T_Krishnamachari" class="mw-redirect" title="T T Krishnamachari">T T Krishnamachari</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KC_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="KC Reddy">KC Reddy</a> (Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manubhai_Shah" title="Manubhai Shah">Manubhai Shah</a> (As MoS till 24 January 1966)(Commerce)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Ram_Bhagat" title="Bali Ram Bhagat">Bali Ram Bhagat</a>(Foreign Trade & Supply)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalit_Narayan_Mishra" title="Lalit Narayan Mishra">Lalit Narayan Mishra</a>(MoS)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._P._Chattopadhyay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. P. Chattopadhyay (page does not exist)">D. P. Chattopadhyay</a>(Commerce)(as MoS till 23 December 1976)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitendra_Desai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitendra Desai">Hitendra Desai</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Shiv_Shankar" class="mw-redirect" title="P Shiv Shankar">P Shiv Shankar</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Singh_(Uttar_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinesh Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)">Dinesh Singh</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramanian_Swamy" title="Subramanian Swamy">Subramanian Swamy</a> (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Chidambaram" class="mw-redirect" title="P Chidambaram">P Chidambaram</a>(MoS, IC) (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_Chidambaram" class="mw-redirect" title="P Chidambaram">P Chidambaram</a> (MoS, IC) (Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devendra_Prasad_Yadav" title="Devendra Prasad Yadav">Devendra Prasad Yadav</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolla_Bulli_Ramaiah" title="Bolla Bulli Ramaiah">Bolla Bulli Ramaiah</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Hegde" title="Ramakrishna Hegde">Ramakrishna Hegde</a>(Commerce)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murasoli_Maran" title="Murasoli Maran">Murasoli Maran</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a>(Commerce & Industry)'(MoS, IC)'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suresh_Prabhu" title="Suresh Prabhu">Suresh Prabhu</a>(Commerce & Industry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyush_Goyal" title="Piyush Goyal">Piyush Goyal</a>(Commerce and Industry)(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Puri" title="Hardeep Singh Puri">Hardeep Singh Puri</a>(incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Template:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Template talk:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministry of Communications (India)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Ministry of Communications (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunications" title="Department of Telecommunications">Department of Telecommunications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Disputes_Settlement_and_Appellate_Tribunal" title="Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal">Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal</a> (TDSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_India" title="Telecom Regulatory Authority of India">Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</a> (TRAI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA)</li> <li>Director General Telecom (DGT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Engineering_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication Engineering Center">Telecommunication Engineering Center</a> (TEC)</li> <li>Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinate Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Centre for Communication Security (NCCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Monitoring_Organisation" title="Wireless Monitoring Organisation">Wireless Monitoring Organisation</a> (WMO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller of Communication Accounts (CCA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Telematics" title="Centre for Development of Telematics">Centre for Development of Telematics</a> (C-DOT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Telecommunications Institute for Policy Research Innovation Training (NTIPRIT)</li> <li>National Institute of Communication Finance (NICF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Telecom_Technology_and_Management" title="Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management">Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management</a></li> <li>Digital Communications Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Enforcement_Resource_and_Monitoring" title="Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring">Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring</a> (TERM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Advisory_Committees" title="Telephone Advisory Committees">Telephone Advisory Committees</a> (TAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Planning_%26_Coordination_Wing" title="Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing">Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing</a> (WPC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Broadband_Network" title="Bharat Broadband Network">Bharat Broadband Network Limited</a> (BBNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited" title="Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a> (BSNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industries_Limited" title="Indian Telephone Industries Limited">Indian Telephone Industries Limited</a> (ITI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limited" title="Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited">Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited</a> (MTNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Consultants_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Consultants India Limited">Telecommunications Consultants India Limited</a> (TCIL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Service" title="Indian Telecommunication Service">Indian Telecommunication Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Radio_Regulatory_Service" title="Indian Radio Regulatory Service">Indian Radio Regulatory Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Postal_Service_(India)" title="Army Postal Service (India)">Army Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post_Payments_Bank" title="India Post Payments Bank">India Post Payments Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telegraph_Act,_1885" title="Indian Telegraph Act, 1885">The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885</a></li> <li>The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1940</li> <li>The Indian Post Office Act, 1898</li> <li>The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Amrit Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bahadur" title="Raj Bahadur">Raj Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Subbarayan" title="P. Subbarayan">P. Subbarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Kumar_Sen" title="Ashoke Kumar Sen">Ashoke Kumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Varma" title="Brij Lal Varma">Brij Lal Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyam Nandan Mishra">Shyam Nandan Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Narain_Singh" title="Bhishma Narain Singh">Bhishma Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">C. M. Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Prasad_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Prasad Sharma">Anant Prasad Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Gadgil">V. N. Gadgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Sathe" title="Vasant Sathe">Vasant Sathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Bahadur_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Bahadur Singh">Bir Bahadur Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Unnikrishnan" title="K. P. Unnikrishnan">K. P. Unnikrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Prasad_Verma" title="Beni Prasad Verma">Beni Prasad Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Singh" title="Buta Singh">Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Vilas_Paswan" title="Ram Vilas Paswan">Ram Vilas Paswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayanidhi_Maran" title="Dayanidhi Maran">Dayanidhi Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapil_Sibal" title="Kapil Sibal">Kapil Sibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashwini_Vaishnaw" title="Ashwini Vaishnaw">Ashwini Vaishnaw</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Sinha" title="Manoj Sinha">Manoj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Shamrao_Dhotre" title="Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre">Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devusinh_Jesingbhai_Chauhan" title="Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan">Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Preceding Ministry: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Ministry of Communications and Information Technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Azad_Hind_Fauj" title="Template:Azad Hind Fauj"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Azad_Hind_Fauj" title="Template talk:Azad Hind Fauj"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Azad_Hind_Fauj" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Azad Hind Fauj"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Revolutionary conspiracy of WWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Chatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Mohamed_Barakatullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah">Barkatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedermayer%E2%80%93Hentig_Expedition" title="Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition">Kabul mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:1931_Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/100px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/150px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/200px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League (IIL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Pritam_Singh_Dhillon" title="Giani Pritam Singh Dhillon">Pritam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Kumar_Sen" title="Prafulla Kumar Sen">Swami Satyananda Puri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Council" title="Indian National Council">Indian National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaichi_Fujiwara" title="Iwaichi Fujiwara">I Fujiwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Kikan" title="F Kikan">F Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._K._Menon" title="K. P. K. Menon">K.P.K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._M._Sahay" title="A. M. Sahay">A.M. Sahay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._A._Ayer" title="S. A. Ayer">S.A. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidadary_Resolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidadary Resolutions">Bidadary Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Conference">Tokyo Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideo_Iwakuro" title="Hideo Iwakuro">H Iwakuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Kikan" title="I Kikan">I Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Conference" title="Bangkok Conference">Bangkok Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikari_Kikan" title="Hikari Kikan">Hikari Kikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind_Dal" title="Azad Hind Dal">Azad Hind Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Independence_League" title="Category:Indian Independence League">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">C.R. Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Volunteers" title="Bengal Volunteers">Bengal Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilie_Schenkl" title="Emilie Schenkl">Emilie Schenkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Forward_Bloc" title="All India Forward Bloc">Forward Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-180" title="German submarine U-180">U-180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_ur_Rahman_(Indian_National_Army_officer)" title="Habib ur Rahman (Indian National Army officer)">Habib-ur-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Death controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Category:Subhas Chandra Bose">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan Campaign">Battle of Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Singh_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Singh (general)">Mohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrer_Park_address" title="Farrer Park address">Farrer Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First INA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Arakan_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arakan offensive">First Arakan offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Field_Force" title="Hindustan Field Force">Hindustan Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffs" title="Jiffs">Jiffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Brigade" title="Azad Brigade">Azad Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Brigade_(regiment)" title="Gandhi Brigade (regiment)">Gandhi Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Brigade" title="Nehru Brigade">Nehru Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Brigade" title="Subhas Brigade">Subhas Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Group" title="Bahadur Group">Bahadur Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Boys" title="Tokyo Boys">Tokyo Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment" title="Rani of Jhansi Regiment">Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zaman_Kiani" title="Mohammed Zaman Kiani">Mohammed Zaman Kiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._Loganathan" title="A. D. Loganathan">A.D. Loganathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Bhonsle" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Bhonsle">J.R. Bhonsle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaky_Athi_Nahappan" title="Janaky Athi Nahappan">Janaki Davar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasammah_Bhupalan" title="Rasammah Bhupalan">Rasammah Bhupalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Malik" title="Shaukat Malik">Shaukat Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thivy" title="John Thivy">John Thivy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_and_operations_of_the_Indian_National_Army" title="Battles and operations of the Indian National Army">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Admin_Box" title="Battle of the Admin Box">Admin Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pokoku_and_Irrawaddy_River_operations" title="Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations">Battle of Irrawaddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meiktila_and_Mandalay" title="Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay">Battle of Meiktila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Army" title="Category:Indian National Army">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army_trials" title="Indian National Army trials">Red Fort trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSDIC(I)" title="CSDIC(I)">CSDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbaksh_Singh_Dhillon" title="Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon">Dhillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Sahgal" title="Prem Sahgal">Sahgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Khan_(general)" title="Shah Nawaz Khan (general)">Shah Nawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burhan-ud-Din_of_Chitral" class="mw-redirect" title="Burhan-ud-Din of Chitral">Burhan-ud-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INA_Defence_Committee" title="INA Defence Committee">INA Defence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Nath_Katju" title="Kailash Nath Katju">Kailash Nath Katju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Ali" title="Asaf Ali">Asaf Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Bahadur_Sapru" title="Tej Bahadur Sapru">Tej Bahadur Sapru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Army_trials" title="Category:Indian National Army trials">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind_Radio" title="Azad Hind Radio">Azad Hind Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Bureau_for_India" title="Special Bureau for India">Special Bureau for India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorations_of_Azad_Hind" title="Decorations of Azad Hind">Azad Hind Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selarang_Barracks_incident" title="Selarang Barracks incident">Selarang Barracks incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Burma_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Burma Area Army">Burma Area Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masakazu_Kawabe" title="Masakazu Kawabe">Masakasu Kawabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Fourteenth Army (United Kingdom)">14th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Slim,_1st_Viscount_Slim" title="William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim">William Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_Congress" title="Malaysian Indian Congress">Malaysian Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INA_treasure_controversy" title="INA treasure controversy">INA treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Fay" title="Peter W. Fay">Peter Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Lebra" title="Joyce Lebra">Joyce Lebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Toye" title="Hugh Toye">Hugh Toye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template talk:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/25px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/38px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/50px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional Congress Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bharat_Ratna" title="Template talk:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat_Ratna" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bharat Ratna"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_Bharat_Ratna_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Ratna" title="Bharat Ratna">Bharat Ratna</a> Award</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1954–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwan_Das" title="Bhagwan Das">Bhagwan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya" title="M. Visvesvaraya">M. Visvesvaraya</a>, and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Vaman_Kane" title="Pandurang Vaman Kane">Pandurang Vaman Kane</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran" title="M. G. Ramachandran">M. G. Ramachandran</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._D._Tata" title="J. R. D. Tata">J. R. D. Tata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Subramaniam" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Subramaniam">C. Subramaniam</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaprakash_Narayan" title="Jayaprakash Narayan">Jayaprakash Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopinath_Bordoloi" title="Gopinath Bordoloi">Gopinath Bordoloi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._N._R._Rao" title="C. N. R. Rao">C. N. R. Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–2040</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karpoori_Thakur" title="Karpoori Thakur">Karpoori Thakur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_democracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Social democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_democracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/75px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/113px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 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class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081273684">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49252619">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43065/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRV787C93cWbxr69mKh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118586866">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79109335">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120929039">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00595203?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/de6267ca-4612-447d-b5b4-9f1e73cac66b">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/931811">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118586866.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118586866">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029265223">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582117">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sf2tx7">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFDiwanchand_Institute_of_National_AffairsIndian_Council_of_World_Affairs1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixit2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuaJames_Manor1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutt1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Annamalai1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEducation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarmer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinckHayes1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurber,_Holden1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG.G._Mirchandani2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGail_Omvedt1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGangulyMukherji2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhose1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGierschKarl-Heinz_PaquéHolger_Schmieding1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGirija_Kanta_Mookerjee1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGokhale,_Balkrishna_Govind1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopal1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabowskiSharmistha_SelfMichael_P._Shields2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha,_Ramachandra2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunther1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGusain,_Lakhan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaque2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison,_Selig_S.1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoiberg,_Dale2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoiberg2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoiberg2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoibergRamchandani2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Hall2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFInder_Malhotra2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIran_Society_(Calcutta2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJack2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanak_Raj_Jai1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayantha_Dhanapala,_United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJivanta_Schoettli2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJivanta_Schoettli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Stanislaw_and_Daniel_A._Yergin1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Srinivasan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanwar_Raj\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKasniyal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaur2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeenleyside1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKermani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlintworth1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopstein2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoshi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahiri2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahiry2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeoene2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiWilf2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLion_M.G._Agrawal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorne_John_Kavic\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumby1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLüthi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM_M_Sury2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahendra_Prasad_Singh1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaheshwari1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMajid,_Amir_A.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalhotra2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansergh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarathe2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarlayClark_D._Neher1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathai1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathai1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenon2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerchant2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichele_L._Louro2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihir_Bose2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Jamil_Akhtar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoraes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoraes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukhopadhyay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMöllerSchierenbeck2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNag2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanda1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanda2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayantara_Sahgal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNayudu2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNehru2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiranjan_Rajadhyaksha2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorani2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.S._PalandeR.S._Shah2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPakistan._Safārah_(U.S.)1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPal1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParekh1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark,_Richard_Leonard1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerRobert_M._Whaples2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPathak2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatil1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurandare2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam_Puniyani1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRana1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Meran_Barsam1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Sherrod1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsWillisMcCarthyGarton_Ash2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoychowdhury2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFS.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._A._Palekar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachindananda2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSankar_Ghose1993\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSaraf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarvepalii\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarvepalli_Gopal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarvepalli_Gopal2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchenk2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSehgal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSethi1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShandK.P._KalirajanUlaganathan_Sankar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShashi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShukla2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSinhaRoy2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSom1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomanNiaz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorensenBaker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSublet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramanian2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuman_Bhuchar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakur2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThakurDebes_Mukhopadhayay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTharoor2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThaur2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThursby1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiwari2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpadhyaya1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUppal2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVertovec2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViswanathan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVohra2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW._Sears1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalsh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiatr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Blum2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiniecki2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYokokawaJayati_GhoshBob_Rowthorn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZachariah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiaul_Hasan_Faruqi1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Bharat Ratna\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 158,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 86,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Nehru, Jawaharlal\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Defence Ministers of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"First Indian Cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Google books\"] = 25,\n [\"Googlebooks\"] = 2,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Home Ministry (India)\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Indian National Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian National Congress\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian National Congress Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian independence movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 3,\n [\"Jawaharlal Nehru\"] = 1,\n [\"Jawaharlal Nehru series\"] = 1,\n [\"Jstor\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministry of Communications (India)\"] = 1,\n [\"Ministry of Finance (India)\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"OL author\"] = 1,\n [\"Page?\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime Ministers of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Republicanism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 6,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 5,\n [\"S-break\"] = 7,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 59,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 10,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Social democracy\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 5,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","620","19.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","15.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","380","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","5.0"],["recursiveClone 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