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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imprints_and_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprints_and_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Imprints and series</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imprints_and_series-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imprints and series subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imprints_and_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penguin_Classics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penguin_Classics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Penguin Classics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penguin_Classics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelican_Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelican_Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pelican Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelican_Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penguin_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penguin_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Penguin Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penguin_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penguin_Specials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penguin_Specials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Penguin Specials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penguin_Specials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puffin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puffin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Puffin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puffin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Buildings_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Buildings_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>The Buildings of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Buildings_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazine_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazine_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Magazine publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazine_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_Penguins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_Penguins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Popular Penguins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_Penguins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Penguin_Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Penguin_Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>King Penguin Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Penguin_Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelican_History_of_Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelican_History_of_Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Pelican History of Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelican_History_of_Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penguin_on_Wheels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penguin_on_Wheels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Penguin on Wheels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penguin_on_Wheels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="دار بنغون للنشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دار بنغون للنشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8" title="পেঙ্গুইন বুক্‌স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পেঙ্গুইন বুক্‌স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="پنگوئن بوکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنگوئن بوکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%AD%EA%B7%84_%EB%B6%81%EC%8A%A4" title="펭귄 북스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펭귄 북스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="पेंगुइन बूक्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेंगुइन बूक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ספרי פינגווין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרי פינגווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ペンギン・ブックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペンギン・ブックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪੈਂਗੁਇਨ ਬੁਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਂਗੁਇਨ ਬੁਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81)" title="پینگوئن (ادارہ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پینگوئن (ادارہ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Penguin Books" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British publishing house</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Penguin Books Limited</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penguin_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Penguin_logo.svg/150px-Penguin_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Penguin_logo.svg/225px-Penguin_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Penguin_logo.svg/300px-Penguin_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="372" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo used since 2003</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent company</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a> (as of 1 July 2013)<sup id="cite_ref-Press_Release_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press_Release-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1935<span class="noprint">; 89 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1935</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a></li><li>Richard Lane</li><li>John Lane</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, New Zealand, South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Hispanosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanosphere">Spanish-speaking world</a>, Brazil, Germany, Portugal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Dohle" title="Markus Dohle">Markus Dohle</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li><li>Thomas Rabe<br />(<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)</li><li>Madeline McIntosh<br />(<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>, PRH US)</li><li>Tom Weldon<br />(<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>, PRH UK)</li><li>Allison Dobson<br />(<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a>, Penguin Publishing Group U.S.)</li><li>Jen Loja<br />(<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a>, Penguin Young Readers U.S.)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprints</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data">€3.4 billion <sup id="cite_ref-beta_uk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beta_uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of employees</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<sup id="cite_ref-beta_uk_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beta_uk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penguin.co.uk/">penguin<wbr />.co<wbr />.uk</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1336200#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Penguin Books Limited</b> is a British <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing house</a>. It was co-founded in 1935 by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a> with his brothers Richard and John,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a line of the publishers <a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a>, only becoming a separate <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Company_history_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Company_history-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penguin revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperbacks</a>, sold through <a href="/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolworths Group (United Kingdom)">Woolworths</a> and other stores for <a href="/wiki/Sixpence_(British_coin)" title="Sixpence (British coin)">sixpence</a>, bringing high-quality fiction and <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its success showed that large audiences existed for several books. It also affected modern British popular culture significantly through its books concerning politics, the arts, and science.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penguin Books is now an <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprint</a> of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>, a conglomerate formed in 2013 by its merger with American publisher <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, a subsidiary of German media conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a> was wholly owned by British <a href="/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a>, the global media company which also owned the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Penguin Random House was formed, Pearson had a 47% stake in the new company, which was reduced to 25% in July 2017. Since April 2020, Penguin Random House has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Bertelsmann. It is one of the largest English-language publishers known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Five_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Five (publishers)">Big Five</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Holtzbrinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Holtzbrinck">Holtzbrinck</a>/<a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette</a>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penguin Books has its <a href="/wiki/Registered_office" title="Registered office">registered office</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a>, London, England.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Map_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Map-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Lane_Penguin_plaque_8_Vigo_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Allen_Lane_Penguin_plaque_8_Vigo_Street.jpg/220px-Allen_Lane_Penguin_plaque_8_Vigo_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Allen_Lane_Penguin_plaque_8_Vigo_Street.jpg/330px-Allen_Lane_Penguin_plaque_8_Vigo_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Allen_Lane_Penguin_plaque_8_Vigo_Street.jpg/440px-Allen_Lane_Penguin_plaque_8_Vigo_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Plaque marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Penguin Books by Allen Lane at 8 <a href="/wiki/Vigo_Street" title="Vigo Street">Vigo Street</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penguin_Crime_I.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Penguin_Crime_I.JPG/220px-Penguin_Crime_I.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Penguin_Crime_I.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Penguin Crime editions</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Penguin <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperbacks</a> were published in 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but at first only as an <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprint</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a><sup id="cite_ref-Company_history_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Company_history-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (of <a href="/wiki/Vigo_Street" title="Vigo Street">Vigo Street</a>, London) with the books originally distributed from the <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church_Marylebone" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity Church Marylebone">Holy Trinity Church Marylebone</a>. </p><p>Anecdotally, Lane recounted how it was his experience with the poor quality of reading material on offer at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_St_Davids_railway_station" title="Exeter St Davids railway station">Exeter St Davids station</a> that inspired him to create cheap, well designed quality books for the mass market.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question of how publishers could reach a larger public had been the subject of a conference at Rippon Hall, Oxford, in 1934 which Lane had attended. Though the publication of literature in paperback was then associated mainly with poor quality lurid fiction, the Penguin brand owed something to the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Albatross_Books" title="Albatross Books">Albatross</a> imprint of British and American reprints that briefly traded in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inexpensive paperbacks did not initially appear viable to Bodley Head, since the deliberately low price of 6<a href="/wiki/%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">d</a>. made profitability seem unlikely. This helped Lane purchase <a href="/wiki/Publication_right" title="Publication right">publication rights</a> for some works more cheaply than he otherwise might have, since publishers were convinced of the business's short-term prospects. In the face of resistance from the traditional book trade,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the purchase of 63,000 books by <a href="/wiki/Woolworths_Group_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolworths Group (United Kingdom)">Woolworths Group</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that paid for the project outright, confirmed its worth, and allowed Lane to establish Penguin as a separate business in 1936. By March 1936, ten months after the company's launch on 30 July 1935, one million Penguin books had been printed. </p><p>Only paperback editions were published until the King Penguin series debuted in 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and latterly the <i>Pelican History of Art</i> was undertaken; these works, considered unsuitable as paperbacks because of their lengths and copious illustrations on art paper, were cloth-bound. </p><p>Penguin Books Inc was incorporated in 1939 to satisfy US copyright law; and, despite being a late entrant into an already well established paperback market, enjoyed further success under vice president <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Enoch" title="Kurt Enoch">Kurt Enoch</a> with such titles as <i>What Plane Is That</i> and <i>The New Soldier Handbook</i>. </p><p>The company's expansion saw the hiring of <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Frost" title="Eunice Frost">Eunice Frost</a>—first as a secretary, then as an editor, and ultimately as a director, who was to have a pivotal influence in shaping the company.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1945 she was entrusted with the reconstruction of Penguin Inc after the departure of its first managing director, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Ballantine" title="Ian Ballantine">Ian Ballantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the outset, design was essential to Penguin's success. Avoiding the illustrated gaudiness of other paperback publishers, Penguin opted for the simple appearance of three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which were colour-coded according to the series to which the title belonged; this is sometimes referred to as the horizontal grid. In the central white panel, the author and title were printed in <a href="/wiki/Gill_Sans" title="Gill Sans">Gill Sans</a>, and in the upper band was a <a href="/wiki/Cartouche_(design)" title="Cartouche (design)">cartouche</a> with the legend "Penguin Books". The initial design was created by then 21-year-old office junior <a href="/wiki/Edward_Preston_Young" title="Edward Preston Young">Edward Young</a>, who also drew the first version of the Penguin <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logo</a>. Series such as Penguin Specials and The Penguin Shakespeare had individual designs (by 1937, only S1 and B1-B18 had been published). </p><p>The colour schemes included: orange and white for general fiction, green and white for crime fiction, <a href="/wiki/Cerise_(color)" title="Cerise (color)">cerise</a> and white for travel and adventure, dark blue and white for biographies, yellow and white for miscellaneous, red and white for drama; and the rarer purple and white for <a href="/wiki/Essays" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays">essays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belles_lettres" class="mw-redirect" title="Belles lettres">belles lettres</a> and grey and white for world affairs. Lane actively resisted the introduction of cover images for several years. Some recent publications of literature from that time have duplicated the original look. </p><p>In 1937, Penguin's headquarters were established at <a href="/wiki/Harmondsworth" title="Harmondsworth">Harmondsworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> (now part of Greater London). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_years">War years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_the_cover_of_%27The_Tanker_%22Derbent%22%27,_English_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Image_of_the_cover_of_%27The_Tanker_%22Derbent%22%27%2C_English_edition.jpg/220px-Image_of_the_cover_of_%27The_Tanker_%22Derbent%22%27%2C_English_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Image_of_the_cover_of_%27The_Tanker_%22Derbent%22%27%2C_English_edition.jpg/330px-Image_of_the_cover_of_%27The_Tanker_%22Derbent%22%27%2C_English_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Image_of_the_cover_of_%27The_Tanker_%22Derbent%22%27%2C_English_edition.jpg/440px-Image_of_the_cover_of_%27The_Tanker_%22Derbent%22%27%2C_English_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption>Penguin's English edition of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Krimov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Krimov">Yuri Krimov</a>'s novel <i>The Tanker "Derbent"</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> saw Penguin emerge as a national institution. Though it had no formal role in the war effort, it was integral to it thanks to the publication of such bestselling manuals as <i>Keeping Poultry and Rabbits on Scraps</i> and <i>Aircraft Recognition,</i> and supplying books for the services and British <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POWs</a>. In the war's six years, it printed some 600 titles and started 19 new series.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a time of enormous increase in the demand for books,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penguin enjoyed a privileged place among its peers. </p><p>Paper rationing was the besetting problem of publishers in wartime, with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a> cutting off supply of <a href="/wiki/Esparto" title="Esparto">esparto</a> grass, one of the constituents of the <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> Penguin used. When rationing was introduced in March 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a> allocated a quota to each publisher as a percentage of the amount that firm used between August 1938 and August 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was particularly advantageous to Penguin, who, as a volume printer, was very successful that year. Further, in a deal with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Government">Canadian Government</a>, Penguin agreed to exclusively publish editions for their armed forces, for which they were paid in tons of paper.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By January 1942 the Book Production War Economy Agreement regulations came into force which determined rules on paper quality, type size and margins. Consequently, Penguin eliminated dust jackets, trimmed margins and replaced sewn bindings with metal staples. Aside from the noticeable deterioration in paperbacks' appearance, it became a practical impossibility to publish books of more than 256 pages, resulting in some titles falling out of print for want of material.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to their paper allocation, in 1941 Penguin secured a deal with the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>, through Bill William's connections with <a href="/wiki/Army_Bureau_of_Current_Affairs" title="Army Bureau of Current Affairs">ABCA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Great_Britain" title="Arts Council of Great Britain">CEMA</a>, to supply the troops with books through what was known as the Forces Book Club. Penguin received 60 tons a month from Paper Supply in return for 10 titles a month in runs of 75,000 at 5d.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood,_Dignified_Flippancy_1983,_p.23_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood,_Dignified_Flippancy_1983,_p.23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, every paperback carried the message, "FOR THE FORCES – Leave this book at a Post Office when you have read it, so that men and women in the Services may enjoy it too" at the bottom of the back cover, inviting the reader to take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a>'s free transmission of books to the forces. However, demand exceeded supply on the home front, leading Lane to seek a monopoly on <a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">army</a> books made specifically for overseas distribution. Their established paper supply put Penguin in an especially strong position after the war as rationing continued. For this reason, and for the popular prestige the company enjoyed, many of Penguin's competitors had no choice but to concede paperback reprint rights to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood,_Dignified_Flippancy_1983,_p.23_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood,_Dignified_Flippancy_1983,_p.23-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_history">Post-war history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-war history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1945, Penguin began what would become one of its most important branches, the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>, with a translation of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/E._V._Rieu" title="E. V. Rieu">E. V. Rieu</a>. Between 1947 and 1949, the German typographer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold">Jan Tschichold</a> redesigned 500 Penguin books, and left Penguin with a set of influential rules of design principles brought together as the <i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Composition_Rules" title="Penguin Composition Rules">Penguin Composition Rules</a></i>, a four-page booklet of <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typographic</a> instructions for editors and compositors. Tschichold's work included the woodcut illustrated covers of the classics series (also known as the medallion series), and with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schmoller" title="Hans Schmoller">Hans Schmoller</a>, his eventual successor at Penguin, the vertical grid covers that became the standard for Penguin fiction throughout the 1950s. By this time the paperback industry in the UK had begun to grow, and Penguin found itself in competition with then fledgeling <a href="/wiki/Pan_Books" title="Pan Books">Pan Books</a>. Many other series were published such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Buildings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Buildings of England">Buildings of England</a></i>, the <i>Pelican History of Art</i> and <i>Penguin Education</i>. </p><p>In 1949, Harry F. Paroissien (who had been Sir Allen Lane's deputy) was sent by him to the United States to set up Penguin Books in Baltimore, Maryland. </p><p>By 1960, a number of forces were to shape the direction of the company, the publication list and its graphic design. On 20 April 1961, Penguin became a publicly listed company on the London Stock Exchange; consequently, Allen Lane had a diminished role at the firm though he was to continue as managing director. New techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">phototypesetting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset-litho printing</a> were to replace <a href="/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">hot metal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">letterpress printing</a>, dramatically reducing cost and permitting the printing of images and text on the same paper stock, thus paving the way for the introduction of photography and novel approaches to graphic design on paperback covers. In May 1960, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Godwin" title="Tony Godwin">Tony Godwin</a> was appointed as editorial adviser, rapidly rising to Chief Editor from which position he sought to broaden the range of Penguin's list and keep up with new developments in graphic design. To this end, he hired <a href="/wiki/Germano_Facetti" title="Germano Facetti">Germano Facetti</a> in January 1961, who was to decisively alter the appearance of the Penguin brand. Beginning with the crime series, Facetti canvassed the opinion of a number of designers including <a href="/wiki/Romek_Marber" title="Romek Marber">Romek Marber</a> for a new look to the Penguin cover. It was Marber's suggestion of what came to be called the Marber grid along with the retention of traditional Penguin colour-coding that was to replace the previous three horizontal bars design and set the pattern for the design of the company's paperbacks for the next twenty years. Facetti rolled out the new treatment across the Penguin line starting with crime, the orange fiction series, then Pelicans, Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin Specials, and Penguin Classics, giving an overall visual unity to the company's list. A somewhat different approach was taken to the Peregrine, Penguin Poets, Penguin Modern Poets, and Penguin Plays series. There were over a hundred different series published in total. </p><p>Just as Lane well judged the public's appetite for paperbacks in the 1930s, his decision to publish <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a> in 1960 boosted Penguin's notoriety. The novel was at the time unpublished in the United Kingdom and the predicted <a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">obscenity</a> trial, <i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Penguin_Books_Ltd" title="R v Penguin Books Ltd">R v Penguin Books Ltd</a></i>, not only marked Penguin as a fearless publisher, it also helped drive the sale of at least 3.5 million copies. Penguin's victory in the case heralded the end to the <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of books in the UK, although censorship of the written word was only finally defeated after the <i>Inside Linda Lovelace</i> trial of 1978. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearson_takeover">Pearson takeover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pearson takeover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson PLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_(publisher)" title="Michael Joseph (publisher)">Michael Joseph (publisher)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>, and <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a></div> <p>By the end of the 1960s Penguin was in financial trouble, and several proposals were made for a new operating structure. These included ownership by a consortium of universities, or joint ownership by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, but none of them came to anything.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir Allen Lane died on 7 July 1970, and six weeks later, Penguin was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson PLC</a> on 21 August 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new emphasis on profitability emerged and, with the departure of Facetti in 1972, the defining era of Penguin book design came to an end. </p><p>Penguin merged with long-established U.S. publisher <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a> in 1975. </p><p>The first Penguin Bookshop opened in Covent Garden in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, Penguin purchased British hardback publisher <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_(publisher)" title="Michael Joseph (publisher)">Michael Joseph</a><sup id="cite_ref-OU_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OU-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1986, <a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>. After these acquisitions, Penguin moved its offices to central London (27 Wrights Lane, W8 5TZ). Thus 'Harmondsworth' disappeared as the place of publication after half a century. (The warehouse at Harmondsworth would remain in operation until 2004.) </p><p>Also in 1986, Penguin purchased American publisher <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a> (NAL) and its hard-cover affiliate <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcdowell_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcdowell-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New American Library had originally been Penguin U.S.A. and had been spun off in 1948 because of the high complexity of import and export regulations. Penguin repurchased it in order to extend its reach into the US market, and NAL saw the move as a way to gain a hold in international markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcdowell_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcdowell-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penguin published <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a>'s book <i>Denying the Holocaust</i>, which accused <a href="/wiki/David_Irving" title="David Irving">David Irving</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>. Irving sued Lipstadt and Penguin for libel in 1998 but lost in a much publicised <a href="/wiki/Irving_v_Penguin_Books_and_Lipstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt">court case</a>. Other titles published by Penguin which gained media attention, and controversy, include <i>Massacre</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%A9" title="Siné">Siné</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spycatcher" title="Spycatcher">Spycatcher</a></i>, which was suppressed in the UK by the government for a time, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses (novel)">The Satanic Verses</a></i>, leading to its author <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> having to go into hiding for some years after <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> of Iran issued a <i><a href="/wiki/Fatw%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatwā">Fatwā</a></i>, an edict amounting to a sentence of death against him. </p><p>In 2006, Penguin attempted to involve the public in collaboratively writing a novel on a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> platform. They named this project <a href="/wiki/A_Million_Penguins" title="A Million Penguins">A Million Penguins</a>. On 7 March 2007, the Penguin Books UK blog announced that the project had come to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the Penguin Hotline was created by Madeline McIntosh.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An orange commemorative plaque was unveiled at Exeter train station in May 2017 to mark Lane's significant contribution to the publishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imprints_and_series">Imprints and series</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imprints and series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penguin_Classics">Penguin Classics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Penguin Classics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penguin_Classics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d9/Penguin_Classics.jpg" decoding="async" width="316" height="211" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>Penguin Classics editions</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penguin_Little_Black_Classics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Penguin_Little_Black_Classics.jpg/320px-Penguin_Little_Black_Classics.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Penguin_Little_Black_Classics.jpg/480px-Penguin_Little_Black_Classics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Penguin_Little_Black_Classics.jpg/640px-Penguin_Little_Black_Classics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4678" data-file-height="3119" /></a><figcaption>The 80 Little Black Classics published in 2015, marking the 80th anniversary of Penguin Books</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a></div> <p>Consonant with Penguin's corporate mission to bring canonical literature to the mass market, the company first ventured into publishing the classics in May 1938 with the issue of <i>Penguin Illustrated Classics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The savings from the author's payments on these royalty-free titles were instead invested in commissioning <a href="/wiki/Wood-engraving" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-engraving">wood-engravings</a> from <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gibbings" title="Robert Gibbings">Robert Gibbings</a> and his circle emanating from the <a href="/wiki/Central_School_of_Arts_and_Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Central School of Arts and Crafts">Central School of Arts and Crafts</a>. The books were distinct from the rest of the Penguin marque in their use of a vertical grid (anticipating Tschichold's innovation of 1951) and <a href="/wiki/Albertus" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertus">albertus</a> typeface. The series was not a financial success and the list ceased after just ten volumes the same year it began. Penguin returned to classics with the printing of <a href="/wiki/E._V._Rieu" title="E. V. Rieu">E. V. Rieu</a>'s translation of Homer's <i>Odyssey</i> in 1946, which went on to sell three million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penguin's commercial motivation was, as ever, populist; rendering the classics in an approachable modern English was therefore a difficult task whose execution did not always satisfy the critics.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rieu said of his work that "I have done my best to make Homer easy reading for those who are unfamiliar with the Greek world."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was joined in 1959 by <a href="/wiki/Betty_Radice" title="Betty Radice">Betty Radice</a> who was first his assistant then, after his retirement in 1964, she assumed the role of joint editor with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldick" title="Robert Baldick">Robert Baldick</a>. As the publisher's focus changed from the needs of the marketplace to those of the classroom the criticism became more acute, Thomas Gould wrote of the series "most of the philosophical volumes in the Penguin series are bad – some very bad indeed. Since Plato and Aristotle are the most read philosophers in the world today, and since some of these Penguin translations are favourites among professional philosophers in several countries, this amounts to a minor crisis in the history of philosophy."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imprint publishes hundreds of classics from the Greeks and Romans to Victorian Literature to modern classics. For nearly twenty years, variously coloured borders to the front and back covers indicated the original language. The second period of design meant largely black covers with a colour illustration on the front. In 2002, Penguin announced it was redesigning its entire catalogue, merging the original Classics list (known in the trade as "Black Classics") with what had been the old Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics list, though the silver covers for the latter have so far been retained for most of the titles. Previously this line had been called 'Penguin Modern Classics' with a pale green livery. </p><p>The redesign – featuring a colourful painting on the cover, with black background and orange lettering – was well received. However, the quality of the paperbacks themselves seemed to decrease: the spines were more likely to fold and bend. The paperbacks are also printed on non-acid-free pulp paper, which, by some accounts, tends to yellow and brown within a couple of years.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text page design was also overhauled to follow a more closely prescribed template, allowing for faster copyediting and typesetting, but reducing the options for individual design variations suggested by a text's structure or historical context (for example, in the choice of text <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a>). Prior to 2002, the text page typography of each book in the Classics series had been overseen by a team of in-house designers; this department was drastically reduced in 2003 as part of the production costs. The in-house text design department still exists, albeit much smaller than formerly. Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series, designed by Claire Mason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelican_Books">Pelican Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pelican Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelican_book_covers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pelican_book_covers.jpg/400px-Pelican_book_covers.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pelican_book_covers.jpg/600px-Pelican_book_covers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c5/Pelican_book_covers.jpg/800px-Pelican_book_covers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3144" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>Four Pelican book covers, showing the gradual shift in the design. From left – 1937 (three bands), 1955 (grid), 1969 (illustrated), and 2007 (a "Penguin Celebrations" throwback edition)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lane expanded the business in 1937 with the publication of <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intelligent_Woman%27s_Guide_to_Socialism_and_Capitalism" title="The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism">The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism and Capitalism</a></i> under the <b><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a></b> imprint, an imprint designed to educate the reading public rather than entertain. Recognising his own limitations Lane appointed <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a> as the first commissioning editor of the series,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supported by an advisory panel consisting of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Chalmers_Mitchell" title="Peter Chalmers Mitchell">Peter Chalmers Mitchell</a>, H. L. Bales and <a href="/wiki/William_Emrys_Williams" title="William Emrys Williams">W. E. Williams</a>. Several thousand Pelicans were published over the next half-century and brought high quality accounts of the current state of knowledge in many fields, often written by authors of specialised academic books.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Pelican series, in decline for several years, was finally discontinued in 1984.) </p><p><i>Aircraft Recognition</i> (S82) by R. A. Saville-Sneath, was a bestseller. In 1940, the children's imprint <b><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Books" title="Puffin Books">Puffin Books</a></b> began with a series of non-fiction picture books; the first work of children's fiction published under the imprint was <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Euphan_Todd" title="Barbara Euphan Todd">Barbara Euphan Todd</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Worzel_Gummidge" title="Worzel Gummidge">Worzel Gummidge</a></i> the following year. Another series that began in wartime was the <i>Penguin Poets</i>: the first volume was a selection of <a href="/wiki/Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennyson">Tennyson</a>'s poems (D1) in 1941. Later examples are <i>The Penguin Book of Modern American Verse</i> (D22), 1954, and <i>The Penguin Book of Restoration Verse</i> (D108), 1968. J. M. Cohen's <i>Comic and Curious Verse</i> appeared in three volumes over a number of years. </p><p>Pelican Books was relaunched as a digital<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (July 2018)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> imprint in 2014, with four books published simultaneously on 1 May: <i>Economics: A User's Guide</i> by Ha-Joon Chang, <i>The Domesticated Brain</i> by the psychologist Bruce Hood, <i>Revolutionary Russia</i> by Orlando Figes and <i>Human Evolution</i> by the anthropologist Robin Dunbar.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penguin_Education">Penguin Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Penguin Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Education" title="Penguin Education">Penguin Education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PenguinEducation_Wikipedia-Covers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PenguinEducation_Wikipedia-Covers.jpg/220px-PenguinEducation_Wikipedia-Covers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PenguinEducation_Wikipedia-Covers.jpg/330px-PenguinEducation_Wikipedia-Covers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/PenguinEducation_Wikipedia-Covers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Covers of two Penguin Education titles</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1965 Penguin entered the field of educational publishing, Allen Lane's aim being to carry the radical and populist spirit of Pelicans into the schoolbook market. His final major initiative, the division was established as a separate publishing operation from Harmondsworth, and based in West Drayton in Middlesex. During its nine-year life it had a major impact on school books, breaking new ground in their concept and design and strongly influencing other publishers' lists. </p><p>Among the most successful and influential series were Voices and Junior Voices, Connexions, and the Penguin English Project. Alongside these and other series, the imprint continued another Penguin tradition by producing Education Specials, titles which focussed on often controversial topics within education and beyond. They included highly topical books such as <i>The Hornsey Affair</i> and <i>Warwick University Ltd</i>, reflecting the student unrest of the late 1960s and contributing to the intense national debate about the purpose of higher education. Other titles featured the radical and influential ideas about schooling propounded by writers and teachers from America and elsewhere. </p><p>Penguin Education also published an extensive range of Readers and introductory texts for students in higher education, notably in subjects such as psychology, economics, management, sociology and science, while for teachers it provided a series of key texts such as <i>Language, the Learner and the School</i> and <i>The Language of Primary School Children</i>. Following Allen Lane's death in 1970 and the takeover the same year by Pearson Longman, the division discontinued publishing school books and was closed in March 1974. More than 80 teachers, educational journalists and academics signed a letter to the Times Educational Supplement regretting the closure of the influential imprint.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penguin_Specials">Penguin Specials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Penguin Specials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1937, Penguin inaugurated a new series of short, polemical books under the rubric of <i>Penguin Specials</i> with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mowrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Mowrer">Edgar Mowrer</a>'s <i>Germany Puts the Clock Back</i>. Their purpose was to offer in-depth analysis of current affairs that would counter the perceived bias of the newspapers in addition to being the company's response to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Gollancz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Left_Book_Club" title="Left Book Club">Left Book Club</a>. Whereas the Left Book Club was avowedly pro-Soviet, Penguin and Lane expressed no political preference as their editorial policy, though the widespread belief was that the series was left-leaning since the editor was the communist <a href="/wiki/John_Lehmann" title="John Lehmann">John Lehmann</a> and its authors were, with a few exceptions,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men of the left. Speed of publication and delivery (a turnaround of weeks rather than months) were essential to the topicality and therefore success of the Specials, <a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Tabouis" class="mw-redirect" title="Genevieve Tabouis">Genevieve Tabouis</a>'s anti-appeasement tract <i>Blackmail or War</i> sold over 200,000 copies for example. However even this immediacy did not prevent them being overtaken by events: <a href="/wiki/Shiela_Grant_Duff" title="Shiela Grant Duff">Shiela Grant Duff</a>'s <i>Europe and the Czechs</i> only made it onto the bookstands on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich agreement">Munich agreement</a>, but nevertheless went on to be a bestseller. Thirty-five Penguin Specials were published before the outbreak of war, including two novels <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Hašek</a>'s <i>Good Soldier Schweik</i> and Bottome's <i>The Mortal Storm</i>; they collectively made a significant contribution to the public debate of the time, with many of the more controversial titles being the subject of leading articles in the press. </p><p>After a hiatus between 1945 and 1949, the <i>Penguin Specials</i> continued after the war under the editorship of first Tom Maschler, then after 1961 Tony Godwin. The first title in the revived series was <a href="/wiki/Willie_Gallacher_(politician)" title="Willie Gallacher (politician)">William Gallacher</a>'s <i>The Case for Communism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin initiated the "What's Wrong with Britain" series of Specials in the run up to the 1964 election, which constituted a platform for the New Left's brand of cultural analysis that characterised the leftist political radicalism of the 1960s. Indeed, Penguin Books contributed to the funds that set up <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hoggart" title="Richard Hoggart">Richard Hoggart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Stuart Hall</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Contemporary_Cultural_Studies" title="Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies">Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies</a> at Birmingham University in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brief period of revival for Penguin Specials in contributing to the national dialogue was not sustained after the departure of Godwin in 1967, and with the rise in television journalism the Specials series declined in significance through the 1970s and 1980s. The last Special was published in 1988 with Keith Thompson's <i>Under Siege: Racism and Violence in Britain Today</i>. </p><p>In December 2011, Penguin launched nine titles as 'Penguin Shorts'<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which featured the iconic tri-band covers. These books were novellas and short length works of fiction and/or memoirs. In 2012 they became known as Penguin Specials following an agreement with The Economist made in March of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These works focused on the kind of topical journalism that was a feature of the original Penguin Specials. Subsequent Penguin Specials released in 2012 and 2013 continued to include both fiction, including the publication of the works shortlisted for the Monash Undergraduate Prize 2012, and topical journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collected columns of cultural critics were also featured.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puffin">Puffin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Puffin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puffin_Books" title="Puffin Books">Puffin Books</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Noel_Carrington" title="Noel Carrington">Noel Carrington</a>, an editor at <i><a href="/wiki/Country_Life_(magazine)" title="Country Life (magazine)">Country Life</a></i> magazine, first approached Lane with the idea of publishing low-cost, illustrated non-fiction children's books in 1938. Inspired by the Editions Père Castor books drawn by <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Stepanovich_Rojankovsky" title="Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky">Rojan</a> and the technique of autolithography used in the poster art of the time, Carrington's suggestion for what was to become the <i>Puffin Picture Book</i> series was adopted by Penguin in 1940 when, as Lane saw it, evacuated city children would need books on farming and natural history to help adjust to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first four titles appeared in December 1940; <i>War on Land</i>, <i>War at Sea</i>, <i>War in the Air</i> and <i>On the Farm</i>, and a further nine the following year. Despite Lane's intention to publish twelve a year paper and staff shortages meant only thirteen were issued in the first two years of the series. The Picture Books' 120 titles resulted in 260 variants altogether, the last number 116 Paxton Chadwick's <i>Life Histories</i>, was issued <i>hors série</i> in 1996 by the Penguin Collector's Society. </p><p>Inexpensive paperback children's fiction did not exist at the time Penguin sought to expand their list into this new market. To this end <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Graham" title="Eleanor Graham">Eleanor Graham</a> was appointed in 1941 as the first editor of the <i>Puffin Story Books</i> series,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a venture made particularly difficult due to the resistance of publishers and librarians in releasing the rights of their children's books. The first five titles (<i><a href="/wiki/Worzel_Gummidge" title="Worzel Gummidge">Worzel Gummidge</a></i>, <i>Cornish Adventure</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louisa_Molesworth" title="Mary Louisa Molesworth">The Cuckoo Clock</a></i>, <i>Garram the Hunter</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Smoky_the_Cowhorse" title="Smoky the Cowhorse">Smokey</a>)</i> were published in the three horizontal stripes company livery of the rest of the Penguin output, a practice abandoned after the ninth volume when <a href="/wiki/Bleed_(printing)" title="Bleed (printing)">full-bleed</a> colour illustrated covers were introduced, a fact that heralded the much greater design freedom of the Puffin series over the rest of Penguin's books. </p><p>Graham retired in 1961 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Kaye_Webb" title="Kaye Webb">Kaye Webb</a> who presided over the department for 18 years in a period that saw greatly increased competition in the children's market as well as a greater sophistication in production and marketing. One innovation of Webb's was the creation of the Puffin Club in 1967 and its quarterly magazine <i>Puffin Post</i>, which at its height had 200,000 members. The Puffin authors' list added <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Arthur Ransome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> during Webb's editorship and saw the creation of the Peacock series of teenage fiction. </p><p>Tony Lacey took over Webb's editorial chair in 1979 at the invitation of Penguin managing director <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mayer" title="Peter Mayer">Peter Mayer</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Puffin was one of the few profitable divisions of the beleaguered company. In line with Mayer's policy of more aggressive commercialisation of the Penguin brand Lacey reduced the number of Puffin imprints, consolidated popular titles under the Puffin Classics rubric and inaugurated the successful interactive <a href="/wiki/Gamebook" title="Gamebook">gamebook</a> series <a href="/wiki/Fighting_Fantasy" title="Fighting Fantasy">Fighting Fantasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baines_2010,_p.147_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baines_2010,_p.147-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complementary to the Puffin Club the Puffin School Book Club, addressed specifically to schools and organisations, grew significantly in this period helping to confirm Puffin market position such that by 1983 one in three Penguin books sold was a Puffin.<sup id="cite_ref-Baines_2010,_p.147_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baines_2010,_p.147-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Buildings_of_England">The Buildings of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Buildings of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides" title="Pevsner Architectural Guides">Pevsner Architectural Guides</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> first proposed a series of volumes amounting to a county by county survey of the monuments of England in ten or more books to both the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> before the war, however for various reason his plan came to nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only through his involvement with Penguin that he was in a position to make a similar suggestion to Allen Lane and be accepted. Pevsner described the project of the Buildings of England as an attempt to fill the gap in English publishing for those multi-volume survey of national art familiar on the continent. In particular <a href="/wiki/Georg_Dehio" title="Georg Dehio">Georg Dehio</a>'s <i>Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmaler</i>, a topographical inventory of Germany's important historic buildings that was published in five volumes between 1905 and 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Pevsner's ambition for the series was to educate and inform the general public on the subtleties of English architectural history, the immediate commercial imperative was competition with the <a href="/wiki/Shell_Guides" title="Shell Guides">Shell Guides</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a> of which 13 had been published by 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Lane's agreement in 1945 Pevsner began work personally touring the county that was to be the subject of observation aided by notes drawn up by researchers. The first volume, <i>Cornwall</i>, appeared in 1951, and went on to produce 46 architectural guidebooks between then and 1974 of which he wrote 32 alone and ten with assistance. As early as 1954 the series was in commercial difficulty and required sponsorship to continue, a grant from the <a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Trust" title="Leverhulme Trust">Leverhulme Trust</a> amongst other sources<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> secured its completion. The series continued after Pevsner's death in 1983, financed in part by the Pevsner Books Trust and published by <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. </p><p>Pevsner's approach was of <i>Kunstgeschichte</i> quite distinct from the antiquarian interest of local and family history typical of English county histories. Consequently, there is little mention of monumental brasses, bells, tracery, the relationship of the building to the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor is there much discussion on building techniques, nor industrial architecture, nor on Art Deco buildings, omissions that his critics hold have led to those subjects undervaluation and neglect.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Pevsner's synoptic study brought rigorous architectural history to an appreciative mass audience, and in particular he enlarged the perception of the Victorian achievement in architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazine_publishing">Magazine publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Magazine publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wartime paper rationing, which had resulted in a generous allocation to Penguin, also forced the reduction in space for book reviews and advertising in the newspapers and was partly the cause of the folding of several <a href="/wiki/Literary_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary journal">literary journals</a>, consequently left a gap in the magazine market that Lane hoped to fill. In January 1941 the first issue of <i><a href="/wiki/New_Writing" title="New Writing">Penguin New Writing</a></i> appeared and instantly dominated the market with 80,000 copies sold compared to its closest rival, <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Connolly" title="Cyril Connolly">Cyril Connolly</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Horizon_(British_magazine)" title="Horizon (British magazine)">Horizon</a></i>, which mustered 3,500 sales in its first edition. <i>Penguin New Writing'</i>s editor <a href="/wiki/John_Lehmann" title="John Lehmann">John Lehmann</a> was instrumental in introducing the British public to such new writers as <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell" title="Lawrence Durrell">Lawrence Durrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> and James Michie. Yet despite popular and critical success further rationing and, after 1945 declining sales, led monthly publication to become quarterly until the journal finally closed in autumn 1950 after 40 issues. </p><p>Though <i>New Writing</i> was the most durable of Penguin's periodicals it wasn't the publisher's only foray into journalism with <i>Russian Review</i>, <i>Penguin Hansard</i> and <i>Transatlantic</i> begun during the war, and <i>Penguin Film Review</i>, <i>Penguin Music Magazine</i>, <i>New Biology</i> (1945–1960), <i>Penguin Parade</i>, <i>Penguin Science Survey</i> and <i>Penguin Science News</i> having brief runs after 1945. </p><p>As of the 2020s, the publication <i>The Happy Reader</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retails in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_Penguins">Popular Penguins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Popular Penguins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penguin's Australian subsidiary released the <b>Popular Penguins</b> series late in 2008. The series has its own website.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was intended to include 50 titles, many of which duplicate those on the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Celebrations" title="Penguin Celebrations">Penguin Celebrations</a> list but this was reduced to 49 titles as one of the 50, <i><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_or_Survival" title="Hegemony or Survival">Hegemony or Survival</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had to be withdrawn after its initial release as Penguin discovered they no longer held the rights to it. </p><p>Popular Penguins are presented as a return to Lane's original ethos – good books at affordable prices. They have been published with a cover price of A$9.95, less than half of the average price of a paperback novel in Australia at the time of release. </p><p>Popular Penguins are presented in a more "authentic" interpretation of the Penguin Grid than that of the Celebrations series. They are correct size, when compared to an original 'grid-era' Penguin, and they use <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>'s typefaces in a more or less exact match for <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold">Jan Tschichold</a>'s "tidying" of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Young" title="Edward Young">Edward Young</a>'s original three panel cover design. The covers are also printed on a card stock that mirrors the look and feel of 1940s and 50s Penguin covers. On the other hand, all of the Popular Penguins series are in Penguin Orange, and not colour-coded in the manner of the original designs and the "Celebrations" titles. </p><p>In July 2009, another 50 Popular Penguins were released onto the Australian and New Zealand markets.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further 10 titles written by New Zealand authors were released in March 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 75 titles were released in Australia in July 2010 to mark Penguin's 75th anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Penguin_Books">King Penguin Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: King Penguin Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>King Penguin Books was a series of pocket-sized <a href="/wiki/Monographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Monographs">monographs</a> published by Penguin Books between 1939 and 1959. They were in imitation of the Insel-Bücherei series published in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Insel_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Insel Verlag">Insel Verlag</a> from 1912 onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were pioneer volumes for Penguins in that they were their first volumes with hard covers and their first with colour printing.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The books originally combined a classic series of colour plates with an authoritative text. The first two volumes featured sixteen plates from <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a>'s <i>The Birds of Great Britain</i> (1873) with historical introduction and commentary on each plate by <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Barclay-Smith" title="Phyllis Barclay-Smith">Phyllis Barclay-Smith</a>, and sixteen plates from <a href="/wiki/Redout%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Redouté">Redouté</a>'s <i>Roses</i> (1817–24) with historical introduction and commentary by <a href="/wiki/John_Ramsbottom_(mycologist)" title="John Ramsbottom (mycologist)">John Ramsbottom</a>. The third volume began the alternative practice of colour plates from a variety of sources. </p><p>Some of the volumes, such as <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a>'s <i>Leaves of Southwell</i> (1945) or <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Jasper_Walter_Blunt" title="Wilfrid Jasper Walter Blunt">Wilfrid Blunt</a>'s <i>Tulipomania</i> (1950) were pioneering works of scholarship. Others such as <i>The Bayeux Tapestry</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Maclagan" title="Eric Maclagan">Eric Maclagan</a> (1943), <i>Ur : The First Phases</i> by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a> (1946) or <i>Russian Icons</i> (1947) by <a href="/wiki/David_Talbot_Rice" title="David Talbot Rice">David Talbot Rice</a> were distillations by experts of their own pioneering works. Some volumes by experts went into revised editions, such as <i>A Book of English Clocks</i> (1947 and 1950) by R. W. Symonds. </p><p>Elizabeth Senior edited the series until 1941, after which Nikolaus Pevsner took over and remained editor until the end of the series. The series ran to 76 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King Penguin imprint was briefly revived in 1981 for a series of contemporary works, chiefly fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelican_History_of_Art">Pelican History of Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pelican History of Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a> approached <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> in 1945 for a series of illustrated books that would match the success of the King Penguins. Pevsner recalled his response: "Allen said, 'You have done the King Penguins now and we are going on with them, but if you had your way, what else would you do?' I had my answer ready—and the answer was very formidable, because I outlined both <i>The Pelican History of Art</i> and <i>The Buildings of England</i> on the spot, each about 40 to 50 volumes. Allen said, 'Yes, we can do both,' and that was the end of the meeting."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pevsner's industry quickly bore fruit with the first contracts signed by 1946 for <a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">John Summerson</a>'s <i>Architecture in Britain</i>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a>'s <i>Art and Architecture in France</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Wittkower" title="Rudolf Wittkower">Rudolf Wittkower</a>'s <i>Italian art and architecture</i>, the first title <i>Painting in Britain, 1530–1790</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Waterhouse" title="Ellis Waterhouse">Ellis Waterhouse</a> was issued in 1953. By 1955, Pevsner produced a prospectus for the series announcing the publication of four new volumes and a plan for the rest of the series totalling 47 titles. The ambition of the series exceeded previously published multi-volume histories of art such as André Michel's <i>Histoire de l'art</i> (17 vols., 1905–28), the <i>Propyläen Kunstgeschichte</i> (25 vols., 1923–35). Forty-one volumes were published by the time Pevsner retired from editing in 1977. His work was continued by Judy Nairn (his editorial assistant on the <i>Buildings of England</i>) and the medievalist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lasko" title="Peter Lasko">Peter Lasko</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> acquired the series in 1992 when 45 titles had been completed; by 2004 they had published 21 volumes, mostly revisions of existing editions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New volumes continue to be produced in the 2010s, and new editions of older ones.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Penguin the series was a departure from their commercial mainstay of paperbacks as the histories of art were the first large format, illustrated hardback books they had produced.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their relatively high price they were a financial success, yet for Pevsner they were intended primarily as graduate level texts in what was, for the English speaking world, the newly emerging academic discipline of art history.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the series was criticised from within the academy for its evident biases. Many of its authors were German émigrés, consequently there was a methodological preference for the <i>kunstwissenschaft</i> practiced in Vienna and Berlin between the wars; a <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">formalism</a> that ignored the social context of art.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the weight given to some subjects seemed disproportionate to some critics, with seven of its 47 volumes dedicated to <a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">English art</a>, a "tributary of the main European current" as the <i><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlington Magazine">Burlington Magazine</a></i> observed.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the 1955 plan was never fully executed—the volumes on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">quattrocento</a> painting and <a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">cinquecento</a> sculpture were not written—the Pelican History remains one of the most comprehensive surveys of world art published.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penguin_on_Wheels">Penguin on Wheels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Penguin on Wheels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penguin on Wheels is a mobile bookstore launched by Penguin Books India in collaboration with Satabdi Mishra and Akshaya Rautaray.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_20th_Century" title="Great Books of the 20th Century">Great Books of the 20th Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Puffin_Story_Books" title="List of early Puffin Story Books">List of early Puffin Story Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Penguin_Classics" title="List of Penguin Classics">List of Penguin Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Penguin_Shakespeare" title="New Penguin Shakespeare">New Penguin Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_60s_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin 60s Classics">Penguin 60s Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books_Ltd._v._India_Book_Distributors_and_Others" title="Penguin Books Ltd. v. India Book Distributors and Others"><i>Penguin Books Ltd. v India Book Distributors and Others</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Collectors_Society" title="Penguin Collectors Society">Penguin Collectors Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Essentials" title="Penguin Essentials">Penguin Essentials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Modern_Poets" title="Penguin Modern Poets">Penguin Modern Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_poetry_anthologies" title="Penguin poetry anthologies">Penguin poetry anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Red_Classics" title="Penguin Red Classics">Penguin Red Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauchnitz_publishers" title="Tauchnitz publishers">Tauchnitz publishers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Press_Release-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Press_Release_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130704054221/http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/news/">"CEO Markus Dohle Announces Penguin Random House Global Leadership Team"</a>. <i>Penguin Random House</i>. 1 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/news/">the original</a> on 4 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Penguin+Random+House&rft.atitle=CEO+Markus+Dohle+Announces+Penguin+Random+House+Global+Leadership+Team&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fnews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beta_uk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beta_uk_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beta_uk_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00734421/filing-history">"PENGUIN RANDOM HOUSE LIMITED - Filing history (free information from Companies House)"</a>. <i>Find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk&rft.atitle=PENGUIN+RANDOM+HOUSE+LIMITED+-+Filing+history+%28free+information+from+Companies+House%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffind-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk%2Fcompany%2F00734421%2Ffiling-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen's brothers Richard and John were co-founders and shareholders, though Allen was the dominant figure in the company. John died in service in 1942, Richard sold his share to Allen before the company went public in 1961. The Penguin Companion, pp.80–81, Penguin Collectors' Society, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Company_history-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Company_history_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Company_history_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/history.html">"About Penguin – company history"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105152710/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/history.html">Archived</a> 5 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Penguin Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorence_Waters2010" class="citation web cs1">Florence Waters (26 August 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7966424/Penguins-pioneering-publisher-who-never-read-books.html">"Penguin's pioneering publisher – who never read books"</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7966424/Penguins-pioneering-publisher-who-never-read-books.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penguin%27s+pioneering+publisher+%E2%80%93+who+never+read+books&rft.pub=Daily+Telegraph&rft.date=2010-08-26&rft.au=Florence+Waters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftvandradio%2F7966424%2FPenguins-pioneering-publisher-who-never-read-books.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original size was the 'A' format of 111 x 181mm, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguincollectorssociety.org/faqs.php?faqID=4">"Why do the PCS Publications vary in size and format?"</a>. <i>penguincollectorssociety.org</i>. The Penguin Collectors Society, 2000-2024. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penguincollectorssociety.org&rft.atitle=Why+do+the+PCS+Publications+vary+in+size+and+format%3F&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguincollectorssociety.org%2Ffaqs.php%3FfaqID%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118160348/http://tcbh.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pdf_extract/4/1/25">Joicey, Nicholas (1993), "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c.1951", <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25–56</a>; and Ross McKibbin <i>Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951</i>, Oxford, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820672-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820672-0">0-19-820672-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Sweney <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/oct/29/penguin-random-house-book-publisher">"Penguin and Random House merger to create biggest book publisher ever seen"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 29 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penguin's many divisions are listed here <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/aboutpenguin_publishingstructure.html">"About Penguin: Publishing structure"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415014405/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/aboutpenguin_publishingstructure.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101140836/http://www.fictionmatters.com/2010/03/05/who-are-%E2%80%9Cthe-big-six%E2%80%9D/">"Who Are "The Big Six"?"</a>. <i>Fiction Matters</i>. 5 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fictionmatters.com/2010/03/05/who-are-%E2%80%9Cthe-big-six%E2%80%9D/">the original</a> on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fiction+Matters&rft.atitle=Who+Are+%22The+Big+Six%22%3F&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fictionmatters.com%2F2010%2F03%2F05%2Fwho-are-%25E2%2580%259Cthe-big-six%25E2%2580%259D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/index.html#question1">26. What is Penguin Books Limited's company registration number?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090711051613/http://www.penguin.co.uk/static/cs/uk/0/aboutus/index.html">Archived</a> 11 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Penguin Books. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Map-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Map_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster.gov.uk/maps/">"Maps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110905100803/http://www.westminster.gov.uk/maps/">Archived</a> 5 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. City of Westminster. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">First 30 books published, from Byrne, Donn (1936), Hangman's House. London: Penguin Books; (list of books 1–30 on back cover): <i>Ariel: a Shelley Romance</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms" title="A Farewell to Arms">A Farewell to Arms</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Poet%27s_Pub_(novel)" title="Poet's Pub (novel)">Poet's Pub</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Linklater" title="Eric Linklater">Eric Linklater</a>, <i>Madame Claire</i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Ertz" title="Susan Ertz">Susan Ertz</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unpleasantness_at_the_Bellona_Club" title="The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club">The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers" title="Dorothy L. Sayers">Dorothy L. Sayers</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_to_Earth_(novel)" title="Gone to Earth (novel)">Gone to Earth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Webb" title="Mary Webb">Mary Webb</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_(Mackenzie_novel)" title="Carnival (Mackenzie novel)">Carnival</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie" title="Compton Mackenzie">Compton Mackenzie</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.exeter.gov.uk/penguin-installs-book-vending-machine-in-exeter/">"Penguin installs book vending machine in Exeter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Exeter_City_Council" title="Exeter City Council">Exeter City Council</a></i>. 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exeter+City+Council&rft.atitle=Penguin+installs+book+vending+machine+in+Exeter&rft.date=2023-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.exeter.gov.uk%2Fpenguin-installs-book-vending-machine-in-exeter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morpurgo, 1979, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baines, <i>Penguin by Design</i>, p. 13. Albatross itself owed some credit to the English-language books published by <a href="/wiki/Tauchnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauchnitz">Tauchnitz</a> of Leipzig since the early 1840s. See also Wood, <i>Dignified Flippancy</i>, pp. 1–6. for a history of the paperback before Penguin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Penguin Special</i>, 2005, Ch. 5, para. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woolworthsmuseum.co.uk/stat-penguin.html">"The launch of Penguin Books and the role of F. W. Woolworth"</a>. <i>woolworthsmuseum.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=woolworthsmuseum.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+launch+of+Penguin+Books+and+the+role+of+F.+W.+Woolworth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woolworthsmuseum.co.uk%2Fstat-penguin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baines, <i>Penguin by Design</i>, 2005, p. 76; edited by Pevsner they were "designed to appeal to the general liking for keepsakes" (Susie Harries, <i>Nikolaus Pevsner: The Life</i>, p. 321), and modelled after the Insel-Verlag art books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-eunice-frost-1172443.html">"Obituary: Eunice Frost"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 18 August 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-eunice-frost-1172443.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Eunice+Frost&rft.date=1998-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fobituary-eunice-frost-1172443.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Penguin Special</i>, 2005, Ch. 11, para. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Penguin Special</i>, 2005, Ch.8, para 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Penguin Special</i>, 2005, Ch. 8, para. 8, quotes Orwell writing: "One phenomenon of the war has been the enormous sale of Penguin books, Pelican books, and other cheap titles, most of which would have been regarded as impossibly highbrow a few years back."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Penguin Special</i>, 2005, Ch. 8, para. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, <i>A Sort of Dignified Flippancy</i>, 1983, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Penguin Special</i>, 2005, Ch. 8, para. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood,_Dignified_Flippancy_1983,_p.23-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood,_Dignified_Flippancy_1983,_p.23_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood,_Dignified_Flippancy_1983,_p.23_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, <i>Dignified Flippancy</i>, 1983, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, <i>Penguin Special</i>, 2005, Ch. 21. para. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroe2004" class="citation web cs1">Munroe, Mary H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020151110/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Pearson.htm">"Pearson Timeline"</a>. <i>The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm">the original</a> on 20 October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Academic+Publishing+Industry%3A+A+Story+of+Merger+and+Acquisition&rft.atitle=Pearson+Timeline&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Munroe&rft.aufirst=Mary+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulib.niu.edu%2Fpublishers%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebookseller.com/news/john-hitchin-dies-88-1276813">"John Hitchin dies at 88"</a>. <i>The Bookseller</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bookseller&rft.atitle=John+Hitchin+dies+at+88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookseller.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-hitchin-dies-88-1276813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OU-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OU_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/michael-joseph-publishers">"Michael Joseph Publishers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+University&rft.atitle=Michael+Joseph+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.ac.uk%2Fresearchprojects%2Fmakingbritain%2Fcontent%2Fmichael-joseph-publishers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timeline.pearson.com/">"The Pearson Timeline"</a>. <i>Pearson PLC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pearson+PLC&rft.atitle=The+Pearson+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimeline.pearson.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcdowell-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mcdowell_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mcdowell_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcdowell1986" class="citation news cs1">Mcdowell, Edwin (1 October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/01/garden/penguin-agrees-to-buy-new-american-library.html">"Penguin Agrees to Buy New American Library"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Penguin+Agrees+to+Buy+New+American+Library&rft.date=1986-10-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Mcdowell&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F10%2F01%2Fgarden%2Fpenguin-agrees-to-buy-new-american-library.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/02/01/issue.html">"The New York Times: Sunday 1 February 1948"</a>. <i>timesmachine.nytimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=timesmachine.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times%3A+Sunday+1+February+1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1948%2F02%2F01%2Fissue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310202317/http://thepenguinblog.typepad.com/the_penguin_blog/2007/03/a_million_pengu.html">"A Million Penguins Go To Sleep"</a>. <i>Thepenguinblog.typepad.com</i>. 7 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thepenguinblog.typepad.com/the_penguin_blog/2007/03/a_million_pengu.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thepenguinblog.typepad.com&rft.atitle=A+Million+Penguins+Go+To+Sleep&rft.date=2007-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthepenguinblog.typepad.com%2Fthe_penguin_blog%2F2007%2F03%2Fa_million_pengu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguin.com/penguinhotline">"The Penguin Hotline – Penguin Books USA"</a>. <i>Penguin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penguin.com&rft.atitle=The+Penguin+Hotline+%E2%80%93+Penguin+Books+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.com%2Fpenguinhotline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebookseller.com/news/sir-allen-lane-honoured-penguin-orange-plaque-exeter-st-davids-railway-549666">"Sir Allen Lane honoured with orange plaque at Exeter railway station"</a>. <i>Thebookseller.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thebookseller.com&rft.atitle=Sir+Allen+Lane+honoured+with+orange+plaque+at+Exeter+railway+station&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebookseller.com%2Fnews%2Fsir-allen-lane-honoured-penguin-orange-plaque-exeter-st-davids-railway-549666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Penguin by Design</i>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bristol Penguin Archive, April 2009 Book of the Month <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/botmarchive/">University of Bristol.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527105002/http://www.bristol.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/botmarchive/">Archived</a> 27 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Carne-Ross, Kenner and Gould in <i>Arion</i> 7, 3, 1968, quoted in <i>Penguin in Print</i>, p. 63 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Penguin in Print</i>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Penguin in Print</i>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2003" class="citation web cs1">Caldwell, Christopher (7 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2079769">"Why English books are crummy. – Slate Magazine"</a>. <i>Slate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate.com&rft.atitle=Why+English+books+are+crummy.+%E2%80%93+Slate+Magazine&rft.date=2003-03-07&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2079769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/penguin-books">"Penguin Books | Making Britain"</a>. <i>Open.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Penguin+Books+%7C+Making+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.ac.uk%2Fresearchprojects%2Fmakingbritain%2Fcontent%2Fpenguin-books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Two random examples: (a) <a href="/wiki/Norman_Nicholson" title="Norman Nicholson">Nicholson, Norman</a>, ed. (1942), <i>An Anthology of Religious Verse; designed for the times</i> (Pelican Books; A96), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; (b) Parkes, Colin Murray (1975), <i>Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life</i>, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. The work had been published by <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_Institute_of_Human_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavistock Institute of Human Relations">Tavistock Publications</a> in 1975; in 1986 a second edition appeared: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-022645-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-022645-1">0-14-022645-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Laity" class="citation news cs1">Paul Laity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/apr/25/pelican-books-take-flight-relaunch">"Pelican books take flight again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pelican+books+take+flight+again&rft.au=Paul+Laity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fapr%2F25%2Fpelican-books-take-flight-relaunch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Times Education Supplement 1 March 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joad, <i>Ourselves and Germany</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225062832/http://booksandwriters.co.uk/writer/P/penguin-specials.asp">"List of Penguin Specials"</a>. <i>Booksandwriters.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksandwriters.co.uk/writer/P/penguin-specials.asp">the original</a> on 25 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Booksandwriters.co.uk&rft.atitle=List+of+Penguin+Specials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooksandwriters.co.uk%2Fwriter%2FP%2Fpenguin-specials.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. J. Moore-Gilbert, John Seed, <i>Cultural Revolution?: The Challenge of the Arts in the 1960s</i>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlison_Flood" class="citation news cs1">Alison Flood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/12/penguin-short-ebooks">"Penguin joins push for short ebooks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Penguin+joins+push+for+short+ebooks&rft.au=Alison+Flood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fdec%2F12%2Fpenguin-short-ebooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Greenslade" class="citation news cs1">Roy Greenslade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2012/feb/29/the-economist-penguin">"Penguin and The Economist form partnership"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Penguin+and+The+Economist+form+partnership&rft.au=Roy+Greenslade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fgreenslade%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F29%2Fthe-economist-penguin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Baddeley" class="citation news cs1">Anna Baddeley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/nov/18/ebooks-round-up-shorts-singles">"Ebooks round-up"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ebooks+round-up&rft.au=Anna+Baddeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Fnov%2F18%2Febooks-round-up-shorts-singles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Baddeley" class="citation news cs1">Anna Baddeley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/dec/01/short-ebooks-winter-roundup-hornby">"Short but sweet e-reads for winter"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Short+but+sweet+e-reads+for+winter&rft.au=Anna+Baddeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fdec%2F01%2Fshort-ebooks-winter-roundup-hornby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baines, <i>Puffin by Design</i>, 2005, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baines, <i>Puffin by Design</i>, 2005, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baines, <i>Puffin by Design</i>, 2010, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baines_2010,_p.147-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baines_2010,_p.147_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baines_2010,_p.147_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baines, <i>Puffin by Design</i>, 2010, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harries, <i>Pevsner</i>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harries, <i>Pevsner</i>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penguin published their own, unsuccessful, county motoring guides, edited by L. Russell Muirhead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baines, <i>Penguin by Design</i>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harries, <i>Pevsner</i>, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harries, <i>Pevsner</i>, p. 393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebookseller.com/news?12m-library-plan-westminster-gets-go-ahead_html=&page=1774">News | Page 1775 | The Bookseller</a>. Retrieved 3 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Bulie" title="Kåre Bulie">Kåre Bulie</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://klassekampen.no/utgave/2021-08-03/jakten-pa-glade-lesere">Bokhøsten er i gang. Men like sofistikert som britiske Penguins The Happy Reader er norske forlags markedsføring ennå ikke blitt</a> [The Fall season for books, has started. But as sophisticated as The Happy Reader— from Britain—has not yet occurred in the marketing of Norwegian publishers]. <a href="/wiki/Klassekampen" title="Klassekampen">Klassekampen</a>. Retrieved 3 August 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularpenguins.com.au/">"Popular Penguins"</a>. Popular Penguins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Penguins&rft.pub=Popular+Penguins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularpenguins.com.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbooktagger2008" class="citation web cs1">booktagger (18 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090914211817/http://blog.booktagger.com/2008/11/have-you-seen-penguin-classics-around-i.html">"Booktagger.com"</a>. <i>Blog.booktagger.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.booktagger.com/2008/11/have-you-seen-penguin-classics-around-i.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog.booktagger.com&rft.atitle=Booktagger.com&rft.date=2008-11-18&rft.au=booktagger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.booktagger.com%2F2008%2F11%2Fhave-you-seen-penguin-classics-around-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguin.co.nz/">"Penguin Books New Zealand"</a>. <i>Penguin.co.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penguin.co.nz&rft.atitle=Penguin+Books+New+Zealand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.nz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100525095757/http://www.penguin.co.nz/webfiles/PenguinGroupNZ/files/Popular_Penguins_NZ_series_pub_sheet_for_LO.pdf">"New Zealand Popular Penguins"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguin.co.nz/webfiles/PenguinGroupNZ/files/Popular_Penguins_NZ_series_pub_sheet_for_LO.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Popular+Penguins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguin.co.nz%2Fwebfiles%2FPenguinGroupNZ%2Ffiles%2FPopular_Penguins_NZ_series_pub_sheet_for_LO.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularpenguins.com.au/booklist75-printable.cfm">"List of 75 Popular Penguin titles for July 2010 release"</a>. Popularpenguins.com.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+75+Popular+Penguin+titles+for+July+2010+release&rft.pub=Popularpenguins.com.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularpenguins.com.au%2Fbooklist75-printable.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsHall1988" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Russell; Hall, David J (1988). <i>So Much Admired – Die Insel-Bucherei and the King Penguin Series</i>. Edinburgh: Salvia Books. p. not cited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Much+Admired+%E2%80%93+Die+Insel-Bucherei+and+the+King+Penguin+Series&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=not+cited&rft.pub=Salvia+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Hall%2C+David+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonigal" class="citation web cs1">McGonigal, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219100231/http://www.spingal.plus.com/penguins/pelicans_specials.html">"King Penguins – Nov 1939"</a>. <i>The Design</i>. Jim McGonigal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spingal.plus.com/penguins/pelicans_specials.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Design&rft.atitle=King+Penguins+%E2%80%93+Nov+1939&rft.aulast=McGonigal&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spingal.plus.com%2Fpenguins%2Fpelicans_specials.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more detailed information compare the German Wikipedia-site <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Penguin_Books" class="extiw" title="de:King Penguin Books">King Penguin Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fifty Penguin Years</i> (1985), Exhibition catalogue <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140085891" title="Special:BookSources/9780140085891">9780140085891</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Draper_(art_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Draper (art historian)">Peter Draper</a>, <i>Reassessing Nikolaus Pevsner</i>, 2004, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Draper, <i>Reassessing Nikolaus Pevsner</i>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/disciplines/pelican-history-art?sortby=published_desc">"Art and Architecture » Pelican History of Art | Yale University Press"</a>. <i>Yalebooks.yale.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yalebooks.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Art+and+Architecture+%C2%BB+Pelican+History+of+Art+%26%23124%3B+Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fdisciplines%2Fpelican-history-art%3Fsortby%3Dpublished_desc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though paperback issues were begun in 1966, designed by Gerald Cinamon <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/past-display-penguin-70-years/">"Penguin paperback cover designs".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harries, <i>Pevsner</i>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The point of view maintained at the Courtauld, for example: "After the war many older art historians took the view that the primary tasks of art history had already been accomplished, and that the time had come for summaries. This was the platform from which Pevsner launched his Pelican History of Art project, but it was not how the situation was perceived at the Institute." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courtauld.ac.uk/about/history.shtml">"A History of the Courtauld".</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harries, <i>Pevsner</i>, p. 566; <i>Burlington Magazine</i>, October 1953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Shearman" title="John Shearman">John Shearman</a> was commissioned early on for quattrocento painting, but though he did a large amount of work, he found he could not keep up with the torrent of new research, and never delivered his manuscript.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617002815/http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/10469741">"Beauty of life in books"</a>. <i>The Tribune Epaper</i>. 22 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.tribuneindia.com/c/10469741">the original</a> on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune+Epaper&rft.atitle=Beauty+of+life+in+books&rft.date=2016-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.tribuneindia.com%2Fc%2F10469741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Aynsley, J., Lloyd Jones, L. (1985), <i>Fifty Penguin Years</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-008589-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-008589-0">0-14-008589-0</a>.</li> <li>Baines, Phil (2007): <i>Penguin by Design: a Cover Story 1935–2005</i>. London: Allen Lane <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9839-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9839-3">0-7139-9839-3</a> (published to accompany the exhibition "Penguin by design" held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 8 June – 13 November 2005).</li> <li>Baines, Phil (2010): <i>Puffin by Design: 70 years of imagination 1940–2010</i>. London: Allen Lane.</li> <li><i>Penguin by Illustrators</i>.</li> <li>Cherry, B. (1983): <i>The Buildings of England: A short History and Bibliography</i>, Penguin Collectors Society, London.</li> <li>Cinamon, Gerald (1987): "Hans Schmoller, Typographer", <i>The Monotype Recorder</i> (New Series), 6 April 1987.</li> <li>Graham, Tim (2003): <i>Penguin in Print – a Bibliography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Collectors_Society" title="Penguin Collectors Society">Penguin Collectors Society</a>.</li> <li>Hall, David J., "King Penguins", in <i>The Private Library</i> Winter 1977, published by the <a href="/wiki/Private_Libraries_Association" title="Private Libraries Association">Private Libraries Association</a>.</li> <li>Hare, Steve (1995): <i>Penguin Portrait: Allen Lane and the Penguin Editors, 1935–1970</i>. London: Penguin Books.</li> <li>Joicey, Nicholas (1993): "A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c.1951", <i>Twentieth Century British History</i>, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 25–56.</li> <li>Kells, Stuart (2015): "Penguin and the Lane Brothers: The Untold Story of a Publishing Revolution", Black Inc., Melbourne, Australia.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnan2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Krishnan, Sairam (21 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/770738/how-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking">"How a young man from Calicut became the publisher who helped change British thinking"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=How+a+young+man+from+Calicut+became+the+publisher+who+helped+change+British+thinking&rft.date=2015-11-21&rft.aulast=Krishnan&rft.aufirst=Sairam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F770738%2Fhow-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APenguin+Books" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewis, Jeremy (2005): <i>Penguin Special: Life and Times of Allen Lane</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-91485-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-91485-1">0-670-91485-1</a>.</li> <li>Morpurgo, J. E. (1979): <i>Allen Lane: King Penguin</i>. London: Hutchinson.</li> <li>Edwards, R. (1997): <i>A Penguin Collector's Companion</i>, Penguin Collector's Society, London.</li> <li>Holland, S. (1993): <i>Mushroom Jungle: A History of Postwar Paperback Publishing</i>, Westbury.</li> <li>Pearson, J. (1996): <i>Penguins March On: Books for the Forces During World War II</i>, Penguin Collector's Society, London.</li> <li>Lane, A., Fowler, D. et al. (1960): Penguins Progress, 1935–1960, Harmondsworth.</li> <li>Rylance Rick. "Reading with a Mission: The Public Sphere of Penguin Books." <i>The Critical Quarterly</i> 47, no. 4 (2005): 48–66.</li> <li><i>Ten Years of Penguins: 1935–1945</i>, Harmondsworth.</li> <li>Williams, W. E. (1956): <i>The Penguin Story</i>, Harmondsworth.</li> <li>Wood, S. (1985): <i>A Sort of Dignified Flippancy</i>, Edinburgh University Library.</li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Williams, Richard THE FIRST THOUSAND PENGUINS SEE <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/bpc-11-penguin-1000">https://archive.org/details/bpc-11-penguin-1000</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penguin_Books&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Penguin_Books" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Official websites</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.com/">Penguin Books USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/">Penguin Books UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguinlivros.pt/">Penguin Books Portugal</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristol.ac.uk/library/special-collections/strengths/penguin/">Penguin Archive</a> University of Bristol Library Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bris.ac.uk/penguinarchiveproject/">Penguin Archive Project</a> University of Bristol</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksandwriters.co.uk/K/king-penguins.html">King Penguin Book Series</a> King Penguin Book Series</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinsciencefiction.org">The Art of Penguin Science Fiction</a> The history and cover art of science fiction published by Penguin Books from 1935 to the present day</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penguinfirsteditions.com">Penguin First Editions</a> Guide to the early (1935–1955) first editions published by Penguin Books</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coverbrowser.com/covers/penguin-books/15">Penguin book covers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313163310/http://penguincerisetravel.com/">Penguin Cerise Travel</a> Celebrating Penguin Books' early 'Travel and Adventure' series</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt096n97b6">Foley Collection—articles and extensive lists</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/4691018/History-of-Penguin-archive.html">History of the Penguin Archive</a> by Toby Clements, <i>The Telegraph</i>, 19 February 2009.</li> <li>Archival Material at</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/publishers/Penguin_Books">Penguin Books</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/publishers/Penguin">Penguin</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/publishers/Penguin_Books_Ltd">Penguin Books Ltd</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bertelsmann" title="Template:Bertelsmann"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bertelsmann" title="Template talk:Bertelsmann"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bertelsmann" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bertelsmann"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bertelsmann" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bertelsmann<br />Home Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arcadia Entertainment</li> <li>Aris Ekdotiki</li> <li>ClipArt Films</li> <li>Feelgood Entertainment</li> <li>Fiction Pictures</li> <li>JP Video Productions</li> <li>Libero Video</li> <li>Lucifier Video Enterprises</li> <li>Mascot Video</li> <li>Media Vista Film & Audio Distributors</li> <li>Panorama Audio Visual Systems S.A.</li> <li>Pissanos International</li> <li>Star Video</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="RTL_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RTL_Group" title="Template:RTL Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RTL_Group" title="Template talk:RTL Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RTL_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RTL Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="RTL_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RTL_Deutschland" title="RTL Deutschland">RTL Deutschland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_(German_TV_channel)" title="RTL (German TV channel)">RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/VOX_(German_TV_channel)" title="VOX (German TV channel)">VOX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Zwei" title="RTL Zwei">RTL Zwei</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/VOXup" class="mw-redirect" title="VOXup">VOXup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nitro_(German_TV_channel)" title="Nitro (German TV channel)">Nitro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL Up">RTL Up</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Super_RTL" title="Super RTL">Super RTL</a> <dl><dd>Toggolino</dd> <dd>Toggo</dd> <dd>RTL Super</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toggo_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Toggo Plus">Toggo Plus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/N-tv" title="N-tv">n-tv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Crime_(German_TV_channel)" title="RTL Crime (German TV channel)">RTL Crime</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Living" title="RTL Living">RTL Living</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Passion" title="RTL Passion">RTL Passion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geo_Television_(Germany)" title="Geo Television (Germany)">GEO Television</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Radio" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Radio" title="RTL Radio">RTL Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/104.6_RTL" title="104.6 RTL">104.6 RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenne_Bayern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenne Bayern (page does not exist)">Antenne Bayern</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenne_Niedersachsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenne Niedersachsen (page does not exist)">Antenne Niedersachsen</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref13_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref13-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radio_Hamburg" title="Radio Hamburg">Radio Hamburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref4_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_NRW&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio NRW (page does not exist)">Radio NRW</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref9_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref9-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=105%275_Spreeradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="105'5 Spreeradio (page does not exist)">105'5 Spreeradio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_21_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio 21 (Germany) (page does not exist)">Radio 21</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref10_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref10-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Regenbogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Regenbogen (page does not exist)">Radio Regenbogen</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref11_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref11-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BigFM" title="BigFM">BigFM</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref12a_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref12a-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitradio_RTL_Sachsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitradio RTL Sachsen (page does not exist)">Hitradio RTL Sachsen</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref12b_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref12b-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Brocken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Brocken (page does not exist)">Radio Brocken</a> (50%)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/89.0_RTL" title="89.0 RTL">89.0 RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenne_Th%C3%BCringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenne Thüringen (page does not exist)">Antenne Thüringen</a> (15%)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Ton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Ton (page does not exist)">Radio Ton</a> (2%)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Antenne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Antenne (page does not exist)">Rock Antenne</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref3_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsen_Funkpaket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sachsen Funkpaket (page does not exist)">Sachsen Funkpaket</a> (31.9%) <dl><dd>Radio Dresden</dd> <dd>Radio Leipzig</dd> <dd>Radio Chemnitz</dd> <dd>Radio Lausitz</dd> <dd>Radio Zwickau</dd> <dd>Radio Erzgebirge</dd> <dd>Vogtland Radio</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldie_95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldie 95 (page does not exist)">Oldie 95</a> (4.78%)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Top_40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Top 40 (page does not exist)">Radio Top 40</a> (15%)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="RTL_Publishing" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gruner_%2B_Jahr" title="Gruner + Jahr">RTL Publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_(magazine)" title="Brigitte (magazine)">Brigitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(German_magazine)" title="Capital (German magazine)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO_(magazine)" title="GEO (magazine)">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RTL_Nederland" title="RTL Nederland">RTL Nederland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_4" title="RTL 4">RTL 4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_5" title="RTL 5">RTL 5</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_7" title="RTL 7">RTL 7</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_8" title="RTL 8">RTL 8</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Z" title="RTL Z">RTL Z</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Crime_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="RTL Crime (Dutch TV channel)">RTL Crime</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Lounge" title="RTL Lounge">RTL Lounge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Telekids" title="RTL Telekids">RTL Telekids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Video on Demand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Videoland_(Netherlands)" title="Videoland (Netherlands)">Videoland</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_M6" title="Groupe M6">Groupe M6</a> <small>(48.6%)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dd><a href="/wiki/M6_(TV_channel)" title="M6 (TV channel)">M6</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W9_(TV_channel)" title="W9 (TV channel)">W9</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/6ter" title="6ter">6ter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Premi%C3%A8re" title="Paris Première">Paris Première</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9va" title="Téva">Téva</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rie_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Série Club">Série Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref5_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M6_Music" title="M6 Music">M6 Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gulli" title="Gulli">Gulli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiji">Tiji</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canal_J" title="Canal J">Canal J</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MCM_(TV_channel)" title="MCM (TV channel)">MCM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MCM_Top" title="MCM Top">MCM Top</a></dd> <dd>RFM TV</dd> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Radio" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_(French_radio)" title="RTL (French radio)">RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL2_(France)" title="RTL2 (France)">RTL2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fun_Radio_(France)" title="Fun Radio (France)">Fun Radio</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Catchup and Video on Demand</dt> <dd><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:M6+">M6+</a></dd></dl> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="International" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Gulli Girl</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiji">Tiji</a> (Russia)</dd> <dd>Gulli Africa</dd> <dd>Gulli Bil Arabi</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MCM_Pop" title="MCM Pop">MCM Pop</a></dd> <dd>M6 International</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RTL Luxembourg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_(Luxembourgian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL (Luxembourgian TV channel)">RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Zwee" title="RTL Zwee">RTL Zwee</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Radio" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>RTL Radio</dd> <dd>RTL Today Radio</dd> <dd>RTL LX</dd> <dd>RTL Gold</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Catchup</dt> <dd>RTL Play</dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RTL Magyarország</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_(Hungarian_TV_channel)" title="RTL (Hungarian TV channel)">RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_II_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL II (Hungary)">RTL II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cool_TV" title="Cool TV">Cool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Film%2B" title="Film+">Film+</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTL_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTL Gold (page does not exist)">RTL Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTL_H%C3%A1rom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTL Három (page does not exist)">RTL Három</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorozat%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorozat+ (page does not exist)">Sorozat+</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzsika_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzsika TV (page does not exist)">Muzsika TV</a></dd> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Catchup and Video on Demand</dt> <dd>RTL+</dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atresmedia" title="Atresmedia">Atresmedia</a> <small>(18.65%)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antena_3_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antena 3 (Spain)">Antena 3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LaSexta" title="LaSexta">laSexta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neox_(TV_channel)" title="Neox (TV channel)">Neox</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_(Spain_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (Spain TV channel)">Nova</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mega_(Spanish_television_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega (Spanish television channel)">Mega</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atreseries" title="Atreseries">Atreseries</a></dd> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Radio" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Onda_Cero" title="Onda Cero">Onda Cero</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Europa_FM_(Spain)" title="Europa FM (Spain)">Europa FM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melodia_FM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melodia FM (page does not exist)">Melodia FM</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Catchup</dt> <dd>Atresplayer</dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_(company)" title="Fremantle (company)">Fremantle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd>Dancing Ledge</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euston_Films" title="Euston Films">Euston Films</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euston_Films#Euston_North/Castlefield" title="Euston Films">Castlefield</a></dd> <dd>Hare and Tortoise</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thames_(production_company)" title="Thames (production company)">Thames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Talkback_(production_company)" title="Talkback (production company)">Talkback</a></dd> <dd>Naked</dd> <dd>Full Fat TV</dd> <dd>Label 1</dd> <dd>Man Alive</dd> <dd>Wild Blue Media</dd> <dl><dt>Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Element_Pictures" title="Element Pictures">Element Pictures</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>France</dt> <dd>Kwai</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Germany</dt> <dd>Grundy UFA</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/UFA_GmbH" title="UFA GmbH">UFA GmbH</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum Film AG">UFA Fiction</a></dd> <dd>UFA Show & Factual</dd> <dd>Teamworx</dd> <dd>Phoenix Film</dd> <dd>We Are Era</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Finland</dt> <dd>Grillifilms</dd> <dd>Moskito Television</dd> <dd>Production House Finland</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sweden</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Strix_(TV_production_company)" title="Strix (TV production company)">Strix</a></dd> <dd>Baluba</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Italy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lux_Vide" title="Lux Vide">Lux Vide</a></dd> <dd>The Apartment Pictures</dd> <dd>Wildside</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Denmark</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miso_Film" title="Miso Film">Miso Film</a></dd> <dd>Blu Productions</dd> <dd>Strong Productions</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Norway</dt> <dd>One Big Happy Family</dd> <dd>Rakett TV</dd> <dd>Monster</dd> <dd>Playroom</dd> <dd>Novemberfilm</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Strix_(TV_production_company)" title="Strix (TV production company)">Strix</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Australia" title="Fremantle Australia">Fremantle Australia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Productions" title="Eureka Productions">Eureka Productions</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>United States</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Original_Productions" title="Original Productions">Original Productions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Studio" title="Random House Studio">Random House Studio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Productions" title="Eureka Productions">Eureka USA</a></dd> <dd>The Immigrant</dd> <dd>Fabel</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt> <dd>Blue Circle</dd> <dd>Fiction Valley</dd> <dd>No Pictures Please</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Israel</dt> <dd>Abot Hameiri</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ABCDEF;text-align:left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref1-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Leonine_Holding" title="Leonine Holding">Leonine Holding</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group" title="Bauer Media Group">Bauer Media Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Burda_Media" title="Hubert Burda Media">Hubert Burda Media</a>.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Amperwelle Studio München Programmanbietergesellschaft, <a href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Axel Springer AG">Axel Springer AG</a>, Burda, Studio Gong, m.b.t. Mediengesellschaft der bayerischen Tageszeitungen für Kabelkommunikation, Medienpool and Radio Bavaria Rundfunkprogrammgesellschaft.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref13-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref13_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack, Studio Gong Niedersachsen and Brune-Rieck-Beteiligungs.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref4-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref4_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Axel Springer, Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Lühmanndruck Harburger Zeitungsgesellschaft and Morgenpost Verlag.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref9-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref9_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Pressefunk Nordrhein-Westfalen and <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a>.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref10-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref10_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Ffn_(radio_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ffn (radio channel)">Funk & Fernsehen Nordwestdeutschland</a>, Antenne Niedersachen and Niedersachsen Radio.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref11-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref11_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Mediengruppe Dr. Haas.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref12a-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref12a_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Rheinland-Pfälzische Rundfunk.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref12b-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref12b_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Broadcast Sachsen.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref5-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref5_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with <a href="/wiki/TF1_Group" title="TF1 Group">TF1 Group</a>.<br /></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin<br />Random House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Knopf Doubleday</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom!_Studios" title="Boom! Studios">Boom! Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_Publishing" title="Dell Publishing">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rey_Books" title="Del Rey Books">Del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Press">Dial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Spectra" title="Bantam Spectra">Spectra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villard_(imprint)" title="Villard (imprint)">Villard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Books" title="Broadway Books">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_Books" title="Harmony Books">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodale,_Inc." title="Rodale, Inc.">Rodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Speed_Press" title="Ten Speed Press">Ten Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson-Guptill" title="Watson-Guptill">Watson-Guptill</a></li></ul></li> <li>Children's <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beginner_Books" title="Beginner Books">Beginner Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Publishing" title="Western Publishing">Golden</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin</a> Adult</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Publishing" title="Avery Publishing">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutton Penguin">Dutton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_(publisher)" title="Sentinel (publisher)">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TarcherPerigee" title="TarcherPerigee">TarcherPerigee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berkley Publishing Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Books" title="Ace Books">Ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkley_Books" title="Berkley Books">Berkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jove_Books" title="Jove Books">Jove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_(publisher)" title="Plume (publisher)">Plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_Books" title="Roc Books">Roc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin</a> Young Readers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dial_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Press">Dial Young Readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Children%27s_Books" title="Dutton Children's Books">Dutton Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_Books" title="Firebird Books">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap" title="Grosset & Dunlap">Grosset & Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomel_Books" title="Philomel Books">Philomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Stern_Sloan" title="Price Stern Sloan">Price Stern Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Books" title="Puffin Books">Puffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Warne_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Warne & Co">Warne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_on_Tape_(company)" title="Books on Tape (company)">Books on Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Language" title="Living Language">Living Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playaway" title="Playaway">Playaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasquatch_Books" title="Sasquatch Books">Sasquatch Books</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ebury_Publishing" title="Ebury Publishing">Ebury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Books" title="BBC Books">BBC Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebury_Publishing" title="Ebury Publishing">Ebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rey_Books" title="Del Rey Books">Del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(imprint)" title="Rider (imprint)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Books" title="Virgin Books">Virgin Books</a> (90%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Allen_%26_Co." title="W. H. Allen & Co.">W. H. Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penguin General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penguin Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a></li> <li>Penguin Press <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a></li></ul></li> <li>PRH Children <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_Books" title="Ladybird Books">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Books" title="Puffin Books">Puffin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cornerstone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson (publisher)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">William Heinemann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transworld_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Transworld Publishers">Transworld</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Press" title="Bantam Press">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a></li></ul></li> <li>Associated publishers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andersen_Press" title="Andersen Press">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vintage Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvill_Secker" title="Harvill Secker">Harvill Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_Canada" title="Doubleday Canada">Doubleday Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart" title="McClelland & Stewart">McClelland & Stewart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gibson" title="Douglas Gibson">Douglas Gibson Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Books" title="Tundra Books">Tundra Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Canadian_Library" title="New Canadian Library">New Canadian Library</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanvalet" title="Blanvalet">Blanvalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cbj_(publisher)" title="Cbj (publisher)">cbj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldmann_(publisher)" title="Goldmann (publisher)">Goldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyne_Verlag" title="Heyne Verlag">Heyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchterhand_Literaturverlag" title="Luchterhand Literaturverlag">Luchterhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manesse_Verlag" title="Manesse Verlag">Manesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestel_Publishing" title="Prestel Publishing">Prestel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfaguara" title="Alfaguara">Alfaguara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_Bruguera" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial Bruguera">Bruguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ediciones_B" title="Ediciones B">Ediciones B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Santillana" title="Grupo Santillana">Santillana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companhia_das_Letras" title="Companhia das Letras">Companhia das Letras</a> (70%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Books" title="Alpha Books">Alpha</a></li></ul></li> <li>PRH Publisher Services</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliant_International_University" title="Alliant International University">Alliant International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvato" title="Arvato">Arvato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Brockhaus_AG" title="F. A. Brockhaus AG">Brockhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvato_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvato Entertainment">Arvato Entertainment</a> (Sonopress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (25%)</li> <li>Relias Learning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_Magazin" title="Manager Magazin">Manager Magazin</a> (24.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung" title="Sächsische Zeitung">Sächsische Zeitung</a> (60%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bertelsmann" title="Category:Bertelsmann">Category</a></li></ul> <div class="reflist"> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000112037941">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134443168">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128644-4">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1112961321">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85186269">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118779814">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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