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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Petrology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Petrology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Petrology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Petrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Geochemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_textures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_textures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Morphology and textures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_textures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subaerial_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subaerial_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Subaerial eruptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subaerial_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Columnar_basalt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columnar_basalt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1.1 Columnar basalt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columnar_basalt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Submarine_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Submarine_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Submarine eruptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Submarine_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pillow_basalts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pillow_basalts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2.1 Pillow basalts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pillow_basalts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_bodies_in_the_Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_bodies_in_the_Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Other bodies in the Solar System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_bodies_in_the_Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Moon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Moon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 The Moon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Moon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Venus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Mars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vesta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vesta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Vesta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vesta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Io" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Io"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Io </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Io-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alteration_of_basalt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alteration_of_basalt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Alteration of basalt </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alteration_of_basalt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Alteration of basalt subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Alteration_of_basalt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weathering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weathering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Weathering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weathering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metamorphism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamorphism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Metamorphism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamorphism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_on_basaltic_rocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_on_basaltic_rocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Life on basaltic rocks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_on_basaltic_rocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Basalt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AA" title="بازلت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بازلت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltu" title="Basaltu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Basaltu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="بازالت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بازالت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আগ্নেয়গিরিজাত শিলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগ্নেয়গিরিজাত শিলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A2n-b%C3%BA-g%C3%A2m" title="Hiân-bú-gâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiân-bú-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बेसाल्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बेसाल्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Базалт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Базалт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cedi%C4%8D" title="Čedič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čedič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Βασάλτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασάλτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalto" title="Bazalto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bazalto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="بازالت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازالت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalte" title="Basalte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Basalte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EB%AC%B4%EC%95%94" title="현무암 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현무암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF" title="Բազալտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազալտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बेसाल्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेसाल्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalto" title="Bazalto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bazalto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal" title="Basal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="בזלת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בזלת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბაზალტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაზალტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumawesi" title="Gumawesi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gumawesi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltes" title="Basaltes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Basaltes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalts" title="Bazalts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bazalts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaltas" title="Bazaltas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bazaltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Базалт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Базалт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalta" title="Bazalta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bazalta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ബസാൾട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബസാൾട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="असिताश्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="असिताश्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt_(gesteente)" title="Basalt (gesteente) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Basalt (gesteente)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बसाल्ट – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बसाल्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="玄武岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F" title="ਬਸਾਲਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਸਾਲਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltu" title="Basaltu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Basaltu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalti" title="Bazalti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bazalti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Базалт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Базалт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltti" title="Basaltti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Basaltti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="หินบะซอลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินบะซอลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Базалт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Базалт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazan" title="Bazan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bazan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玄武岩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="玄武岩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalts" title="Bazalts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bazalts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玄武岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43338#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Magnesium- and iron-rich extrusive igneous rock</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Basalt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Basalt (disambiguation)">Basalt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Basalt</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">Igneous rock</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:BasaltUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BasaltUSGOV.jpg/220px-BasaltUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/BasaltUSGOV.jpg/330px-BasaltUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/BasaltUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="261" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">amphibole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data">Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Basalt (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbæsɒlt, -ɔːlt, -əlt/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-cambridge-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-lexico-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bəˈsɔːlt, ˈbeɪsɔːlt/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MW-3">[3]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">aphanitic</a> (fine-grained) <a href="/wiki/Extrusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrusive">extrusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> formed from the rapid cooling of low-<a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> rich in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> lava) exposed at or very near the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_surface" title="Planetary surface">surface</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">rocky planet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moon</a>. More than 90% of all <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> on Earth is basalt. Rapid-cooling, fine-grained basalt is chemically equivalent to slow-cooling, coarse-grained <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>. The eruption of basalt lava is observed by geologists at about 20 volcanoes per year. Basalt is also an important rock type on other planetary bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. For example, the bulk of the plains of <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">Venus</a>, which cover ~80% of the surface, are basaltic; the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">lunar maria</a> are plains of flood-basaltic <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a>; and basalt is a common rock on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Molten basalt lava has a low viscosity due to its relatively low <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> content (between 45% and 52%), resulting in rapidly moving lava flows that can spread over great areas before cooling and solidifying. <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalts</a> are thick sequences of many such flows that can cover hundreds of thousands of square kilometres and constitute the most voluminous of all volcanic formations. Basaltic <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magmas</a> within Earth are thought to originate from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a>. The chemistry of basalts thus provides clues to processes deep in <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of Earth">Earth's interior</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_characteristics">Definition and characteristics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_qapf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basalt_qapf.jpg/220px-Basalt_qapf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basalt_qapf.jpg/330px-Basalt_qapf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basalt_qapf.jpg/440px-Basalt_qapf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF diagram</a> with basalt/andesite field highlighted in yellow. Basalt is distinguished from andesite by SiO2 < 52%.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAS-Diagramm-basalt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TAS-Diagramm-basalt.png/300px-TAS-Diagramm-basalt.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TAS-Diagramm-basalt.png/450px-TAS-Diagramm-basalt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TAS-Diagramm-basalt.png/600px-TAS-Diagramm-basalt.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Basalt is field B in the <a href="/wiki/TAS_classification" title="TAS classification">TAS classification</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VesicularBasalt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VesicularBasalt1.jpg/250px-VesicularBasalt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VesicularBasalt1.jpg/330px-VesicularBasalt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VesicularBasalt1.jpg/500px-VesicularBasalt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Vesicular basalt at <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Crater" title="Sunset Crater">Sunset Crater</a>, Arizona. <a href="/wiki/US_quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="US quarter">US quarter</a> (24mm) for scale.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_columns_in_yellowstone_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basalt_columns_in_yellowstone_2.jpg/220px-Basalt_columns_in_yellowstone_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basalt_columns_in_yellowstone_2.jpg/330px-Basalt_columns_in_yellowstone_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Basalt_columns_in_yellowstone_2.jpg/440px-Basalt_columns_in_yellowstone_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Columnar basalt flows in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, US</figcaption></figure> Basalt is composed mostly of oxides of silicon, iron, magnesium, potassium, aluminum, titanium, and calcium. <a href="/wiki/Geologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologists">Geologists</a> classify <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> by its mineral content whenever possible; the relative volume percentages of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> (crystalline <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> (SiO2)), <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">alkali feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/QAPF_diagram" title="QAPF diagram">QAPF</a>) are particularly important. An <a href="/wiki/Aphanitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanitic">aphanitic</a> (fine-grained) igneous rock is classified as basalt when its QAPF fraction is composed of less than 10% feldspathoid and less than 20% quartz, and plagioclase makes up at least 65% of its feldspar content. This places basalt in the basalt/andesite field of the QAPF diagram. Basalt is further distinguished from andesite by its silica content of under 52%.<a href="#cite_note-lebas-streckeisen-1991-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgs-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143-7">[7]</a> It is often not practical to determine the mineral composition of volcanic rocks, due to their very small grain size, in which case geologists instead classify the rocks chemically, with particular emphasis on the total content of alkali metal oxides and silica (<a href="/wiki/TAS_classification" title="TAS classification">TAS</a>); in that context, basalt is defined as volcanic rock with a content of between 45% and 52% silica and no more than 5% alkali metal oxides. This places basalt in the B field of the TAS diagram.<a href="#cite_note-lebas-streckeisen-1991-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-bgs-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143-7">[7]</a> Such a composition is described as <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Basalt is usually dark grey to black in colour, due to a high content of <a href="/wiki/Augite" title="Augite">augite</a> or other dark-coloured <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> minerals,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyndman1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199657-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin201063-11">[11]</a> but can exhibit a wide range of shading. Some basalts are quite light-coloured due to a high content of plagioclase; these are sometimes described as leucobasalts.<a href="#cite_note-wilson-1985-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-nozhkin-etal-2016-13">[13]</a> It can be difficult to distinguish between lighter-colored basalt and <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field researchers</a> commonly use a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rule_of_thumb" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:rule of thumb">rule of thumb</a> for this purpose, classifying it as basalt if it has a <a href="/wiki/Color_index_(geology)" title="Color index (geology)">color index</a> of 35 or greater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139-14">[14]</a> The physical properties of basalt result from its relatively low silica content and typically high iron and magnesium content.<a href="#cite_note-USGSGlossary-15">[15]</a> The average density of basalt is 2.9 g/cm3, compared, for example, to <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>’s typical density of 2.7 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200922-16">[16]</a> The viscosity of basaltic magma is relatively low—around 104 to 105 <a href="/wiki/Centipoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Centipoise">cP</a>—similar to the viscosity of <a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">ketchup</a>, but that is still several orders of magnitude higher than the viscosity of water, which is about 1 cP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200923–25-17">[17]</a> Basalt is often <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a>, containing larger crystals (<a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">phenocrysts</a>) that formed before the extrusion event that brought the magma to the surface, embedded in a finer-grained <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a>. These phenocrysts are usually made of augite, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, or a calcium-rich plagioclase,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199657-10">[10]</a> which have <a href="/wiki/Bowen%27s_reaction_series" title="Bowen's reaction series">the highest melting temperatures</a> of any of the <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> that can typically crystallize from the melt, and which are therefore the first to form solid crystals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinHurlbut1993558–560-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Basalt often contains <a href="/wiki/Vesicular_texture" title="Vesicular texture">vesicles</a>; they are formed when dissolved gases bubble out of the magma as it decompresses during its approach to the surface; the erupted lava then solidifies before the gases can escape. When vesicles make up a substantial fraction of the volume of the rock, the rock is described as <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199627,_42–44-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The term basalt is at times applied to shallow <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive rocks</a> with a composition typical of basalt, but rocks of this composition with a <a href="/wiki/Phaneritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaneritic">phaneritic</a> (coarser) groundmass are more properly referred to either as <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a> (also called dolerite) or—when they are more coarse-grained (having crystals over 2 mm across)—as <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>. Diabase and gabbro are thus the <a href="/wiki/Hypabyssal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypabyssal">hypabyssal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonic">plutonic</a> equivalents of basalt.<a href="#cite_note-bgs-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin201058–60-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szentgy%C3%B6rgyhegy03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Szentgy%C3%B6rgyhegy03.jpg/170px-Szentgy%C3%B6rgyhegy03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Szentgy%C3%B6rgyhegy03.jpg/255px-Szentgy%C3%B6rgyhegy03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Szentgy%C3%B6rgyhegy03.jpg/340px-Szentgy%C3%B6rgyhegy03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Columnar basalt at Szent György Hill, Hungary</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a>, and early <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eons</a> of Earth's history, the chemistry of erupted magmas was significantly different from what it is today, due to immature crustal and <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a> differentiation. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">ultramafic</a> volcanic rocks, with silica (SiO2) contents below 45% and high magnesium oxide (MgO) content, are usually classified as <a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">komatiites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009399–400-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The word "basalt" is ultimately derived from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> basaltes, a misspelling of Latin basanites "very <a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hard</a> stone", which was imported from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> βασανίτης (basanites), from βάσανος (basanos, "<a href="/wiki/Touchstone_(assaying_tool)" title="Touchstone (assaying tool)">touchstone</a>").<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The modern petrological term basalt, describing a particular composition of <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>-derived rock, became standard because of its use by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> in 1546, in his work <a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium" title="De Natura Fossilium">De Natura Fossilium</a>. Agricola applied the term "basalt" to the volcanic black rock beneath the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Dresden-Meissen" title="Bishop of Dresden-Meissen">Bishop of Meissen's</a> <a href="/wiki/Stolpen#Burg_Stolpen" title="Stolpen">Stolpen castle</a>, believing it to be the same as the "basaniten" described by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in AD 77 in <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Naturalis Historiae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Causeway23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Causeway23.jpg/220px-Causeway23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Causeway23.jpg/330px-Causeway23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Causeway23.jpg/440px-Causeway23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Large masses must cool slowly to form a polygonal joint pattern, as here at the <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a> in Northern Ireland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/250px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg/500px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Columns of basalt near <a href="/wiki/Bazaltove" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaltove">Bazaltove</a>, Ukraine</figcaption></figure> On Earth, most basalt is formed by <a href="/wiki/Decompression_melting" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression melting">decompression melting</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200916–17-27">[27]</a> The high pressure in the upper mantle (due to <a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">the weight of the overlying rock</a>) raises the melting point of mantle rock, so that almost all of the upper mantle is solid. However, mantle rock is <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> (the solid rock slowly deforms under high stress). When <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic forces</a> cause hot mantle rock to creep upwards, pressure on the ascending rock decreases, and this can lower its melting point enough for the rock to <a href="/wiki/Partial_melting" title="Partial melting">partially melt</a>, producing basaltic magma.<a href="#cite_note-green-ringwood-1969-28">[28]</a> Decompression melting can occur in a variety of tectonic settings, including in continental <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rift</a> zones, at <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>, above <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">geological hotspots</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996151–156,_191–195,_162–163,_200-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009236,_593–595-30">[30]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-arc basins">back-arc basins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Basalt also forms in <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zones">subduction zones</a>, where mantle rock rises into a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_wedge" title="Mantle wedge">mantle wedge</a> above the descending slab. The slab releases water vapor and other volatiles as it descends, which further lowers the melting point, further increasing the amount of decompression melting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern200222–24-32">[32]</a> Each tectonic setting produces basalt with its own distinctive characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009356–361-33">[33]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic basalt">Tholeiitic basalt</a>, which is relatively rich in <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and poor in <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009143–146-34">[34]</a> include most basalts of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> floor, most large <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic island">oceanic islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009365–370-35">[35]</a> and continental <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Basalt_Group" title="Columbia River Basalt Group">Columbia River Plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200952–59-36">[36]</a> <ul><li>High- and low-titanium basalt rocks, which are sometimes classified based on their <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> (Ti) content in High-Ti and Low-Ti varieties. High-Ti and Low-Ti basalt have been distinguished from each other in the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps" title="Paraná and Etendeka traps">Paraná and Etendeka traps</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emeishan_Traps" title="Emeishan Traps">Emeishan Traps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cugb-38">[38]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a> basalt (MORB) is a tholeiitic basalt that has almost exclusively erupted at ocean ridges; it is characteristically low in <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_element" title="Incompatible element">incompatible elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996156–158-39">[39]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyndman1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-9">[9]</a> Although all MORBs are chemically similar, geologists recognize that they vary significantly in how depleted they are in incompatible elements. When they are present in close proximity along mid-ocean ridges, that is seen as evidence for mantle inhomogeneity.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <ul><li>Enriched MORB (E-MORB) is defined as MORB that is relatively undepleted in incompatible elements. It was once thought to be mostly located in hot spots along mid-ocean ridges, such as Iceland, but it is now known to be located in many other places along those ridges.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Normal MORB (N-MORB) is defined as MORB that has an average amount of incompatible elements.</li> <li>D-MORB, depleted MORB, is defined as MORB that is highly depleted in incompatible elements.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a> is relatively rich in alkali metals. It is <a href="/wiki/Normative_mineralogy" title="Normative mineralogy">silica-undersaturated</a> and may contain <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009143–146-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">alkali feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">phlogopite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaersutite" title="Kaersutite">kaersutite</a>. Augite in alkali basalts is titanium-enriched augite; low-calcium pyroxenes are never present.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199675-42">[42]</a> They are characteristic of continental rifting and hotspot volcanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009368–370,_390–394-43">[43]</a></li> <li>High-alumina basalt has greater than 17% <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> (Al2O3) and is intermediate in composition between tholeiitic basalt and alkali basalt. Its relatively alumina-rich composition is based on rocks without phenocrysts of <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>. These represent the low-silica end of the <a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline_magma_series" title="Calc-alkaline magma series">calc-alkaline magma series</a> and are characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arcs</a> above subduction zones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009375–376-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a> is a high-<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> form of basalt that is erupted generally in <a href="/wiki/Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc basins</a>; it is distinguished by its low titanium content and trace-element composition.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_island_basalt" title="Ocean island basalt">Ocean island basalts</a> include both tholeiites and alkali basalts; the tholeiites predominate early in the eruptive history of the island. These basalts are characterized by elevated concentrations of incompatible elements, which suggests that their source mantle rock has produced little magma in the past (it is undepleted).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009368–370-46">[46]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrology">Petrology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photomicrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Photomicrograph">Photomicrograph</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">thin section</a> of basalt from <a href="/wiki/Bazaltove" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazaltove">Bazaltove</a>, Ukraine</figcaption></figure> The mineralogy of basalt is characterized by a preponderance of calcic plagioclase <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">Olivine</a> can also be a significant constituent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin201062-47">[47]</a> Accessory <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> present in relatively minor amounts include <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a> and iron-titanium oxides, such as <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulv%C3%B6spinel" title="Ulvöspinel">ulvöspinel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199675-42">[42]</a> Because of the presence of such <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> minerals, basalt can acquire strong <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetic</a> signatures as it cools, and <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetic</a> studies have made extensive use of basalt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2010185-48">[48]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic basalt">tholeiitic basalt</a>, pyroxene (<a href="/wiki/Augite" title="Augite">augite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopyroxene">orthopyroxene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pigeonite" title="Pigeonite">pigeonite</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>-rich plagioclase are common phenocryst minerals. Olivine may also be a phenocryst, and when present, may have rims of pigeonite. The <a href="/wiki/Groundmass" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundmass">groundmass</a> contains interstitial quartz or <a href="/wiki/Tridymite" title="Tridymite">tridymite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a>. Olivine tholeiitic basalt has augite and orthopyroxene or pigeonite with abundant olivine, but olivine may have rims of pyroxene and is unlikely to be present in the <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">groundmass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199675-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalts</a> typically have mineral assemblages that lack orthopyroxene but contain olivine. Feldspar phenocrysts typically are <a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">labradorite</a> to <a href="/wiki/Andesine" title="Andesine">andesine</a> in composition. Augite is rich in titanium compared to augite in tholeiitic basalt. Minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">alkali feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leucite" title="Leucite">leucite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepheline" title="Nepheline">nepheline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">sodalite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlogopite" title="Phlogopite">phlogopite</a> mica, and <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> may be present in the groundmass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199675-42">[42]</a> Basalt has high <a href="/wiki/Liquidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidus">liquidus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus (chemistry)">solidus</a> temperatures—values at the Earth's surface are near or above 1200 °C (liquidus)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcBirney1984366–367-49">[49]</a> and near or below 1000 °C (solidus); these values are higher than those of other common igneous rocks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009252-50">[50]</a> The majority of tholeiitic basalts are formed at approximately 50–100 km depth within the mantle. Many alkali basalts may be formed at greater depths, perhaps as deep as 150–200 km.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The origin of high-alumina basalt continues to be controversial, with disagreement over whether it is a <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">primary melt</a> or derived from other basalt types by fractionation.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>: 65  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</h3></div> Relative to most common igneous rocks, basalt compositions are rich in <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a> and low in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a> and the alkali oxides, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na2O</a> + <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">K2O</a>, consistent with their <a href="/wiki/TAS_classification" title="TAS classification">TAS classification</a>. Basalt contains more silica than <a href="/wiki/Picrobasalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrobasalt">picrobasalt</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">basanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">tephrites</a> but less than <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesite</a>. Basalt has a lower total content of alkali oxides than <a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">trachybasalt</a> and most basanites and tephrites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143-7">[7]</a> Basalt generally has a composition of 45–52 <a href="/wiki/Wt%25" class="mw-redirect" title="Wt%">wt%</a> SiO2, 2–5 wt% total alkalis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009139–143-7">[7]</a> 0.5–2.0 wt% <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">TiO2</a>, 5–14 wt% <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a> and 14 wt% or more <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">Al2O3</a>. Contents of CaO are commonly near 10 wt%, those of MgO commonly in the range 5 to 12 wt%.<a href="#cite_note-irvine-baragar-1971-54">[54]</a> High-alumina basalts have aluminium contents of 17–19 wt% Al2O3; <a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">boninites</a> have <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (MgO) contents of up to 15 percent. Rare <a href="/wiki/Feldspathoid" title="Feldspathoid">feldspathoid</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> rocks, akin to alkali basalts, may have Na2O + K2O contents of 12% or more.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvineBaragar1971-55">[55]</a> The abundances of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a> (REE) can be a useful diagnostic tool to help explain the history of mineral crystallisation as the melt cooled. In particular, the relative abundance of europium compared to the other REE is often markedly higher or lower, and called the <a href="/wiki/Europium_anomaly" title="Europium anomaly">europium anomaly</a>. It arises because Eu2+ can substitute for Ca2+ in plagioclase feldspar, unlike any of the other lanthanides, which tend to only form 3+ <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009359-56">[56]</a> Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) and their intrusive equivalents, gabbros, are the characteristic igneous rocks formed at mid-ocean ridges. They are tholeiitic basalts particularly low in total alkalis and in <a href="/wiki/Compatibility_(geochemistry)" title="Compatibility (geochemistry)">incompatible</a> trace elements, and they have relatively flat REE patterns normalized to mantle or <a href="/wiki/Chondrite" title="Chondrite">chondrite</a> values. In contrast, alkali basalts have normalized patterns highly enriched in the light REE, and with greater abundances of the REE and of other incompatible elements. Because MORB basalt is considered a key to understanding <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, its compositions have been much studied. Although MORB compositions are distinctive relative to average compositions of basalts erupted in other environments, they are not uniform. For instance, compositions change with position along the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, and the compositions also define different ranges in different ocean basins.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Mid-ocean ridge basalts have been subdivided into varieties such as normal (NMORB) and those slightly more enriched in incompatible elements (EMORB).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009312-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotope</a> ratios of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> in basalts have been much studied to learn about the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Earth's mantle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009Chapter_13-59">[59]</a> Isotopic ratios of <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>, such as 3<a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a>/4He, are also of great value: for instance, ratios for basalts range from 6 to 10 for mid-ocean ridge tholeiitic basalt (normalized to atmospheric values), but to 15–24 and more for ocean-island basalts thought to be derived from <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plumes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-class-goldstein-2005-60">[60]</a> Source rocks for the partial melts that produce basaltic magma probably include both <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">pyroxenite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sobolev-etal-2007-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology_and_textures">Morphology and textures</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20011005-0039_DAS_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/20011005-0039_DAS_large.jpg/220px-20011005-0039_DAS_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/20011005-0039_DAS_large.jpg/330px-20011005-0039_DAS_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/20011005-0039_DAS_large.jpg/440px-20011005-0039_DAS_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>An active basalt lava flow</figcaption></figure> The shape, structure and <a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">texture</a> of a basalt is diagnostic of how and where it erupted—for example, whether into the sea, in an explosive <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">cinder</a> eruption or as creeping <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81hoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāhoehoe">pāhoehoe</a> lava flows, the classic image of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> basalt eruptions.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subaerial_eruptions">Subaerial eruptions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subaerial_eruption" title="Subaerial eruption">Subaerial eruption</a></div> Basalt that erupts under open air (that is, <a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">subaerially</a>) forms three distinct types of lava or volcanic deposits: <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a>; <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> or cinder (<a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a>);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199627–28-63">[63]</a> and lava flows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199622–23-64">[64]</a> Basalt in the tops of subaerial lava flows and <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cones</a> will often be highly <a href="/wiki/Vesicular_texture" title="Vesicular texture">vesiculated</a>, imparting a lightweight "frothy" texture to the rock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199643–44-65">[65]</a> Basaltic cinders are often red, coloured by oxidized <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> from weathered iron-rich minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELillie200541-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lava#ʻAʻā" title="Lava">ʻAʻā</a> types of blocky cinder and breccia flows of thick, viscous basaltic <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> are common in Hawaiʻi. Pāhoehoe is a highly fluid, hot form of basalt which tends to form thin aprons of molten lava which fill up hollows and sometimes forms <a href="/wiki/Lava_lake" title="Lava lake">lava lakes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">Lava tubes</a> are common features of pāhoehoe eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199622–23-64">[64]</a> Basaltic <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic</a> rocks are less common than basaltic lava flows. Usually basalt is too hot and fluid to build up sufficient pressure to form explosive lava eruptions but occasionally this will happen by trapping of the lava within the volcanic throat and buildup of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">volcanic gases</a>. Hawaiʻi's <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> volcano erupted in this way in the 19th century, as did <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tarawera" title="Mount Tarawera">Mount Tarawera</a>, New Zealand in its violent 1886 eruption. <a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">Maar</a> volcanoes are typical of small basalt tuffs, formed by explosive eruption of basalt through the crust, forming an apron of mixed basalt and wall rock breccia and a fan of basalt tuff further out from the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003Chapter_12-67">[67]</a> Amygdaloidal structure is common in relict <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (geology)">vesicles</a> and beautifully <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystallized</a> species of <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> are frequently found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200964-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Columnar_basalt">Columnar basalt</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">Columnar jointing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_with_columnar_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places with columnar basalt">List of places with columnar basalt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg/220px-Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg/330px-Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg/440px-Causeway-code_poet-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a> in Northern Ireland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyabat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Boyabat.jpg/250px-Boyabat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Boyabat.jpg/330px-Boyabat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Boyabat.jpg/500px-Boyabat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Columnar <a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">jointed</a> basalt in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5986" data-file-height="3996" /></a><figcaption>Columnar basalt at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Stolbchaty" title="Cape Stolbchaty">Cape Stolbchaty</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> During the cooling of a thick lava flow, contractional <a href="/wiki/Joint_(geology)" title="Joint (geology)">joints</a> or fractures form.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> If a flow cools relatively rapidly, significant <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion#Contraction_effects_(negative_expansion)" title="Thermal expansion">contraction</a> forces build up. While a flow can shrink in the vertical dimension without fracturing, it cannot easily accommodate shrinking in the horizontal direction unless cracks form; the extensive fracture network that develops results in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Columnar_jointing" title="Columnar jointing">columns</a>. These structures, or <a href="/wiki/Basalt_prism" class="mw-redirect" title="Basalt prism">basalt prisms</a>, are predominantly hexagonal in cross-section, but polygons with three to twelve or more sides can be observed.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The size of the columns depends loosely on the rate of cooling; very rapid cooling may result in very small (<1 cm diameter) columns, while slow cooling is more likely to produce large columns.<a href="#cite_note-spry-1962-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Submarine_eruptions">Submarine eruptions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Submarine_eruption" title="Submarine eruption">Submarine eruption</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/220px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/330px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg/440px-Pillow_basalt_crop_l.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption>Pillow basalts on the Pacific seafloor</figcaption></figure> The character of submarine basalt eruptions is largely determined by depth of water, since increased pressure restricts the release of volatile gases and results in effusive eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-francis-72">[72]</a> It has been estimated that at depths greater than 500 metres (1,600 ft), explosive activity associated with basaltic magma is suppressed.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParfittParfittWilson2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-73">[73]</a> Above this depth, submarine eruptions are often explosive, tending to produce <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic rock</a> rather than basalt flows.<a href="#cite_note-head_and_wilson-74">[74]</a> These eruptions, described as Surtseyan, are characterised by large quantities of steam and gas and the creation of large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smithson-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pillow_basalts">Pillow basalts</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pillow_lava" title="Pillow lava">Pillow lava</a></div> When basalt erupts underwater or flows into the sea, contact with the water quenches the surface and the lava forms a distinctive pillow shape, through which the hot lava breaks to form another pillow. This "pillow" texture is very common in underwater basaltic flows and is diagnostic of an underwater eruption environment when found in ancient rocks. Pillows typically consist of a fine-grained core with a glassy crust and have radial jointing. The size of individual pillows varies from 10 cm up to several metres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200364-76">[76]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Pahoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoehoe">pāhoehoe</a> lava enters the sea it usually forms pillow basalts. However, when ʻaʻā enters the ocean it forms a <a href="/wiki/Littoral_cone" title="Littoral cone">littoral cone</a>, a small cone-shaped accumulation of tuffaceous debris formed when the blocky ʻaʻā lava enters the water and explodes from built-up steam.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonaldAbbottPeterson1983[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-77">[77]</a> The island of <a href="/wiki/Surtsey" title="Surtsey">Surtsey</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> is a basalt volcano which breached the ocean surface in 1963. The initial phase of Surtsey's eruption was highly explosive, as the magma was quite fluid, causing the rock to be blown apart by the boiling steam to form a tuff and cinder cone. This has subsequently moved to a typical pāhoehoe-type behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-kikelaar-durant-1983-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-moore-1985-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">Volcanic glass</a> may be present, particularly as rinds on rapidly chilled surfaces of lava flows, and is commonly (but not exclusively) associated with underwater eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199624–25-80">[80]</a> Pillow basalt is also produced by some <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_eruption" title="Subglacial eruption">subglacial</a> volcanic eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy199624–25-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth">Earth</h3></div> Basalt is the most common volcanic rock type on Earth, making up over 90% of all volcanic rock on the planet.<a href="#cite_note-UnivAuckland-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crustal</a> portions of <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a> are composed predominantly of basalt, produced from upwelling mantle below the <a href="/wiki/Ocean_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean ridge">ocean ridges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009366–368-82">[82]</a> Basalt is also the principal volcanic rock in many <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic island">oceanic islands</a>, including the islands of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009365–370-35">[35]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200391-83">[83]</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-upton-wadsworth-1965-84">[84]</a> The eruption of basalt lava is observed by geologists at about 20 volcanoes per year.<a href="#cite_note-Walker1993-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parana_traps.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parana_traps.JPG/220px-Parana_traps.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parana_traps.JPG/330px-Parana_traps.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Parana_traps.JPG/440px-Parana_traps.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Traps" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraná Traps">Paraná Traps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> Basalt is the rock most typical of <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous provinces</a>. These include <a href="/wiki/Continental_flood_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental flood basalt">continental flood basalts</a>, the most voluminous basalts found on land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200952–59-36">[36]</a> Examples of continental flood basalts included the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Traps" title="Deccan Traps">Deccan Traps</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_Group" title="Chilcotin Group">Chilcotin Group</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Traps" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraná Traps">Paraná Traps</a> in Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Traps" title="Siberian Traps">Siberian Traps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Karoo" title="Karoo">Karoo</a> <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalt</a> province in South Africa,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia River Plateau">Columbia River Plateau</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Basalt is also prevalent across extensive regions of the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Galilee_earthquake_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee earthquake of 1837">Galilee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bashan" title="Bashan">Bashan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Basalt also is common around volcanic arcs, specially those on thin <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009374–380-93">[93]</a> Ancient <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> basalts are usually only found in fold and thrust belts, and are often heavily metamorphosed. These are known as <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belt" title="Greenstone belt">greenstone belts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009398–399-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> because low-grade <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> of basalt produces <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinolite" title="Actinolite">actinolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidote" title="Epidote">epidote</a> and other green minerals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996366–367-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_bodies_in_the_Solar_System">Other bodies in the Solar System</h3></div> As well as forming large parts of the Earth's crust, basalt also occurs in other parts of the Solar System. Basalt commonly erupts on <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> (the third largest moon of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>),<a href="#cite_note-LopesGregg-97">[97]</a> and has also formed on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and the asteroid <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Moon">The Moon</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/220px-Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/330px-Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/440px-Lunar_Olivine_Basalt_15555_from_Apollo_15_in_National_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Lunar <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> basalt collected by <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> astronauts</figcaption></figure> The dark areas visible on Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">lunar maria</a>, are plains of <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basaltic</a> lava flows. These rocks were sampled both by the crewed American <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> and the robotic Russian <a href="/wiki/Luna_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna program">Luna program</a>, and are represented among the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_meteorite" title="Lunar meteorite">lunar meteorites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lucey-2006-98">[98]</a> Lunar basalts differ from their Earth counterparts principally in their high iron contents, which typically range from about 17 to 22 wt% FeO. They also possess a wide range of titanium concentrations (present in the mineral <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>),<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20151228-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> ranging from less than 1 wt% TiO2, to about 13 wt.%. Traditionally, lunar basalts have been classified according to their titanium content, with classes being named high-Ti, low-Ti, and very-low-Ti. Nevertheless, global geochemical maps of titanium obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementine mission">Clementine mission</a> demonstrate that the lunar maria possess a continuum of titanium concentrations, and that the highest concentrations are the least abundant.<a href="#cite_note-GiguereEtAl2000-101">[101]</a> Lunar basalts show exotic textures and mineralogy, particularly <a href="/wiki/Shock_metamorphism" title="Shock metamorphism">shock metamorphism</a>, lack of the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidation</a> typical of terrestrial basalts, and a complete lack of <a href="/wiki/Mineral_hydration" title="Mineral hydration">hydration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucey2006-102">[102]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Moon" title="Geology of the Moon">Moon</a>'s basalts erupted between about 3 and 3.5 billion years ago, but the oldest samples are 4.2 billion years old, and the youngest flows, based on the age dating method of <a href="/wiki/Crater_counting" title="Crater counting">crater counting</a>, are estimated to have erupted only 1.2 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-hiesinger-etal-200-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venus">Venus</h4></div> From 1972 to 1985, five <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">VEGA</a> landers successfully reached the surface of Venus and carried out geochemical measurements using X-ray fluorescence and gamma-ray analysis. These returned results consistent with the rock at the landing sites being basalts, including both tholeiitic and highly alkaline basalts. The landers are thought to have landed on plains whose radar signature is that of basaltic lava flows. These constitute about 80% of the surface of Venus. Some locations show high reflectivity consistent with unweathered basalt, indicating basaltic volcanism within the last 2.5 million years.<a href="#cite_note-gilmore-etal-2017-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mars">Mars</h4></div> Basalt is also a common rock on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, as determined by data sent back from the planet's surface,<a href="#cite_note-grotzinger-2013-105">[105]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Martian meteorites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vesta">Vesta</h4></div> Analysis of <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> images of Vesta suggests this <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> has a basaltic crust covered with a brecciated <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> derived from the crust.<a href="#cite_note-binzel-etal-1997-108">[108]</a> Evidence from Earth-based telescopes and the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn mission</a> suggest that Vesta is the source of the <a href="/wiki/HED_meteorite" title="HED meteorite">HED meteorites</a>, which have basaltic characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-mittlefehldt-2015-109">[109]</a> Vesta is the main contributor to the inventory of basaltic asteroids of the main Asteroid Belt.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Io">Io</h4></div> Lava flows represent a major volcanic terrain on <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keszthelyi2001-111">[111]</a> Analysis of the Voyager images led scientists to believe that these flows were composed mostly of various compounds of molten sulfur. However, subsequent Earth-based <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> studies and measurements from the Galileo spacecraft indicate that these flows are composed of basaltic lava with mafic to ultramafic compositions.<a href="#cite_note-Battaglia2019-112">[112]</a> This conclusion is based on temperature measurements of Io's "hotspots", or thermal-emission locations, which suggest temperatures of at least 1,300 K and some as high as 1,600 K.<a href="#cite_note-Keszthelyi2007-113">[113]</a> Initial estimates suggesting eruption temperatures approaching 2,000 K<a href="#cite_note-Mcewen1998b-114">[114]</a> have since proven to be overestimates because the wrong thermal models were used to model the temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Keszthelyi2007-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattaglia2019-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alteration_of_basalt">Alteration of basalt</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weathering">Weathering</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This rock wall shows dark veins of mobilized and precipitated iron within kaolinized basalt in Hungen, Vogelsberg area, Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg/220px-Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg/330px-Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg/440px-Absolute_iron_accumulation_in_kaolinized_basalt._C_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Kaolinized basalt near Hungen, Vogelsberg, Germany</figcaption></figure> Compared to granitic rocks exposed at the Earth's surface, basalt <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrops</a> weather relatively rapidly. This reflects their content of minerals that crystallized at higher temperatures and in an environment poorer in water vapor than granite. These minerals are less stable in the colder, wetter environment at the Earth's surface. The finer grain size of basalt and the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">volcanic glass</a> sometimes found between the grains also hasten weathering. The high iron content of basalt causes weathered surfaces in humid climates to accumulate a thick crust of <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> or other iron oxides and hydroxides, staining the rock a brown to rust-red colour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980254–257-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-mackin-1961-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-usgs-holyoke-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-anderson-1987-119">[119]</a> Because of the low potassium content of most basalts, weathering converts the basalt to calcium-rich <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montmorillonite" title="Montmorillonite">montmorillonite</a>) rather than potassium-rich clay (<a href="/wiki/Illite" title="Illite">illite</a>). Further weathering, particularly in tropical climates, converts the montmorillonite to <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">kaolinite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gibbsite" title="Gibbsite">gibbsite</a>. This produces the distinctive tropical <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980254–257-116">[116]</a> The ultimate weathering product is <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, the principal ore of aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980263–264-120">[120]</a> Chemical weathering also releases readily water-soluble cations such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, which give basaltic areas a strong <a href="/wiki/Buffer_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer capacity">buffer capacity</a> against <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidification" title="Soil acidification">acidification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gillman-etal-2002-121">[121]</a> Calcium released by basalts binds <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a> from the atmosphere forming <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">CaCO3</a> acting thus as a CO2 trap.<a href="#cite_note-mcgrail-etal-2006-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamorphism">Metamorphism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archean_Greenstone_Pillow_Lava_in_Michigan_USA_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Archean_Greenstone_Pillow_Lava_in_Michigan_USA_3.jpg/220px-Archean_Greenstone_Pillow_Lava_in_Michigan_USA_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Archean_Greenstone_Pillow_Lava_in_Michigan_USA_3.jpg/330px-Archean_Greenstone_Pillow_Lava_in_Michigan_USA_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Archean_Greenstone_Pillow_Lava_in_Michigan_USA_3.jpg/440px-Archean_Greenstone_Pillow_Lava_in_Michigan_USA_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Metamorphosed basalt from an <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_belt" title="Greenstone belt">greenstone belt</a> in Michigan, US. The minerals that gave the original basalt its black colour have been metamorphosed into green minerals.</figcaption></figure> Intense heat or great pressure transforms basalt into its <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> equivalents. Depending on the temperature and pressure of metamorphism, these may include <a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">greenschist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">eclogite</a>. Basalts are important rocks within metamorphic regions because they can provide vital information on the conditions of <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> that have affected the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattTracy1996chapter_22-123">[123]</a> Metamorphosed basalts are important hosts for a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>, including deposits of gold, copper and <a href="/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit" title="Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit">volcanogenic massive sulfides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_on_basaltic_rocks">Life on basaltic rocks</h2></div> The common corrosion features of underwater volcanic basalt suggest that microbial activity may play a significant role in the chemical exchange between basaltic rocks and seawater. The significant amounts of reduced iron, Fe(II), and manganese, Mn(II), present in basaltic rocks provide potential energy sources for <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. Some Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria cultured from iron-sulfide surfaces are also able to grow with basaltic rock as a source of Fe(II).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Fe- and Mn- oxidizing bacteria have been cultured from weathered submarine basalts of <a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BBehuakanaloa_Seamount" title="Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount">Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount</a> (formerly Loihi).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The impact of bacteria on altering the chemical composition of basaltic glass (and thus, the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a>) and seawater suggest that these interactions may lead to an application of <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vents" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal vents">hydrothermal vents</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of life">origin of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-martin-etal-2008-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1050763_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_face_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/P1050763_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_face_rwk.JPG/220px-P1050763_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_face_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/P1050763_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_face_rwk.JPG/330px-P1050763_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_face_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/P1050763_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_face_rwk.JPG/440px-P1050763_Louvre_code_Hammurabi_face_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> was engraved on a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2.25 m (7 ft 4+1⁄2 in) tall basalt <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> in around 1750 BC.</figcaption></figure> Basalt is used in construction (e.g. as building blocks or in the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">groundwork</a>),<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> making <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestones</a> (from columnar basalt)<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> and in making <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Heating and <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extruding</a> basalt yields <a href="/wiki/Stone_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone wool">stone wool</a>, which has potential to be an excellent <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a> in basalt has been studied as a means of removing carbon dioxide, produced by human industrialization, from the atmosphere. Underwater basalt deposits, scattered in seas around the globe, have the added benefit of the water serving as a barrier to the re-release of CO2 into the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fan_structure" title="Basalt fan structure">Basalt fan structure</a> – Rock formation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt fiber</a> – Structural fibres spun from melted basalt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimodal_volcanism" title="Bimodal volcanism">Bimodal volcanism</a> – Eruption of both mafic and felsic lavas from a single volcanic centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonism" title="Plutonism">Plutonism</a> – Geological theory that Earth's igneous rocks formed by solidification of molten material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybaric_melting" title="Polybaric melting">Polybaric melting</a> – A mode of origin of basaltic magma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a> – Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilite" title="Spilite">Spilite</a> – Fine-grained igneous rock, resulting from alteration of oceanic basalt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideromelane" title="Sideromelane">Sideromelane</a> – Vitreous basaltic volcanic glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcano</a> – Rupture in a planet's crust where material escapes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/28px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-1"><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/basalt">"basalt"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=basalt&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbasalt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexico-2"><a href="#cite_ref-lexico_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203123653/https://www.lexico.com/definition/basalt">"basalt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-57452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-57452-1"><bdi>978-0-471-57452-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+mineralogy+%3A+%28after+James+D.+Dana%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=21st&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-471-57452-1&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.au=Hurlbut%2C+Cornelius+S.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevin2010" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Harold L. (2010). The earth through time (9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38774-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-38774-0"><bdi>978-0-470-38774-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earth+through+time&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-38774-0&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLillie2005" class="citation book cs1">Lillie, Robert J. (2005). Parks and plates : the geology of our national parks, monuments, and seashores (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92407-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-92407-7"><bdi>978-0-393-92407-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parks+and+plates+%3A+the+geology+of+our+national+parks%2C+monuments%2C+and+seashores&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-92407-7&rft.aulast=Lillie&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacdonaldAbbottPeterson1983" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Gordon A.; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, Frank L. (1983). Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii (2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0832-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0832-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-0832-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+in+the+sea+%3A+the+geology+of+Hawaii&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0832-7&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Agatin+T.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Frank+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcBirney1984" class="citation book cs1">McBirney, Alexander R. (1984). Igneous petrology. San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857810-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857810-9"><bdi>978-0-19-857810-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igneous+petrology&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Freeman%2C+Cooper&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857810-9&rft.aulast=McBirney&rft.aufirst=Alexander+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParfittParfittWilson2008" class="citation book cs1">Parfitt, Elisabeth Ann; Parfitt, Liz; Wilson, Lionel (2008). Fundamentals of Physical Volcanology. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05443-5"><bdi>978-0-632-05443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physical+Volcanology&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-632-05443-5&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth+Ann&rft.au=Parfitt%2C+Liz&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilpottsAgue2009" class="citation book cs1">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009). Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88006-0"><bdi>978-0-521-88006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88006-0&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmincke2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (2003). Volcanism. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-43650-8"><bdi>978-3-540-43650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanism&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-540-43650-8&rft.aulast=Schmincke&rft.aufirst=Hans-Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Francis, Peter; Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). Volcanoes (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925469-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925469-9"><bdi>978-0-19-925469-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925469-9&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Gill, Robin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Igneous_Rocks_and_Processes_A_Practical_Guide_by_R_Gill">Igneous rocks and processes: a practical guide</a>. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3065-6"><bdi>978-1-4443-3065-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igneous+rocks+and+processes%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3065-6&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIgneous_Rocks_and_Processes_A_Practical_Guide_by_R_Gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Hall, Anthony (1996). Igneous petrology. Harlow: Longman Scientific & Technical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-23080-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-23080-4"><bdi>978-0-582-23080-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igneous+petrology&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Longman+Scientific+%26+Technical&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-582-23080-4&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Siegesmund, Siegfried; Snethlage, Rolf, eds. (2013). Stone in architecture properties, durability (3rd ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-10070-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-662-10070-7"><bdi>978-3-662-10070-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stone+in+architecture+properties%2C+durability&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-662-10070-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Young, Davis A. (2003). Mind over magma : the story of igneous petrology. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10279-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10279-5"><bdi>978-0-691-10279-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+over+magma+%3A+the+story+of+igneous+petrology&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10279-5&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Davis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasalt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224191248/http://geographyinaction.co.uk//Geology%20files/Basalt.html">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913025149/http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/lava_water.html">Lava–water interface</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820010048/http://www.petdb.org/">PetDB, the Petrological Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607121825/http://www.union.edu/PUBLIC/GEODEPT/COURSES/petrology/moon_rocks/">Petrology of Lunar Rocks and Mare Basalts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916123604/http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/PillowLava.php">Pillow lava USGS</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_igneous_rocks_classified_by_silicon_dioxide_content79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Igneous_rocks" title="Template talk:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_igneous_rocks_classified_by_silicon_dioxide_content79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> classified by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> content</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Type</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">Ultramafic</a> <45% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a> 45–52% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a> 52–63% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a>–<a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> 63–69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a> >69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO2</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">Subvolcanic rocks</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">Plutonic rocks</a>: </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a> <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basalt</a> <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase (Dolerite)</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a> <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Microdiorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a> <a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Microgranodiorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Microgranite</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_basalts252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basalt" title="Template:Basalt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basalt" title="Template talk:Basalt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basalt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basalt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_basalts252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">basalts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basalts by tectonic setting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_island_basalt" title="Ocean island basalt">Ocean island basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc basalt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basalts by form and flow</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columnar_basalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnar basalt">Columnar basalt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Pillow_basalts">Pillow basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava#.CA.BBA.CA.BB.C4.81" title="Lava">Aa lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoehoe">Pahoehoe lava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basalts by chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic_magma_series" title="Tholeiitic magma series">Tholeiitic basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calc-alkaline_magma_series" title="Calc-alkaline magma series">Calc-alkaline basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important minerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">Olivine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">Pyroxene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">Plagioclase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibole" title="Amphibole">Amphibole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">Magnetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">Ilmenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">Cristobalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridymite" title="Tridymite">Tridymite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/15px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/23px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/30px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volcanoes521" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volcanoes" title="Template:Volcanoes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volcanoes" title="Template talk:Volcanoes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanoes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanoes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volcanoes521" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">Complex volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoexplosion" title="Cryptoexplosion">Cryptovolcanic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">Fissure vent</a></li> <li>Lava cone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">Mud volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">Parasitic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic cone">Pyroclastic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield" title="Pyroclastic shield">Pyroclastic shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somma_volcano" title="Somma volcano">Somma volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tossol" title="Tossol">Tossol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">Volcanic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_tremor" title="Harmonic tremor">Harmonic tremor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/90px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/135px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/180px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">Agglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">Basaltic andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Cinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">Lapilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucitite" title="Leucitite">Leucitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_fall" title="Pyroclastic fall">Pyroclastic fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_volcanoes" title="Lists of volcanoes">Lists of volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">Eruptions by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">Volcanic belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">Volcanic field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field" title="Polygenetic volcanic field">polygenetic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" title="Category:Volcanoes">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volcanoes">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Volcanoes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Volcanoes">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43338#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1694" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43338#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1694" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43338#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004612-6">Germany</a></li><li><a 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href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=38836">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basalt&oldid=1261231258">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basalt&oldid=1261231258</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Basalt" title="Category:Basalt">Basalt</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-dd5c8cc7b-62kt6","wgBackendResponseTime":315,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.676","walltime":"2.030","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14905,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":314456,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10760,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":441519,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1710.124 1 -total"," 31.17% 533.040 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.01% 290.894 55 Template:Cite_journal"," 16.71% 285.820 68 Template:Sfn"," 7.44% 127.279 5 Template:Lang"," 6.94% 118.644 24 Template:Cite_book"," 4.58% 78.242 6 Template:Pn"," 4.33% 74.060 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.93% 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