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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operational history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operational history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ki-61_Special_Attack_Unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ki-61_Special_Attack_Unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ki-61 Special Attack Unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ki-61_Special_Attack_Unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ki-61_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ki-61_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ki-61 units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ki-61_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surviving aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(Ki-61-I-KAIc)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(Ki-61-I-KAIc)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specifications (Ki-61-I-KAIc)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(Ki-61-I-KAIc)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%DB%B3" title="جنگنده گونه ۳ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگنده گونه ۳" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%EC%8B%9D_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC%EA%B8%B0" title="3식 전투기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="3식 전투기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%A6%E9%97%98%E6%A9%9F" title="三式戦闘機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三式戦闘機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4-61" title="คาวาซากิ คิ-61 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาวาซากิ คิ-61" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kawasaki Ki-61" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%BC%8F%E6%88%B0%E9%AC%A5%E6%A9%9F" title="三式戰鬥機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三式戰鬥機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">WWII Japanese fighter aircraft</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ki-61 <i>Hien</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawasaki_Ki-61-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kawasaki_Ki-61-14.jpg/300px-Kawasaki_Ki-61-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kawasaki_Ki-61-14.jpg/450px-Kawasaki_Ki-61-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kawasaki_Ki-61-14.jpg/600px-Kawasaki_Ki-61-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter aircraft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Aerospace_Company" title="Kawasaki Aerospace Company">Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Air Force">Chinese Nationalist Air Force</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force" title="Indonesian Air Force">Indonesian Air Force</a> (IPSF)</li><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a></li></ul></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">3,078<sup id="cite_ref-Francillon,_1979,_p._120_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon,_1979,_p._120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-60" title="Kawasaki Ki-60">Kawasaki Ki-60</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-100" title="Kawasaki Ki-100">Kawasaki Ki-100</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_with_drop_tank.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_with_drop_tank.jpeg/220px-Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_with_drop_tank.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_with_drop_tank.jpeg/330px-Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_with_drop_tank.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_with_drop_tank.jpeg/440px-Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_with_drop_tank.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Kawasaki Ki-61 <i>Hien</i> with drop tank</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Kawasaki Ki-61 <i>Hien</i></b> (飛燕, "flying <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallow</a>") is a Japanese World War II <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a>. Used by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a>, it was designated the "Army Type 3 Fighter" (三式戦闘機).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allied intelligence initially believed Ki-61s were <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109s</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Macchi_C.202" class="mw-redirect" title="Macchi C.202">an Italian Macchi C.202</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" title="World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft">Allied reporting name</a> of "<b>Tony</b>", assigned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">United States War Department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethell1995p82_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethell1995p82-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design originated as a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-60" title="Kawasaki Ki-60">Kawasaki Ki-60</a>, which never entered production. The Ki-61 became the only mass-produced Japanese fighter of the war to use a liquid-cooled inverted <a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V engine</a>. Over 3,000 Ki-61s were produced. Initial prototypes saw action over Yokohama during the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a> on 18 April 1942, and continued to fly combat missions throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bueschel_1971_7_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bueschel_1971_7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bueschel_1971_6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bueschel_1971_6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ki-61 was designed by <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Doi_(aircraft_designer)" title="Takeo Doi (aircraft designer)">Takeo Doi</a> and his deputy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin_Owada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin Owada (page does not exist)">Shin Owada</a> in response to a late 1939 tender by the <i>Koku Hombu</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for two fighters, each to be built around the <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_601" title="Daimler-Benz DB 601">Daimler-Benz DB 601</a>Aa. Production aircraft would use a Kawasaki licensed DB 601, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ha-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki Ha-40">Ha-40</a></i>, which was to be manufactured at its <a href="/wiki/Akashi,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Akashi, Hyōgo">Akashi</a> plant. The <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-60" title="Kawasaki Ki-60">Ki-60</a> was to be a heavily armed specialised <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor</a>, with a high <a href="/wiki/Wing_loading" title="Wing loading">wing loading</a>; <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ki-61 was to be a more lightly loaded and armed general-purpose fighter, intended to be used mainly in an offensive, <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> role at low to medium altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both single-seat, single-engine fighters used the same basic construction: all-metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with semi-<a href="/wiki/Monocoque#Aircraft" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselages</a> and three-<a href="/wiki/Spar_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spar (aviation)">spar</a> wings, with alloy-framed, fabric-covered <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevator (aircraft)">elevators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudders</a>. Priority was given to the Ki-60, which first flew in April 1941, while design work on the Ki-61 did not begin until December 1940. Although the Ki-61 was broadly similar to the Ki-60, it featured several refinements exploiting lessons learned from the disappointing flight characteristics of the earlier design.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The all-metal, semi-monocoque fuselage was basically oval in cross-section, changing to a tapered, semi-triangular oval behind the <a href="/wiki/Cockpit" title="Cockpit">cockpit</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">canopy</a>, with a maximum depth of 1.35 m (4 ft 5 in). An unusual feature of the Ki-61 was that the engine bearers were constructed as an integral part of the forward fuselage, with the <a href="/wiki/Cowling" title="Cowling">cowling</a> side panels being fixed. For servicing or replacement, only the top and bottom cowling panels could be removed. A tapered, rectangular <a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">supercharger</a> air intake was located on the port-side cowling. Behind the engine bulkhead were the ammunition boxes feeding a pair of <a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">synchronized</a> 12.7 mm (.50 in) <a href="/wiki/Ho-103_machine_gun" title="Ho-103 machine gun">Ho-103 machine guns</a> which were set in a "staggered" configuration (the port weapon slightly further forward than that to starboard) in a bay just above and behind the engine. The breeches partly projected into the cockpit, above the instrument panel. The Ho-103 was a light weapon for its caliber (around 23 kg/51 lb) and fired a light shell, but this was compensated for by its rapid rate of fire. The ammunition capacity was limited, having only around 250 rounds for each weapon. A <a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">self-sealing fuel tank</a> with a capacity of 165 L (44 US gal) was located behind the pilot's seat. The windshield was armored and there was a 13 mm (.51 in) <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">armor plate</a> behind the pilot. The <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">oil</a> cooler for the liquid-cooled engine were in a ventral location below the fuselage and wing <a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">trailing edge</a>, covered by a rectangular section <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">fairing</a> with a large, adjustable exit flap.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evenly-tapered wings had an <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> of 7.2 with a gross area of 20 m<sup>2</sup> (215.28 ft<sup>2</sup>) and featured three spars; a <a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge#Warren_.28non-polar.29_truss" title="Truss bridge">Warren truss</a> main spar and two auxiliary spars. The rear spar carried the split <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flaps</a> and long, narrow-<a href="/wiki/Chord_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord (aircraft)">chord</a> ailerons, while the front spar incorporated the <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">undercarriage</a> pivot points. The undercarriage track was relatively wide at 4 m (13 ft 1.5 in). Each wing had a partially self-sealing 190 L (50 US gal) fuel tank behind the main spar, just outboard of the fuselage. A single weapon (initially a 7.7 mm/0.303 in <a href="/wiki/Type_89_machine_gun" title="Type 89 machine gun">Type 89 machine gun</a>) was able to be carried in a weapons bay located behind the main spar.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> of the <i>San-shiki-Sentohki ichi gata</i> ("Type 3 Fighter, Model 1", the official IJAAF designation) first flew in December 1941 at <a href="/wiki/Gifu_Air_Field" title="Gifu Air Field">Kagamigahara Airfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although test pilots were enthusiastic about its self-sealing fuel tanks, upgraded armament, and good dive performance, the wing loading of 146.3 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (30 lb/ft<sup>2</sup>) at an all-up weight of 2,950 kg (6,500 lb) was viewed with scepticism by many of the senior officers of the <i>Koku Hombu</i>, who still believed in the light, highly manoeuvrable, lightly armed fighter epitomised by the then new <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Nakajima Ki-43-I-<i>Hei</i></a> which had a wing loading of 92.6 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (19 lb/ft<sup>2</sup>) (and even that was considered borderline compared to the earlier Ki-27).<sup id="cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976p23_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenSwanborough1976p23-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To address these concerns, Kawasaki staged a fly-off between two Ki-61 prototypes and the <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Nakajima Ki-43-I</a>, a pre-production <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44" title="Nakajima Ki-44">Nakajima Ki-44-I</a>, a defector-flown <a href="/wiki/Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Goudkov_LaGG-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Goudkov LaGG-3">Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Goudkov LaGG-3</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109E-7</a>, and a captured <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40E Warhawk</a>. The Ki-61 proved the fastest of all the aircraft and was inferior only to the Ki-43 in manoeuvrability.<sup id="cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976p23_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreenSwanborough1976p23-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francillon1966p319_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon1966p319-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ki-61 was the last of the fighters powered by the DB-601 or its foreign derivatives, and it was soon overshadowed by fighters with more powerful engines. By the time it first flew in December 1941, one year after the <a href="/wiki/Macchi_C.202" class="mw-redirect" title="Macchi C.202">Macchi C.202</a>'s first flight and three years after the first Bf 109E, the engine was already underpowered compared to the new 1,120 kW (1,500 hp) inline or 1,491 kW (2,000 hp) <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engines</a> being developed (and already nearing the mass-production stage) to power the next generation of combat aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a>. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Inline_engine_(aeronautics)" title="Inline engine (aeronautics)">inline</a> Ha-40 engine proved to be an unreliable powerplant,<sup id="cite_ref-Gibertini_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibertini-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vaccari_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccari-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exacerbated in the South Pacific campaign, where high temperatures caused problems with the fuel pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-MjB66_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MjB66-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DB-601 engine required precise and sophisticated manufacturing; the Ha-40 was lighter by roughly 30 kg (70 lb) and required even higher manufacturing standards. Reaching these standards proved difficult for Japanese manufacturers, an issue further complicated by the variable quality of materials, fuel, and the lubricants needed to run a sensitive, high-performance engine. The Japanese equivalent of the more powerful DB-605 engine was the <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ha-140" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki Ha-140">Kawasaki Ha-140</a>, which was fitted onto the Type 3 to produce the Ki-61-II high-altitude interceptor.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibertini_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibertini-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to the Ki-61-I, the Ki-61-II had 10% greater wing area, used more armour and was powered by the Kawasaki Ha-140 engine generating 1,120 kW (1,500 hp). After overcoming initial fuselage and wing stability problems, the new interceptor reverted to the original wing and was put into service as the Ki-61-II-KAI. However, the Ha-140 engine had severe reliability problems that were never fully resolved, and around half of the first batch of engines delivered were returned to the factory to be re-built. A US bombing raid on 19 January 1945 destroyed the engine factory in <a href="/wiki/Akashi,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Akashi, Hyōgo">Akashi, Hyōgo</a>, and 275 Ki-61-II-KAI airframes without engines were converted to use the <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Kinsei" title="Mitsubishi Kinsei">Mitsubishi Ha-112</a>-II radial engine, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-100" title="Kawasaki Ki-100">Ki-100</a>. While the Ha-112 solved the problems encountered with the Ha-140, the new engine still had a major weakness: a lack of power at altitude, which diminished its ability to intercept high-flying B-29 Superfortresses relative to the Ki-61-II.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibertini_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibertini-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During testing, the <i>Hien</i> proved capable,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but several shortcomings were subsequently revealed in operational service,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> namely the armor protection that was insufficient against larger guns and a sub-standard engine that eventually led to a new engine being considered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_Kawasaki_Ki-61_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Captured_Kawasaki_Ki-61_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1945.jpg/220px-Captured_Kawasaki_Ki-61_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Captured_Kawasaki_Ki-61_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1945.jpg/330px-Captured_Kawasaki_Ki-61_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Captured_Kawasaki_Ki-61_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1945.jpg/440px-Captured_Kawasaki_Ki-61_in_flight_near_NAS_Patuxent_River_in_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5368" data-file-height="3817" /></a><figcaption>A captured Kawasaki Ki-61 fighter tested by the U.S. Navy Naval Air Test Center Patuxent River, Maryland (USA), in June 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ki-61 looked so different from the usual radial-engined Japanese fighters that the Allies at first believed it to be of German or Italian origin, possibly a license-built <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>. The first Ki-61 seen by Allied aircrew had been misidentified as a Bf 109 by USAAF Capt. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ross_Greening" title="Charles Ross Greening">C. Ross Greening</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a>. In early reports, when it was thought to have been a German fighter, the Ki-61 had been code-named "Mike".<sup id="cite_ref-Bueschel_1971_7_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bueschel_1971_7-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bueschel_1971_6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bueschel_1971_6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final, and better known code name adopted was "Tony", because the Ki-61 looked like an Italian aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Francillon1966p316_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon1966p316-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Ki-61 <i>Hien</i> fighters entered service with a special training unit, the 23rd <i>Chutai</i>, and entered combat for the first time in early 1943, during the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-JanuszewskiJarski1992p25_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JanuszewskiJarski1992p25-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <i>Sentai</i> (Air Group/Wing) fully equipped with the <i>Hien</i> was the 68th in <a href="/wiki/Wewak" title="Wewak">Wewak</a>, New Guinea,<sup id="cite_ref-JanuszewskiJarski1992p25_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JanuszewskiJarski1992p25-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the 78th <i>Sentai</i> stationed at <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>. Both units were sent into a difficult theatre where jungles and adverse weather conditions, coupled with a lack of spares, quickly undermined the efficiency of both men and machines. Because the Ki-61 was so new, and had been rushed into service, it inevitably suffered from teething problems. Almost all of the modern Japanese aircraft engines, especially the Ki-61's liquid-cooled engines, suffered a disastrous series of failures and ongoing problems,<sup id="cite_ref-Vaccari_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccari-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in the obsolescent Ki-43 still forming the bulk of the JAAF's fighter capability. </p><p>Initially, this campaign went successfully for the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Japanese Army Air Force</a> (JAAF), but when the Allies re-organized and enhanced the combat capabilities of their air forces, they gained the upper hand against the JAAF.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaccari_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccari-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High non-combat losses were also experienced by the Japanese during this campaign. For example, while in transit between <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Truk</a> and Rabaul, the 78th lost 18 of its 30 Ki-61s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finicky Ha-40 engine could not be overhauled in the theatre, instead they had to be shipped to the nearest service depot in <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MjB66_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MjB66-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even with these problems, there was some concern in Allied aviation circles regarding the <i>Hien.</i> The new Japanese fighter caused some pain and consternation among Allied pilots, particularly when they found out the hard way that they could no longer go into a dive and escape as they had from lighter Japanese fighters. General <a href="/wiki/George_Kenney" title="George Kenney">George Kenney</a>, the Allied air forces commander in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a>, found his <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40s</a> completely outclassed, and begged for more <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning" title="Lockheed P-38 Lightning">Lockheed P-38 Lightnings</a> to counter the threat of the new enemy fighter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the increasing numerical strength of Allied bomber units, along with inadequate anti-aircraft systems, imposed crippling losses on Japanese units. Approximately 174 out of 200 Japanese aircraft based in the Wewak area were lost during the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wewak" title="Bombing of Wewak">attacks of August 17–21 1943</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyer_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the campaign, nearly 2,000 Japanese aircraft had been lost in air attacks from up to 200 Allied aircraft at a time, around half of which were <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Consolidated B-24 Liberators</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchells</a> armed with fragmentation bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaccari_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccari-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Japanese retreat, over 340 aircraft wrecks were later found at <a href="/wiki/Jayapura" title="Jayapura">Hollandia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaccari_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaccari-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_of_the_244th_squadron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_of_the_244th_squadron.jpg/220px-The_Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_of_the_244th_squadron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_of_the_244th_squadron.jpg/330px-The_Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_of_the_244th_squadron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_of_the_244th_squadron.jpg/440px-The_Kawasaki_Ki-61_Hien_of_the_244th_squadron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Capt. Teruhiko Kobayashi's Ki-61 of the 244th Sentai</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ki-61 was also utilised in <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Asian Theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> and as an interceptor during US <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Japan">bombing raids over the Japanese home islands</a>, including against <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortresses</a>. The Ki-61 was notable for many reasons: initially identified as of either German or Italian origin, these aircraft were capable of matching Allied aircraft such as the P-40 in speed, and as evaluation had already shown, were superior in almost every respect. However, the armament of the early <i>Hien</i> was lighter, but still sufficient for most purposes. Some authors claim that the Lockheed P-38 Lightning was measurably superior.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ki-61 carried a great deal of fuel, but due to having self-sealing fuel tanks it was not considered readily flammable, as many other Japanese aircraft were.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibertini_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibertini-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to the additional weight, the Ki-61's performance and agility suffered when its armament was increased, but it still remained capable with a 580 km/h (313 kn) maximum speed. The cannon armament was needed to counter the Allied bombers, which proved to be difficult to shoot down with only 12.7 mm (.50 in) machine guns. The empty and maximum weights for the Ki-61 prototype (2 × 12.7 mm/0.50 in + 2 × 7.7 mm/0.303 in) were 2,238 kg (4,934 lb) and 2,950 kg (6,504 lb), respectively; for the Ki-61-I basic (4 × 12.7 mm/.50 in) 3,130 kg (6,900 lb); and for the Ki-61-KAI (2 × 12.7 mm/0.50 in + 2 × 20 mm), 2,630 kg (5,798 lb) and 3,470 kg (6,750 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Gibertini_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibertini-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Ki-61s were also used in <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze"><i>Tokkotai</i></a> (<i>kamikaze</i>) missions launched toward the end of the war. The Ki-61 was delivered to 15th <i><a href="/wiki/Sentai" title="Sentai">Sentai</a></i> (group/wing), as well as some individual <i><a href="/wiki/Chutaicho" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutaicho">Chutaicho</a></i> (Squadron Leaders) in other <i>Sentai</i>, and even to operational training units in the JAAF. The aircraft was largely trouble-free in service except for the liquid-cooled engine which tended to overheat when idling on the ground and suffered from oil circulation and bearing problems.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ki-61_Special_Attack_Unit">Ki-61 Special Attack Unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ki-61 Special Attack Unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ki-61_colour_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ki-61_colour_1a.jpg/220px-Ki-61_colour_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ki-61_colour_1a.jpg/330px-Ki-61_colour_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ki-61_colour_1a.jpg/440px-Ki-61_colour_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>An ex-23rd <i>Sentai</i>, 2nd <i>Chutai</i> Ki-61 found and photographed at <a href="/wiki/Inba,_Chiba" title="Inba, Chiba">Inba</a> airbase by <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> personnel in 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>The tactic of using aircraft to <a href="/wiki/Aerial_ramming" title="Aerial ramming">ram</a> American <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortresses</a> was first recorded in late August 1944, when B-29s from Chinese airfields attempted to bomb the steel factories at <a href="/wiki/Yawata,_Kyoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawata, Kyoto">Yawata</a>. Sergeant Shigeo Nobe of the 4th <i>Sentai</i> intentionally flew his <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Kawasaki Ki-45</a> into a B-29; debris from the explosion severely damaged another B-29, which also went down.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other attacks of this nature followed, as a result of which individual pilots determined it was a practicable way of destroying B-29s.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 November 1944, the officer commanding the 10th <i>Hiko Shidan</i> (Air division) made <a href="/wiki/Aerial_ramming" title="Aerial ramming">ramming</a> attacks a matter of policy by forming ramming attack flights specifically to oppose the B-29s at high altitude. The aircraft were stripped of their fuselage armament and protective systems in order to attain the required altitudes. Although the term "<i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a></i>" is often used to refer to the pilots undertaking these attacks, the word was not used by the Japanese military. </p><p>The units assigned to the 10th <i>Hiko Shidan</i> included the 244th <i>Hiko Sentai</i> (Fighter group), then commanded by Captain Takashi Fujita, who organised a ramming flight called "<i><a href="/wiki/Hagakure" title="Hagakure">Hagakure</a>-Tai</i>" ("Special Attack Unit"), which was composed out of volunteers from the three <i>Chutai</i> (squadrons) of the 244th: the 1st <i>Chutai</i> "<i>Soyokaze</i>", 2nd <i>Chutai</i> "<i>Toppu</i>", and the 3rd <i>Chutai</i> known as "<i>Mikazuki</i>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a> Toru Shinomiya was selected to lead the <i><a href="/wiki/Hagakure" title="Hagakure">Hagakure</a>-Tai</i>. On 3 December 1944, Shinomiya – along with Sergeant Masao Itagaki and Sergeant Matsumi Nakano – intercepted a B-29 raid; Shinomaya rammed one B-29, but was able to land his damaged Ki-61, which had lost most of the port outer wing, back at base. After attacking another B-29 Itagaki had to parachute from his damaged fighter, while Nakano rammed and damaged <i>Long Distance</i> of the <a href="/wiki/498th_Tactical_Missile_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="498th Tactical Missile Group">498th BG</a> and crash-landed his stripped-down Ki-61 in a field. Shinomaya's damaged Ki-61 was later displayed inside Tokyo's <i>Matsuya</i> department store while Nakano's Ki-61 was displayed outside, alongside of a life-size cut-away drawing of the forward fuselage of a B-29.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three pilots were the first recipients of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bukosho" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukosho">Bukosho</a></i>, Japan's equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>, which had been inaugurated on 7 December 1944 as an Imperial Edict by <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> (there are 89 known recipients, most of whom fought and scored against B-29s).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the ramming unit had been kept confidential until then, but it was officially disclosed in the combat results announcement and officially named "<i>Shinten Seiku Tai</i>" ("Body Attack Detachment") by the Defense GHQ. On 27 January 1945, Itakagi survived another ramming attack on a B-29, again parachuting to safety, and received a second <i>Bukosho</i>; he survived the war as only one of two known double-<i>Bukosho</i> recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergeant Shigeru Kuroishikawa was another distinguished member of the unit. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ki-61_at_Fukuoka_in_1945.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ki-61_at_Fukuoka_in_1945.jpeg/220px-Ki-61_at_Fukuoka_in_1945.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ki-61_at_Fukuoka_in_1945.jpeg/330px-Ki-61_at_Fukuoka_in_1945.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ki-61_at_Fukuoka_in_1945.jpeg/440px-Ki-61_at_Fukuoka_in_1945.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1783" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>A Ki-61 of the 149th shumbutai, taken in Ashiya after the war. The tail markings indicate it formerly came from the Akeno Kyodo Hikoshidan and the 59th sentai before being allocated to the 149th.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite their successful attacks, these pilots gained no reprieve, and were obliged to continue these deadly and dangerous ramming tactics until they were killed, or else wounded so badly that they could no longer fly. They were regarded as doomed men and were celebrated among the ranks of those who were going to certain death as <i>Tokkotai</i> (<i>kamikaze</i>) pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other Ki-61 pilots also achieved renown, among them Major Teruhiko Kobayashi of the 244th Sentai, who was credited by some with a dozen victories mostly due to conventional attacks against B-29s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Note: <i>Ko, Otsu, Hei</i> and <i>Tei</i> are the Japanese equivalents to a, b, c, d. <i>Kai</i> ('modified' or 'improved') was also used for some models of the Ki-61. </p> <dl><dt>Ki-61-Hien</dt></dl> <ul><li><b>Ki-61</b> Prototypes: 12 built</li> <li><b>Ki-61-I-Ko</b> First production version: fully retractable tailwheel, two 7.7 mm (0.303 in) <a href="/wiki/Type_89_machine_gun" title="Type 89 machine gun">Type 89 machine guns</a> in the wings and two synchronized 12.7 mm (0.50 in) <a href="/wiki/Ho-103_machine_gun" title="Ho-103 machine gun">Ho-103 machine guns</a> in the forward decking. Capable of carrying one 151 L (40 gal) drop tank or a light bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibertini_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibertini-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ki-61-I-Otsu</b> Second production fighter variant: Tailwheel retraction mechanism was unreliable, the aircraft was modified accordingly. Two 12.7 mm (.50 in) Ho-103 machine guns replaced the wing 7.7 mm (.303 in) machine guns.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibertini_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibertini-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ki-61-I-Hei</b>: The <i>Hei</i> was built in conjunction with the <i>Otsu</i> variant, the wing machine guns were replaced by Mauser <a href="/wiki/MG_151_cannon" title="MG 151 cannon">MG 151/20</a> cannons.</li> <li><b>Ki-61-I-Tei</b> Fighter variant with two fuselage mounted Japanese 20 mm <a href="/wiki/Ho-5_cannon" title="Ho-5 cannon">Ho-5 cannon</a> and two 12.7 mm (.50 in) wing mounted Ho-103 machine guns.</li> <li><b>Ki-61-I-KAId</b>: Interceptor variant with 2 × 12.7 mm (.50 in) machine guns and 2 × 30 mm (1.18 in) <a href="/wiki/Ho-155_cannon" title="Ho-155 cannon">Ho-155</a> wing cannon.</li> <li><b>Ki-61-I- w.c.e.s</b>: Experimental aircraft with evaporation system, as used on the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_100" title="Heinkel He 100">Heinkel He 100</a>. It was the fastest Ki-61 built, achieving 630 km/h (395 mph).</li> <li><b>Ki-61-II</b> Prototype with 1,500 PS (1,103 kW) Ha-140 engine and first flown in December 1943.</li> <li><b>Ki-61-II-KAI</b>: Pre-production version which reverted to the Ki-61-I-<i>Tei</i> wing, a 220 mm (8.7 in) fuselage stretch, enlarged rudder, and Ha-140 engine; 30 built.</li> <li><b>Ki-61-II-KAIa</b>: Armed with 2 x 12.7 mm (.50 in) machine guns in the wings and 2 x 20 mm cannon in the fuselage.</li> <li><b>Ki-61-II-KAIb</b>: Armed with 4 x 20 mm cannon.</li> <li><b>Ki-61-III</b> Prototype: This version had a cut-down rear fuselage and a canopy design which was later used by the <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-100" title="Kawasaki Ki-100">Ki-100-I-Otsu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; width: 100%"> <caption>Ki-61-I Production: <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Aerospace_Company" title="Kawasaki Aerospace Company">Kawasaki Kokuki K.K</a><sup id="cite_ref-USSBS,_1947._p._16_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSBS,_1947._p._16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jan.</th> <th>Feb.</th> <th>Mar.</th> <th>Apr.</th> <th>May</th> <th>June</th> <th>July</th> <th>Aug.</th> <th>Sept.</th> <th>Oct.</th> <th>Nov.</th> <th>Dec.</th> <th>Annual </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">1942 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>5</td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td style="background: #eee;">34 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">1943 </td> <td>22</td> <td>32</td> <td>31</td> <td>37</td> <td>44</td> <td>40</td> <td>53</td> <td>60</td> <td>70</td> <td>87</td> <td>104</td> <td>130</td> <td style="background: #eee;">710 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">1944 </td> <td>150</td> <td>156</td> <td>145</td> <td>142</td> <td>118</td> <td>236</td> <td>254</td> <td>198</td> <td>164</td> <td>174</td> <td>101</td> <td>53</td> <td style="background: #eee;">1,891 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">1945 </td> <td>19</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #eee;">19 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee;"> <td style="text-align:center">Total </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="border-top: black solid">2,654 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Not included: </p> <ul><li>Pre-production started with the first prototype completed in July 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with further eleven builds in early 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; width: 100%"> <caption>Ki-61-II Production: <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Aerospace_Company" title="Kawasaki Aerospace Company">Kawasaki Kokuki K.K</a><sup id="cite_ref-USSBS,_1947._p._16_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSBS,_1947._p._16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jan.</th> <th>Feb.</th> <th>Mar.</th> <th>Apr.</th> <th>May</th> <th>June</th> <th>July</th> <th>Aug.</th> <th>Sept.</th> <th>Oct.</th> <th>Nov.</th> <th>Dec.</th> <th>Annual </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">1944 </td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>26</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>26</td> <td>41</td> <td>71</td> <td>70</td> <td style="background: #eee;">239 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">1945 </td> <td>68</td> <td>56</td> <td>15</td> <td>19</td> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: #eee;">165 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #eee;"> <td style="text-align:center">Total </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="border-top: black solid">404 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: </p> <ul><li>Out of 374 Ki-61-II builds, 275 were completed as Ki-100 Ia.<sup id="cite_ref-Francillon,_1979,_p._120_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon,_1979,_p._120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Not included: </p> <ul><li>Pre-production started with eight prototypes completed during Aug. 1943 to Jan. 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Francillon,_1979,_p._120_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon,_1979,_p._120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; width: 100%"> <caption>Total production: </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left">According to USSBS Report: 3,058 <sup id="cite_ref-USSBS,_1947._p._16_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSBS,_1947._p._16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Figure includes: 2,654 Ki-61-I and 404 Ki-61-II builds </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">According to Francillon: 3,078 <sup id="cite_ref-Francillon,_1979,_p._120_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon,_1979,_p._120-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Figure includes: 2,666 Ki-61-I and 412 Ki-61-II builds </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a></li></ul> <p><b>Post War</b> </p> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Air Force">Chinese Nationalist Air Force</a> - Operated some captured aircraft</li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> - also operated some captured aircraft</li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>In 1945, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Air_Force" title="Indonesian Air Force">Indonesian Air Force</a> –then <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Security_Agency" title="People's Security Agency">Indonesian People's Security Force</a> (IPSF) (Indonesian pro-independence guerrillas)– captured six such aircraft at numerous Japanese air bases, including Bugis Air Base in Malang (repatriated 18 September 1945). At least one was restored.<sup id="cite_ref-NEIADF_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEIADF-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most aircraft were destroyed in military conflicts between the Netherlands and the newly proclaimed-Republic of Indonesia during the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> of 1945–1949.<sup id="cite_ref-NEIADF_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEIADF-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ki-61_units">Ki-61 units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ki-61 units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%8C%EB%9C%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%90_%EC%9E%88%EB%8D%98_Ki-61_%ED%9E%88%EC%97%94%EA%B3%BC_Ki-45_%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%8C%EB%9C%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%90_%EC%9E%88%EB%8D%98_Ki-61_%ED%9E%88%EC%97%94%EA%B3%BC_Ki-45_%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98.jpg/220px-%EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%8C%EB%9C%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%90_%EC%9E%88%EB%8D%98_Ki-61_%ED%9E%88%EC%97%94%EA%B3%BC_Ki-45_%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%8C%EB%9C%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%90_%EC%9E%88%EB%8D%98_Ki-61_%ED%9E%88%EC%97%94%EA%B3%BC_Ki-45_%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98.jpg/330px-%EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%8C%EB%9C%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%90_%EC%9E%88%EB%8D%98_Ki-61_%ED%9E%88%EC%97%94%EA%B3%BC_Ki-45_%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/%EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%8C%EB%9C%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%90_%EC%9E%88%EB%8D%98_Ki-61_%ED%9E%88%EC%97%94%EA%B3%BC_Ki-45_%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98.jpg/440px-%EC%A0%9C%EC%A3%BC%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%8C%EB%9C%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%90_%EC%9E%88%EB%8D%98_Ki-61_%ED%9E%88%EC%97%94%EA%B3%BC_Ki-45_%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Derelict Ki-61s in 1945 after the surrender. A <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Kawasaki Ki-45</a> heavy fighter is in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Hiko Sentai</i>, usually referred to as <i>Sentai</i>, was the basic operational unit of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force, composed of three or more <i>Chutai</i> (companies or squadrons). A <i>Sentai</i> had 27 to 49 aircraft, with each <i>Chutai</i> having 16 aircraft and pilots plus a maintenance and repair unit. Several <i>sentai</i> had other units under their operational control, most notably the <i>Hagakure-Tai</i> ("Special Attack Units") of the 244th <i>Sentai</i>. By 1944, with the depredations of Allied attacks on supply lines and airfields, as well as the loss of pilots and aircraft through combat attrition and accidents, few <i>sentai</i> were able to operate at full strength.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Units operating the Ki-61 "Hien"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sentai</th> <th>Established</th> <th>Aircraft type(s)</th> <th>Area of operations</th> <th>Disbanded</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>17th</td> <td>10 February 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Kakamigahara,_Gifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakamigahara, Gifu">Kagamigahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture" title="Gifu Prefecture">Gifu Prefecture</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Ki-61, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-100" title="Kawasaki Ki-100">Ki-100</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a>, Japan</td> <td>End of war</td> <td>One of Kawasaki's main factories was located at Kagamigahara which, in 1944 was not yet a city. </td></tr> <tr> <td>18th</td> <td>10 February 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chōfu, Tokyo">Chōfu</a> from the 244th Sentai</td> <td>Ki-61, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-100" title="Kawasaki Ki-100">Ki-100</a></td> <td>Philippines, Japan</td> <td>End of War</td> <td>Lt <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_Japan" title="List of World War II aces from Japan">Mitsuo Oyake</a> won <i>Bukosho</i> for shooting down three B-29s (one by ramming) 7 April 1945 and damaging three others. </td></tr> <tr> <td>19th</td> <td>10 February 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Akeno_Air_Field" title="Akeno Air Field">Akeno</a> Fighter School</td> <td>Ki-61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Philippines, Formosa, <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a></td> <td>End of War (Formosa)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23rd</td> <td>11 October 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Inba,_Chiba" title="Inba, Chiba">Inba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Ki-43</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44" title="Nakajima Ki-44">Ki-44</a>, Ki-61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, Formosa, Japan</td> <td>End of war (Inba)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26th</td> <td>Late 1944</td> <td>Ki-51, <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Ki-43</a>, Ki-61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa">Formosa</a></td> <td>End of war (Formosa)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28th</td> <td>June 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-46" title="Mitsubishi Ki-46">Ki-46</a>, Ki-61, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-102" title="Kawasaki Ki-102">Ki-102</a></td> <td>Manchuria, Japan</td> <td>July 1945</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31st</td> <td>July 1938 in China</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-10" title="Kawasaki Ki-10">Ki-10</a>, Ki-43, Ki-61</td> <td>Manchuria, Philippines</td> <td>30 May 1945 at <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33rd</td> <td>Summer 1937 in China</td> <td>Ki-10, <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Ki-27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Ki-43</a>, Ki-61</td> <td>New Guinea, Manchuria (Manchoukuo), East Indies</td> <td>End of war, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, Dutch East Indies (currently Indonesia)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>53rd</td> <td>23 March 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Tokorozawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokorozawa">Tokorozawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama</a></td> <td>Ki-61, Ki-45</td> <td>Japan, Eastern Defence Sector</td> <td></td> <td>flew Ki-61 for a short time in Home Island Defence </td></tr> <tr> <td>55th</td> <td>30 May 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Taishō-ku, Osaka">Taishō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a></td> <td>Ki-61</td> <td>Philippines, Japan</td> <td>End of war at Sana, <a href="/wiki/Nara_Prefecture" title="Nara Prefecture">Nara Prefecture</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>56th</td> <td>August 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D-ku,_Osaka" title="Taishō-ku, Osaka">Taishō</a> <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture" title="Osaka Prefecture">Osaka Prefecture</a></td> <td>Ki-61</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>End of war at <a href="/wiki/Itami" title="Itami">Itami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture" title="Hyōgo Prefecture">Hyōgo Prefecture</a></td> <td>Unit claimed 11 B-29s for 30 pilots lost. Warrant Officer <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_Japan" title="List of World War II aces from Japan">Tadao Sumi</a> (five B-29s plus one <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">P-51 Mustang</a> destroyed, four B-29s damaged) <i>Bukosho</i> recipient. </td></tr> <tr> <td>59th</td> <td>1 July 1938 at <a href="/wiki/Kakamigahara,_Gifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakamigahara, Gifu">Kagamigahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture" title="Gifu Prefecture">Gifu Prefecture</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-10" title="Kawasaki Ki-10">Ki-10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Ki-27</a>, Ki-43, Ki-61, Ki-100</td> <td>China, Manchuria (<a href="/wiki/Nomonhan" title="Nomonhan">Nomonhan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, Okinawa, Japan</td> <td>End of War at <a href="/wiki/Ashiya,_Fukuoka" title="Ashiya, Fukuoka">Ashiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka Prefecture</a></td> <td>1st Lieutenant Naoyuki Ogata <i>Bukosho</i> recipient. Warrant Officer Kazuo Shimizu flew with unit from February 1942 right through to August 1945; 18 victories, including nine bombers. </td></tr> <tr> <td>65th</td> <td>presumably 1938-1939</td> <td>Ki-32, Ki-51, Ki-43, Ki-61, Ki-45</td> <td>Philippines, Formosa, Okinawa, Japan</td> <td>End of war, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metabaru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metabaru (page does not exist)">Metabaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saga_Prefecture" title="Saga Prefecture">Saga</a></td> <td>Unit used Ki-61 from the summer of 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td>68th</td> <td>March 1942 at <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, Manchuria</td> <td>Ki-27, Ki-61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>), New Guinea, <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a></td> <td>25 July 1944</td> <td>First unit to convert to the Ki-61. Unit was destroyed by Allied air forces in New Guinea. Most surviving ground and aircrew were used as infantry, with few survivors. A Ki-61-1-<i>Otsu</i>, manufacturer's No. 640 is one of the best preserved aircraft wrecks in New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_Japan" title="List of World War II aces from Japan">Shogo Takeuchi</a> transferred from 64th Sentai, April 1942. KIA 15 December 1943 30+ victories. <p>Sgt. <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_Japan" title="List of World War II aces from Japan">Susumu Kaijinami</a> officially credited with eight victories plus 16 unofficially. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>78th</td> <td>31 March 1942 in China</td> <td>Ki-27, Ki-61</td> <td>Manchuria, Rabaul, New Guinea</td> <td>25 July 1944</td> <td>Second unit to convert to the Ki-61. Unit was destroyed by Allied air forces in New Guinea. Most surviving ground and aircrew were used as infantry, with few survivors. </td></tr> <tr> <td>105th</td> <td>August 1944, <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a>, Formosa</td> <td>Ki-61</td> <td>Okinawa, Formosa</td> <td>End of war (Formosa)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>244th</td> <td>April 1942, reorganised from 144th Sentai</td> <td>Ki-27, Ki-61, Ki-100</td> <td>Okinawa, Formosa</td> <td>End of war (<a href="/wiki/Yokaichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokaichi">Yokaichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiga_Prefecture" title="Shiga Prefecture">Shiga Prefecture</a>)</td> <td>Nine <i>Bukosho</i> recipients. Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_Japan" title="List of World War II aces from Japan">Teruhiko Kobayashi</a> JAAF's youngest Sentai commander. Also had an air-to-air B-29 ramming unit. Sentai claimed 73 B-29s shot down plus 92 damaged. Most famous of the Home Defence Sentais. Captain <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_Japan" title="List of World War II aces from Japan">Nagao Shirai</a> considered the ranking ace of 244 Sentai and possibly leading B-29 "killer" of JAAF (11 B-29s) plus two <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat" title="Grumman F6F Hellcat">Grumman F6F Hellcats</a> destroyed, six other aircraft damaged using Ki-61 and Ki-100. Captain <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_aces_from_Japan" title="List of World War II aces from Japan">Chuichi Ichikawa</a> nine B-29s plus one F6F destroyed, six B-29s damaged. Major Teruhiko Kobayashi, three B-29s plus two F6Fs destroyed. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Training units </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>23rd <i>Dokuritsu Dai Shijugo</i> (Independent Chutai)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dfu,_Tokyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chōfu, Tokyo">Chōfu</a>, 1941</td> <td>Ki-61</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>Became basis of 23rd <i>Sentai</i></td> <td>Evaluation and conversion unit for Ki-61. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Akeno Kyodo Hikoshidan (Akeno Flight School)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akeno_Air_Field" title="Akeno Air Field">Akeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mie_Prefecture" title="Mie Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a>, 1935</td> <td>Ki-10, Ki-27, Ki-43, Ki-44, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Ki-45</a>, Ki-61, Ki-84, Ki-100</td> <td>Japan</td> <td>End of war</td> <td>Main flight training school for Army fighter pilots. Many of the instructors participated in missions in defence of Japan 1944–1945. Akeno Airbase still in operational use. </td></tr> <tr> <td>37th <i>Kyoiku <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hik%C5%8Dtai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikōtai (page does not exist)">Hikōtai</a></i> (Flight Training Company)</td> <td>Matsuyama airfield, Formosa, 1943<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Ki-43, Ki-44, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Ki-45</a>, Ki-61, Ki-84</td> <td>Formosa</td> <td>End of war</td> <td>Flight training school for Army fighter pilots. Many of the instructors participated in missions in defence of Japan 1944-1945 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_aircraft">Surviving aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surviving aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>299 – Ki-61-Ia under restoration to static display at <a href="/wiki/Ardmore,_Auckland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardmore, Auckland">Ardmore, Auckland</a>, New Zealand by AvSpecs. To be displayed at <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_National_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery">Papua New Guinea National Museum and Art Gallery</a> once completed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>379 – Ki-61-I in storage at the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_Flight" title="Fantasy of Flight">Fantasy of Flight</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polk_City,_Florida" title="Polk City, Florida">Polk City, Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>640 – Ki-61-I under restoration to airworthy condition at Ardmore, Auckland, New Zealand by AvSpecs. It will become part of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Aviation_Museum" title="Military Aviation Museum">Military Aviation Museum</a> collection in <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6117 – Ki-61-II-Kai on static display at the <a href="/wiki/Kakamigahara_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="Kakamigahara Air and Space Museum">Kakamigahara Air and Space Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kakamigahara,_Gifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakamigahara, Gifu">Kakamigahara, Gifu</a>. Previously on display at the <a href="/wiki/Chiran_Peace_Museum_for_Kamikaze_Pilots" title="Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots">Chiran Peace Museum for Kamikaze Pilots</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiran,_Kagoshima" title="Chiran, Kagoshima">Chiran, Kagoshima</a>; it was removed from the museum in September 2015 and restored by Kawasaki Heavy Industries from 2015 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Ki-61-I-KAIc)"><span id="Specifications_.28Ki-61-I-KAIc.29"></span>Specifications (Ki-61-I-KAIc)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Specifications (Ki-61-I-KAIc)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawasaki_Ki.61_Hien.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kawasaki_Ki.61_Hien.svg/220px-Kawasaki_Ki.61_Hien.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kawasaki_Ki.61_Hien.svg/330px-Kawasaki_Ki.61_Hien.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Kawasaki_Ki.61_Hien.svg/440px-Kawasaki_Ki.61_Hien.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>3-view drawing of Kawasaki Ki-61</figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: 90%; margin:0;"><i>Data from</i> Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>General characteristics</b></span> </p><ul><li><b>Crew:</b> 1</li> <li><b>Length:</b> 8.94 m (29 ft 4 in)</li> <li><b>Wingspan:</b> 12 m (39 ft 4 in)</li> <li><b>Height:</b> 3.7 m (12 ft 2 in)</li> <li><b>Wing area:</b> 20 m<sup>2</sup> (220 sq ft)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">Airfoil</a>:</b> NACA 2R 16 wing root, <a href="/wiki/NACA_airfoil" title="NACA airfoil">NACA 24009</a> tip</li> <li><b>Empty weight:</b> 2,630 kg (5,798 lb)</li> <li><b>Gross weight:</b> 3,470 kg (7,650 lb)</li> <li><b>Fuel capacity:</b> </li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b>Internal</b> 550 L (150 US gal; 120 imp gal)</li><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b>External</b> 2x 200 L (53 US gal; 44 imp gal)</li> <li><b>Powerplant:</b> 1 × <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ha40" title="Kawasaki Ha40">Kawasaki Ha40</a> inverted liquid-cooled V-12 piston engine, 864 kW (1,159 hp)</li> <li><b>Propellers:</b> 3-bladed variable pitch propeller</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Performance</b></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Maximum speed:</b> 580 km/h (360 mph, 310 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)</li> <li><b>Range:</b> 580 km (360 mi, 310 nmi)</li> <li><b>Service ceiling:</b> 11,600 m (38,100 ft)</li> <li><b>Rate of climb:</b> 15.2 m/s (2,990 ft/min)</li> <li><b>Time to altitude:</b> 7.0 min to 5,000 m (16,000 ft)</li> <li><b>Wing loading:</b> 173.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (35.5 lb/sq ft)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Power/mass</a>:</b> 0.25 kW/kg (0.15 hp/lb)</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Armament</b></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>Guns:</b> <br /> <ul><li>2× 20 mm (0.79 in) <a href="/wiki/Ho-5_cannon" title="Ho-5 cannon">Ho-5 cannon</a>, 120 rpg</li> <li>2× 12.7 mm (0.50 in) <a href="/wiki/Ho-103_machine_gun" title="Ho-103 machine gun">Ho-103 machine guns</a>, 250 rpg</li></ul></li> <li><b>Bombs:</b> 2× 250 kg (550 lb) bombs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p> <b>Related development</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-60" title="Kawasaki Ki-60">Kawasaki Ki-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-100" title="Kawasaki Ki-100">Kawasaki Ki-100</a></li></ul> <p><b>Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40 Warhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewoitine_D.520" title="Dewoitine D.520">Dewoitine D.520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_100" title="Heinkel He 100">Heinkel He 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_LaGG-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavochkin LaGG-3">Lavochkin LaGG-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchi_C.202" class="mw-redirect" title="Macchi C.202">Macchi C.202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-3" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weiss_Manfr%C3%A9d_WM-23_Ez%C3%BCst_Ny%C3%ADl" title="Weiss Manfréd WM-23 Ezüst Nyíl">Weiss Manfréd WM-23 Ezüst Nyíl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-1" title="Yakovlev Yak-1">Yakovlev Yak-1</a></li></ul> <p> <b>Related lists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">List of aircraft of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Japan" title="List of military aircraft of Japan">List of military aircraft of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Japan,_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of aircraft of Japan, World War II">List of aircraft of Japan, World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Koku Hombu</i> was the <i>Technical Branch of the Imperial Army Air Headquarters</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44" title="Nakajima Ki-44">Nakajima Ki-44</a> was selected as the standard IJAAF interceptor fighter and followed broadly similar specifications to the Ki-60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakajima designed a similar fighter, the Ki-62, also powered by an Ha-40. This design later became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84">Nakajima Ki-84</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The B-29s were <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> Robert Clinksale's B-29-BW 42-6334 <i>Gertrude C</i> and Captain Ornell Stauffer's B-29-BW 42-6368 <i>Calamity Sue</i>, both from the <a href="/wiki/468th_Bombardment_Group" title="468th Bombardment Group">468th BG</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shinomaya eventually lost his life as a <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Tokkotai</a></i> pilot in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">battle for Okinawa</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> There is an inconsistency in the locations given; Kagamigahara is (wrongly) listed by Sakaida as being in the <a href="/wiki/Saitama_Prefecture" title="Saitama Prefecture">Saitama Prefecture</a>, which is north of Gifu </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Francillon,_1979,_p._120-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francillon,_1979,_p._120_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francillon,_1979,_p._120_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francillon,_1979,_p._120_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francillon,_1979,_p._120_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon, 1979, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mondey 2006, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethell1995p82-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethell1995p82_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethell 1995, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bueschel_1971_7-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bueschel_1971_7_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bueschel_1971_7_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBueschel1971">Bueschel 1971</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bueschel_1971_6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bueschel_1971_6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bueschel_1971_6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBueschel1971">Bueschel 1971</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976pp18-23_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green & Swanborough 1976, pp. 18–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanimura 1967, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreenSwanborough1976p23-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976p23_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GreenSwanborough1976p23_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green & Swanborough 1976, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francillon1966p319-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francillon1966p319_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancillon1966">Francillon 1966</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green 1975, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon 1979, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibertini-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibertini_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibertini_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibertini_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibertini_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibertini_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibertini_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibertini_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibertini1998">Gibertini 1998</a>, pp. 6–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaccari-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaccari_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaccari_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaccari_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaccari_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaccari_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaccari 2000, pp. 82–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MjB66-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MjB66_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MjB66_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="MC20" class="citation cs2">Claringbould, Michael John (2020), <i>Japanese Army Fighters: New Guinea & the Solomons 1942-1944</i>, Pacific Profiles, vol. 1, Kent Town, Australia: Avonmore Books, p. 66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0648665915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0648665915"><bdi>978-0648665915</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Army+Fighters%3A+New+Guinea+%26+the+Solomons+1942-1944&rft.place=Kent+Town%2C+Australia&rft.series=Pacific+Profiles&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Avonmore+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0648665915&rft.aulast=Claringbould&rft.aufirst=Michael+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanimura 1967, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Januszewski & Jarski 1992, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMossDuncan1945" class="citation techreport cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">DeMoss, R.W.; Duncan, R.L. (26 January 1945). "Final Report on Comparative Combat Evaluation Trials of Japanese Tony 1 Type 3 Fighter". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/japan/Tony-I.pdf"><i>Project Ted</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report). Vol. PTR-115. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2010</span> – via WWIIaircraftperformance.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Project+Ted&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft.date=1945-01-26&rft.aulast=DeMoss&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft.au=Duncan%2C+R.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwiiaircraftperformance.org%2Fjapan%2FTony-I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francillon1966p316-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francillon1966p316_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancillon1966">Francillon 1966</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrosby2002">Crosby 2002</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JanuszewskiJarski1992p25-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JanuszewskiJarski1992p25_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JanuszewskiJarski1992p25_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanuszewskiJarski1992">Januszewski & Jarski 1992</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBueschel1971">Bueschel 1971</a>, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTanimura1967">Tanimura 1967</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyer-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyer_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer,_Allen_D." class="citation web cs1">Boyer, Allen D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?i=508847&article_id=3126775">"Shooting up Wewak"</a>. <i>America in WWII</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+in+WWII&rft.atitle=Shooting+up+Wewak&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Allen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mydigitalpublication.com%2Fpublication%2F%3Fi%3D508847%26article_id%3D3126775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenSwanborough1976">Green & Swanborough 1976</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenSwanborough1976">Green & Swanborough 1976</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.att.net/~sallyann6/b29/56years-4408.html">"Pacific War Chronology: August 1944."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402225313/http://home.att.net/~sallyann6/b29/56years-4408.html">Archived</a> 2 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>att.net.</i> Retrieved: 12 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTakakiSakaida2001">Takaki & Sakaida 2001</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markkaiser.com/japaneseaviation/tony/nakano_1.jpg">Photo of Nakano's Ki-61</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714035521/http://markkaiser.com/japaneseaviation/tony/nakano_1.jpg">Archived</a> 14 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: 26 October 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakaida 1997, pp. 67–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xavierb.net/japan/bukosho.htm">Bukosho described</a> <i>xavierb.net</i>. Retrieved: 3 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakaida 1997, pp. 70, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tokkotai.or.jp/">"Japanese website dedicated to the <i>Tokkotai</i> JAAF and JNAF."</a> <i>tokkotai.or.jp</i>. Retrieved: 7 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakaida 1997, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USSBS,_1947._p._16-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USSBS,_1947._p._16_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USSBS,_1947._p._16_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USSBS,_1947._p._16_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">USSBS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/corporationrepor19unit#page/16/mode/1up">Appendix E., p. 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon, 1979, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francillon, 1979, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEIADF-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NEIADF_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEIADF_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JH05" class="citation web cs1">Heyman, Jos (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214192414/http://nei.adf-serials.com/indonesian-aviation-1945-50.pdf">"Indonesian aviation 1945-1950"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>adf-serials.com</i>. p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nei.adf-serials.com/indonesian-aviation-1945-50.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adf-serials.com&rft.atitle=Indonesian+aviation+1945-1950&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2005-11&rft.aulast=Heyman&rft.aufirst=Jos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnei.adf-serials.com%2Findonesian-aviation-1945-50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakaida 1997, pp. 82–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bueschel1971, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/ki-61/640.html">"Ki-61 No. 640."</a> <i>pacificwrecks.com.</i> Retrieved: 8 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/airfields/taiwan/matsuyama/index.html">"Matsuyama airfield"</a> <i>pacificwrecks.com.</i> Retrieved: 4 June 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylan2022" class="citation web cs1">Taylan, Justin (30 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/ki-61/299.html">"Ki-61-Ia Tony Manufacture Number 299"</a>. <i>Pacific Wrecks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Wrecks&rft.atitle=Ki-61-Ia+Tony+Manufacture+Number+299&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft.aulast=Taylan&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpacificwrecks.com%2Faircraft%2Fki-61%2F299.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylan2016" class="citation web cs1">Taylan, Justin (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/ki-61/379.html">"Ki-61-II Tony Manufacture Number 379"</a>. <i>Pacific Wrecks</i>. Pacific Wrecks Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Wrecks&rft.atitle=Ki-61-II+Tony+Manufacture+Number+379&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Taylan&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Faircraft%2Fki-61%2F379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylan2016" class="citation web cs1">Taylan, Justin (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/ki-61/640.html">"Ki-61-II Tony Manufacture Number 640"</a>. <i>Pacific Wrecks</i>. Pacific Wrecks Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Wrecks&rft.atitle=Ki-61-II+Tony+Manufacture+Number+640&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Taylan&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Faircraft%2Fki-61%2F640.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshLong2004" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Don; Long, James I. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.j-aircraft.com/research/jimlong/tony/tony.htm">"The Many Faces of TONY "5017"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>j-aircraft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=j-aircraft.com&rft.atitle=The+Many+Faces+of+TONY+%225017%22&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Long%2C+James+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.j-aircraft.com%2Fresearch%2Fjimlong%2Ftony%2Ftony.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylan2016" class="citation web cs1">Taylan, Justin (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/ki-61/61217.html">"Ki-61-II Kai Tony Manufacture Number 61217 Tail 17"</a>. <i>Pacific Wrecks</i>. Pacific Wrecks Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Wrecks&rft.atitle=Ki-61-II+Kai+Tony+Manufacture+Number+61217+Tail+17&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Taylan&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Faircraft%2Fki-61%2F61217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzawa2016" class="citation news cs1">Izawa, Tomoyuki (14 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201610140080.html">"Flying swallow WWII fighter restored to glory by Kawasaki"</a>. <i>The Asahi Shimbun</i>. The Asahi Shimbun Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Flying+swallow+WWII+fighter+restored+to+glory+by+Kawasaki&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.aulast=Izawa&rft.aufirst=Tomoyuki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2FAJ201610140080.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160226012843/http://www.chiran-tokkou.jp/english/floor/center/index.html">"Main exhibit room"</a>. <i>Chiran Peace Museum</i>. Chiran Peace Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chiran-tokkou.jp/english/floor/center/index.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chiran+Peace+Museum&rft.atitle=Main+exhibit+room&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiran-tokkou.jp%2Fenglish%2Ffloor%2Fcenter%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancillon1979">Francillon 1979</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bílý, Miroslav . <i>Kawasaki Ki-61 a Ki.100 (Profily letadel II. Svetové války no.4)</i> (in Czech with English and German captions). Praha, Czech Republic: Modelpres, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-901328-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/80-901328-0-4">80-901328-0-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBueschel1971" class="citation book cs1">Bueschel, Richard M. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/678232"><i>Kawasaki Ki. 61/Ki. 100 Hien in Japanese Army Air Force service, Aircam Aviation Series No.21</i></a>. Reading: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-026-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-026-8"><bdi>0-85045-026-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/678232">678232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kawasaki+Ki.+61%2FKi.+100+Hien+in+Japanese+Army+Air+Force+service%2C+Aircam+Aviation+Series+No.21&rft.place=Reading&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F678232&rft.isbn=0-85045-026-8&rft.aulast=Bueschel&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F678232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2002" class="citation book cs1">Crosby, Francis (2002). <i>Fighter Aircraft</i>. London: Lorenz Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7548-0990-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7548-0990-0"><bdi>0-7548-0990-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighter+Aircraft&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lorenz+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7548-0990-0&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ethell, Jeffrey L. <i>Aircraft of World War II</i>. Glasgow: Collins/Jane's, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-470849-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-470849-0">0-00-470849-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancillon1979" class="citation book cs1">Francillon, René J. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6124909"><i>Japanese aircraft of the Pacific War</i></a>. London: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-30251-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-30251-6"><bdi>0-370-30251-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6124909">6124909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+aircraft+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6124909&rft.isbn=0-370-30251-6&rft.aulast=Francillon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F6124909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span> (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-801-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-801-1">0-85177-801-1</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancillon1966" class="citation book cs1">Francillon, René J. (1966). <i>The Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien (Aircraft in Profile, Volume 5, No. 118)</i>. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kawasaki+Ki-61+Hien+%28Aircraft+in+Profile%2C+Volume+5%2C+No.+118%29&rft.place=Windsor%2C+Berkshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Profile+Publications+Ltd.&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Francillon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gallagher, James P. <i>Meatballs and Dead Birds: A Photo Gallery Of Destroyed Japanese Aircraft In World War II</i>. Mexhanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3161-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-3161-8">0-8117-3161-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibertini1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gibertini, Giorgio (August 1998). "Rondini Giapponesi". <i>Aerei Nella Storia N.8</i> (in Italian). Parma, Italy: West-ward edizioni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rondini+Giapponesi&rft.btitle=Aerei+Nella+Storia+N.8&rft.place=Parma%2C+Italy&rft.pub=West-ward+edizioni&rft.date=1998-08&rft.aulast=Gibertini&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Green, William. "An Oriental Swallow." <i>Air International</i>, Vol. 9, no. 2, August 1975.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1961" class="citation book cs1">Green, William (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/655407936"><i>War Planes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters</i></a>. Macdonald & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-01447-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-01447-9"><bdi>0-356-01447-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655407936">655407936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Planes+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+Volume+Three%3A+Fighters&rft.pub=Macdonald+%26+Co&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655407936&rft.isbn=0-356-01447-9&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F655407936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenSwanborough1976" class="citation book cs1">Green, William; Swanborough, Gordon (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820486093"><i>JWW2 Aircraft Fact Files: Japanese Army Fighters, Part 1</i></a>. London: Macdonald and Jane's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-08224-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-08224-5"><bdi>0-356-08224-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/820486093">820486093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JWW2+Aircraft+Fact+Files%3A+Japanese+Army+Fighters%2C+Part+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macdonald+and+Jane%27s&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F820486093&rft.isbn=0-356-08224-5&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Swanborough%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F820486093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span>* Gunston, Bill. <i>World Encyclopedia of Aircraft Manufacturers: From the Pioneers to the Present Day</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-939-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-939-5">1-55750-939-5</a>.</li> <li>Hata, Ikuhiko, Yasuho Izawa and Christopher Shores. <i>Japanese Army Air Force Fighter Units and Their Aces, 1931-1945</i>. London: Grub Street Publishing, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9023-0489-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9023-0489-2">978-1-9023-0489-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuggins1999" class="citation journal cs1">Huggins, Mark (May–June 1999). "Setting Sun: Japanese Air Defence of the Philippines 1944–1945". <i>Air Enthusiast</i> (81): 28–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Setting+Sun%3A+Japanese+Air+Defence+of+the+Philippines+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.issue=81&rft.pages=28-35&rft.date=1999-05%2F1999-06&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Huggins&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Janowicz, Krzysztof. <i>68 Sentai</i> (in Polish). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-89088-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/83-89088-01-0">83-89088-01-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanuszewskiJarski1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Januszewski, Tadeusz; Jarski, Adam (1992). <i>Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien, Monografie Lotnicze 5</i> (in Polish). Gdańsk, Poland: AJ-Press. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0867-7867">0867-7867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kawasaki+Ki-61+Hien%2C+Monografie+Lotnicze+5&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk%2C+Poland&rft.pub=AJ-Press&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0867-7867&rft.aulast=Januszewski&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft.au=Jarski%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mondey, David. <i>The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II</i>. London: Bounty Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7537-1460-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7537-1460-4">0-7537-1460-4</a>.</li> <li>Sakaida, Henry. <i>Japanese Army Air Force Aces 1937-45</i>. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-529-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-529-2">1-85532-529-2</a>.</li> <li>Sakurai, Takashi. <i>Hien Fighter Group: A Pictorial History of the 244th Sentai, Tokyo's Defenders</i> (in Japanese/English). Tokyo: Dai Nippon Kaga, 2004. ISBN unknown.</li> <li>Sakurai, Takashi. <i>Rikugun Hiko Dai 244 Sentai Shi</i> (History of the Army 244 Group) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Soubunsha, 1995. ISBN unknown.</li> <li>Snedden, Robert. <i>World War II Combat Aircraft</i>. Bristol, UK: Parragon Book, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7525-1684-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7525-1684-1">0-7525-1684-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakakiSakaida2001" class="citation book cs1">Takaki, Koji; Sakaida, Henry (2001). <i>B-29 Hunters of the JAAF</i>. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-161-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-161-3"><bdi>1-84176-161-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B-29+Hunters+of+the+JAAF&rft.place=Botley%2C+Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84176-161-3&rft.aulast=Takaki&rft.aufirst=Koji&rft.au=Sakaida%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanimura1967" class="citation book cs1">Tanimura, Masami; et al. (1967). <i>Kawasaki Ki-61 (Tony)</i>. Blaine, Washington: Paul Gaudette.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kawasaki+Ki-61+%28Tony%29&rft.place=Blaine%2C+Washington&rft.pub=Paul+Gaudette&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Tanimura&rft.aufirst=Masami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawasaki+Ki-61" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>United States Strategic Bombing Survey Aircraft Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/corporationrepor19unit#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Kawasaki Aircraft Company, Ltd.</i></a> Corporation Report IV, Washington, D.C. 1947.</li> <li>Vaccari, Pier Francesco. "Guerra Aerea in Nuova Guinea" (in Italian). <i>Rivista Italiana Difesa, N.8</i>, 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-61&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kawasaki_Ki-61" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kawasaki Ki-61">Kawasaki Ki-61</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vectorsite.net/avhien.html">KI-61 article on vectorsite (public domain)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org/japan/Tony-I.pdf">USN report on captured Ki-61 (pdf file)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tokkotai.or.jp/">Japanese website dedicated to the <i>Tokkotai</i> JAAF and JNAF</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbs.hitechcreations.com/wiki/index.php/Ki-61-I-KAIc">virtual page about performance of Ki-61Kai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630032728/http://bbs.hitechcreations.com/wiki/index.php/Ki-61-I-KAIc">Archived</a> 30 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://markkaiser.com/japaneseaviation/hien.html">Profile drawings and artwork on the Ki-61</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.j-aircraft.com/research/jimlong/tony/tony.htm">The Many Faces of Tony "5017"</a> - Article on Ki-61-II-Kai production No. 5017, still in existence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/aircraft/ki-61/640.html">Ki-61-II Tony Manufacture Number 640</a> - Covers the discovery, recovery and restoration in some detail</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kawasaki_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Aerospace_Company" title="Kawasaki Aerospace Company">Kawasaki</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_KAL-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki KAL-1 (page does not exist)">KAL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_KAL-2" title="Kawasaki KAL-2">KAL-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_KAT-1" title="Kawasaki KAT-1">KAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_KAQ-1" title="Kawasaki KAQ-1">KAQ-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Army_Type_88_Reconnaissance_Aircraft" title="Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft">KDA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_KDA-3" title="Kawasaki KDA-3">KDA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Army_Type_92_Fighter" title="Kawasaki Army Type 92 Fighter">KDA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_KDC-2" title="Kawasaki KDC-2">KDC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_C-5" title="Kawasaki C-5">KDC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_KH-4" title="Kawasaki KH-4">KH-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_YPX" title="Kawasaki YPX">YPX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imperial Japanese Army designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ka_87" title="Kawasaki Ka 87">Type 87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Army_Type_88_Reconnaissance_Aircraft" title="Kawasaki Army Type 88 Reconnaissance Aircraft">Type 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Army_Type_92_Fighter" title="Kawasaki Army Type 92 Fighter">Type 92</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-3" title="Kawasaki Ki-3">Ki-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-5" title="Kawasaki Ki-5">Ki-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-10" title="Kawasaki Ki-10">Ki-10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki Ki-22 (page does not exist)">Ki-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-28" title="Kawasaki Ki-28">Ki-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-32" title="Kawasaki Ki-32">Ki-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Ki-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Ki-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Ki-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-56" title="Kawasaki Ki-56">Ki-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-60" title="Kawasaki Ki-60">Ki-60</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ki-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-64" title="Kawasaki Ki-64">Ki-64</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki Ki-66 (page does not exist)">Ki-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-78" title="Kawasaki Ki-78">Ki-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Ki-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-85" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki Ki-85">Ki-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-88" title="Kawasaki Ki-88">Ki-88</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki Ki-89 (page does not exist)">Ki-89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-91" title="Kawasaki Ki-91">Ki-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-96" title="Kawasaki Ki-96">Ki-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-100" title="Kawasaki Ki-100">Ki-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-102" title="Kawasaki Ki-102">Ki-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-102" title="Kawasaki Ki-102">Ki-108</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki Ki-119 (page does not exist)">Ki-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-148" title="Kawasaki Ki-148">Ki-148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Ki-174</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese Self-Defense Force designations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_C-1" title="Kawasaki C-1">C-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_C-2" title="Kawasaki C-2">C-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_OH-1" title="Kawasaki OH-1">OH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_P-1" title="Kawasaki P-1">P-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_P-2J" title="Kawasaki P-2J">P-2J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_T-4" title="Kawasaki T-4">T-4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joint ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MBB/Kawasaki_BK_117" title="MBB/Kawasaki BK 117">BK 117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC145" title="Eurocopter EC145">BK 117-C2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensed production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_47" title="Bell 47">Bell 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_500" title="MD Helicopters MD 500">Hughes 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD_Helicopters_MD_500" title="MD Helicopters MD 500">Hughes 369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight" title="Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight">Boeing-Vertol V-107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_CH-47_Chinook" title="Boeing CH-47 Chinook">Boeing-Vertol CH-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_T-33" title="Lockheed T-33">Lockheed T-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-2_Neptune" title="Lockheed P-2 Neptune">Lockheed P-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_P-3_Orion" title="Lockheed P-3 Orion">Lockheed P-3C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" title="World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft">World War II Allied reporting names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-28" title="Kawasaki Ki-28">Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-32" title="Kawasaki Ki-32">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Nick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-10" title="Kawasaki Ki-10">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-102" title="Kawasaki Ki-102">Randy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-64" title="Kawasaki Ki-64">Rob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-56" title="Kawasaki Ki-56">Thalia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service_aircraft_designations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_Japanese_Army_aircraft" title="Template:Imperial Japanese Army aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_Japanese_Army_aircraft" title="Template talk:Imperial Japanese Army aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_Japanese_Army_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial Japanese Army aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service_aircraft_designations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Imperial Japanese Army Air Service</a> aircraft designations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1-50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-1" title="Mitsubishi Ki-1">Ki-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-2" title="Mitsubishi Ki-2">Ki-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-3" title="Kawasaki Ki-3">Ki-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-4" title="Nakajima Ki-4">Ki-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-5" title="Kawasaki Ki-5">Ki-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-6" title="Nakajima Ki-6">Ki-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_K3M" title="Mitsubishi K3M">Ki-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-8" title="Nakajima Ki-8">Ki-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-9" title="Tachikawa Ki-9">Ki-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-10" title="Kawasaki Ki-10">Ki-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-11" title="Nakajima Ki-11">Ki-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-12" title="Nakajima Ki-12">Ki-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-13 (page does not exist)">Ki-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Ki-14">Ki-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-15" title="Mitsubishi Ki-15">Ki-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-16 (page does not exist)">Ki-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-17" title="Tachikawa Ki-17">Ki-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-18" title="Mitsubishi Ki-18">Ki-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-19" title="Nakajima Ki-19">Ki-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-20" title="Mitsubishi Ki-20">Ki-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Ki-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki Ki-22 (page does not exist)">Ki-22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fukuda_Ki-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fukuda Ki-23 (page does not exist)">Ki-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachikawa Ki-24">Ki-24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachikawa_Ki-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachikawa Ki-25 (page does not exist)">Ki-25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachikawa_Ki-26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachikawa Ki-26 (page does not exist)">Ki-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Ki-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-28" title="Kawasaki Ki-28">Ki-28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachikawa_Ki-29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachikawa Ki-29 (page does not exist)">Ki-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-30" title="Mitsubishi Ki-30">Ki-30</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-31 (page does not exist)">Ki-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-32" title="Kawasaki Ki-32">Ki-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-33" title="Mitsubishi Ki-33">Ki-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-34" title="Nakajima Ki-34">Ki-34</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-35 (page does not exist)">Ki-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-36" title="Tachikawa Ki-36">Ki-36</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-37 (page does not exist)">Ki-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-38" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki Ki-38">Ki-38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-39 (page does not exist)">Ki-39</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-40 (page does not exist)">Ki-40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-41 (page does not exist)">Ki-41</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-42 (page does not exist)">Ki-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Ki-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44" title="Nakajima Ki-44">Ki-44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Ki-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-46" title="Mitsubishi Ki-46">Ki-46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-47&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-47 (page does not exist)">Ki-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Ki-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-49" title="Nakajima Ki-49">Ki-49</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-50 (page does not exist)">Ki-50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">51-100</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-51" title="Mitsubishi Ki-51">Ki-51</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-52 (page does not exist)">Ki-52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-53 (page does not exist)">Ki-53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-54" title="Tachikawa Ki-54">Ki-54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-55" title="Tachikawa Ki-55">Ki-55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-56" title="Kawasaki Ki-56">Ki-56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-57" title="Mitsubishi Ki-57">Ki-57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-49" title="Nakajima Ki-49">Ki-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ki-59" title="Kokusai Ki-59">Ki-59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-60" title="Kawasaki Ki-60">Ki-60</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ki-61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-62" title="Nakajima Ki-62">Ki-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-63" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-63">Ki-63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-64" title="Kawasaki Ki-64">Ki-64</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki Ki-66 (page does not exist)">Ki-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Ki-67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G5N" title="Nakajima G5N">Ki-68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Ki-69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-70" title="Tachikawa Ki-70">Ki-70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-51" title="Mitsubishi Ki-51">Ki-71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-72" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachikawa Ki-72">Ki-72</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-73 (page does not exist)">Ki-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-74" title="Tachikawa Ki-74">Ki-74</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-75&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-75 (page does not exist)">Ki-75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ki-76" title="Kokusai Ki-76">Ki-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-77" title="Tachikawa Ki-77">Ki-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-78" title="Kawasaki Ki-78">Ki-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Ki-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-49" title="Nakajima Ki-49">Ki-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-81" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki Ki-81">Ki-81</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-82 (page does not exist)">Ki-82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-83" title="Mitsubishi Ki-83">Ki-83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84">Ki-84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G5N" title="Nakajima G5N">Ki-85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131" class="mw-redirect" title="Bücker Bü 131">Ki-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-87" title="Nakajima Ki-87">Ki-87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-88" title="Kawasaki Ki-88">Ki-88</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki Ki-89 (page does not exist)">Ki-89</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-90 (page does not exist)">Ki-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-91" title="Kawasaki Ki-91">Ki-91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-92" title="Tachikawa Ki-92">Ki-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikugun_Ki-93" title="Rikugun Ki-93">Ki-93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-94" title="Tachikawa Ki-94">Ki-94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-83" title="Mitsubishi Ki-83">Ki-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-96" title="Kawasaki Ki-96">Ki-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Ki-97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansy%C5%AB_Ki-98" title="Mansyū Ki-98">Ki-98</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-99 (page does not exist)">Ki-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-100" title="Kawasaki Ki-100">Ki-100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-101 (page does not exist)">Ki-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-102" title="Kawasaki Ki-102">Ki-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-83" title="Mitsubishi Ki-83">Ki-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-7" title="Kokusai Ku-7">Ki-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84">Ki-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Koku_Ki-107" title="Tokyo Koku Ki-107">Ki-107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-102" title="Kawasaki Ki-102">Ki-108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Ki-109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-54" title="Tachikawa Ki-54">Ki-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-54" title="Tachikawa Ki-54">Ki-111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Ki-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84">Ki-113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-54" title="Tachikawa Ki-54">Ki-114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-115" title="Nakajima Ki-115">Ki-115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-116" title="Nakajima Ki-116">Ki-116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84">Ki-117</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-118&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-118 (page does not exist)">Ki-118</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasaki_Ki-119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasaki Ki-119 (page does not exist)">Ki-119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-147_I-Go_Type1_%E2%80%93_Ko" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki Ki-147 I-Go Type1 – Ko">Ki-147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-148" title="Kawasaki Ki-148">Ki-148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Ki-167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-174" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasaki Ki-174">Ki-174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J8M" title="Mitsubishi J8M">Ki-200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-201" title="Nakajima Ki-201">Ki-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikugun_Ki-202" title="Rikugun Ki-202">Ki-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-115" title="Nakajima Ki-115">Ki-230</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_Ki-337&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima Ki-337 (page does not exist)">Ki-337</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Japanese_Army_aircraft_names" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_Japanese_Army_aircraft_names" title="Template:Imperial Japanese Army aircraft names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_Japanese_Army_aircraft_names" title="Template talk:Imperial Japanese Army aircraft names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_Japanese_Army_aircraft_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial Japanese Army aircraft names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Japanese_Army_aircraft_names" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="Japanese military aircraft designation systems">Imperial Japanese Army aircraft names</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43_Hayabusa" title="Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa"><i>Hayabusa</i> (Peregrine Falcon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84"><i>Hayate</i> (Gale)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Hien</i> (Flying Swallow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-201" title="Nakajima Ki-201"><i>Karyu</i> (Fire Dragon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44" title="Nakajima Ki-44"><i>Shoki</i> (Demon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J8M" title="Mitsubishi J8M"><i>Shusui</i> (Sharp Sword)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikugun_Ki-202" title="Rikugun Ki-202"><i>Shusui–kai</i> (Sharp Sword-Improved)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45"><i>Toryu</i> (Dragon Slayer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-49" title="Nakajima Ki-49"><i>Donryu</i> (Storm Dragon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67"><i>Hiryu</i> (Flying Dragon)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-7" title="Kokusai Ku-7"><i>Manazuru</i> (True Crane)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-15" title="Mitsubishi Ki-15"><i>Karigane</i> (Wild Goose)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-9" title="Tachikawa Ki-9"><i>Churen</i> (intermediate trainer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-17" title="Tachikawa Ki-17"><i>Shoren</i> (Primary trainer)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special Attackers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_Baika" title="Kawanishi Baika"><i>Baika</i> (Japanese Apricot Blossom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-115" title="Nakajima Ki-115"><i>Tsurugi</i> (Sabre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67"><i>Sakura-dan</i> (Cherry Blossom)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II_Allied_reporting_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allied_reporting_names" title="Template:Allied reporting names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allied_reporting_names" title="Template talk:Allied reporting names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allied_reporting_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allied reporting names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II_Allied_reporting_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" title="World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft">World War II Allied reporting names for Japanese aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aircraft in Japanese service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Abdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E7K" title="Kawanishi E7K">Alf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-30" title="Mitsubishi Ki-30">Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-15" title="Mitsubishi Ki-15">Babs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY-7_Ohka" title="Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H3K" title="Kawanishi H3K">Belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-28" title="Kawasaki Ki-28">Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-7" title="Kokusai Ku-7">Buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-17" title="Tachikawa Ki-17">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_H5Y" title="Yokosuka H5Y">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-70" title="Tachikawa Ki-70">Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M" title="Mitsubishi A5M">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131_Jungmann" title="Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_E8N" title="Nakajima E8N">Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_A8V" title="Seversky A8V">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-46" title="Mitsubishi Ki-46">Dinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">Dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-51" title="Mitsubishi Ki-51">Edna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K">Emily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ohtori" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Ohtori">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ohtori" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Ohtori">Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y" title="Yokosuka P1Y">Frances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-8" title="Kokusai Ku-8">Gander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_E14Y" title="Yokosuka E14Y">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-8" title="Kokusai Ku-8">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_B7A" title="Aichi B7A">Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Gwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Hamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E10A" title="Aichi E10A">Hank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Hap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-49" title="Nakajima Ki-49">Helen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-54" title="Tachikawa Ki-54">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-36" title="Tachikawa Ki-36">Ida</a> (Ki-36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-55" title="Tachikawa Ki-55">Ida</a> (Ki-55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J1N" title="Nakajima J1N">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J2M" title="Mitsubishi J2M">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E13A" title="Aichi E13A">Jake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_B4Y" title="Yokosuka B4Y">Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_112" title="Heinkel He 112">Jerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B6N" title="Nakajima B6N">Jill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Jim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">Judy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Kate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B5M" title="Mitsubishi B5M">Kate 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E11A" title="Aichi E11A">Laura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G5N" title="Nakajima G5N">Liz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Q1W" title="Kyushu Q1W">Lorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-2" title="Mitsubishi Ki-2">Loise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-2" title="Mitsubishi Ki-2">Louise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J4M" title="Mitsubishi J4M">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B5M" title="Mitsubishi B5M">Mabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-32" title="Kawasaki Ki-32">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">Mavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_C6N" title="Nakajima C6N">Myrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Nate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Nick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E15K" title="Kawanishi E15K">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_K10W" title="Kyushu K10W">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-74" title="Tachikawa Ki-74">Pat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-74" title="Tachikawa Ki-74">Patsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E16A" title="Aichi E16A">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Peggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-10" title="Kawasaki Ki-10">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F1M" title="Mitsubishi F1M">Pete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_K3M" title="Mitsubishi K3M">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G8N" title="Nakajima G8N">Rita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-64" title="Kawasaki Ki-64">Rob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A6M2-N" title="Nakajima A6M2-N">Rufe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_BR.20_Cicogna" title="Fiat BR.20 Cicogna">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Sally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Sally III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A7M" title="Mitsubishi A7M">Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M" title="Mitsubishi A5M">Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watanabe_E9W" title="Watanabe E9W">Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-51" title="Mitsubishi Ki-51">Sonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-9" title="Tachikawa Ki-9">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ki-76" title="Kokusai Ki-76">Stella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-73 (page does not exist)">Steve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_D1A" title="Aichi D1A">Susie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showa/Nakajima_L2D" title="Showa/Nakajima L2D">Tabby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">Tess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-56" title="Kawasaki Ki-56">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_14_Super_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra">Thelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ki-59" title="Kokusai Ki-59">Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-34" title="Nakajima Ki-34">Thora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">Tina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_H7Y" title="Yokosuka H7Y">Tillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_14_Super_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra">Toby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44" title="Nakajima Ki-44">Tojo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-57" title="Mitsubishi Ki-57">Topsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_K5Y" title="Yokosuka K5Y">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Zeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Zeke 32</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign aircraft<br />thought to be in Japanese service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Bess</a> (Heinkel He 111)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Doc</a> (Messerschmitt Bf 110)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Fred</a> (Focke Wulf Fw 190)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Irene</a> (Junkers Ju 87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Janice</a> (Junkers Ju 88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Mike</a> (Messerschmitt Bf 109)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_A-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Vultee A-19">Millie</a> (Vultee V-11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Trixie</a> (Junkers Ju 52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 200">Trudy</a> (Focke-Wulf Fw 200)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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