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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reciprocating engine arranged with cylinders in banks aligned with the crankshaft</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daimler_D_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daimler_D_II.jpg/220px-Daimler_D_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daimler_D_II.jpg/330px-Daimler_D_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Daimler_D_II.jpg/440px-Daimler_D_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_D.II" title="Mercedes D.II">Mercedes D.II</a> inline engine on display</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>, an <b>inline engine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">reciprocating engine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">banks</a> of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, although more than six is uncommon. The major reciprocating-engine alternative configuration is the <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engine</a>, where the cylinders are placed in a circular or "star" arrangement. </p><p>The term "inline" is used somewhat differently for aircraft engines than automotive engines. For automotive engines, the term ‘inline’ refers only to straight engines (those with a single bank of cylinders). But for aircraft, ‘inline’ can also refer to engines which are not of the straight configuration, such as V, H, or horizontally opposed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inline_engine_configurations">Inline engine configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_engine_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Inline engine configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">Straight</a></dt> <dd>Engines with a single bank of cylinders which can be arranged at any angle but typically upright or inverted, (e.g. upright <a href="/wiki/ADC_Cirrus" title="ADC Cirrus">ADC Cirrus</a>, inverted <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Gipsy_Major" title="De Havilland Gipsy Major">de Havilland Gipsy Major</a>).</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">V</a></dt> <dd>Engines with two banks of cylinders with less than 180° between them driving a common crankshaft, typically arranged upright or inverted (e.g. upright <a href="/wiki/Liberty_L-12" title="Liberty L-12">Liberty L-12</a>, inverted <a href="/wiki/Argus_As_410" title="Argus As 410">Argus As 410</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-USNA1919_41Glossary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNA1919_41Glossary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TBoltv109G08_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TBoltv109G08-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LionEngine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LionEngine.jpg/220px-LionEngine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LionEngine.jpg/330px-LionEngine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/LionEngine.jpg/440px-LionEngine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W-12</a> <a href="/wiki/Napier_Lion" title="Napier Lion">Napier Lion</a> engine</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">O</a> or Horizontally Opposed</dt> <dd>Engines with two banks of cylinders arranged at 180° to each other driving a common crankshaft, almost universally mounted with banks horizontal for aircraft use, or with crankshaft vertical for helicopter use, (e.g. horizontally mounted <a href="/wiki/Continental_O-190" title="Continental O-190">Continental O-190</a>, vertically mounted <a href="/wiki/Franklin_6ACV-245" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin 6ACV-245">Franklin 6ACV-245</a>).</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NapierDagger.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/NapierDagger.JPG/220px-NapierDagger.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/NapierDagger.JPG/330px-NapierDagger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/NapierDagger.JPG/440px-NapierDagger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H-24</a> <a href="/wiki/Napier_Dagger" title="Napier Dagger">Napier Dagger</a> engine on display at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum" title="Royal Air Force Museum">Royal Air Force Museum</a> Hendon.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/W_engine" title="W engine">W</a></dt> <dd>Engines with three banks driving a common crankshaft, arranged so that first and last banks are 180°or less apart, (e.g. upright <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_12Eb" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine 12Eb">Lorraine 12Eb</a>, inverted <a href="/wiki/Napier_Lioness" class="mw-redirect" title="Napier Lioness">Napier Lioness</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-CampbellsLion_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CampbellsLion-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USNA1919_41Lion_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNA1919_41Lion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><b><a href="/wiki/X_engine" title="X engine">X</a></b></dt> <dd>Multiple bank engines with four banks arranged around a common crankshaft, usually spaced evenly, (e.g. evenly spaced <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Vulture" title="Rolls-Royce Vulture">Rolls-Royce Vulture</a>, unevenly spaced <a href="/wiki/Napier_Cub" title="Napier Cub">Napier Cub</a>).</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jumo205_cutview.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jumo205_cutview.JPG/220px-Jumo205_cutview.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jumo205_cutview.JPG/330px-Jumo205_cutview.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Jumo205_cutview.JPG/440px-Jumo205_cutview.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>A cutaway <a href="/wiki/Jumo_205" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumo 205">Jumo 205</a> 2-stroke opposed piston diesel engine</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Fan</dt> <dd>Engines with more than three banks with 180° or less between first and last bank, akin to W engines.</dd></dl> <p><i>Note:</i> Fan engines with single cylinder banks, typically from Anzani, are usually regarded as variants of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">Radial engine</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King-Bugatti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/King-Bugatti.jpg/220px-King-Bugatti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/King-Bugatti.jpg/330px-King-Bugatti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/King-Bugatti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_U-16" title="Bugatti U-16">Bugatti U-16</a> engine</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/U_engine" title="U engine">U</a></dt> <dd>Engines with two banks of cylinders side by side driving separate crankshafts geared to a single output, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_U-16" title="Bugatti U-16">Bugatti U-16</a>).</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/H_engine" title="H engine">H</a></dt> <dd>Engines with four banks of cylinders driving two crankshafts geared to a single output, in effect, two Opposed engines coupled together and mounted either horizontally or vertically, (e.g. horizontally <a href="/wiki/Napier_Sabre" title="Napier Sabre">Napier Sabre</a>, vertically <a href="/wiki/Napier_Dagger" title="Napier Dagger">Napier Dagger</a>).</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Opposed-piston_engine" title="Opposed-piston engine">Opposed piston</a></dt> <dd>Two-stroke engines, typically compression ignition/Diesel, with a single bank of cylinders driving two crankshafts where the pistons travel towards each other forming single combustion chambers, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jumo_207" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumo 207">Jumo 207</a>).</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Deltic:</b> Engines with three banks of opposed piston cylinders arranged in a triangle with three crankshafts geared to drive a single output,(e.g. <a href="/wiki/Napier_Deltic" title="Napier Deltic">Napier Deltic</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Rhomboidal:</b> Engines with four or more banks of opposed piston cylinders arranged in a square with four crankshafts geared to drive a single output,(e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jumo_223" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumo 223">Jumo 223</a>)</dd></dl> <p><i>Note:</i> There is no theoretical limit to the number banks in an opposed piston engine, limitations include cost, complexity and reliability. </p> <dl><dt>Multiple bank</dt> <dd>Engines with more than two banks, arranged around a common axis and/or crankshaft with more than 180° between first and last banks.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b>Star:</b> Multiple bank engines with an even number of banks (more than four) arranged around a common axis and/or driving a common crankshaft with more than 180° between first and last banks, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jumo_222" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumo 222">Jumo 222</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobrynin_VD-4K" title="Dobrynin VD-4K">Dobrynin VD-4K</a>).</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jumo_222_E_links.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jumo_222_E_links.JPG/220px-Jumo_222_E_links.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jumo_222_E_links.JPG/330px-Jumo_222_E_links.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Jumo_222_E_links.JPG/440px-Jumo_222_E_links.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_222" title="Junkers Jumo 222">Junkers Jumo 222</a> multibank aviation engine, four cylinders per bank.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Inline_radial_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline radial engine">Inline Radial</a>:</b> Multiple bank engines, usually liquid-cooled, with an odd number of banks (three or more) arranged around a common axis and/or driving a common crankshaft with more than 180° between first and last banks, (e.g. air-cooled <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Deerhound" title="Armstrong Siddeley Deerhound">Armstrong Siddeley Deerhound</a>, liquid-cooled <a href="/wiki/BMW_803" title="BMW 803">BMW 803</a>).</dd></dl> <p><i>Note</i> The BMW 803 is not only an inline radial engine but is also a coupled engine with two engines arranged back to back on a common axis driving separate co-axial propellers through a common gearbox. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inverted_engine">Inverted engine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_engine_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inverted engine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argus_AS_10_Aviaticum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Argus_AS_10_Aviaticum.JPG/220px-Argus_AS_10_Aviaticum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Argus_AS_10_Aviaticum.JPG/330px-Argus_AS_10_Aviaticum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Argus_AS_10_Aviaticum.JPG/440px-Argus_AS_10_Aviaticum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Argus_As_10" title="Argus As 10">Argus As 10</a> inverted <a href="/wiki/Air-cooled_engine" title="Air-cooled engine">air-cooled</a> <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8 engine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An upright engine has the cylinder heads directly above the crankshaft. By contrast an inverted engine has the cylinder heads directly beneath it. In the inverted V layout, the cylinders angle downwards instead of upwards. </p><p>For an aero engine, advantages of the inverted layout include improved access to cylinder heads and manifolds for the ground crew,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson174_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson174-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Possibilities_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Possibilities-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAEtransactionsV20P1p541_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAEtransactionsV20P1p541-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having the centre of mass of a multi-bank engine lower in the engine and, for engines mounted in the nose, improved visibility for the pilot and placing the widest part of a multi-bank engine closer to the midline of the fuselage, which is typically its widest point.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson174_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson174-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hirth_HM_60" title="Hirth HM 60">Hirth HM 60</a> four-cylinder inverted inline engine was introduced in 1924, and inverted designs saw increasing popularity through the late 1920s and 30s. Widespread examples included the inline <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Gipsy_Major" title="De Havilland Gipsy Major">de Havilland Gipsy Major</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">de Havilland Tiger Moth</a>, and the inverted-V <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_601" title="Daimler-Benz DB 601">Daimler-Benz DB 601</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inline_engine_(aeronautics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USNA1919_41Glossary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USNA1919_41Glossary_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, E.R., <i>United States Naval Aviation, 1919–1941: Aircraft, Airships and Ships Between the Wars</i>, p.326: "INLINE ENGINE–A type of reciprocating piston engine in which an even (4-6-8-12) number of cylinders are arranged either in a straight line or in a V-type configuration directly above (or below) the crankcase. Most early inline aircraft engines were water-cooled via a radiator system, though air-cooled types began to appear during the 1930s."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TBoltv109G08-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TBoltv109G08_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowman, M., Hector, G, <i>P-47 Thunderbolt Vs. Bf 109G/K: Europe 1943-45</i>, p.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CampbellsLion-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CampbellsLion_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090914051239/http://www.racingcampbells.com/content/campbell.archives/napier.lion.asp">"Napier Lion"</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingcampbells.com/content/index.html">The Racing Campbells</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racingcampbells.com/content/campbell.archives/napier.lion.html">the original</a> on 2009-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-06-30</span></span>. <q>The Lion was a 12-cylinder W-block inline aircraft engine built by Napier & Son starting in 1917, and ending in the 1930s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%5Bhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingcampbells.com%2Fcontent%2Findex.html+The+Racing+Campbells%5D&rft.atitle=Napier+Lion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racingcampbells.com%2Fcontent%2Fcampbell.archives%2Fnapier.lion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+engine+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USNA1919_41Lion-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USNA1919_41Lion_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, E.R., <i>United States Naval Aviation, 1919–1941: Aircraft, Airships and Ships Between the Wars</i>, p.303: "General specifications: type, single-seat torpedo plane; one 450-hp Napier Lion 1B inline engine; length..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson174-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson174_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson174_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilkinson" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Stephan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFVqaS_QjW4C&pg=PA171">"DB-601"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFVqaS_QjW4C"><i>Man And Machine: The Best of Stephan Wilkinson</i></a>. Globe Pequot. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59228-812-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59228-812-X"><bdi>1-59228-812-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-24</span></span>. <q>The widest part of the engine–the two banks of cylinder heads–were down near the already wide midline of the fuselage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DB-601&rft.btitle=Man+And+Machine%3A+The+Best+of+Stephan+Wilkinson&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59228-812-X&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFVqaS_QjW4C%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+engine+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Possibilities-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Possibilities_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1925" class="citation journal cs1">Meyers, W. G. (September 1925). Mitchell, Harley W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5MrNJNkZ88C">"Future Possibilities in Aircraft Engine Design"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flying_(magazine)" title="Flying (magazine)">Aeronautics</a></i>. <b>5</b> (3). Chicago, IL USA: Aeronautical Publications: 85<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-24</span></span>. <q>(4) Its high center of thrust insures better flying qualities by offsetting a tendency of the ship to climb when full power is suddenly thrown on,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeronautics&rft.atitle=Future+Possibilities+in+Aircraft+Engine+Design&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1925-09&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5MrNJNkZ88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+engine+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAEtransactionsV20P1p541-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAEtransactionsV20P1p541_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>SAE Transactions, Volume 20, Part 1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Automotive_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Automotive Engineers">Society of Automotive Engineers</a>. 1926. <q>The Inverted Type Has Four Major Advantages: (a) Improved Visibility, (b) High Center of Thrust, (c) Accessibility for Maintenance, and (d) Gravity Fuel-Feed found to be particularly desirable for load-carrying airplanes...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAE+Transactions%2C+Volume+20%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Society+of+Automotive+Engineers&rft.date=1926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+engine+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanHector2008" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Martin; Hector, Gareth (Aug 19, 2008). "Design and Development". <i>P-47 Thunderbolt Vs. Bf 109G/K: Europe 1943-45</i>. Duel Series. Vol. 11. Illustrated by: Jim Laurier, Chris Davey. Osprey Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-315-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-315-5"><bdi>978-1-84603-315-5</bdi></a>. <q>Kartveli, meanwhile, had a new fighter project on the drawing board called the AP-10, which was a relatively lightweight machine designed around a 1,150 hp Allison V-1710-39 liquid-cooled V12 inline engine and armed with two 0.50-in. machine guns in the nose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Design+and+Development&rft.btitle=P-47+Thunderbolt+Vs.+Bf+109G%2FK%3A+Europe+1943-45&rft.series=Duel+Series&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-315-5&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Hector%2C+Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+engine+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, E. R. (Apr 20, 2011). <i>United States Naval Aviation, 1919-1941: Aircraft, Airships and Ships Between the Wars</i> (illustrated ed.). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-78644-550-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-78644-550-9"><bdi>978-0-78644-550-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Naval+Aviation%2C+1919-1941%3A+Aircraft%2C+Airships+and+Ships+Between+the+Wars&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011-04-20&rft.isbn=978-0-78644-550-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInline+engine+%28aeronautics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inline_engine_(aeronautics)&oldid=1221981727">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inline_engine_(aeronautics)&oldid=1221981727</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piston_engine_configurations" title="Category:Piston engine configurations">Piston engine configurations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_piston_engines" title="Category:Aircraft piston engines">Aircraft piston engines</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_external_links" title="Category:CS1 errors: external links">CS1 errors: external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 May 2024, at 04:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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