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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Internal correspondences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_correspondences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grammatical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammatical_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammatical characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-a_and_o_possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#a_and_o_possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>a</i> and <i>o</i> possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-a_and_o_possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals_in_Polynesian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals_in_Polynesian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Numerals in Polynesian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals_in_Polynesian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polynesian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinesiese_tale" title="Polinesiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polinesiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات بولينيزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات بولينيزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_polinesias" title="Luengas polinesias – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas polinesias" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_polinesies" title="Llingües polinesies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües polinesies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_polin%C3%A8sies" title="Llengües polinèsies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües polinèsies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesische_Sprachen" title="Polynesische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polynesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCneesia_keeled" title="Polüneesia keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüneesia keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_polinesias" title="Lenguas polinesias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas polinesias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezia_lingvaro" title="Polinezia lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polinezia lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های پلی‌نزیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های پلی‌نزیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_polyn%C3%A9siennes" title="Langues polynésiennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues polynésiennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_polinesias" title="Linguas polinesias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas polinesias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="폴리네시아어군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴리네시아어군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_Polenekia" title="ʻŌlelo Polenekia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Polenekia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="पॉलिनीशियाई भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पॉलिनीशियाई भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezijski_jezici" title="Polinezijski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Polinezijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polineziana_lingui" title="Polineziana lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polineziana lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Polinesio" title="Sasao a Polinesio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Polinesio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Polinesia" title="Rumpun bahasa Polinesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Polinesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_polinesiane" title="Lingue polinesiane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue polinesiane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות פולינזיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות פולינזיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಪಾಲಿನೇಷಿಯನ್ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಲಿನೇಷಿಯನ್ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Polynesicae" title="Linguae Polynesicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Polynesicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C4%93zie%C5%A1u_valodas" title="Polinēziešu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polinēziešu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Polineziečių kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polineziečių kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_polinesian" title="Linguas polinesian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas polinesian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polin%C3%A9z_nyelvek" title="Polinéz nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polinéz nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Полинезиски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полинезиски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_p%C3%B4lineziana" title="Fiteny pôlineziana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny pôlineziana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%89" title="بولينيزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولينيزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesische_talen" title="Polynesische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polynesische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="ポリネシア諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリネシア諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyneesk_spriaken" title="Polyneesk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Polyneesk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Polynesiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polynesiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Polynesiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polynesiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_polinesianas" title="Lengas polinesianas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas polinesianas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinez_tillari" title="Polinez tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polinez tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_polinezyjskie" title="Języki polinezyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki polinezyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_polin%C3%A9sias" title="Línguas polinésias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas polinésias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbile_polineziene" title="Limbile polineziene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbile polineziene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulinisya_rimaykuna" title="Pulinisya rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulinisya rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Полинезийские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полинезийские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_polinesianas" title="Limbas polinesianas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas polinesianas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polynesian languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Полинежански језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полинежански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezijski_jezici" title="Polinezijski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Polinezijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesialaiset_kielet" title="Polynesialaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polynesialaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Polynesiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polynesiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="กลุ่มภาษาพอลินีเชีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาพอลินีเชีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinezya_dilleri" title="Polinezya dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polinezya dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Полінезійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полінезійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian language">Polynesian language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language family</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Polynesian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li>East Fijian – Polynesian<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Polynesian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language">Proto-Polynesian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear Polynesian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/poly1242">poly1242</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fijian-Polynesian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fijian-Polynesian.svg/300px-Fijian-Polynesian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fijian-Polynesian.svg/450px-Fijian-Polynesian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fijian-Polynesian.svg/600px-Fijian-Polynesian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="527" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><b>The Central Pacific languages</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Olive_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive (colour)">Olive</a>-Green: East Fijian-Polynesian Languages (not shown: <a href="/wiki/Rapanui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapanui language">Rapa Nui</a>)<br />Pink: Western Fijian-Rotuman Languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Polynesian languages</b> form a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">genealogical group of languages</a>, itself part of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian family</a>. </p><p>There are 38 Polynesian languages, representing 7 percent of the 522 Oceanic languages, and 3 percent of the Austronesian family.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While half of them are spoken in geographical <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian triangle">Polynesian triangle</a>), the other half – known as <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian outliers">Polynesian outliers</a> – are spoken in other parts of the Pacific: from <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> to atolls scattered in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. The most prominent Polynesian languages, by number of speakers, are <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>. </p><p>The ancestors of modern Polynesians were <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita navigators</a>, who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> areas about 3,000 years ago. Linguists and archaeologists estimate that this first population went through common development during about 1000 years, giving rise to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language">Proto-Polynesian</a>, the linguistic ancestor of all modern Polynesian languages. After that period of shared development, the Proto-Polynesian society split into several descendant populations, as <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigators</a> scattered around various archipelagoes across the Pacific – some travelling <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian outliers">westwards to already populated areas</a>, others navigating eastwards and settling in new territories (<a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>, etc.). </p><p>Still today, Polynesian languages show strong similarity, particularly <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> words in their vocabulary; this includes culturally important words such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">tapu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">ariki</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Motu_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motu (geography)">motu</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanua#Polynesian_languages" title="Vanua">fenua</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa</a></i> as well as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Nuclear_Polynesian/Sawaiki#Proto-Nuclear_Polynesian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Nuclear Polynesian/Sawaiki">*<i>sawaiki</i></a>, the mythical homeland for some of the cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-buckh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_classification">Internal classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Internal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogenetic_classification">Phylogenetic classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phylogenetic classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polynesian languages fall into two branches, <a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear Polynesian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a> constitute the Tongic branch; all the rest are part of the Nuclear Polynesian branch.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Polynesian</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear Polynesian</a> <ul><li>Ellicean <ul><li>Ellicean–Outlier <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuria_language" title="Nukuria language">Nukuria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu Atoll</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nukumanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukumanu">Nukumanu</a> in the east of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a> (or Luangiua; <a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontong Java">Ontong Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaeakau-Taumako_language" title="Vaeakau-Taumako language">Pileni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reef_Islands" title="Reef Islands">Reef Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Polynesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a> (<a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>)</li> <li>Central–Eastern Polynesian <ul><li>Marquesic <ul><li>Marquesan–Mangareva <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangareva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Tahitic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tuamotu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuamotu">Tuamotu Archipelago</a>, French Polynesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Rarotongan</a> (Cook Islands Māori, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rakahanga" title="Rakahanga">Rakahanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manihiki" title="Manihiki">Manihiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cook_Islands" title="Northern Cook Islands">Northern Cook Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_language" title="Penrhyn language">Penrhyn</a> (or Tongarevan; <a href="/wiki/Tongareva_atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva atoll">Tongareva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cook_Islands" title="Northern Cook Islands">Northern Cook Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>) †</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Futunic (?): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a> or East Uvean (Fakaʻuvea) (<a href="/wiki/Wallis_(island)" title="Wallis (island)">Wallis Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a> or East Futunan (Fakafutuna) (<a href="/wiki/Futuna_(Wallis_and_Futuna)" title="Futuna (Wallis and Futuna)">Futuna Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a> or Faga Uvea (<a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a> off <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pukapuka" title="Pukapuka">Pukapuka</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaeakau-Taumako_language" title="Vaeakau-Taumako language">Vaeakau-Taumako</a> (?) (<a href="/wiki/Reef_Islands" title="Reef Islands">Reef Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taumako" title="Taumako">Taumako</a> island, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa_language" title="Futuna-Aniwa language">Futuna-Aniwa</a> or West Futunan (<a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" title="Mele (island)">Mele Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%CA%BBou_language" title="Niuafoʻou language">Niuafoʻou</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Niuafo%CA%BBou" title="Niuafoʻou">Niuafoʻou Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_classification">History of classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The contemporary classification of the Polynesian languages began with certain observations by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a> in 1966 based on shared innovations in phonology, vocabulary and grammar showing that the East Polynesian languages were more closely related to Samoan than they were to Tongan, calling Tongan and its nearby relative Niuean "Tongic" and Samoan and all other Polynesian languages of the study "Nuclear Polynesian".<sup id="cite_ref-pawley66_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pawley66-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, there had been lexicostatistical studies<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that squarely suggested a "West Polynesian" group composed of at least Tongan and Samoan and that an "East Polynesian" group was equally distant from both Tongan and Samoan. </p><p>Pawley published another study in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-pawley67_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pawley67-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began the process of extracting relationships from Polynesian languages on small islands in Melanesia, the "<a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Outliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian Outliers">Polynesian Outliers</a>", whose languages Pawley was able to trace to East Futuna in the case of those farther south and perhaps to Samoa itself in the case of those more to the north. </p><p>Except for some minor differentiation of the East Polynesian tree, further study paused for almost twenty years until Wilson<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson85_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson85-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published a study of Polynesian pronominal systems in 1985 suggesting that there was a special relationship between the East Polynesian languages and all other Nuclear Polynesian but for Futunic, and calling that extra-Futunic group the "<a href="/wiki/Ellicean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellicean languages">Ellicean languages</a>". Furthermore, East Polynesian was found to more likely have emerged from extra-Samoan Ellicean than out of Samoa itself, in contradiction to the long assumption of a Samoan homeland for the origins of East Polynesian. Wilson named this new group "Ellicean" after the pre-independence name of Tuvalu and presented evidence for subgroups within that overarching category. </p><p>Marck,<sup id="cite_ref-Marck_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marck-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2000, was able to offer some support for some aspects of Wilson's suggestion through comparisons of shared sporadic (irregular, unexpected) sound changes, e. g., Proto-Polynesian and Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian *mafu 'to heal' becoming Proto-Ellicean *mafo. This was made possible by the massive Polynesian language comparative lexicon ("Pollex" – with reconstructions) of Biggs and Clark.<sup id="cite_ref-Biggs,_Bruce_1990_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biggs,_Bruce_1990-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_correspondences">Internal correspondences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal correspondences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Partly because Polynesian languages split from one another comparatively recently, many words in these languages remain similar to corresponding words in others. The table below demonstrates this with the words for 'sky', 'north wind', 'woman', 'house' and 'parent' in a representative selection of languages: <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a>; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Takuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Takuu">Takuu</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Marquesan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="North Marquesan language">North Marquesan</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_Marquesan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Marquesan language">South Marquesan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan language">Mangarevan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rapanui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapanui language">Rapanui language</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>; <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Cook Islands Māori</a> (Rarotongan). </p> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Tongan </th> <th>Niuean </th> <th>Samoan </th> <th>Sikaiana </th> <th>Takuu </th> <th>North Marquesan </th> <th>South Marquesan </th> <th>Mangarevan </th> <th>Hawaiian </th> <th>Rapanui </th> <th>Tahitian </th> <th>Māori </th> <th>Rarotongan </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>sky</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/laŋi/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/laŋi/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/laŋi/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lani/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾani/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaki/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔani/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾaŋi/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lani/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾaŋi/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾaʔi/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾaŋi/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾaŋi/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>north wind</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokelau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokelau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/toʔelau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokelau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokoɾau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokoʔau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokoʔau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokeɾau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/koʔolau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokeɾau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/toʔeɾau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokeɾau/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tokeɾau/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>woman</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fefine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fifine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fafine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hahine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ffine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vehine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vehine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/veine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wahine/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vahine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wahine/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/vaʔine/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>house</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fale/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fale/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fale/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hale/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/faɾe/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/haʔe/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/haʔe/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/faɾe/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hale/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/haɾe/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/faɾe/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸaɾe/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaɾe/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>parent</i> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/maːtuʔa/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/motua/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/matua/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/maatua/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/motua/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/motua/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/matua/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/makua/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/matuʔa/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/metua/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/matua/</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/metua/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Certain regular correspondences can be noted between different Polynesian languages. For example, the Māori sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> correspond to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> in Hawaiian. Accordingly, "man" is <i>tangata</i> in Māori and <i>kanaka</i> in Hawaiian, and Māori <i>roa</i> "long" corresponds to Hawaiian <i>loa</i>. The famous Hawaiian greeting <i>aloha</i> corresponds to Māori <i>aroha</i>, "love, tender emotion". Similarly, the Hawaiian word for <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> is <i>ʻawa</i>. </p><p>Similarities in basic vocabulary may allow speakers from different island groups to achieve a significant degree of understanding of each other's speech. When a particular language shows unexpectedly large divergence in vocabulary, this may be the result of a <a href="/wiki/Taboo_on_the_dead#The_taboo_against_naming_the_dead" title="Taboo on the dead">name-avoidance taboo situation</a> – see examples in <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language#Taboo_names_–_piꞌi" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, where this has happened often. </p><p>Many Polynesian languages have been greatly affected by European colonization. Both Māori and Hawaiian, for example, have lost many speakers to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and only since the 1990s have they resurged in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammatical_characteristics">Grammatical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammatical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, Polynesian languages have three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> for pronouns and possessives: singular, <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> and plural. For example, in Māori: <i>ia</i> (he/she), <i>rāua</i> (they two), <i>rātou</i> (they 3 or more). The words <i>rua</i> (2) and <i>toru</i> (3) are still discernible in endings of the dual and plural pronouns, giving the impression that the plural was originally a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number#Trial" title="Grammatical number">trial</a> (threesome) or <a href="/wiki/Paucal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paucal">paucal</a> (a few), and that an original plural has disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polynesian languages have four distinctions in pronouns and possessives: first exclusive, first inclusive, second and third. For example, in Māori, the plural pronouns are: <i>mātou</i> (we, exc), <i>tātou</i> (we, inc), <i>koutou</i> (you), <i>rātou</i> (they). The difference between <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">exclusive and inclusive</a> is the treatment of the person addressed. <i>Mātou</i> refers to the speaker and others but not the person or persons spoken to (i.e., "I and some others, but not you"), while <i>tātou</i> refers to the speaker, the person or persons spoken to, and everyone else (i.e., "You and I and others"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="a_and_o_possession"><i>a</i> and <i>o</i> possession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: a and o possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Polynesian languages distinguish two <a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">possessives</a>. The a-possessives (as they contain that letter in most cases), also known as subjective possessives, refer to possessions that must be acquired by one's own action (<a href="/wiki/Alienable_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienable possession">alienable possession</a>). The o-possessives or objective possessives refer to possessions that are fixed to someone, unchangeable, and do not necessitate any action on one's part but upon which actions can still be performed by others (<a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possession" title="Inalienable possession">inalienable possession</a>). Some words can take either form, often with a difference in meaning. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> word <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">susu</i></span>, which takes the o-possessive in <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">lona susu</i></span> (her breast) and the a-possessive in <span title="Samoan-language text"><i lang="sm">lana susu</i></span> (her breastmilk). Compare also the particles used in the names of two of the books of the Māori Bible: <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Pukapuka <b>a</b> Heremaia</i></span> (The Book of Jeremiah) with <span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Pukapuka <b>o</b> Hōhua</i></span> (The Book of Joshua); the former belongs to Jeremiah in the sense that he was the author, but the Book of Joshua was written by someone else about Joshua. The distinction between one's birth village and one's current residence village can be made similarly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals_in_Polynesian_languages">Numerals in Polynesian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Numerals in Polynesian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerals:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> </th> <th>one </th> <th>two </th> <th>three </th> <th>four </th> <th>five </th> <th>six </th> <th>seven </th> <th>eight </th> <th>nine </th> <th>ten </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a> </th> <td>*tasi </td> <td>*rua </td> <td>*tolu </td> <td>*fa </td> <td>*rima </td> <td>*ono </td> <td>*fitu </td> <td>*walu </td> <td>*hiwa </td> <td>*haŋafulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> </th> <td>taha </td> <td>ua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fa </td> <td>nima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>hiva </td> <td>hongofulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a> </th> <td>taha </td> <td>ua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fā </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>hiva </td> <td>hogofulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fa </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>sefulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fa </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>hefulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fa </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>agafulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a> </th> <td>dahi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>dolu </td> <td>haa </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>hidu </td> <td>walu </td> <td>hiwa </td> <td>mada </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a> </th> <td>kahi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>kolu </td> <td>hā </td> <td>lima </td> <td>oŋo </td> <td>hiku </td> <td>valu </td> <td>sivo </td> <td>sehui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>fa </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>varu </td> <td>sivo </td> <td>sinafuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vaeakau-Taumako_language" title="Vaeakau-Taumako language">Pileni</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>fā </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>kʰaro </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>hā </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>hitu </td> <td>valo </td> <td>sivo </td> <td>sehui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> </th> <td>e tahi </td> <td>e úa </td> <td>e toú </td> <td>e fa </td> <td>e íma </td> <td>e ono </td> <td>e fitu </td> <td>e vaú </td> <td>e iva </td> <td>ónohuú </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> </th> <td>‘e-kahi </td> <td>‘e-lua </td> <td>‘e-kolu </td> <td>‘e-hā </td> <td>‘e-lima </td> <td>‘e-ono </td> <td>‘e-hiku </td> <td>‘e-walu </td> <td>‘e-iwa </td> <td>‘umi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangareva</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>ha </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>hitu </td> <td>varu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>rogouru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>ha </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>hitu </td> <td>vaʼu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>ʼahuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Maori</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>whā </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>whitu </td> <td>waru </td> <td>iwa </td> <td>tekau (also ngahuru) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>piti </td> <td>toru </td> <td>maha </td> <td>pae </td> <td>ōno </td> <td>hitu </td> <td>vaʼu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>hōeʼahuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori" title="Cook Islands Māori">Rarotongan</a> </th> <td>taʼi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>ā </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>ʼitu </td> <td>varu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>ngaʼuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>fā </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>hitu </td> <td>varu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>rongoʼuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Penrhyn_language" title="Penrhyn language">Penrhyn</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>hā </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>hitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>tahi-ngahulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> </th> <td>tehi </td> <td>teru </td> <td>toru </td> <td>tewha </td> <td>terima </td> <td>teono </td> <td>tewhitu </td> <td>tewaru </td> <td>teiwa </td> <td>meangauru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a> </th> <td>tai </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>paa </td> <td>nima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>pitu </td> <td>varu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>puangapuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>fa </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>βaru </td> <td>siβa </td> <td>ŋafuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa_language" title="Futuna-Aniwa language">Futuna-Aniwa</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>fa </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>varo </td> <td>iva </td> <td>tagafuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>fa </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>βaru </td> <td>siβa </td> <td>siŋafuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nanumea" title="Nanumea">Nanumea</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fā </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>toa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a> </th> <td>dahi </td> <td>ka-lua </td> <td>ka-dolu </td> <td>ka-haa </td> <td>ka-lima </td> <td>ka-ono </td> <td>ka-hidu </td> <td>ka-valu </td> <td>ka-siva </td> <td>ka-hulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapuka</a> </th> <td>tayi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>wa </td> <td>lima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>witu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>iva </td> <td>laugaulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>ŋgua </td> <td>toŋgu </td> <td>hā </td> <td>ŋgima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>hitu </td> <td>baŋgu </td> <td>iba </td> <td>katoa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>fa </td> <td>rima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>varu </td> <td>siva </td> <td>fuaŋafuru </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fā </td> <td>nima </td> <td>ono </td> <td>fitu </td> <td>valu </td> <td>hiva </td> <td>hogofulu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvea</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>ƚua </td> <td>toƚu </td> <td>fa </td> <td>lima </td> <td>tahia-tupu </td> <td>luaona-tupu </td> <td>toluona-tupu </td> <td>faona-tupu </td> <td>limaona-tupu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Written Polynesian languages use orthography based on <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>. Most Polynesian languages have five <a href="/wiki/Vowel#Articulation" title="Vowel">vowel qualities</a>, corresponding roughly to those written <i>i, e, a, o, u</i> in classical <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. However, orthographic conventions for <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> that are not easily encoded in standard Latin script had to develop over time. Influenced by the traditions of orthographies of languages they were familiar with, the missionaries who first developed orthographies for unwritten Polynesian languages did not explicitly mark phonemic vowel length or the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. By the time that <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a> trained in more modern methods made their way to the Pacific, at least for the major languages, the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was already printed according to the orthographic system developed by the missionaries, and the people had learned to read and write without marking vowel length or the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. </p><p>This situation persists in many languages. Despite efforts at reform by local academies, the general conservative resistance to orthographic change has led to varying results in Polynesian languages, and several writing variants co-exist. The most common method, however, uses a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> to indicate a long vowel, while a vowel without that diacritical mark is short, for example, <b>ā</b> versus <b>a</b>. Sometimes, a long vowel is instead written double, e.g. <i>Maaori</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> (not present in all Polynesian languages, but, where present, one of the most common <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a>) is indicated by an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>, for example, <b>'a</b> versus <b>a</b>. Hawaiʻian uses the <b><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">ʻokina</a></b>, also called by <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBokina#Names" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻokina">several other names</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unicase" title="Unicase">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> letter used within the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> to mark the <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. It is also used in many other Polynesian languages, each of which has its own name for the character. Apart from the ʻokina or the somewhat similar Tahitian ʻeta, a common method is to change the simple apostrophe for a curly one, taking a normal apostrophe for the elision and the inverted comma for the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. The latter method has come into common use in Polynesian languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlottolog2017" class="citation book cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/poly1242">"Polynesian languages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a></i>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Polynesian+languages&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fpoly1242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buckh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-buckh_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHīroa1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Te_Rangi_H%C4%ABroa" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Rangi Hīroa">Hīroa, Te Rangi</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucViki-t1-front-d1-d1.html"><i>Vikings of the Sunrise</i></a>. New Zealand: Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24522-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24522-3"><bdi>0-313-24522-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings+of+the+Sunrise&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Whitcombe+and+Tombs+Ltd&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-313-24522-3&rft.aulast=H%C4%ABroa&rft.aufirst=Te+Rangi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-BucViki-t1-front-d1-d1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchMalcolm_RossTerry_Crowley2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(linguist)" title="John Lynch (linguist)">Lynch, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Malcolm Ross</a>; <a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Terry Crowley</a> (2002). <i>The Oceanic languages</i>. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1128-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1128-4"><bdi>978-0-7007-1128-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48929366">48929366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oceanic+languages&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48929366&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1128-4&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Malcolm+Ross&rft.au=Terry+Crowley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarck2000" class="citation journal cs1">Marck, Jeff (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/90887/2/Marck-2000-PolynesianLanguageCultureHistory.pdf">"Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pacific Linguistics</i>. Canberra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Topics+in+Polynesian+languages+and+culture+history&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Marck&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F90887%2F2%2FMarck-2000-PolynesianLanguageCultureHistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pawley66-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pawley66_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawley, Andrew, 1966, Polynesian languages: a subgrouping based upon shared innovations in morphology. <i>Journal of the Polynesian Society</i> 75(1):39–64. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20704348">20704348</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbert1953" class="citation journal cs1">Elbert, Samuel H. (July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/soutjanth.9.2.3628573">"Internal Relationships of Polynesian Languages and Dialects"</a>. <i>Southwestern Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 147–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fsoutjanth.9.2.3628573">10.1086/soutjanth.9.2.3628573</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4801">0038-4801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3628573">3628573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Internal+Relationships+of+Polynesian+Languages+and+Dialects&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=147-173&rft.date=1953-07&rft.issn=0038-4801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3628573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fsoutjanth.9.2.3628573&rft.aulast=Elbert&rft.aufirst=Samuel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2Fsoutjanth.9.2.3628573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmory1963" class="citation journal cs1">Emory, Kenneth P. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20704084">"East Polynesian relationships: settlement pattern and time involved as indicated by vocabulary agreements"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Polynesian Society</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 78–100. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4000">0032-4000</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20704084">20704084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=East+Polynesian+relationships%3A+settlement+pattern+and+time+involved+as+indicated+by+vocabulary+agreements&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78-100&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20704084%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0032-4000&rft.aulast=Emory&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20704084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pawley67-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pawley67_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pawley, Andrew, 1967, The relationships of Polynesian Outlier languages. <i>Journal of the Polynesian Society</i> 76(3):259–296. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20704480">20704480</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson85-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson85_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, William H., 1985, Evidence for an Outlier source for the Proto-Eastern-Polynesian pronominal system. <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i> 24(1/2):85-133. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3623064">10.2307/3623064</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623064">3623064</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marck-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marck_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marck, Jeff (2000), <i>Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biggs,_Bruce_1990-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biggs,_Bruce_1990_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biggs, Bruce (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994) and Bruce Biggs and Ross Clark (1996), Pollex: Comparative Polynesian Lexicon (computer data base). Auckland: Department of Anthropology, University of Auckland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Ainge_Roy2018" class="citation web cs1">Eleanor Ainge Roy (28 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/28/google-disney-maori-new-zealand">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Māori has gone mainstream': the resurgence of New Zealand's te reo language"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27M%C4%81ori+has+gone+mainstream%27%3A+the+resurgence+of+New+Zealand%27s+te+reo+language&rft.date=2018-07-28&rft.au=Eleanor+Ainge+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjul%2F28%2Fgoogle-disney-maori-new-zealand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSara_Kehaulani_Goo2019" class="citation web cs1">Sara Kehaulani Goo (22 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2019/06/22/452551172/the-hawaiian-language-nearly-died-a-radio-show-sparked-its-revival">"The Hawaiian Language Nearly Died. A Radio Show Sparked Its Revival"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Language+Nearly+Died.+A+Radio+Show+Sparked+Its+Revival&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft.au=Sara+Kehaulani+Goo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2019%2F06%2F22%2F452551172%2Fthe-hawaiian-language-nearly-died-a-radio-show-sparked-its-revival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indeed <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>, a language closely related to Polynesian, has singular, dual, paucal, and plural; and even there we may see the paucal replacing the plural in generations to come, as the paucal currently can be used for a group from 3 up to as many as 10, usually with some family, workgroup or other association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zompist.com/numbers.shtml">"The Numbers List"</a>. <i>zompist.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zompist.com&rft.atitle=The+Numbers+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zompist.com%2Fnumbers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also">See also</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language">Proto-Polynesian language</a> – the reconstructed ancestral language from which modern Polynesian languages are derived.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻOkina</a> – a glyph shaped like (but distinct from) an apostrophe: used to represent the glottal-stop consonant in some Polynesian Latin-based scripts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">Rongorongo</a> – the undeciphered script of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rapanui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapanui">Rapanui</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Polynesian_origin" title="List of English words of Polynesian origin">List of English words of Polynesian origin</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Polynesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Languages of Polynesia">Languages of Polynesia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Tregear1891" class="citation book cs1">Edward Tregear (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maoripolynesian01treggoog"><i>The Maori-Polynesian comparative dictionary</i></a>. Lyon and Blair. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maoripolynesian01treggoog/page/n12">675</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maori-Polynesian+comparative+dictionary&rft.pages=675&rft.pub=Lyon+and+Blair&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Edward+Tregear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaoripolynesian01treggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Tregear1891" class="citation book cs1">Edward Tregear (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maoripolynesian01treggoog"><i>The Maori-Polynesian Comparative Dictionary</i></a>. Lyon and Blair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maori-Polynesian+Comparative+Dictionary&rft.pub=Lyon+and+Blair&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Edward+Tregear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaoripolynesian01treggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span> at archive.org.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Tregear1895" class="citation book cs1">Edward Tregear (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x7syAQAAIAAJ"><i>A Paumotuan dictionary with Polynesian comparatives</i></a>. Whitcombe & Tombs Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_x7syAQAAIAAJ/page/n67">76</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Paumotuan+dictionary+with+Polynesian+comparatives&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Whitcombe+%26+Tombs+Limited&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Edward+Tregear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_x7syAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polynesian_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpentierFrançois2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Charpentier, Jean-Michel; François, Alexandre (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.francois.free.fr/AF-Atlas-blurbs_e.htm"><i>Atlas linguistique de Polynésie française – Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia</i></a> (in French and English). Mouton de Gruyter & Université de la Polynésie française. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-026035-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-026035-9"><bdi>978-3-11-026035-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+linguistique+de+Polyn%C3%A9sie+fran%C3%A7aise+%E2%80%93+Linguistic+Atlas+of+French+Polynesia&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter+%26+Universit%C3%A9+de+la+Polyn%C3%A9sie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-026035-9&rft.aulast=Charpentier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois%2C+Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falex.francois.free.fr%2FAF-Atlas-blurbs_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolynesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Irwin" title="Geoffrey Irwin">Irwin, Geoffrey</a> (1992). <i>The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</li> <li>Krupa V. (1975–1982). <i>Polynesian Languages</i>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge_and_Kegan_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge and Kegan Paul">Routledge and Kegan Paul</a></li> <li>Lynch, J. (1998). <i>Pacific Languages: an Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawai'i Press</a>.</li> <li>Lynch, John, Malcolm Ross & Terry Crowley (2002). <i>The Oceanic languages</i>. Richmond, Surrey: <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Curzon Press">Curzon Press</a>.</li> <li>Marck, Jeff (2000), <i>Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history</i>. Canberra: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Linguistics" title="Pacific Linguistics">Pacific Linguistics</a>.</li> <li>Silva, Diego B (2019). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/j/alfa/a/YPntRnVWDW5F8P8PYfJGPKd/?lang=en">Language policy in Oceania</a></i>. Alfa, Rev. 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Template:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Template talk:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Pacific_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Template:Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"><abbr title="View this 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tandia_language" title="Tandia language">Tandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moor language">Mor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warembori_language" title="Warembori language">Warembori</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_language" title="Yoke language">Yoke</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Halmahera Sea languages">Halmahera Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambel–Biga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambel_language" title="Ambel language">Ambel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_language" title="Biga language">Biga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maya–Matbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ya language">Ma'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbat_language" title="Matbat language">Matbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maden_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maden language">Maden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiawat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiawat language">Fiawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_language" title="As language">As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera_languages" title="South Halmahera languages">South Halmahera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gane_language" title="Gane language">Gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taba_language" title="Taba language">Taba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maba_language" title="Maba language">Maba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_language" title="Patani language">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebe_language" title="Gebe language">Gebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biakic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Biakic languages">Biakic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusner_language" title="Dusner language">Dusner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meoswar_language" title="Meoswar language">Meoswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roon_language" title="Roon language">Roon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yapen_languages_(Austronesian)" title="Yapen languages (Austronesian)">Yapen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambai_language" title="Ambai language">Ambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_language" title="Marau language">Marau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandamen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandamen language">Wandamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooi language">Wooi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munggui_language" title="Munggui language">Munggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuma_language" title="Papuma language">Papuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pom_language" title="Pom language">pom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serui-Laut_language" title="Serui-Laut language">Serui-Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurudu_language" title="Kurudu language">Kurudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabo_language" title="Wabo language">Wabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southwest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_language" title="Yaur language">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerisiam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerisiam language">Yerisiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar language">Umar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty languages">Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manus_languages" title="Manus languages">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluan-Pam_language" title="Baluan-Pam language">Baluan-Pam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenkau_language" title="Lenkau language">Lenkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauna_language" title="Nauna language">Nauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penchal_language" title="Penchal language">Penchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Kaniet language">Northern Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kaniet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Kaniet language">Southern Kaniet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Wuvulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuvulu-Aua_language" title="Wuvulu-Aua language">Aua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">Saint Matthias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mussau-Emira_language" title="Mussau-Emira language">Mussau-Emira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenis_language" title="Tenis language">Tenis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utupua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amba_language_(Solomon_Islands)" title="Amba language (Solomon Islands)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asumboa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asumboa language">Asumboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbili_language" title="Tanimbili language">Tanimbili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanikoro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teanu_language" title="Teanu language">Teanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovono_language" title="Lovono language">Lovono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanema_language" title="Tanema language">Tanema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reefs-Santa_Cruz_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Reefs-Santa Cruz languages">Reefs–Santa Cruz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84iwoo_language" title="Äiwoo language">Äiwoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engdewu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Engdewu language">Engdewu / Nanggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BCgu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Natügu language">Natügu / Santa Cruz</a> <ul><li>Nalögo</li> <li>Noipx</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gela–Guadalcanal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugotu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugotu language">Bugotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela_language" title="Gela language">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengo_language" title="Lengo language">Lengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birao_language" title="Birao language">Birao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghari_language" title="Ghari language">Ghari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malango_language" title="Malango language">Malango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talise_language" title="Talise language">Talise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaita–<br />San Cristobal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longgu_language" title="Longgu language">Longgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'a language">Sa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagani_language" title="Fagani language">Fagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauro_language" title="Bauro language">Bauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahua_language" title="Kahua language">Kahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owa_language" title="Owa language">Owa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marau_Wawa_language" title="Marau Wawa language">Marau Wawa</a> ? †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To%27abaita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="To'abaita language">To'abaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baelelea_language" title="Baelelea language">Baelelea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baeggu_language" title="Baeggu language">Baeggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fataleka_language" title="Fataleka language">Fataleka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_language_(Malaita)" title="Lau language (Malaita)">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara%27ae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara'ae language">Kwara'ae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langalanga_language" title="Langalanga language">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula%27alaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula'alaa language">Gula'alaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaio_language" title="Kwaio language">Kwaio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dori%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dori'o language">Dori'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Are%27are_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Are'are language">'Are'are</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroha_language" title="Oroha language">Oroha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso–Melanesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kimbe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulu_language_(Oceanic)" title="Bulu language (Oceanic)">Bulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meramera_language" title="Meramera language">Meramera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanai_language" title="Nakanai language">Nakanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneapa_language" title="Uneapa language">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitu_language" title="Vitu language">Vitu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Ireland–<br />Northwest<br />Solomonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungag–Nalik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kara language (Papua New Guinea)">Kara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxudumau_language" title="Laxudumau language">Laxudumau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalik_language" title="Nalik language">Nalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiang_language" title="Tiang language">Tiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigak_language" title="Tigak language">Tigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungag_language" title="Tungag language">Tungag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tabar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_language" title="Mandara language">Madara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notsi_language" title="Notsi language">Notsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madak</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barok_language" title="Barok language">Barok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavatbura-Lamusong_language" title="Lavatbura-Lamusong language">Lavatbura–Lamusong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madak_language" title="Madak language">Madak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">St. George</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilur_language" title="Bilur language">Bilur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanamaket_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanamaket language">Fanamaket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandas_language" title="Kandas language">Kandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konomala_language" title="Konomala language">Konomala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_language" title="Label language">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungalunga_language" title="Lungalunga language">Lungalunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niwer_Mil_language" title="Niwer Mil language">Niwer Mil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoaaina_language" title="Ramoaaina language">Ramoaaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siar-Lak_language" title="Siar-Lak language">Siar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursurunga_language" title="Sursurunga language">Sursurunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwar_Feni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwar Feni language">Warwar Feni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Solomonic_languages" title="Northwest Solomonic languages">Northwest<br />Solomonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hahon_language" title="Hahon language">Hahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hak%C3%B6_language" title="Hakö language">Hakö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halia_language" title="Halia language">Halia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papapana_language" title="Papapana language">Papapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saposa_language" title="Saposa language">Saposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solos_language" title="Solos language">Solos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teop_language" title="Teop language">Teop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinputz_language" title="Tinputz language">Tinputz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannoni_language" title="Bannoni language">Bannoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Piva language">Piva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-Alu_language" title="Mono-Alu language">Mono-Alu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torau_language" title="Torau language">Torau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruava_language" title="Uruava language">Uruava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babatana_language" title="Babatana language">Babatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ririo_language" title="Ririo language">Ririo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisi_language" title="Varisi language">Varisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghua_language" title="Vaghua language">Vaghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanongga_language" title="Ghanongga language">Ghanongga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoava_language" title="Hoava language">Hoava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusaghe_language" title="Kusaghe language">Kusaghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungga_language" title="Lungga language">Lungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marovo_language" title="Marovo language">Marovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduke_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nduke language">Nduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roviana_language" title="Roviana language">Roviana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbo_language" title="Simbo language">Simbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ughele_language" title="Ughele language">Ughele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangunu_language" title="Vangunu language">Vangunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blablanga_language" title="Blablanga language">Blablanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheke_Holo_language" title="Cheke Holo language">Cheke Holo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_language" title="Gao language">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokota_language" title="Kokota language">Kokota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghu_language" title="Laghu language">Laghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabana_language" title="Zabana language">Zabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazao_language" title="Zazao language">Zazao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomoip_language" title="Tomoip language">Tomoip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarmi%E2%80%93Jayapura_languages" title="Sarmi–Jayapura languages">Sarmi–<br />Jayapura</a> ?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anus_language" title="Anus language">Anus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonggo_language" title="Bonggo language">Bonggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayupulau_language" title="Kayupulau language">Kayupulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liki_language" title="Liki language">Liki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masimasi_language" title="Masimasi language">Masimasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormu_language" title="Ormu language">Ormu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podena_language" title="Podena language">Podena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaptiau_language" title="Kaptiau language">Kaptiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobei_language" title="Sobei language">Sobei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpia_language" title="Tarpia language">Tarpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_language" title="Tobati language">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakde_language" title="Wakde language">Wakde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamna_language" title="Yamna language">Yamna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schouten_languages" title="Schouten languages">Schouten</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arop-Sissano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arop-Sissano language">Arop-Sissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_language" title="Sera language">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sissano_language" title="Sissano language">Sissano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulau-Suain_language" title="Ulau-Suain language">Ulau-Suain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumleo_language" title="Tumleo language">Tumleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakamul_language" title="Yakamul language">Yakamul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiep_language" title="Kaiep language">Kaiep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairiru_language" title="Kairiru language">Kairiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terebu_language" title="Terebu language">Terebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biem_language" title="Biem language">Biem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kis_language" title="Kis language">Kis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manam_language" title="Manam language">Manam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medebur_language" title="Medebur language">Medebur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepa_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Sepa language (Papua New Guinea)">Sepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogeo_language" title="Wogeo language">Wogeo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huon_Gulf_languages" title="Huon Gulf languages">Huon Gulf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukawa_language" title="Bukawa language">Bukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kela_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kela language (Papua New Guinea)">Kela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabem_language" title="Yabem language">Yabem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribwatsa_language" title="Aribwatsa language">Aribwatsa</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aribwaung_language" title="Aribwaung language">Aribwaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adzera_language" title="Adzera language">Adzera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danggal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Danggal language">Dangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwet_language" title="Duwet language">Duwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labu_language" title="Labu language">Labu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralango_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maralango language">Maralango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_language_(Madang_Province)" title="Mari language (Madang Province)">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musom_language" title="Musom language">Musom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_language" title="Nafi language">Nafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silisili_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Silisili language">Silisili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampar_language" title="Wampar language">Wampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampur_language" title="Wampur language">Wampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hote_language" title="Hote language">Hote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwal_language" title="Iwal language">Iwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapin_language" title="Kapin language">Kapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumalu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumalu language">Kumalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangga_Buang_language" title="Mangga Buang language">Mangga Buang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapos_Buang_language" title="Mapos Buang language">Mapos Buang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumeng_language" title="Mumeng language">Mumeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piu_language" title="Piu language">Piu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehes_language" title="Vehes language">Vehes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamap_language" title="Yamap language">Yamap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbami_language" title="Numbami language">Numbami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngero%E2%80%93Vitiaz_languages" title="Ngero–Vitiaz languages">Ngero–Vitiaz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariai_language" title="Bariai language">Bariai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kove_language" title="Kove language">Kove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusi_language" title="Lusi language">Lusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalamai_language" title="Malalamai language">Malalamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutu_language" title="Mutu language">Mutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awad_Bing_language" title="Awad Bing language">Awad Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilibil_language" title="Bilibil language">Bilibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedaged_language" title="Gedaged language">Gedaged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marik_language" title="Marik language">Marik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matukar_language" title="Matukar language">Matukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindiri_language" title="Mindiri language">Mindiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takia_language" title="Takia language">Takia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wab_language" title="Wab language">Wab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamogai_language" title="Lamogai language">Lamogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouk-Aria_language" title="Mouk-Aria language">Mouk-Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aigon_language" title="Aigon language">Aigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karore_language" title="Karore language">Karore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaulong_language" title="Kaulong language">Kaulong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miu_language" title="Miu language">Miu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengseng_language" title="Sengseng language">Sengseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Aiklep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akolet_language" title="Akolet language">Akolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Apalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avau_language" title="Avau language">Avau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebeli_language" title="Bebeli language">Bebeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Arawe_language" title="West Arawe language">Gimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesing-Gelimi_language" title="Lesing-Gelimi language">Lesing-Gelimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangseng_language" title="Mangseng language">Mangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solong_language" title="Solong language">Solong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lote_language" title="Lote language">Lote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamusi_language" title="Mamusi language">Mamusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengen_language" title="Mengen language">Mengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arop-Lukep_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arop-Lukep language">Arop-Lukep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnai_language" title="Karnai language">Karnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malasanga_language" title="Malasanga language">Malasanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mur_Pano_language" title="Mur Pano language">Mur Pano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mato_language" title="Mato language">Mato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronji_language" title="Ronji language">Ronji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amara_language" title="Amara language">Amara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleu-Kilenge_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleu-Kilenge language">Maleu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbula_language" title="Mbula language">Mbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sio_language" title="Sio language">Sio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tami_language" title="Tami language">Tami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Auhelawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Auhelawa language">'Auhelawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhutu_language" title="Buhutu language">Buhutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwanabwana_language" title="Bwanabwana language">Bwanabwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oya%27oya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oya'oya language">Oya'oya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliba_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Saliba language (Papua New Guinea)">Saliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suau_language" title="Suau language">Suau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unubahe_language" title="Unubahe language">Unubahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagawaga_language_(New_Guinea)" title="Wagawaga language (New Guinea)">Wagawaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwaidoka_language" title="Bwaidoka language">Bwaidoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodio_language" title="Diodio language">Diodio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iamalele_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamalele language">Iamalele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iduna_language" title="Iduna language">Iduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koluwawa_language" title="Koluwawa language">Koluwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiadomu_language" title="Maiadomu language">Maiadomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunama_language" title="Bunama language">Bunama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boselewa_language" title="Boselewa language">Boselewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobu_language" title="Dobu language">Dobu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duau_language" title="Duau language">Duau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeya_language" title="Galeya language">Galeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molima_language" title="Molima language">Molima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwatebu_language" title="Mwatebu language">Mwatebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewa_Bay_language" title="Sewa Bay language">Sewa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawawa_language" title="Dawawa language">Dawawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakabai_language" title="Kakabai language">Kakabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are_language" title="Are language">Are</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arifama-Miniafia_language" title="Arifama-Miniafia language">Arifama-Miniafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_language" title="Doga language">Doga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language" title="Gapapaiwa language">Gapapaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghayavi_language" title="Ghayavi language">Ghayavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaninuwa_language" title="Kaninuwa language">Kaninuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubir_language" title="Ubir language">Ubir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gweda_language" title="Gweda language">Gweda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haigwai_language" title="Haigwai language">Haigwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiwala_language" title="Maiwala language">Maiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaveha_language" title="Minaveha language">Minaveha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taupota_language" title="Taupota language">Taupota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawala_language" title="Tawala language">Tawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakaikeke_language" title="Yakaikeke language">Yakaikeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuki_language" title="Anuki language">Anuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumawana_language" title="Gumawana language">Gumawana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kilivila–Misima</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budibud_language" title="Budibud language">Budibud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilivila_language" title="Kilivila language">Kilivila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misima_language" title="Misima language">Misima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyuw_language" title="Muyuw language">Muyuw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nimoa–Sudest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimoa_language" title="Nimoa language">Nimoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudest_language" title="Sudest language">Sudest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern<br />Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres-Banks_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres-Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maewo–Ambae–<br />North Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sun̄wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterara language">Sun̄wadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duidui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duidui language">Duidui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ambae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Ambae language">Northeast Ambae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa language">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cumberland_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cumberland language">Cape Cumberland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasiriki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasiriki language">Tasiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiale language">Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Merei language">Merei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%CC%88av%CC%88ea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="M̈av̈ea language">M̈av̈ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Bay language">Shark Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Southern<br />Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li>Vovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpotovoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpotovoro language">Mpotovoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirak language">Dirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%27%C3%ABnen_Taut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="V'ënen Taut language">V’ënen Taut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larevat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Larevat language">Larevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naman language">Naman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navava language">Navava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevwervwer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevwervwer language">Nevwervwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkumu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkumu language">Pangkumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banam_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banam Bay language">Banam Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinesip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesip language">Sinesip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha%27ai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha'ai language">Naha’ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erromango</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie / Erromangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a> (Utaha) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera (South Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel (West Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands (East Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalties–<br />New Caledonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Caledonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xârâcùù language">Xârâcùù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Zire</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwaamei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwapwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwapwa language">Pwapwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwatoo">Bwatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmwaveke_language" title="Hmwaveke language">Hmwaveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waamwang_language" title="Waamwang language">Waamwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_language" title="Nauruan language">Nauruan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Micronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosraean_language" title="Kosraean language">Kosraean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuukic-Pohnpeic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuukic-Pohnpeic languages">Chuukic–<br />Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chuukic_languages" title="Chuukic languages">Chuukic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonsorol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonsorol language">Sonsorol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobian_language" title="Tobian language">Tobian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuukese_language" title="Chuukese language">Chuukese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleaian_language" title="Woleaian language">Woleaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulithian_language" title="Ulithian language">Ulithian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puluwatese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puluwatese language">Puluwatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namonuito_language" title="Namonuito language">Namonuito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanapag_language" title="Tanapag language">Tanapag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Carolinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satawalese_language" title="Satawalese language">Satawalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortlockese_language" title="Mortlockese language">Mortlockese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language" title="Pááfang language">Pááfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapia_language" title="Mapia language">Mapia</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pohnpeic_languages" title="Pohnpeic languages">Pohnpeic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mokilese_language" title="Mokilese language">Mokilese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingelapese_language" title="Pingelapese language">Pingelapese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngatikese_language" title="Ngatikese language">Ngatikese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marqeusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" 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