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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Political culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fahu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fahu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Fahu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fahu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socio-environmental_impact_of_fahu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-environmental_impact_of_fahu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Socio-environmental impact of fahu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-environmental_impact_of_fahu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rugby_union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Rugby union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_league" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_league"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Rugby league</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_league-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>American football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Tongan_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Tongan_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Contemporary Tongan art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Tongan_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnography,_culture,_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnography,_culture,_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Ethnography, culture, and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnography,_culture,_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Wildlife and environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Travel guides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tonga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 207 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-207" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">207 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8B" title="ቶንጋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶንጋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टोंगा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="टोंगा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="تونغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تونغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3nga" title="Tónga – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tónga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonqa" title="Tonqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tonqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7" title="تونقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تونقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="টোঙ্গা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোঙ্গা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82" title="ཊོང་ག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཊོང་ག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%A7" title="طونݣا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طونݣا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%93%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A7" title="ޓޮންގާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޓޮންގާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BC%C3%A9daan%C3%ADinii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Kʼédaaníinii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kʼédaaníinii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टोङ्गा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टोङ्गा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Τόνγκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόνγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongo" title="Tongo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tongo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="تونگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تونگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnga" title="Tonnga – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Tonnga" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Tongey" title="Yn Tongey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Tongey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टोंगा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="टोंगा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B0%80" title="통가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Տոնգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոնգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टोंगा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टोंगा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="টঙ্গা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="টঙ্গা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%91%E1%99%B5" title="ᑑᙵ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑑᙵ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%C3%A6" title="Тонгæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тонгæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonga" title="Thonga – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Thonga" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%94" title="טונגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE" title="ಟೋಂಗಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೋಂಗಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="ტონგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტონგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4nga" title="Tônga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tônga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="ടോങ്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോങ്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टोंगा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टोंगा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="ტონგა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტონგა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="تونجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تونجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="تونگا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تونگا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯇꯣꯡꯒꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯣꯡꯒꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တုံဂါနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တုံဂါနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_(land)" title="Tonga (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tonga (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टोङ्गा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टोङ्गा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC" title="トンガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トンガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohnga" title="Tohnga – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tohnga" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2nga" title="Tònga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tònga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਟੋਂਗਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਂਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टोंगा – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="टोंगा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ٹونگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹونگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7" title="تونګا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تونګا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongga" title="Tongga – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tongga" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2nga" title="Tònga – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tònga" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%E2%80%99a" title="To’a – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="To’a" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunqa" title="Tunqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tunqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga" title="Toga – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Toga" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टोंगा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="टोंगा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F" title="ටොංගා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටොංගා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ٽونگا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽونگا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AFnga" title="Tůnga – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tůnga" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="تۆنگا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆنگا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="தொங்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொங்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းထွင်းၵႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းထွင်းၵႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศตองงา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศตองงา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тонга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тонга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="ٹونگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹونگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton%E2%80%99ga" title="Ton’ga – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Ton’ga" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong" title="Tong – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tong" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongu%C3%A4ns" title="Tonguäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tonguäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8A%A0" title="東加 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="東加" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="湯加 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="湯加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90" title="טאנגא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאנגא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ng%C3%A0" title="Tóngà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tóngà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%8A%A0" title="湯加 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuonga" title="Tuonga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tuonga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8A%A0" title="東加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tonga" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q678#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tonga&params=20_S_175_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°S</span> <span class="longitude">175°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20°S 175°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-20; -175</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in the South Pacific</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tonga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tonga (disambiguation)">Tonga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Tongoa" title="Tongoa">Tongoa</a> in Vanuatu.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Tonga</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Tongan-language text"><i lang="to">Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tonga.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tonga"><img alt="Flag of Tonga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/125px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/188px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/250px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tonga" title="Flag of Tonga">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongan_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Tonga"><img alt="Coat of arms of Tonga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tongan_coat_of_arms.svg/85px-Tongan_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tongan_coat_of_arms.svg/128px-Tongan_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tongan_coat_of_arms.svg/170px-Tongan_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tonga" title="Coat of arms of Tonga"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"<span title="Tongan-language text"><span lang="to" style="font-style: normal;">Ko e ʻOtua mo Tonga ko hoku tofiʻa</span></span>"<br />"God and Tonga are my inheritance"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<span title="Tongan-language text"><span lang="to" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ko_e_fasi_%CA%BBo_e_tu%CA%BBi_%CA%BBo_e_%CA%BBOtu_Tonga" title="Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga">Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga</a></span></span>"<br />"Song of the King of the Tongan Islands"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="Tonga_National_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Tonga_National_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Tonga_National_Anthem.ogg/Tonga_National_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=sm&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sm" label="Gagana Samoa ‪(sm)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=to&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="to" label="lea faka-Tonga ‪(to)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATonga_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonga_on_the_globe_(Polynesia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Tonga"><img alt="Location of Tonga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tonga_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/250px-Tonga_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tonga_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/375px-Tonga_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tonga_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/500px-Tonga_on_the_globe_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa" title="Nukuʻalofa">Nukuʻalofa</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tonga&params=21_08_S_175_12_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°08′S</span> <span class="longitude">175°12′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.133°S 175.200°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-21.133; -175.200</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2018<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>97% <a href="/wiki/Tongans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongans">Tongan</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/Euronesian" title="Euronesian">Euronesians</a></li><li>2.3% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">96.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">—53.7% <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">—18.6% <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">—14.2% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tonga" title="Catholic Church in Tonga">Catholicism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">—10.4% other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">2.2% <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.3% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tongan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongan people">Tongan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tonga" title="Politics of Tonga">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of Tonga">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tupou_VI" title="Tupou VI">Tupou VI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tonga" title="Prime Minister of Tonga">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siaosi_Sovaleni" title="Siaosi Sovaleni">Siaosi Sovaleni</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Tonga" title="Legislative Assembly of Tonga">Assembly Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fatafehi_Fakafanua" title="Fatafehi Fakafanua">Fatafehi Fakafanua</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Tonga" title="Legislative Assembly of Tonga">Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tonga_(1900%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)">Independence</a> declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 June 1970</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tonga" title="Geography of Tonga">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">748 km<sup>2</sup> (289 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">175th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.0</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">100,209<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">199th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">139/km<sup>2</sup> (360.0/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">76th<sup>a</sup></a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$655 million</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$6,496<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$493 million</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$4,888<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2021)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Positive decrease"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27.1<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">low inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.739<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">98th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tongan_pa%CA%BBanga" title="Tongan paʻanga">Paʻanga</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TOP</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B13:00" title="UTC+13:00">+13</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Tonga" title="Telephone numbers in Tonga">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B676" class="mw-redirect" title="+676">+676</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TO" title="ISO 3166-2:TO">TO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.to" title=".to">.to</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Based on 2005 figures.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tonga</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TONG</span>-ə</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TONG</span>-gə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tongan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="to-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈtoŋa]</a></span>), officially the <b>Kingdom of Tonga</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>: <i lang="to">Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga</i>), is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. The country has <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_towns_in_Tonga" title="List of islands and towns in Tonga">171 islands</a> – of which 45 are inhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its total surface area is about 750 km<sup>2</sup> (290 sq mi), scattered over 700,000 km<sup>2</sup> (270,000 sq mi) in the southern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. As of 2021,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> according to Johnson's Tribune, Tonga has a population of 104,494,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 70% of whom reside on the main island, <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>. The country stretches approximately 800 km (500 mi) north-south. It is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a> (France) to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> (France) and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> (the nearest foreign territory) to the east and <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec</a> (New Zealand) to the southwest. Tonga is about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) from New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>. </p><p>Tonga was first inhabited roughly 2,500 years ago by the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a> civilization, Polynesian settlers who gradually evolved a distinct and strong ethnic identity, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a> people. They were quick to establish a powerful footing across the South Pacific, and this period of Tongan expansionism and colonization is known as the <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tuʻi Tonga Empire</a>. From the rule of the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tongan king</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAho%CA%BBeitu" title="ʻAhoʻeitu">ʻAhoʻeitu</a>, Tonga grew into a regional power. It was a <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> that conquered and controlled unprecedented swathes of the Pacific, from parts of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and the whole of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> in the west to Samoa and Niue and even as far as parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> in the east. Tuʻi Tonga became renowned for its economic, ethnic, and cultural influence over the Pacific, which remained strong even after the Samoan revolution of the 13th century and Europeans' discovery of the islands in 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1900 to 1970, Tonga had <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tonga_(1900%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)">British protected-state status</a>. The United Kingdom looked after Tonga's foreign affairs under a <a href="#History">Treaty of Friendship</a>, but Tonga never relinquished its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> to any foreign power. In 2010, Tonga took a decisive step away from its traditional <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Semi-constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-constitutional monarchy">semi-constitutional monarchy</a>, after legislative reforms paved the way for its <a href="/wiki/2010_Tongan_general_election" title="2010 Tongan general election">first</a> partial <a href="/wiki/Representative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative election">representative elections</a>. </p><p>Tonga is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Small_Island_States" title="Alliance of Small Island States">Alliance of Small Island States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a>, including Tongan, the word <span title="Tongan-language text"><i lang="to">tonga</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Tongan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="to-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈtoŋa]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> comes from <span title="Tongan-language text"><i lang="to">fakatonga</i></span>, which means 'southwards', and the archipelago is so named because it is the southernmost group among the island groups of western Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <span title="Tongan-language text"><i lang="to">tonga</i></span> is cognate to the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> word <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">kona</i></span> meaning 'leeward', which is the origin of the name for the <a href="/wiki/Kona_District,_Hawaii" title="Kona District, Hawaii">Kona District in Hawaiʻi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonga became known in the West as the "Friendly Islands" because of the congenial reception accorded to <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">Captain James Cook</a> on his first visit in 1773. He arrived at the time of the annual <span title="Tongan-language text"><i lang="to">ʻinasi</i></span> festival, which centres on the donation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits" title="First Fruits">First Fruits</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga" title="Tuʻi Tonga">Tuʻi Tonga</a> (the islands' monarch), so he received an invitation to the festivities. Ironically, according to the writer <a href="/wiki/William_Mariner_(writer)" title="William Mariner (writer)">William Mariner</a>, the political leaders actually wanted to kill Cook during the gathering, but did not go through with it because they could not agree on a plan of action for accomplishing it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">History of Tonga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg/220px-Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg/330px-Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg/440px-Tasman-dagboek-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> in Tongatapu, 1643; drawing by <a href="/wiki/Isaack_Gilsemans" title="Isaack Gilsemans">Isaack Gilsemans</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Tongan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongan mythology">Tongan mythology</a>, the demigod <a href="/wiki/Maui_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maui (mythology)">Maui</a> drew up a group of islands from the ocean, first appearing <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ha%27apai_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ha'apai Islands">Ha'apai Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vava%27u" class="mw-redirect" title="Vava'u">Vava'u</a>, integrating into what became modern-day Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>-speaking group linked to what archaeologists call the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> covered from <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, and then on to inhabit Tonga sometime between 1500 and 1000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars still debate exactly when Tonga was first settled, but <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> dating confirms that settlers had arrived in the earliest known inhabited town, Nukuleka, by 888 BC, ± 8 years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonga's precontact history was shared via <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a>, which was passed down from generation to generation. </p><p>By the 12th century, Tongans and the Tongan monarch, the <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga" title="Tuʻi Tonga">Tuʻi Tonga</a>, had acquired a reputation across the central Pacific – from <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a>, leading some historians to speak of a Tuʻi Tonga Empire having existed during that period. Civil wars are known to have occurred in Tonga in the 15th and 17th centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Mariner_(1791-1853)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/William_Mariner_%281791-1853%29_crop.jpg/170px-William_Mariner_%281791-1853%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/William_Mariner_%281791-1853%29_crop.jpg/255px-William_Mariner_%281791-1853%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/William_Mariner_%281791-1853%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Mariner_(writer)" title="William Mariner (writer)">William Mariner</a> was a teenaged English sailor adopted into a royal Tongan family.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tongan people first encountered Europeans in 1616, when the Dutch vessel <a href="/wiki/Eendracht_(1615_ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eendracht (1615 ship)"><i>Eendracht</i></a>, captained by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Schouten" title="Willem Schouten">Willem Schouten</a>, made a short visit to the islands for the purpose of engaging in trade. Later, other Dutch explorers arrived, including <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> (who visited the northern island of <a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu" title="Niuatoputapu">Niuatoputapu</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> (who visited Tongatapu and <a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BBapai" title="Haʻapai">Haʻapai</a>) in 1643. Later noteworthy European visitors included James Cook, of the British Royal Navy, in 1773, 1774, and 1777; Spanish Navy explorers <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mourelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Mourelle">Francisco Mourelle de la Rúa</a> in 1781; <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Malaspina">Alessandro Malaspina</a> in 1793; the first London <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> in 1797; and a <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Wesleyan Methodist</a> minister, Reverend Walter Lawry, in 1822. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a> vessels were among the earliest regular Western visitors. The first of these on record is the <i>Ann and Hope</i>, which was reported to have been seen among the islands of Tonga in June 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known whaling visitor was the <i>Albatross</i> in 1899. That ship arrived in Tonga seeking a resupply of water, food, and wood. The islands most regularly visited by Westerners were Ata, 'Eua, Ha'apai, Tongatapu and Vava'u. Sometimes, Tongan men were recruited to serve as crewmen on these vessels. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Exploring_Expedition" title="United States Exploring Expedition">United States Exploring Expedition</a> visited Tonga in 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanton_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanton-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1845, an ambitious young Tongan warrior, strategist, and orator named <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81ufa%CA%BB%C4%81hau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāufaʻāhau">Tāufaʻāhau</a> united Tonga into a kingdom. He held the chiefly title of <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Kanokupolu" title="Tuʻi Kanokupolu">Tuʻi Kanokupolu</a>, but had been baptised by <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> missionaries with the name <i>Siaosi</i> ("George") in 1831. In 1875, with the help of missionary <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Waldemar_Baker" title="Shirley Waldemar Baker">Shirley Waldemar Baker</a>, he declared Tonga a constitutional monarchy, formally adopted the Western royal style, emancipated the "serfs", enshrined a code of law, land tenure, and freedom of the press, and limited the power of the chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonga became a <a href="/wiki/British_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British Protectorate">protected state</a> under a Treaty of Friendship with Britain on 18 May 1900, when European settlers and rival Tongan chiefs unsuccessfully tried to oust the man who had succeeded Tāufaʻāhau as king. The treaty posted no higher permanent representative on Tonga than a British <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a> (1901–1970). Under the protection of Britain, Tonga maintained its sovereignty and remained the only Pacific nation to retain its monarchical government. The Tongan monarchy follows an uninterrupted succession of hereditary rulers from one family.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 flu pandemic">1918 flu pandemic</a>, brought to Tonga by a ship from New Zealand, killed 1,800 Tongans, a mortality rate of about 8%.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Treaty of Friendship and Tonga's protection status ended in 1970 under arrangements that had been established by Tonga's Queen <a href="/wiki/Salote_Tupou_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Salote Tupou III">Salote Tupou III</a> before her death in 1965. Owing to its British ties, Tonga joined the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> in 1970 (atypically as a country that had its own monarch, rather than having the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom's monarch</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>). Tonga became a member of the United Nations in September 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While exposed to colonial pressures, Tonga has always governed itself, which makes it unique in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Hunga_Tonga%E2%80%93Hunga_Ha%CA%BBapai" title="Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai">Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai</a> volcano, 65 km (40 mi) north of the main island of Tongatapu, <a href="/wiki/2022_Hunga_Tonga%E2%80%93Hunga_Ha%27apai_eruption_and_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami">erupted</a>, causing a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> which inundated parts of the archipelago, including the capital Nukuʻalofa. The eruption affected the kingdom heavily, cutting off most communications<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and killing four people in Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, two women drowned due to abnormal tsunami waves.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took around five weeks to repair a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine fiber optic cable</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Tonga_Cable_System" title="Tonga Cable System">Tonga Cable System</a> for internet and telephone connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tonga" title="Politics of Tonga">Politics of Tonga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_George,_of_the_Friendly_Islands_(1852,_p.1,_IX)_-_Copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/King_George%2C_of_the_Friendly_Islands_%281852%2C_p.1%2C_IX%29_-_Copy.jpg/220px-King_George%2C_of_the_Friendly_Islands_%281852%2C_p.1%2C_IX%29_-_Copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/King_George%2C_of_the_Friendly_Islands_%281852%2C_p.1%2C_IX%29_-_Copy.jpg/330px-King_George%2C_of_the_Friendly_Islands_%281852%2C_p.1%2C_IX%29_-_Copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/King_George%2C_of_the_Friendly_Islands_%281852%2C_p.1%2C_IX%29_-_Copy.jpg/440px-King_George%2C_of_the_Friendly_Islands_%281852%2C_p.1%2C_IX%29_-_Copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>King George, of the Friendly Islands (1852)<sup id="cite_ref-Juvenile1852_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juvenile1852-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Tonga is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. It is the only extant indigenous monarchy in the Pacific islands (see also <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiʻi</a>). Reverence for the monarch replaces that held in earlier centuries for the sacred paramount chief, the Tuʻi Tonga. Criticism of the monarch is held to be contrary to Tongan culture and etiquette. Tonga provides for its citizens a free and mandatory education for all, secondary education with only nominal fees, and foreign-funded scholarships for postsecondary education. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Tupou_I,_c._1880s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/George_Tupou_I%2C_c._1880s.jpg/220px-George_Tupou_I%2C_c._1880s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/George_Tupou_I%2C_c._1880s.jpg/330px-George_Tupou_I%2C_c._1880s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/George_Tupou_I%2C_c._1880s.jpg/440px-George_Tupou_I%2C_c._1880s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81ufa%CA%BB%C4%81hau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tāufaʻāhau">Tāufaʻāhau</a>, King of Tonga (1845–1893)</figcaption></figure> <p>The pro-democracy movement in Tonga promotes reforms, including better representation in the Parliament for the majority of commoners, and better accountability in matters of state. An overthrow of the monarchy is not part of the movement, and the institution of monarchy continues to hold popular support, even while reforms are advocated. Until recently, the governance issue was generally ignored by the leaders of other countries, but major aid donors and neighbours New Zealand and Australia are now expressing concerns about some Tongan government actions. </p><p>Following the precedents of Queen Sālote and the counsel of numerous international advisors, the government of Tonga under King <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81ufa%CA%BB%C4%81hau_Tupou_IV" title="Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV">Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV</a> (reigned 1965–2006) monetised the economy, internationalised the medical and education systems, and enabled access by commoners to increasing forms of material wealth (houses, cars, and other commodities), education, and overseas travel. </p><p>Male <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tonga">homosexuality</a> is illegal in Tonga,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a maximum penalty of 10 years' imprisonment,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the law is <a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">not enforced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tongans have universal access to a national health care system. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tonga" title="Constitution of Tonga">Constitution of Tonga</a> protects land ownership; land cannot be sold to foreigners (although it may be leased).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingtupou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kingtupou.jpg/220px-Kingtupou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kingtupou.jpg/330px-Kingtupou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kingtupou.jpg/440px-Kingtupou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tupou_VI" title="Tupou VI">King Tupou VI</a> during his coronation on 4 July 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>King Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV and his government made some problematic economic decisions and were accused by democracy activists, including former prime minister <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAkilisi_P%C5%8Dhiva" title="ʻAkilisi Pōhiva">ʻAkilisi Pōhiva</a>, of wasting millions of dollars on unwise investments. The problems have mostly been driven by attempts to increase national revenue through a variety of schemes – considering making Tonga a nuclear waste disposal site (an idea floated in the mid 1990s by the current crown prince),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and selling Tongan Protected Persons Passports (which eventually forced Tonga to naturalise the purchasers, sparking ethnicity-based concerns within Tonga).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schemes also included the <a href="/wiki/Flag_state" title="Flag state">registering of foreign ships</a> (which proved to be engaged in illegal activities, including shipments for <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/TONGASAT" class="mw-redirect" title="TONGASAT">claiming geo-orbital satellite slots</a> (the revenue from which seems to belong to the Princess Royal, not the state),<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holding a long-term charter on an unusable <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a> that was sidelined in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> Airport, leading to the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tongan_Airlines" title="Royal Tongan Airlines">Royal Tongan Airlines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approving a factory for exporting cigarettes to China (against the advice of Tongan medical officials and decades of health-promotion messaging).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king proved vulnerable to speculators with big promises and lost reportedly US$26 million to <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bogdonoff" title="Jesse Bogdonoff">Jesse Bogdonoff</a>, a financial adviser who called himself the king's <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">court jester</a>. The police imprisoned pro-democracy leaders, and the government repeatedly confiscated the newspaper <i>The Tongan Times</i> (printed in New Zealand and sold in Tonga) because the editor had been vocally critical of the king's mistakes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the <i>Keleʻa</i>, produced specifically to critique the government and printed in Tonga by pro-democracy leader ʻAkilisi Pōhiva, was not banned during that time. Pōhiva, however, had been subjected to harassment in the form of <a href="/wiki/Barratry_(common_law)" title="Barratry (common law)">barratry</a> (frequent lawsuits).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-2003, the government passed a radical constitutional amendment to "Tonganize" the press, by licensing and limiting freedom of the press, so as to protect the image of the monarchy. The amendment was defended by the government and by royalists on the basis of traditional cultural values. Licensure criteria include 80% ownership by Tongans living in the country. As of February 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, those papers denied licenses under the new act included the <i>Taimi ʻo Tonga</i> (<i>Tongan Times</i>), the <i>Keleʻa,</i> and the <i>Matangi Tonga</i> – while those permitted licenses were uniformly church-based or pro-government. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Palace,_Nuku%27alofa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Royal_Palace%2C_Nuku%27alofa.jpg/220px-Royal_Palace%2C_Nuku%27alofa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Royal_Palace%2C_Nuku%27alofa.jpg/330px-Royal_Palace%2C_Nuku%27alofa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Royal_Palace%2C_Nuku%27alofa.jpg/440px-Royal_Palace%2C_Nuku%27alofa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace,_Tonga" title="Royal Palace, Tonga">Royal Palace of Tonga</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The bill was opposed in a several-thousand-strong protest march in the capital, a call by the Tuʻi Pelehake (a prince, nephew of the king and elected member of parliament) for Australia and other nations to pressure the Tongan government to democratise the electoral system, and a legal writ calling for a judicial investigation of the bill. The latter was supported by some 160 signatures, including seven of the nine elected "People's Representatives". </p><p>The then-Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/George_Tupou_V" title="George Tupou V">Tupoutoʻa</a> and Pilolevu, the Princess Royal, remained generally silent on the issue. In total, the changes threatened to destabilise the polity, fragment support for the status quo, and place further pressure on the monarchy. </p><p>In 2005, the government spent several weeks negotiating with striking civil-service workers before reaching a settlement. The civil unrest that ensued was not limited to Tonga; protests outside the King's New Zealand residence made headlines. </p><p>Prime Minister Prince <a href="/wiki/Tupou_VI" title="Tupou VI">ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho (Lavaka Ata ʻUlukālala)</a> (now King Tupou VI) resigned suddenly on 11 February 2006 and also gave up his other cabinet portfolios. The elected minister of labour, <a href="/wiki/Feleti_Sevele" title="Feleti Sevele">Feleti Sevele</a>, replaced him in the interim. </p><p>On 5 July 2006, a driver in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>, caused the deaths of Prince <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBipelehake_(%CA%BBUluvalu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuʻipelehake (ʻUluvalu)">Tuʻipelehake ʻUluvalu</a>, his wife, and their driver. Tuʻipelehake, 55, was the cochairman of the constitutional reform commission and a nephew of the king. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Looters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Looters.jpg/220px-Looters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Looters.jpg/330px-Looters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Looters.jpg/440px-Looters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Riots in Nukuʻalofa, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The public expected some changes when George Tupou V succeeded his father in September 2006. On <a href="/wiki/2006_Tonga_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Tonga riots">16 November 2006, rioting broke out</a> in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa" title="Nukuʻalofa">Nukuʻalofa</a> when it seemed that the parliament would adjourn for the year without having made any advances in increasing democracy in government. Pro-democracy activists burned and looted shops, offices, and government buildings. As a result, more than 60% of the downtown area was destroyed and as many as six people died.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disturbances were ended by action from <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Armed_Forces_(Tonga)" title="His Majesty's Armed Forces (Tonga)">Tongan Security Forces</a> and troops from New Zealand-led Joint Task Force.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 July 2008, the Palace announced that King George Tupou V would relinquish much of his power and would surrender his role in day-to-day governmental affairs to the Prime Minister. The royal chamberlain said that this was being done to prepare the monarchy for 2010, when most of the first parliament would be elected, and added: "The Sovereign of the only Polynesian kingdom ... is voluntarily surrendering his powers to meet the democratic aspirations of many of his people." The previous week, the government said the king had sold state assets that had contributed to much of the royal family's wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 March 2012, King George Tupou V contracted pneumonia and was brought to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_Hospital_(Hong_Kong)" title="Queen Mary Hospital (Hong Kong)">Queen Mary Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. He was later diagnosed with leukaemia. His health deteriorated significantly shortly thereafter, and he died at 3:15 pm on 18 March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Tupou_VI" title="Tupou VI">Tupou VI</a>, who was crowned on 4 July 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tonga" title="Foreign relations of Tonga">Foreign relations of Tonga</a></div> <p>Tonga's foreign policy as of January 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> was described by <a href="/wiki/Matangi_Tonga" title="Matangi Tonga">Matangi Tonga</a> as "Look East" – specifically, as establishing closer diplomatic and economic relations with Asia (which actually lies to the north-west of the Pacific kingdom). As of 2021, China has attained great influence in Tonga, financing infrastructure projects, including a new royal palace and holding two thirds of the country's foreign debt.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonga retains cordial relations with the United States. Although it remains on good terms with the United Kingdom, the two countries do not maintain particularly close relations. The United Kingdom closed its High Commission in Tonga in 2006, although it was re-established in January 2020 after a 14-year absence. Tonga's relations with Oceania's regional powers, Australia and New Zealand, are good.<sup id="cite_ref-matangitonga.to_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matangitonga.to-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonga maintains strong regional ties in the Pacific. It is a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Applied_Geoscience_Commission" title="South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission">South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Tourism_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Tourism Organisation">South Pacific Tourism Organisation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Regional_Environment_Programme" title="Pacific Regional Environment Programme">Pacific Regional Environment Programme</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pacific_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Pacific Community">Secretariat of the Pacific Community</a>. </p><p>In 2023, the governments of Tonga and other islands vulnerable to climate change (<a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>) launched the "Port Vila Call for a Just Transition to a Fossil Fuel Free Pacific", calling for the phase out <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> and the "rapid and <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">just transition</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and strengthening <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a>, including introducing the crime of <a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">ecocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Armed_Forces_(Tonga)" title="His Majesty's Armed Forces (Tonga)">Tonga Defence Services</a></div> <p>The Tongan government supported the American "<a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_the_willing_(Iraq_War)" title="Coalition of the willing (Iraq War)">coalition of the willing</a>" action in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and deployed more than 40 soldiers (as part of an American force) in late 2004. The contingent returned home on 17 December 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, a second contingent went to Iraq, and two more were sent during 2008 as part of continued support for the coalition. Tongan involvement concluded at the end of 2008 with no reported loss of life. </p><p>In 2010, Brigadier General Tauʻaika ʻUtaʻatu, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Tonga_Defence_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga Defence Services">Tonga Defence Services</a>, signed an agreement in London committing a minimum of 200 troops to co-operate with Britain's International Security Assistance Force in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. The task was completed in April 2014, and the UK presented Operational Service Medals to each of the soldiers involved during a parade held in Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonga has contributed troops and police to the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Province">Bougainville</a> conflict in Papua-New Guinea and to the Australian-led <a href="/wiki/RAMSI" class="mw-redirect" title="RAMSI">RAMSI</a> force in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Tonga" title="Administrative divisions of Tonga">Administrative divisions of Tonga</a></div> <p>Tonga is subdivided into five administrative divisions: <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBEua" title="ʻEua">ʻEua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BBapai" title="Haʻapai">Haʻapai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuas">Niuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vava%CA%BBu" title="Vavaʻu">Vavaʻu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tonga" title="Geography of Tonga">Geography of Tonga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonga_sm04.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tonga_sm04.gif/220px-Tonga_sm04.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Tonga_sm04.gif/330px-Tonga_sm04.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Tonga_sm04.gif 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>A map of Tonga</figcaption></figure> <p>Located in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, Tonga is an <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Ocean">South Pacific Ocean</a>, directly south of Samoa and about two-thirds of the way from Hawai'i to New Zealand. Its 171 islands, 45 of them inhabited,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are divided into three main groups – Vava'u, Ha'apai, and Tongatapu – and cover an 800-kilometre (500-mile)-long north–south line. </p><p>The largest island, <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>, on which the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa" title="Nukuʻalofa">Nukuʻalofa</a> is located, covers 257 square kilometres (99 sq mi). Geologically, the Tongan islands are of two types: most have a limestone base formed from uplifted coral formations; others consist of limestone overlaying a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonga has a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification"><i>Af</i></a>) with a distinct warm period (December–April), during which the temperatures rise above 32 °C (89.6 °F), and a cooler period (May–November), with temperatures rarely rising above 27 °C (80.6 °F). The temperature and rainfall range from 23 °C (73.4 °F) and 1,700 mm (66.9 in) on Tongatapu in the south to 27 °C (80.6 °F) and 2,970 mm (116.9 in) on the more northerly islands closer to the Equator. </p><p>The average wettest period is around March, with on average 263 mm (10.4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average daily humidity is 80%. The highest temperature recorded in Tonga was 35 °C (95 °F) on 11 February 1979 in Vava'u. The coldest temperature recorded in Tonga was 8.7 °C (47.7 °F) on 8 September 1994 in Fua'amotu. Temperatures of 15 °C (59 °F) or lower are usually measured in the dry season and are more frequent in southern Tonga than in the northern islands.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tropical cyclone season currently runs from 1 November to 30 April, though tropical cyclones can form and affect Tonga outside of the season. According to the <a href="/wiki/WorldRiskReport" title="WorldRiskReport">WorldRiskReport</a> 2021, Tonga ranks third among the countries with the highest disaster risk worldwide – mainly due to the country's exposure to multiple natural hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Nuku%CA%BBalofa" title="Nukuʻalofa">Nukuʻalofa</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Af) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(90) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(90) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(82) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(82) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(82) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(82) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29<br />(84) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(86) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31<br />(88) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32<br />(90) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br />(76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7<br />(83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8206; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.5<br />(72.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(63) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(59) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(52) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(54) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(61) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #00FA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #00A600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">210<br />(8.3) </td> <td style="background: #00CB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206<br />(8.1) </td> <td style="background: #00FF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165<br />(6.5) </td> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111<br />(4.4) </td> <td style="background: #6CFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #71FF71; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95<br />(3.7) </td> <td style="background: #50FF50; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117<br />(4.6) </td> <td style="background: #43FF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">122<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #40FF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128<br />(5.0) </td> <td style="background: #41FF41; color:#000000;" class="notheme">123<br />(4.8) </td> <td style="background: #00F900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175<br />(6.9) </td> <td style="background: #25FF25; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,721<br />(67.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">180 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">76 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Weatherbase<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology">Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tonga contains the <a href="/wiki/Tongan_tropical_moist_forests" title="Tongan tropical moist forests">Tongan tropical moist forests</a> terrestrial ecoregion.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tonga, dating back to Tongan legend, flying bats are considered sacred and are the property of the monarchy. Thus, they are protected and cannot be harmed or hunted. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Pteropus" title="Pteropus">flying fox bats</a> have thrived in many of the islands of Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wattled_Honeyeater_(Foulehaio_carunculata).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wattled_Honeyeater_%28Foulehaio_carunculata%29.jpg/220px-Wattled_Honeyeater_%28Foulehaio_carunculata%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wattled_Honeyeater_%28Foulehaio_carunculata%29.jpg/330px-Wattled_Honeyeater_%28Foulehaio_carunculata%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wattled_Honeyeater_%28Foulehaio_carunculata%29.jpg/440px-Wattled_Honeyeater_%28Foulehaio_carunculata%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Wattled honeyeater in Tonga</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Tonga" title="List of birds of Tonga">bird life of Tonga</a> includes a total of 73 species, of which two are endemic, the <a href="/wiki/Tongan_whistler" title="Tongan whistler">Tongan whistler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tongan_megapode" title="Tongan megapode">Tongan megapode</a>. Five species have been introduced by humans, and eight are rare or accidental. Seven species are globally threatened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Economy of Tonga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tongan_seniti_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tongan_seniti_coin.jpg/220px-Tongan_seniti_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Tongan_seniti_coin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>A Tongan one-cent (<i>seniti taha</i>) coin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuku_Island_Vava%27u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nuku_Island_Vava%27u.jpg/220px-Nuku_Island_Vava%27u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nuku_Island_Vava%27u.jpg/330px-Nuku_Island_Vava%27u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Nuku_Island_Vava%27u.jpg/440px-Nuku_Island_Vava%27u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Nuku Island, <a href="/wiki/Vava%CA%BBu" title="Vavaʻu">Vavaʻu</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Majestic_Whale_Encounters8_-_pic_by_Brandon_Cole_(15799763491).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Majestic_Whale_Encounters8_-_pic_by_Brandon_Cole_%2815799763491%29.jpg/220px-Majestic_Whale_Encounters8_-_pic_by_Brandon_Cole_%2815799763491%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Majestic_Whale_Encounters8_-_pic_by_Brandon_Cole_%2815799763491%29.jpg/330px-Majestic_Whale_Encounters8_-_pic_by_Brandon_Cole_%2815799763491%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Majestic_Whale_Encounters8_-_pic_by_Brandon_Cole_%2815799763491%29.jpg/440px-Majestic_Whale_Encounters8_-_pic_by_Brandon_Cole_%2815799763491%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whales</a> off Tonga</figcaption></figure> <p>Tonga's economy is characterised by a large nonmonetary sector and a heavy dependence on <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">remittances</a> from the half of the country's population who live abroad (chiefly in Australia, New Zealand, and the United States). The royal family and the nobles dominate and largely own the monetary sector of the economy – particularly the telecommunications and satellite services. Tonga was named the sixth-most corrupt country in the world by <i>Forbes</i> magazine in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonga was ranked the 165th-safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 <i><a href="/wiki/Euromoney" title="Euromoney">Euromoney</a></i> Country Risk rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manufacturing sector consists of <a href="/wiki/Cottage_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage industry">handicrafts</a> and a few other very small-scale industries, which contribute only about 5% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial business activities also are inconspicuous, and to a large extent, are dominated by the same large trading companies found throughout the South Pacific. In September 1974, the country's first commercial trading bank, the Bank of Tonga, opened. </p><p>Tonga's development plans emphasise a growing <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>, upgrading agricultural productivity, revitalising the squash and vanilla-bean industries, developing tourism, and improving communications and transport. Substantial progress has been made, but much work remains to be done. A small, growing construction sector is developing in response to the inflow of aid money and remittances from Tongans abroad. In recognition of such a crucial contribution, the government has created a new department in the Prime Minister's Office with the purpose of catering for the needs of Tongans living abroad. In 2007, the Tongan Parliament amended citizenship laws to allow Tongans to hold dual citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Tourism"></span> The tourist industry is relatively undeveloped. The government recognises that tourism can play a major role in economic development, and efforts are being made to increase this source of revenue. Cruise ships often stop in Vavaʻu, with a reputation for its <a href="/wiki/Whale_watching" title="Whale watching">whale watching</a>, game fishing, surfing, beaches, and is increasingly becoming a major player in the South Pacific tourism market.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tonga" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tonga">Tonga's postage stamps</a>, featuring colourful and often unusual designs (including heart-shaped and banana-shaped stamps), are popular with <a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">philatelists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the country became eligible to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. After an initial voluntary delay, Tonga became a full member of the WTO on 27 July 2007. </p><p>The Tonga Chamber of Commerce and Industry, incorporated in 1996, endeavours to represent the interests of its members, private sector businesses, and to promote economic growth in the Kingdom. </p><p>Tonga is home to some 106,000 people. More than double that number live overseas, mainly in the US, New Zealand, and Australia. Remittances from the overseas population have been declining since the onset of the 2008 global economic crisis. The tourism industry is improving, but remains modest at under 90,000 tourists per year.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Tonga, agriculture and forestry (together with fisheries) provide the majority of employment, foreign exchange earnings, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-Halavatau_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halavatau-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kunzel_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunzel-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural Tongans rely on both <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>. Plants grown for both market <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> and home use include bananas, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">coffee beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanilla_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanilla bean">vanilla beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Root_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Root crops">root crops</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>. As of 2001<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, two-thirds of agricultural land was in root crops.<sup id="cite_ref-Halavatau_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halavatau-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The processing of coconuts into <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccated</a> (dried) coconut was once the only significant industry, and only commercial export. Deteriorating prices on the world market and lack of replanting brought this once vibrant industry, as in most island nations of the South Pacific, to a complete standstill. </p><p>Swine and poultry are the major types of livestock. Horses are kept for draft purposes, primarily by farmers working their<i> ʻapi ʻuta</i> (a plot of bushland). More cattle are being raised, and beef imports are declining.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional feudal land ownership system meant that farmers had no incentive to invest in planting long-term tree crops on land they did not own. In the late 20th century, kava and vanilla from larger plantations became the main agricultural exports, together with squash.<sup id="cite_ref-Halavatau_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halavatau-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The export of squash to Japan, beginning in 1987, once brought relief to Tonga's struggling economy, but local farmers became increasingly wary of the Japanese market due to price fluctuations, and the huge financial risks involved.<sup id="cite_ref-b1_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Energy in Tonga mostly comes from imported diesel.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy consumption in Tonga is projected to reach around 66 gigawatt hours by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country aimed to reach 50% of renewable energy by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Tonga announced the construction of a 6-megawatt solar farm on Tongatapu.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant will be the second-largest solar plant in the Pacific upon completion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In view of the decreasing reliability of <a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel electricity">fossil-fuel electricity</a> generation, its increasing costs, and negative environmental side effects, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> solutions have attracted the government's attention. Together with <a href="/wiki/IRENA" class="mw-redirect" title="IRENA">IRENA</a>, Tonga has planned a renewable energy based strategy to power the main and outer islands. The strategy focuses on solar home systems that turn individual households into small power plants. It calls for the involvement of local operators, finance institutions, and technicians to provide sustainable business models and strategies to ensure the effective operation, management, and maintenance once the systems are installed.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pacific Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency was established in Tonga in 2016 to advise the private sector on related policy matters, provide capacity development and promote business investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The centre facilitates a financial mechanism offering competitive grants for start-ups to spur the adoption of renewable energy by the business sector. The centre is part of the Global Network of Regional Sustainable Energy Centres and SIDS DOCK framework designed to attract international investment in the renewable energy sector. </p><p>With the assistance of IRENA, Tonga has developed the 2010–2020 Tonga Energy Road Map, which aims for a 50% reduction of diesel importation. This was to be accomplished through a range of appropriate renewable technologies, including wind and solar, as well as innovative efficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, Tonga was generating 10% of its electricity from renewable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-SPREP_SOEC_2021_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPREP_SOEC_2021-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Demographics of Tonga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonga_demography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tonga_demography.png/220px-Tonga_demography.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tonga_demography.png/330px-Tonga_demography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tonga_demography.png/440px-Tonga_demography.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Tonga's population (1961–2003) in thousands</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 70% of the 106,017<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inhabitants live on its main island, Tongatapu. Although an increasing number of Tongans have moved into the only urban and commercial centre, Nukuʻalofa, where European and indigenous cultural and living patterns have blended, village life and kinship ties remain influential throughout the country. Despite emigration, Tonga grew in population from about 32,000 in the 1930s to more than 90,000 by 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups in Tonga</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic groups</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Tongan</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:97.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">97.03%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Part Tongan</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.79%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.79%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Chinese</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:0.73%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.73%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Fijian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">European</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:0.25%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.25%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Indo-Fijian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:0.12%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.12%</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Pacific Islander</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Asian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:maroon; width:0.19%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.19%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgray; width:0.37%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.37%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Not stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:0.03%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.03%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>According to the government portal, Tongans, <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> by ethnicity with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a>, represent more than 98% of the inhabitants. About 1.5% are mixed Tongans and the rest are <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a> (the majority are British), mixed European, and other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a>. In 2001, about 3,000 to 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_Tonga" title="Chinese in Tonga">Chinese lived there</a>, comprising 3 to 4% of the total Tongan population.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2006_Nuku%CA%BBalofa_riots" title="2006 Nukuʻalofa riots">2006 Nukuʻalofa riots</a> mainly targeted Chinese-owned businesses, leading to the emigration of several hundred Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that only about 300 remain.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> is the official language,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with English. Tongan is a <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian language">Polynesian language</a> of the Tongic branch so is closely related to other languages of the Tongic branch, those being: <a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafoʻouan</a>. Tongan is more distantly related to other Polynesian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Religion in Tonga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saione.jpg/220px-Saione.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saione.jpg/330px-Saione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saione.jpg/440px-Saione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Wesleyan_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Wesleyan Church">Free Wesleyan Church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tonga does not have an official state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution of Tonga (Revised 1998) provides for freedom of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928, Queen <a href="/wiki/Salote_Tupou_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Salote Tupou III">Salote Tupou III</a>, who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Wesleyan_Church_of_Tonga" title="Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga">Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga</a>, established the Free Wesleyan Church as the state religion of Tonga. The chief pastor of the Free Wesleyan Church serves as the representative of the people of Tonga and of the church at the coronation of a king or queen of Tonga, where he anoints and crowns the monarch. In opposition to the establishment of the Free Wesleyan Church as a state religion, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Tonga" title="Church of Tonga">Church of Tonga</a> separated from the Free Wesleyan Church in 1928. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tonga" title="Islam in Tonga">Islam in Tonga</a> is a small minority religion in the country. Muslims in Tonga belong to <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> denomination. <a href="/wiki/Al-Khadeejah_Mosque" title="Al-Khadeejah Mosque">Al-Khadeejah Mosque</a> is a prominent mosque in Tonga. </p><p>Everyday life is heavily influenced by Polynesian traditions and by the Christian faith; for example, all commerce and entertainment activities cease on Sunday, from the beginning of the day at midnight, to the end of the day at midnight. The constitution declares the Sabbath sacred forever. The official figures from the latest government census as of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> show that 90% of the population are affiliated with a Christian church or sect, with the four major church affiliations in the kingdom:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Wesleyan_Church_of_Tonga" title="Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga">Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga</a> (36,592 or 36%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (18,554 or 18%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Tonga">Roman Catholics</a> (15,441 or 15%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Tonga" title="Free Church of Tonga">Free Church of Tonga</a> (11,863 or 12%)</li></ul> <p>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints sent missionaries in 1891 to visit King Siaosi (George) Tupo, where they obtained permission to preach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tonga" title="Health in Tonga">Health in Tonga</a></div> <p>By some published surveys, Tonga has one of the highest obesity rates in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> data published in 2014 indicate that Tonga stands fourth overall in terms of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Body_Mass_Index_(BMI)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Body Mass Index (BMI)">countries listed by mean body mass index data</a>. In 2011, 90% of the adult population were considered overweight using NIH interpretation of body mass index (BMI) data, with more than 60% of those <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 70% of Tongan females aged 15–85 are obese. Tonga and <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> have the world's highest overweight and obese populations.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late October 2021, Tonga reported its first case of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> based on a New Zealand air passenger's positive test.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Education in Tonga</a></div> <p>Primary education between ages 6 and 14 is compulsory and free in state schools. Mission schools provide about 8% of the primary and 90% of the secondary level of education. State schools make up for the rest. Higher education includes teacher training, nursing, and medical training, a small private university, a woman's business college, and a number of private agricultural schools. Most levels of higher education are pursued overseas. </p><p>Tongans enjoy a relatively high level of education, with a 98.9% literacy rate,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and higher education up to and including medical and graduate degrees (pursued mostly overseas). They hold the body of academic knowledge created by their scholars in high esteem and the Kukū Kaunaka Collection, which comprises every doctoral and master's dissertation written by any Tongan in any country is archived by <a href="/wiki/Seu%27ula_Johansson-Fua" title="Seu'ula Johansson-Fua">Seu'ula Johansson-Fua</a> at the Institute for Education in Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary Tongans often have strong ties to overseas lands. Many Tongans have emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Tongan_Australians" title="Tongan Australians">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_New_Zealanders" title="Tongan New Zealanders">New Zealand</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">United States</a> to seek employment and a higher standard of living. </p><p>In 2018, 82,389 Tongans lived in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2000, 36,840 Tongans were living in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 8,000 Tongans live in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tongan <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> retains close ties to relatives at home,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a significant portion of Tonga's income derives from remittances<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to family members (often aged) who prefer to remain in Tonga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Culture of Tonga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faikava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Faikava.jpg/220px-Faikava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Faikava.jpg/330px-Faikava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Faikava.jpg/440px-Faikava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Humans have lived in Tonga for nearly 3,000 years since settlement in late <a href="/wiki/Lapita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita">Lapita</a> times. Before the arrival of European explorers in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Tongans had frequent contacts with their nearest Oceanic neighbours, Fiji and Niue. In the 19th century, with the arrival of Western traders and missionaries, Tongan culture changed, especially in religion. As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, almost 98% of residents profess Christianity. The people discarded some old beliefs and habits and adopted others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fahu">Fahu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fahu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fahu is a form of social organization practiced by the people of Tonga, built upon a relationship between a person and their father’s sister and paternal cousins. There are a few key superiorities in the social structure of fahu:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>One's paternal side is superior to their maternal side of a family unit, and</li> <li>Sisters are situated as superordinate and sacred counterparts to their brothers, thus</li> <li>The sister of one's father is the highest ranking family member</li></ol> <p>Prior to Western contact, the inner dynamics between the chiefly kinship groups were governed by this social convention. Although fahu rights do not hold the same political strength and implications they historically did, they remain, to a notable degree, a part of the contemporary social practices in Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socio-environmental_impact_of_fahu">Socio-environmental impact of fahu</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Socio-environmental impact of fahu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar social structures to fahu have been cited as significantly beneficial for human adaptation to environmental threats, especially those situated in hurricane-prone regions such as Tonga.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The benefit stems from the fahu's ability to provide a network and capacity to allow for relocation or people and resources during environmental events, such as hurricanes or droughts. </p><p> However, there have been environmental consequences of note due to the fahu structure, or rather, a disturbance of the structure. In the 1980s, Tonga saw a severe depletion of its sandalwood tree due a disruption of the fahu social hierarchy, which was incited by market demand for the resource.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to heightened local competition and eventually an overharvest of the tree. Nearly all of the sandalwood resources were depleted over the span of two years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="It's completely unclear why a depletion of the sandalwood supply leads to a weakening of the relationship between people and their aunts. (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ula_fu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ula_fu.jpg/220px-Ula_fu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Ula_fu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="237" /></a><figcaption>The start of a Tongan <i><a href="/wiki/Tau%CA%BBolunga" title="Tauʻolunga">tauʻolunga</a></i> dance</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Tonga" title="Sport in Tonga">Sport in Tonga</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby_union">Rugby union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rugby union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is the national sport,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team" title="Tonga national rugby union team">national team</a> (ʻIkale Tahi, or Sea Eagles) has performed quite well on the international stage. Tonga has competed in six <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cups</a> since <a href="/wiki/1987_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1987 Rugby World Cup">1987</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2011 Rugby World Cup">2011 Rugby World Cups</a> were Tonga's most successful to date, both winning two out of four matches and in a running chance for the quarterfinals. In the 2007 Rugby World Cup, Tonga won its first two matches, against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national rugby union team">USA</a> 25–15, and <a href="/wiki/Samoa_national_rugby_union_team" title="Samoa national rugby union team">Samoa</a> 19–15. They came very close to upsetting the eventual winners of the 2007 tournament, the South African <a href="/wiki/Springboks" class="mw-redirect" title="Springboks">Springboks</a>, losing 30–25. A defeat by <a href="/wiki/England_National_Rugby_Union_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="England National Rugby Union Team">England</a>, 36–20 in their last pool game ended their hopes of making the knockout stages. Nevertheless, by picking up third place in their pool games behind South Africa and England, Tonga earned automatic qualification for the 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. In <a href="/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup_Pool_A" title="2011 Rugby World Cup Pool A">Pool A</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2011 Rugby World Cup">2011 Rugby World Cup</a>, Tonga beat both <a href="/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team" title="Japan national rugby union team">Japan</a> 31–18 and 5th ranked<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventual finalist <a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">France</a> 19–14 in the latter pool stages. However, a previous heavy defeat by the <a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">All Blacks</a> at the tournament's opener (41–10) and a subsequent tight defeat by <a href="/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team" title="Canada national rugby union team">Canada</a> (25–20) meant that Tonga lost out to France (who also lost to <a href="/wiki/All_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="All Blacks">NZ</a>) for the quarter finals due to 2 bonus points and a points difference of 46. </p><p>Tonga's best result before 2007 came in <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby World Cup">1995</a>, when they beat <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ivory Coast national rugby union team">Côte d'Ivoire</a> 29–11, and <a href="/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup" title="1999 Rugby World Cup">1999</a> when they beat <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">Italy</a> 28–25 (although with only 14 men they lost heavily to England, 101–10). Tonga perform the <a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">Ikale Tahi war dance</a> or Sipi Tau (a form of <a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">Kailao</a>) before all their matches. Tonga used to compete in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Tri-Nations" title="Pacific Tri-Nations">Pacific Tri-Nations</a> against Samoa and Fiji, which has now been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/World_Rugby_Pacific_Nations_Cup" title="World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup">World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup</a>, which now involves <a href="/wiki/Japan_national_rugby_union_team" title="Japan national rugby union team">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team" title="Canada national rugby union team">Canada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national rugby union team">United States</a>. At club level, there are the <a href="/wiki/Datec_Cup_Provincial_Championship" title="Datec Cup Provincial Championship">Datec Cup Provincial Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rugby_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Rugby Cup">Pacific Rugby Cup</a>. Rugby union is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Tonga_Rugby_Football_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga Rugby Football Union">Tonga Rugby Football Union</a>, which was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Rugby_Alliance" title="Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance">Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance</a> and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders_rugby_union_team" title="Pacific Islanders rugby union team">Pacific Islanders rugby union team</a>, before they were disbanded in 2009. </p><p>Many players of Tongan descent – e.g., <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Lomu" title="Jonah Lomu">Jonah Lomu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Folau" title="Israel Folau">Israel Folau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viliami_Ofahengaue" title="Viliami Ofahengaue">Viliami "William" ʻOfahengaue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malakai_Fekitoa" title="Malakai Fekitoa">Malakai Fekitoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Afeaki" title="Ben Afeaki">Ben Afeaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Piutau" title="Charles Piutau">Charles Piutau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Halai" title="Frank Halai">Frank Halai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sekope_Kepu" title="Sekope Kepu">Sekope Kepu</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(rugby_union)" title="George Smith (rugby union)">George Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Palu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliff Palu">Wycliff Palu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitaleki_Timani" title="Sitaleki Timani">Sitaleki Timani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salesi_Ma%27afu" title="Salesi Ma'afu">Salesi Ma'afu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Fainga%27a" title="Anthony Fainga'a">Anthony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saia_Fainga%27a" title="Saia Fainga'a">Saia Fainga'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Gerrard" title="Mark Gerrard">Mark Gerrard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Vuna" title="Cooper Vuna">Cooper Vuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doug_Howlett" title="Doug Howlett">Doug Howlett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toutai_Kefu" title="Toutai Kefu">Toutai Kefu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatafu_Polota-Nau" title="Tatafu Polota-Nau">Tatafu Polota-Nau</a> – have played for either the All Blacks or the Wallabies. <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lions" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lions">British and Irish Lion</a> and Welsh international player <a href="/wiki/Taulupe_Faletau" title="Taulupe Faletau">Taulupe "Toby" Faletau</a> is Tongan born and the son of Tongan international <a href="/wiki/Kuli_Faletau" title="Kuli Faletau">Kuli Faletau</a>. Taulupe's cousins and England international players <a href="/wiki/Billy_Vunipola" title="Billy Vunipola">Billy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mako_Vunipola" title="Mako Vunipola">Mako Vunipola</a> (who is also a <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Irish Lion">British and Irish Lion</a>), are sons of former Tonga rugby captain <a href="/wiki/Fe%27ao_Vunipola" class="mw-redirect" title="Fe'ao Vunipola">Fe'ao Vunipola</a>. Rugby is popular among the nation's schools, and students from schools such as Tonga College and <a href="/wiki/Tupou_College" title="Tupou College">Tupou College</a> are regularly offered scholarships in New Zealand, Australia and Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby_league">Rugby league</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Rugby league"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonga_team_2008_RLWC_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tonga_team_2008_RLWC_%282%29.jpg/220px-Tonga_team_2008_RLWC_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tonga_team_2008_RLWC_%282%29.jpg/330px-Tonga_team_2008_RLWC_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tonga_team_2008_RLWC_%282%29.jpg/440px-Tonga_team_2008_RLWC_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="1794" /></a><figcaption>The Tongan rugby league team</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> has gained some success. Tonga made their first appearance at a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1995_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="1995 Rugby League World Cup">1995</a> edition where they went out in the first stage but narrowly lost to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">New Zealand</a>. They have since appeared in each subsequent Rugby League World Cup tournament. In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2008 Rugby League World Cup">2008 Rugby League World Cup</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_league_team" title="Tonga national rugby league team">Tonga</a> recorded wins against <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_league_team" title="Ireland national rugby league team">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_league_team" title="Scotland national rugby league team">Scotland</a>. Just before the <a href="/wiki/2017_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2017 Rugby League World Cup">2017 World Cup</a>, various high-profile players, led by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Taumalolo" title="Jason Taumalolo">Jason Taumalolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fifita" title="Andrew Fifita">Andrew Fifita</a>, defected from their tier one nations to represent their nation of heritage. This led to them defeating New Zealand in Hamilton at <a href="/wiki/Waikato_Stadium" title="Waikato Stadium">Waikato Stadium</a> on 11 November at that tournament. The national team has since also recorded victories against <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team" title="Great Britain national rugby league team">Great Britain</a> and the world number one <a href="/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team" title="Australia national rugby league team">Australia</a>. In addition to the success of the national team, many players of Tongan descent make it big in the Australian <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a> competition. These include <a href="/wiki/Jason_Taumalolo" title="Jason Taumalolo">Jason Taumalolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Folau" title="Israel Folau">Israel Folau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyson_Frizell" title="Tyson Frizell">Tyson Frizell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tevita_Pangai_Junior" title="Tevita Pangai Junior">Tevita Pangai Junior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Hurrell" title="Konrad Hurrell">Konrad Hurrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Fusitua" class="mw-redirect" title="David Fusitua">David Fusitua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuimoala_Lolohea" title="Tuimoala Lolohea">Tuimoala Lolohea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sio_Siua_Taukeiaho" title="Sio Siua Taukeiaho">Sio Siua Taukeiaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Taufua" title="Jorge Taufua">Jorge Taufua</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Hopoate" title="William Hopoate">William Hopoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fifita" title="Andrew Fifita">Andrew Fifita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Murdoch-Masila" title="Ben Murdoch-Masila">Ben Murdoch-Masila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felise_Kaufusi" title="Felise Kaufusi">Felise Kaufusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mason" title="Willie Mason">Willie Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manu_Vatuvei" title="Manu Vatuvei">Manu Vatuvei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brent_Kite" title="Brent Kite">Brent Kite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuifui_Moimoi" title="Fuifui Moimoi">Fuifui Moimoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Tonga" title="Willie Tonga">Willie Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tupou" title="Anthony Tupou">Anthony Tupou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Kaufusi" title="Antonio Kaufusi">Antonio Kaufusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jennings_(rugby_league)" title="Michael Jennings (rugby league)">Michael Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Williams_(rugby_league)" title="Tony Williams (rugby league)">Tony Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feleti_Mateo" title="Feleti Mateo">Feleti Mateo</a>. Subsequently, some Tongan rugby league players have established successful careers in the <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a> such as Antonio Kaufusi.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olympics">Olympics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tonga_at_the_Olympics" title="Tonga at the Olympics">Tonga at the Olympics</a></div> <p>Aside from rugby, Tonga has also produced athletes who have competed at both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Tonga's only Olympic medal came from the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> in Atlanta, where <a href="/wiki/Paea_Wolfgramm" title="Paea Wolfgramm">Paea Wolfgramm</a> won silver in <a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Super_heavyweight" title="Boxing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Super heavyweight">super heavyweight</a> boxing. One athlete, <a href="/wiki/Pita_Taufatofua" title="Pita Taufatofua">Pita Taufatofua</a>, attended the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a> in Pyeongchang, South Korea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_football">American football</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: American football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Tongans have been football players in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tuineau_Alipate" title="Tuineau Alipate">Tuineau Alipate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sione_Takitaki" title="Sione Takitaki">Sione Takitaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Folau" title="Spencer Folau">Spencer Folau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakei_Heimuli" title="Lakei Heimuli">Lakei Heimuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Kaufusi" title="Steve Kaufusi">Steve Kaufusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ake_Kemoeatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'ake Kemoeatu">Ma'ake Kemoeatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deuce_Lutui" title="Deuce Lutui">Deuce Lutui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siupeli_Malamala" title="Siupeli Malamala">Siupeli Malamala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Manoa" title="Tim Manoa">Tim Manoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stan_Mataele" title="Stan Mataele">Stan Mataele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vili_Maumau" title="Vili Maumau">Vili Maumau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pupunu" title="Alfred Pupunu">Alfred Pupunu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vai_Sikahema" title="Vai Sikahema">Vai Sikahema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Lotulelei" title="Star Lotulelei">Star Lotulelei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vita_Vea" title="Vita Vea">Vita Vea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talanoa_Hufanga" title="Talanoa Hufanga">Talanoa Hufanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tuipulotu" title="Peter Tuipulotu">Peter Tuipulotu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Tuipulotu" title="Marlon Tuipulotu">Marlon Tuipulotu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuli_Tuipulotu" title="Tuli Tuipulotu">Tuli Tuipulotu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matangitonga.to">Matangi Tonga</a></i> – online newspaper</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Tonga" title="Times of Tonga">Taimi o Tonga</a></i> (<i>Times of Tonga</i>) – controversial newspaper <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Keleʻa</i> – newspaper</li> <li><i>Talaki</i> – newspaper</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Chronicle" title="Tonga Chronicle">Kalonikali</a></i> – newspaper</li> <li><i>Tauʻataina</i> – newspaper</li> <li><i>Kakalu</i> – newspaper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_Broadcasting_Commission" title="Tonga Broadcasting Commission">Tonga Broadcasting Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/Television_Tonga" title="Television Tonga">Television Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_Tonga_2" title="Television Tonga 2">Television Tonga 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Tonga" title="Radio Tonga">Radio Tonga</a> 1, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Tonga" title="Radio Tonga">Radio Tonga</a> 2 – Kool 90FM, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Tonga" title="Radio Tonga">103FM</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Tongan_art">Contemporary Tongan art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contemporary Tongan art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a huge surge of contemporary Tongan artists in the past decade,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="People are going to be reading this article for years. Please give a specific period that will be meaningful regardless of when it's read. (December 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the majority based in New Zealand. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanya_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanya Edwards (page does not exist)">Tanya Edwards</a> works with ngatu (bark cloths),<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Work" title="Benjamin Work">Benjamin Work</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telly_Tuita" title="Telly Tuita">Telly Tuita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sione_Mon%C5%AB" title="Sione Monū">Sione Monū</a> are widely exhibited internationally,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%93misi_Fetokai_Potauaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sēmisi Fetokai Potauaine (page does not exist)">Sēmisi Fetokai Potauaine</a> built a five-storey Tongan sculpture in central <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Bergman_Gallery" title="Bergman Gallery">Bergman Gallery</a> hosted <i>Tukufakaholo, Tongan Contemporary</i> in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, featuring eight Tongan artists.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/32px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/48px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png/64px-%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="617" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceania" title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tonga" title="Outline of Tonga">Outline of Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_towns_in_Tonga" title="List of islands and towns in Tonga">List of islands and towns in Tonga</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both pronunciations are used in English, although the former is preferred as it is closer to the Tongan pronunciation. In <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">United Kingdom</a>, both pronunciations are used, while the preferred pronunciation (i.e the former) is almost always used in <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tonga/">"The World Factbook: Tonga: Geography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192022/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tonga">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Tonga%3A+Geography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftonga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexmundi.com/tonga/religions.html">"Tonga Religions – Demographics"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003065033/https://www.indexmundi.com/tonga/religions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonga+Religions+%E2%80%93+Demographics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Ftonga%2Freligions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045529/https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/24/tongas-population-drops-100209">"Tonga's population drops to 100,209"</a>. Matangi Tonga. 24 December 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matangitonga.to/2021/12/24/tongas-population-drops-100209">the original</a> on 24 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonga%27s+population+drops+to+100%2C209&rft.pub=Matangi+Tonga&rft.date=2021-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatangitonga.to%2F2021%2F12%2F24%2Ftongas-population-drops-100209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=88&pr.y=5&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=866&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. <i>www.imf.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608123754/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=88&pr.y=5&sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=866&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC&grp=0&a=">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=Report+for+Selected+Countries+and+Subjects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D88%26pr.y%3D5%26sy%3D2017%26ey%3D2024%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D866%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/tonga-population">"Tonga Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)"</a>. <i>worldpopulationreview.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028164659/https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/tonga-population">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Tonga+Population+2021+%28Demographics%2C+Maps%2C+Graphs%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountries%2Ftonga-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see writings of Ata of Kolovai in "O Tama a Aiga" by Morgan Tuimaleali'ifano; writings by Mahina, also coronation edition of Spasifik Magazine, "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia," edited by Lal and Fortune, pp. 133–</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tonga">"Tonga"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601201608/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tonga">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary%2C+Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Tonga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftonga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchward, C.M. (1985) <i>Tongan grammar</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908717-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-908717-05-9">0-908717-05-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeversonKennedy2005" class="citation web cs1">Deverson, Tony; Kennedy, Graeme, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/m-en_nz-msdict-00001-0055427">"Tonga"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558451-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558451-6"><bdi>978-0-19-558451-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228234601/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/m-en_nz-msdict-00001-0055427">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Oxford+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Tonga&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-558451-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195584516.001.0001%2Fm-en_nz-msdict-00001-0055427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tongantranslator.com/search.aspx">"Search | English – Tongan Translator"</a>. <i>www.tongantranslator.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429231923/http://tongantranslator.com/search.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tongantranslator.com&rft.atitle=Search+%7C+English+%E2%80%93+Tongan+Translator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tongantranslator.com%2Fsearch.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolliffe,_Lee2010" class="citation book cs1">Jolliffe, Lee, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnpwfgQvAMsC"><i>Coffee Culture, Destinations and Tourism</i></a>. Channel View Publications. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845411923" title="Special:BookSources/9781845411923"><bdi>9781845411923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee+Culture%2C+Destinations+and+Tourism&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Channel+View+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781845411923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnpwfgQvAMsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Mariner_(writer)" title="William Mariner (writer)">Mariner, William</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(meteorologist)" title="John Martin (meteorologist)">Martin</a>, John (1817). <i>An account of the natives of the Tonga islands in the south Pacific Ocean: With an original grammar and vocabulary of their language. Compiled and arranged from the extensive communications of Mr. William Mariner, several years' resident in those islands</i>, Volume 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AD9CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA64">pp. 64–65</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133043/https://books.google.com/books?id=AD9CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA64">Archived</a> 12 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tongatime.com/mauis-fish-hook/">"Maui's Fish Hook"</a>. Tonga Time. 9 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314010858/https://tongatime.com/mauis-fish-hook/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maui%27s+Fish+Hook&rft.pub=Tonga+Time&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftongatime.com%2Fmauis-fish-hook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1997) <i>The Lapita Peoples</i>, Wiley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57718-036-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57718-036-4">1-57718-036-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Burley, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492438">"High precision U/Th dating of first Polynesian settlement"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (11): e48769. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...748769B">2012PLoSO...748769B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048769">10.1371/journal.pone.0048769</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3492438">3492438</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23144962">23144962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=High+precision+U%2FTh+dating+of+first+Polynesian+settlement&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e48769&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492438%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23144962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0048769&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...748769B&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3492438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Langdon (ed.) (1984), <i>Where the whalers went: an index to the Pacific ports and islands visited by American whalers (and some other ships) in the 19th century</i>, Canberra, Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, p. 234. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/086784471X" title="Special:BookSources/086784471X">086784471X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1975" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, William (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/186"><i>The Great United States Exploring Expedition</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatunitedstate00will/page/186">186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520025578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520025578"><bdi>978-0520025578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+United+States+Exploring+Expedition&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0520025578&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatunitedstate00will%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-889064580/view?sectionId=nla.obj-890839971&searchTerm=tonga+constitution&partId=nla.obj-889098111#page/n9/mode/1up/search/tonga+constitution">"The history of the Constitution of Tonga"</a>. <i>Australian foreign affairs record</i>. Vol. 51, no. 11. 29 November 1980. pp. 416–419. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013358/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-889064580/view?sectionId=nla.obj-890839971&searchTerm=tonga+constitution&partId=nla.obj-889098111#page/n9/mode/1up/search/tonga+constitution">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+foreign+affairs+record&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+Constitution+of+Tonga&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=416-419&rft.date=1980-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.obj-889064580%2Fview%3FsectionId%3Dnla.obj-890839971%26searchTerm%3Dtonga%2Bconstitution%26partId%3Dnla.obj-889098111%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Ftonga%2Bconstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Woodcock, "Tonga: The Last of the Victorians." <i>History Today</i> (1975) 25#1 pp. 31–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2008" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA363"><i>Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6935-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6935-4"><bdi>978-0-8160-6935-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101182730/https://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA363">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+plague+and+pestilence%3A+from+ancient+times+to+the+present&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6935-4&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzRwRmb09rgC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fsmgov.org/fsmun/pr140999.htm">"FSM welcomed Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga to UN family"</a>. <i>www.fsmgov.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103022201/https://www.fsmgov.org/fsmun/pr140999.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fsmgov.org&rft.atitle=FSM+welcomed+Kiribati%2C+Nauru+and+Tonga+to+UN+family&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsmgov.org%2Ffsmun%2Fpr140999.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/qvyzxb/tonga-was-never-colonised-so-why-does-it-feel-so-colonised">"Tonga Was Never Colonised, So Why Does It Feel So Colonised?"</a>. <i>www.vice.com</i>. 20 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103022158/https://www.vice.com/en/article/qvyzxb/tonga-was-never-colonised-so-why-does-it-feel-so-colonised">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vice.com&rft.atitle=Tonga+Was+Never+Colonised%2C+So+Why+Does+It+Feel+So+Colonised%3F&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fqvyzxb%2Ftonga-was-never-colonised-so-why-does-it-feel-so-colonised&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/tonga-tsunami-alert-as-undersea-volcano-eruption-causes-large-waves-to-hit-island-12516351">"Tonga: Tsunami waves hit Pacific country after huge underwater volcano eruption"</a>. <i>Sky News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220115213858/https://news.sky.com/story/tonga-tsunami-alert-as-undersea-volcano-eruption-causes-large-waves-to-hit-island-12516351">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=Tonga%3A+Tsunami+waves+hit+Pacific+country+after+huge+underwater+volcano+eruption&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2Ftonga-tsunami-alert-as-undersea-volcano-eruption-causes-large-waves-to-hit-island-12516351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatu2022" class="citation web cs1">Latu, Kalino (30 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kanivatonga.nz/2022/01/prime-minister-defends-deputys-no-sirens-reply-as-tsunami-death-toll-rises-to-four/">"Prime Minister defends Deputy's 'no sirens' reply as tsunami death toll rises to four"</a>. <i>Kaniva Tonga</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130100337/https://www.kanivatonga.nz/2022/01/prime-minister-defends-deputys-no-sirens-reply-as-tsunami-death-toll-rises-to-four/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaniva+Tonga&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+defends+Deputy%27s+%27no+sirens%27+reply+as+tsunami+death+toll+rises+to+four&rft.date=2022-01-30&rft.aulast=Latu&rft.aufirst=Kalino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kanivatonga.nz%2F2022%2F01%2Fprime-minister-defends-deputys-no-sirens-reply-as-tsunami-death-toll-rises-to-four%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/3163606/two-women-drown-peru-due-tonga-volcanic-eruption-10000km-away">"Two women drown in Peru because of Tonga volcano"</a>. Agence France-Presse. 17 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421175219/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/3163606/two-women-drown-peru-due-tonga-volcanic-eruption-10000km-away">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2022</span> – via South China Morning Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Two+women+drown+in+Peru+because+of+Tonga+volcano&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F3163606%2Ftwo-women-drown-peru-due-tonga-volcanic-eruption-10000km-away&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorchinsky2022" class="citation news cs1">Torchinsky, Rina (18 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2022/01/18/1073863310/an-undersea-cable-fault-could-cut-tonga-from-the-rest-of-the-world-for-weeks">"An undersea cable fault could cut Tonga from the rest of the world for weeks"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124232215/https://www.npr.org/2022/01/18/1073863310/an-undersea-cable-fault-could-cut-tonga-from-the-rest-of-the-world-for-weeks">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=An+undersea+cable+fault+could+cut+Tonga+from+the+rest+of+the+world+for+weeks&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft.aulast=Torchinsky&rft.aufirst=Rina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F01%2F18%2F1073863310%2Fan-undersea-cable-fault-could-cut-tonga-from-the-rest-of-the-world-for-weeks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Juvenile1852-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juvenile1852_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/wesleyanjuvenil08socigoog/wesleyanjuvenil08socigoog.pdf">"King George, of the Friendly Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons</i>. <b>IX</b>: 1. 1852<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wesleyan+Juvenile+Offering%3A+A+Miscellany+of+Missionary+Information+for+Young+Persons&rft.atitle=King+George%2C+of+the+Friendly+Islands&rft.volume=IX&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1852&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fwesleyanjuvenil08socigoog%2Fwesleyanjuvenil08socigoog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/337461/cooks-bill-puts-spotlight-on-pacific-s-anti-gay-laws">"Cooks bill puts spotlight on Pacific's anti-gay laws"</a>. <i>RNZ News</i>. 21 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731095647/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/337461/cooks-bill-puts-spotlight-on-pacific-s-anti-gay-laws">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RNZ+News&rft.atitle=Cooks+bill+puts+spotlight+on+Pacific%27s+anti-gay+laws&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F337461%2Fcooks-bill-puts-spotlight-on-pacific-s-anti-gay-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186525.pdf">"Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Tonga"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524160837/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186525.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Societal+Abuses%2C+Discrimination%2C+and+Acts+of+Violence+Based+on+Sexual+Orientation+and+Gender+Identity+in+Tonga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F186525.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186525.pdf">"Societal Abuses, Discrimination, and Acts of Violence Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Tonga"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Societal+Abuses%2C+Discrimination%2C+and+Acts+of+Violence+Based+on+Sexual+Orientation+and+Gender+Identity+in+Tonga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F186525.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.propertytonga.com/land-law-in-tonga.html">"Articles:Listing Tonga"</a>. Property Tonga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161216051530/http://www.propertytonga.com/land-law-in-tonga.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles%3AListing+Tonga&rft.pub=Property+Tonga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.propertytonga.com%2Fland-law-in-tonga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013151423/http://michaelfield.org/tonga3.htm">Tonga's king tricked by Korean sea water to natural gas scam</a>. michaelfield.org (December 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frommers.com/destinations/tonga/3039020044.html">"Tonga : In Depth : History"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonga+%3A+In+Depth+%3A+History&rft.pub=Frommers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frommers.com%2Fdestinations%2Ftonga%2F3039020044.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/13/1041990234408.html">"The ships that died of shame"</a>. <i>smh.com.au</i>. 14 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602063205/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/01/13/1041990234408.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=smh.com.au&rft.atitle=The+ships+that+died+of+shame&rft.date=2003-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Farticles%2F2003%2F01%2F13%2F1041990234408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mendosa.com/tongasat.html">"Tongasat"</a>. Mendosa.com. 30 December 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217191723/http://mendosa.com/tongasat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tongasat&rft.pub=Mendosa.com&rft.date=1996-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mendosa.com%2Ftongasat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFiSite_Interactive_Limited" class="citation web cs1">iSite Interactive Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090701041656/http://www.islandsbusiness.com/islands_business/index_dynamic/containerNameToReplace=MiddleMiddle/focusModuleID=3896/overideSkinName=issueArticle-full.tpl">"No Govt Support Blamed for Airline Collapse"</a>. Islands Business. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+Govt+Support+Blamed+for+Airline+Collapse&rft.pub=Islands+Business&rft.au=iSite+Interactive+Limited&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islandsbusiness.com%2Fislands_business%2Findex_dynamic%2FcontainerNameToReplace%3DMiddleMiddle%2FfocusModuleID%3D3896%2FoverideSkinName%3DissueArticle-full.tpl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314014438/http://www.tobacco.org/articles/country/tonga/">"Articles:Listing Tonga"</a>. Tobacco.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Journalism+Review&rft.atitle=The+contempt+case+of+the+%27Tongan+Three%27&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996-11&rft.au=Robie%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiapac.org.fj%2FPJR%2Fissues%2Fnext%2F962tongan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/140250/tongan-court-case-over-wrongful-imprisonment-recommences">"Tongan Court Case Over Wrongful Imprisonment Recommences"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tongan+Court+Case+Over+Wrongful+Imprisonment+Recommences&rft.pub=Radio+NZ&rft.date=2002-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radionz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F140250%2Ftongan-court-case-over-wrongful-imprisonment-recommences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609173107/http://www.matangitonga.to/article/tonganews/crime/riot161106.shtml">"Rioting crowd leaves leaves trail of wreckage in Nuku'alofa"</a>. Matangitonga.to. 16 November 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADF+deployment+to+Tonga%2C+2006&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnautilus.org%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2Faustralian-forces-abroad%2Ftonga%2Fadf-deployment-to-tonga-2006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7530209.stm">"Tonga's king to cede key powers"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208145840/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7530209.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tonga%27s+king+to+cede+key+powers&rft.date=2008-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7530209.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20120319&sec_id=4104&subsec_id=12731&art_id=16168607"><bdi lang="zh">蘋果日報 – 20120319 – 患血癌染肺炎搶救數日無效湯加國王駕崩瑪麗醫院</bdi></a>. <i>Appledaily News HK</i>. 19 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321193353/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20120319&sec_id=4104&subsec_id=12731&art_id=16168607">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appledaily+News+HK&rft.atitle=%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1+%E2%80%93+20120319+%E2%80%93+%E6%82%A3%E8%A1%80%E7%99%8C%E6%9F%93%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E+%E6%90%B6%E6%95%91%E6%95%B8%E6%97%A5%E7%84%A1%E6%95%88%E6%B9%AF%E5%8A%A0%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B+%E9%A7%95%E5%B4%A9%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhk.apple.nextmedia.com%2Ftemplate%2Fapple%2Fart_main.php%3Fiss_id%3D20120319%26sec_id%3D4104%26subsec_id%3D12731%26art_id%3D16168607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-04/tonga-formally-crowns-king-tupou-vi-in-lavish-coronation/6595288">"Tonga crowns King Tupou VI in lavish public coronation, parties"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 4 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706225541/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-07-04/tonga-formally-crowns-king-tupou-vi-in-lavish-coronation/6595288">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Tonga+crowns+King+Tupou+VI+in+lavish+public+coronation%2C+parties&rft.date=2015-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-07-04%2Ftonga-formally-crowns-king-tupou-vi-in-lavish-coronation%2F6595288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuthi2021" class="citation web cs1">Luthi, Susannah (29 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/08/29/tonga-china-south-pacific-influence-506370">"Meth, Vanilla and 'Gulags': How China Has Overtaken the South Pacific One Island at a Time"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829164516/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/08/29/tonga-china-south-pacific-influence-506370">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Meth%2C+Vanilla+and+%27Gulags%27%3A+How+China+Has+Overtaken+the+South+Pacific+One+Island+at+a+Time&rft.date=2021-08-29&rft.aulast=Luthi&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2021%2F08%2F29%2Ftonga-china-south-pacific-influence-506370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matangitonga.to-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matangitonga.to_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matangitonga.to/2009/01/12/tongas-diplomatic-community-grows">"Tonga's diplomatic community grows"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810040105/https://matangitonga.to/2009/01/12/tongas-diplomatic-community-grows">Archived</a> 10 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Matangi Tonga, 12 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commondreams.org/news/fossil-fuel-free-pacific">"Six Island Nations Commit to 'Fossil Fuel-Free Pacific,' Demand Global Just Transition"</a>. <i>www.commondreams.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616003648/https://www.commondreams.org/news/fossil-fuel-free-pacific">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bat+Conservation+International&rft.atitle=Kingdom+of+Tonga%3A+Safe+Haven+for+Flying+Foxes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batcon.org%2Fresources%2Fmedia-education%2Fbats-magazine%2Fbat_article%2F746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tongacharter.com/about-tonga.html">"About Tonga: Tongan Bats"</a>. <i>Tonga Charter</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217134657/http://www.tongacharter.com/about-tonga.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes+Magazine&rft.atitle=In+Pictures%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Corrupt+Countries&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2008%2F06%2F25%2Fsomalia-myanmar-corruption-bizcountries08-biz-cx_af_lm_0626bizcountries_corruptcountries_slide_7.html%3FthisSpeed%3Dundefined&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euromoneycountryrisk.com/">"Euromoney Country Risk"</a>. Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110730183356/http://www.euromoneycountryrisk.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Euromoney+Country+Risk&rft.pub=Euromoney+Institutional+Investor+PLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euromoneycountryrisk.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.ZS?locations=TO">"Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP) – Tonga"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/lifeandtimes/paradise-lost-tonga-mired-in-poverty/512266">the original</a> on 4 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=Paradise+Lost%2C+Tonga+Mired+in+Poverty&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Flifeandtimes%2Fparadise-lost-tonga-mired-in-poverty%2F512266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halavatau-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halavatau_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halavatau_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halavatau_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalavatau,_S._M.Halavatau,_N._V.2001" class="citation cs2">Halavatau, S. 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(2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/32700/1/wp010057.pdf"><i>Food Security Strategies for the Kingdom of Tonga</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Working Paper number 57, United Nations Centre for Alleviation of Poverty Through Secondary Crops' Development in Asia and the Pacific (CAPSA), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910175806/http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/32700/1/wp010057.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Security+Strategies+for+the+Kingdom+of+Tonga&rft.series=Working+Paper+number+57&rft.pub=United+Nations+Centre+for+Alleviation+of+Poverty+Through+Secondary+Crops%27+Development+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific+%28CAPSA%29&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Halavatau%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Halavatau%2C+N.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fageconsearch.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2F32700%2F1%2Fwp010057.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunzel-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kunzel_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunzel,_W.1989" class="citation cs2">Kunzel, W. (1989), <i>Agroforestry in Tonga: A Traditional Source for Development of Sustainable Farming Systems</i>, Occasional Paper 12, <a href="/wiki/Armidale,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Armidale, New South Wales">Armidale, New South Wales</a>: South Pacific Smallholder Project, <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_England_(Australia)" title="University of New England (Australia)">University of New England</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agroforestry+in+Tonga%3A+A+Traditional+Source+for+Development+of+Sustainable+Farming+Systems&rft.place=Armidale%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.series=Occasional+Paper+12&rft.pub=South+Pacific+Smallholder+Project%2C+University+of+New+England&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Kunzel%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rejects from squash production exceeded 30%. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalavatau,_S._M.Hausia,_S._F.2000" class="citation cs2">Halavatau, S. M. & Hausia, S. F. (2000), <i>Small Farmer Participation in Export Production: Kingdom of Tonga Case Studies</i>, Apia, Samoa: FAO Regional Workshop on Small Farmer Participation in Export Production in the Pacific Islands</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Farmer+Participation+in+Export+Production%3A+Kingdom+of+Tonga+Case+Studies&rft.place=Apia%2C+Samoa&rft.pub=FAO+Regional+Workshop+on+Small+Farmer+Participation+in+Export+Production+in+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Halavatau%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Hausia%2C+S.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenclimate.fund/projects/fp090">"FP090 Tonga Renewable Energy Project under the Pacific Islands Renewable Energy Investment Program"</a>. <i>Green Climate Fund</i>. 20 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830010334/https://www.greenclimate.fund/projects/fp090">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Green+Climate+Fund&rft.atitle=FP090+Tonga+Renewable+Energy+Project+under+the+Pacific+Islands+Renewable+Energy+Investment+Program&rft.date=2018-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenclimate.fund%2Fprojects%2Ffp090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pcreee.org/article/tonga-track-reach-renewable-energy-target">"Tonga on track to reach renewable energy target"</a>. <i>PCREEE</i>. 15 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830010341/https://pcreee.org/article/tonga-track-reach-renewable-energy-target">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PCREEE&rft.atitle=Tonga+on+track+to+reach+renewable+energy+target&rft.date=2019-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpcreee.org%2Farticle%2Ftonga-track-reach-renewable-energy-target&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/news/south-pacifics-biggest-solar-plant-help-tonga-meet-renewable-energy-target">"South Pacific's Biggest Solar Plant to Help Tonga Meet Renewable Energy Target"</a>. <i>Asian Development Bank</i>. 21 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190830010343/https://www.adb.org/news/south-pacifics-biggest-solar-plant-help-tonga-meet-renewable-energy-target">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.atitle=South+Pacific%27s+Biggest+Solar+Plant+to+Help+Tonga+Meet+Renewable+Energy+Target&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.org%2Fnews%2Fsouth-pacifics-biggest-solar-plant-help-tonga-meet-renewable-energy-target&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irena.org">"International Renewable Energy Agency"</a>. IRENA. 26 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621042458/http://irena.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Renewable+Energy+Agency&rft.pub=IRENA&rft.date=2009-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irena.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott-Kemmis_et_al._2021_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott-KemmisIntarakumnerdRasiahAmaradasa2021" class="citation book cs1">Scott-Kemmis; Intarakumnerd; Rasiah; Amaradasa (2021). Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433"><i>Southeast Asia and Oceania. In UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development</i></a>. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 674–715. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100450-6"><bdi>978-92-3-100450-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916163313/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377433">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+and+Oceania.+In+UNESCO+Science+Report%3A+the+Race+Against+Time+for+Smarter+Development.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=674-715&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100450-6&rft.au=Scott-Kemmis&rft.au=Intarakumnerd&rft.au=Rasiah&rft.au=Amaradasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000377433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514035721/http://www.tonga-energy.to/?p=1197">"Tonga Energy Press Release: IRENA signing, a milestone for Tonga's renewable energy plans"</a>. Tonga-energy.to. 24 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonga-energy.to/?p=1197">the original</a> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonga+Energy+Press+Release%3A+IRENA+signing%2C+a+milestone+for+Tonga%27s+renewable+energy+plans&rft.pub=Tonga-energy.to&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tonga-energy.to%2F%3Fp%3D1197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPREP_SOEC_2021-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPREP_SOEC_2021_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soec.sprep.org/"><i>State of Environment and Conservation in the Pacific Islands: 2020 Regional Report</i></a>. Apia: Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. 29 April 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-04-0906-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-982-04-0906-4"><bdi>978-982-04-0906-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210611220121/https://soec.sprep.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Environment+and+Conservation+in+the+Pacific+Islands%3A+2020+Regional+Report.&rft.place=Apia&rft.pub=Secretariat+of+the+Pacific+Regional+Environment+Programme&rft.date=2021-04-29&rft.isbn=978-982-04-0906-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoec.sprep.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Small, Cathy A. and Dixon, David L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=198">Tonga: Migration and the Homeland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127140157/http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=198">Archived</a> 27 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Migration Policy Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=229612">"Editorial: Racist moves will rebound on Tonga"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407043220/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/">Archived</a> 7 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New Zealand Herald</i>, 23 November 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-11-22/flight-chartered-to-evacuate-chinese-in-tonga/1316302">"Flight chartered to evacuate Chinese in Tonga"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602104514/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-11-22/flight-chartered-to-evacuate-chinese-in-tonga/1316302">Archived</a> 2 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ABC News, 22 November 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2011" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Jian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230339750_8">"China's World Wide Web: Overseas Chinese in the South Pacific"</a>. <i>The Pacific Islands in China's Grand Strategy</i>. pp. 105–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230339750_8">10.1057/9780230339750_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-29497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-29497-8"><bdi>978-1-349-29497-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+World+Wide+Web%3A+Overseas+Chinese+in+the+South+Pacific&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Islands+in+China%27s+Grand+Strategy&rft.pages=105-125&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230339750_8&rft.isbn=978-1-349-29497-8&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9780230339750_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148900.htm">"Tonga"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220222709/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2010/148900.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Tonga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2010%2F148900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parliament.gov.to/parliamentary-business/documents/constitution-of-tonga/file/115-constitution-of-tonga-revised-1988?switch_to_desktop_ui=1%5C%5C%5C%5C%22+rel=class=link-button">"Constitution of Tonga (Revised 1988)"</a>. <i>parliament.gov.to</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809102806/https://parliament.gov.to/parliamentary-business/documents/constitution-of-tonga/file/115-constitution-of-tonga-revised-1988?switch_to_desktop_ui=1%5C%5C%5C%5C%22+rel=class=link-button">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.gov.to&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Tonga+%28Revised+1988%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparliament.gov.to%2Fparliamentary-business%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution-of-tonga%2Ffile%2F115-constitution-of-tonga-revised-1988%3Fswitch_to_desktop_ui%3D1%255C%255C%255C%255C%2522%2Brel%3Dclass%3Dlink-button&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205070928/http://www.spc.int/prism/tonga/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/247-census-report-2011-vol-1-rev?Itemid=111">"Tonga 2011 Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Table G17. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.int/prism/tonga/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/247-census-report-2011-vol-1-rev?Itemid=111">the original</a> on 5 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tonga+2011+Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pages=Table+G17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.int%2Fprism%2Ftonga%2Findex.php%2Fcomponent%2Fdocman%2Fdoc_download%2F247-census-report-2011-vol-1-rev%3FItemid%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Katy (18 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35346493">"How mutton flaps are killing Tonga"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022251/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35346493">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=How+mutton+flaps+are+killing+Tonga&rft.date=2016-01-18&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-35346493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sands, Neil (10 April 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110410-330400/Pacific-nations-battle-obesity-epidemic">"Pacific island nations battle obesity epidemic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131218082637/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110410-330400/Pacific-nations-battle-obesity-epidemic">Archived</a> 18 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Agence France-Presse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Henderson (18 February 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/article1881007.ece">Welcome to the town that will make you lose weight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131223095634/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/article1881007.ece">Archived</a> 23 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Times Online</i>. www.timesonline.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2021" class="citation news cs1">Baker, Mark (29 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/10/29/1050530740/tonga-first-covid-19-case">"Tonga reports its first-ever COVID-19 case"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174122/https://www.npr.org/2021/10/29/1050530740/tonga-first-covid-19-case">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Tonga+reports+its+first-ever+COVID-19+case&rft.date=2021-10-29&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F10%2F29%2F1050530740%2Ftonga-first-covid-19-case&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tonga/">"Tonga"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192022/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tonga">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Tonga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftonga%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matangitonga.to/2018/11/28/king-tupou-vi-commissions-kuk-kaunaka-collection">"King Tupou VI commissions Kukū Kaunaka Collection"</a>. <i>Matangitonga</i>. 28 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615201127/https://matangitonga.to/2018/11/28/king-tupou-vi-commissions-kuk-kaunaka-collection">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Matangitonga&rft.atitle=King+Tupou+VI+commissions+Kuk%C5%AB+Kaunaka+Collection&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatangitonga.to%2F2018%2F11%2F28%2Fking-tupou-vi-commissions-kuk-kaunaka-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/tongan">"Tongan ethnic group"</a>. <i>2018 census ethnic group summaries – Tonga</i>. Statistics New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160437/https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/tongan">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2018+census+ethnic+group+summaries+%E2%80%93+Tonga&rft.atitle=Tongan+ethnic+group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Ftools%2F2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries%2Ftongan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity">"New Zealand's population reflects growing diversity | Stats NZ"</a>. <i>www.stats.govt.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802202335/https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stats.govt.nz&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+population+reflects+growing+diversity+%7C+Stats+NZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Fnews%2Fnew-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Morton_Lee2003" class="citation book cs1">Helen Morton Lee (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tongansoverseas00hele"><i>Tongans Overseas: Between Two Shores</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2615-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2615-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tongans+Overseas%3A+Between+Two+Shores&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2615-4&rft.au=Helen+Morton+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftongansoverseas00hele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/360/the-ties-that-bind-stories-from-the-tongan-diaspora/3131868">"The ties that bind: stories from the Tongan diaspora"</a>. ABC. 2 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023600/http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/360/the-ties-that-bind-stories-from-the-tongan-diaspora/3131868">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+ties+that+bind%3A+stories+from+the+Tongan+diaspora&rft.pub=ABC&rft.date=2009-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fradionational%2Fprograms%2F360%2Fthe-ties-that-bind-stories-from-the-tongan-diaspora%2F3131868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/world/australia/tonga-diaspora-recovery.html">"Tonga's Proud Diaspora Confronts Daunting Challenge of Disaster Response"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 28 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314010615/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/world/australia/tonga-diaspora-recovery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tonga%27s+Proud+Diaspora+Confronts+Daunting+Challenge+of+Disaster+Response&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F28%2Fworld%2Faustralia%2Ftonga-diaspora-recovery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah_Huidan_Lin2011" class="citation report cs1">Hannah Huidan Lin (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1118.pdf">Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from Tonga</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718222602/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1118.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Remittances are important to Tonga. Over the past decade, remittances as a share of GDP in Tonga have varied between 30 and 55 percent, with an average of around 45 percent</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Determinants+of+Remittances%3A+Evidence+from+Tonga&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2011-01&rft.au=Hannah+Huidan+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fwp%2F2011%2Fwp1118.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reservebank.to/index.php/economic/rem.html">"Remittances for November 2020"</a>. <i>reservebank.to</i>. Reserve Bank of Tonga. 5 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420142121/http://reservebank.to/index.php/economic/rem.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Over the year to November 2020, private transfer receipts rose significantly by $33.5 million (10.5%) supporting the higher annual movement of total remittance receipts. Although economies abroad have been heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, Tongan families abroad continue to provide financial support to their loved ones in Tonga.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reservebank.to&rft.atitle=Remittances+for+November+2020&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reservebank.to%2Findex.php%2Feconomic%2Frem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2007" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Mike (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.66.1.h65w4867x5x0j101">"Property, propriety, and ecology in contemporary Tonga"</a>. <i>Human Organization</i>. <b>66</b> (1): 22–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17730%2Fhumo.66.1.h65w4867x5x0j101">10.17730/humo.66.1.h65w4867x5x0j101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Organization&rft.atitle=Property%2C+propriety%2C+and+ecology+in+contemporary+Tonga.&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-27&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17730%2Fhumo.66.1.h65w4867x5x0j101&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17730%2Fhumo.66.1.h65w4867x5x0j101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlkire1978" class="citation book cs1">Alkire, William (1978). <i>Coral Islanders</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualoceania.net/tonga/culture/sport.shtml">the original</a> on 26 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Oceania&rft.atitle=Tonga+Sport&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualoceania.net%2Ftonga%2Fculture%2Fsport.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107015727/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/home/teams/team=42/index.html/">"Official RWC 2011 Site"</a>. <i>rugbyworldcup.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/home/teams/team=42/index.html/">the original</a> on 7 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rugbyworldcup.com&rft.atitle=Official+RWC+2011+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyworldcup.com%2Fhome%2Fteams%2Fteam%3D42%2Findex.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406012927/http://superleague.co.uk/article.php?id=12004">"Superleague"</a>. Superleague. 8 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://superleague.co.uk/article.php?id=12004">the original</a> on 6 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Superleague&rft.pub=Superleague&rft.date=2008-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuperleague.co.uk%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D12004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grasso, John (2013). <i>Historical Dictionary of Football</i>. Scarecrow Press. Page 492. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878570" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878570">9780810878570</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Samantha (6 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/69920154/paying-tribute-through-traditional-artwork">"Paying tribute through traditional artwork"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211220126/https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/69920154/paying-tribute-through-traditional-artwork">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Paying+tribute+through+traditional+artwork&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fauckland%2Flocal-news%2Fmanukau-courier%2F69920154%2Fpaying-tribute-through-traditional-artwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatif2016" class="citation web cs1">Latif, Justin (1 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/83790306/benjamin-to-bring-tongan-war-clubs-to-big-apple">"Benjamin to bring Tongan war clubs to Big Apple"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128215731/https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/83790306/benjamin-to-bring-tongan-war-clubs-to-big-apple">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Benjamin+to+bring+Tongan+war+clubs+to+Big+Apple&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fauckland%2Flocal-news%2Fmanukau-courier%2F83790306%2Fbenjamin-to-bring-tongan-war-clubs-to-big-apple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/418206/recycled-objects-portray-tongan-artist-s-personal-cultural-journey">"Recycled objects portray Tongan artist's personal cultural journey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Recycled+objects+portray+Tongan+artist%27s+personal+cultural+journey&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F418206%2Frecycled-objects-portray-tongan-artist-s-personal-cultural-journey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2021" class="citation web cs1">Gates, Charlie (14 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/art-and-stage/visual-art/126956774/scape-public-art-festival-comes-to-christchurch-with-eight-new-sculptures">"Scape Public Art festival comes to Christchurch with eight new sculptures"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211220127/https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/art-and-stage/visual-art/126956774/scape-public-art-festival-comes-to-christchurch-with-eight-new-sculptures">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=Scape+Public+Art+festival+comes+to+Christchurch+with+eight+new+sculptures&rft.date=2021-11-14&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fthe-press%2Fchristchurch-life%2Fart-and-stage%2Fvisual-art%2F126956774%2Fscape-public-art-festival-comes-to-christchurch-with-eight-new-sculptures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2019" class="citation web cs1">Gates, Charlie (27 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/111579075/new-fivestorey-sculpture-for-central-christchurch-to-be-installed-by-end-of-year">"New five-storey sculpture for central Christchurch to be installed by end of year"</a>. <i>Stuff</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211220126/https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/111579075/new-fivestorey-sculpture-for-central-christchurch-to-be-installed-by-end-of-year">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=New+five-storey+sculpture+for+central+Christchurch+to+be+installed+by+end+of+year&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fthe-press%2Fnews%2F111579075%2Fnew-fivestorey-sculpture-for-central-christchurch-to-be-installed-by-end-of-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulu2023" class="citation web cs1">Pulu, John (22 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpplus.co.nz/arts-music/tongan-kiwi-artists-draw-inspiration-from-their-past/">"Tongan-Kiwi artists draw inspiration from their past"</a>. <i>TP+</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211220128/https://tpplus.co.nz/arts-music/tongan-kiwi-artists-draw-inspiration-from-their-past/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TP%2B&rft.atitle=Tongan-Kiwi+artists+draw+inspiration+from+their+past&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft.aulast=Pulu&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpplus.co.nz%2Farts-music%2Ftongan-kiwi-artists-draw-inspiration-from-their-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnography,_culture,_and_history"><span id="Ethnography.2C_culture.2C_and_history"></span>Ethnography, culture, and history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ethnography, culture, and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>On the Edge of the Global: Modern Anxieties in a Pacific Island Nation</i> (2011) by Niko Besnier. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7406-2">978-0-8047-7406-2</a></li> <li><i>Islanders of the South: Production, Kinship and Ideology in the Polynesian Kingdom of Tonga</i> (1993) by Paul van der Grijp. Leiden: KITLV Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90%2B6718%2B058%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/90+6718+058+0">90 6718 058 0</a></li> <li><i>Identity and Development: Tongan Culture, Agriculture, and the Perenniality of the Gift</i> (2004) by Paul van der Grijp. Leiden: KITLV Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90%2B6718%2B215%2BX" title="Special:BookSources/90+6718+215+X">90 6718 215 X</a></li> <li><i>Manifestations of Mana: Political Power and Divine Inspiration in Polynesia</i> (2014) by Paul van der Grijp. Vienna and Berlin: LIT Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90496-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90496-6">978-3-643-90496-6</a></li> <li><i>Becoming Tongan: An Ethnography of Childhood</i> by Helen Morton</li> <li><i>Queen Salote of Tonga: The Story of an Era, 1900–65</i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wood-Ellem" title="Elizabeth Wood-Ellem">Elizabeth Wood-Ellem</a></li> <li><i>Tradition Versus Democracy in the South Pacific: Fiji, Tonga and Western Samoa</i> by Stephanie Lawson</li> <li><i>Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs</i> Cathy A. Small</li> <li><i>Friendly Islands: A History of Tonga</i> (1977). Noel Rutherford. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-550519-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-550519-0">0-19-550519-0</a></li> <li><i>Tonga and the Tongans: Heritage and Identity</i> (2007) Elizabeth Wood-Ellem. Alphington, Vic.: Tonga Research Association, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-47466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-47466-3">978-0-646-47466-3</a></li> <li><i>Early Tonga: As the Explorers Saw it 1616–1810</i>. (1987). Edwin N Ferdon. Tucson: University of Arizona Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8165-1026-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8165-1026-1">0-8165-1026-1</a></li> <li><i>The Art of Tonga</i> (Ko e ngaahi'aati'o Tonga) by Keith St Cartmail. (1997) Honolulu : University of Hawai`i Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-1972-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-1972-1">0-8248-1972-1</a></li> <li><i>The Tonga Book</i> by Paul. W. Dale</li> <li><i>Tonga</i> by James Siers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife_and_environment">Wildlife and environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Wildlife and environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Birds of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Watling" title="Dick Watling">Dick Watling</a></li> <li><i>A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia: Including American Samoa, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu and Wallis and Futuna</i> by Dick Watling</li> <li><i>Guide to the Birds of the Kingdom of Tonga</i> by Dick Watling</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_guides">Travel guides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Travel guides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Lonely Planet Guide: Samoan Islands and Tonga</i> by Susannah Farfor and Paul Smitz</li> <li><i>Moon Travel Guide: Samoa-Tonga</i> by David Stanley</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Daly2009" class="citation book cs1">Martin Daly (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LsPR8tXQ69oC"><i>Tonga: A New Bibliography</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3196-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3196-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-3196-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819142811/https://books.google.com/books?id=LsPR8tXQ69oC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonga%3A+A+New+Bibliography&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3196-7&rft.au=Martin+Daly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLsPR8tXQ69oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_K._Crawford2009" class="citation book cs1">Brian K. Crawford (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7uraAgAAQBAJ"><i>Toki: A Historical Novel</i></a>. Brian K. Crawford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-03434-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-03434-5"><bdi>978-0-557-03434-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818203039/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uraAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toki%3A+A+Historical+Novel&rft.pub=Brian+K.+Crawford&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-557-03434-5&rft.au=Brian+K.+Crawford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7uraAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonga&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tonga" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Tonga">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tonga" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Tonga">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Tonga" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Tonga">Wikimedia Atlas of Tonga</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/collection/bb4745366c">J. Edward Hoffmeister Films</a> from the J. Edward Hoffmeister Papers. MSS 231. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tonga_topics" title="Template:Tonga topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tonga_topics" title="Template talk:Tonga topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tonga_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tonga topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tonga_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonga</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tongan_history" title="Timeline of Tongan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Early empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tonga_(1900%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)">Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BBa_(Tongatapu)" title="Muʻa (Tongatapu)">Muʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga" title="Tuʻi Tonga">Tuʻi Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Ha%CA%BBatakalaua" title="Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua">Tuʻi Haʻatakalaua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Kanokupolu" title="Tuʻi Kanokupolu">Tuʻi Kanokupolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nuku%CA%BBalofa_riots" title="2006 Nukuʻalofa riots">2006 Nukuʻalofa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Gita" title="Cyclone Gita">Cyclone Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tonga" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tonga">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Hunga_Tonga%E2%80%93Hunga_Ha%CA%BBapai_eruption_and_tsunami" title="2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami">2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tonga" title="Flag of Tonga"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/100px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/150px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/200px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tonga" title="Geography of Tonga">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Tonga" title="List of earthquakes in Tonga">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_towns_in_Tonga" title="List of islands and towns in Tonga">Islands and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Tonga" title="List of volcanoes in Tonga">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tonga" title="Category:Fauna of Tonga">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters_in_Tonga" title="Category:Natural disasters in Tonga">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Tonga" title="Administrative divisions of Tonga">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vava%CA%BBu" title="Vavaʻu">Vavaʻu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%CA%BBapai" title="Haʻapai">Haʻapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niua_Islands" title="Niua Islands">Niuas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBEua" title="ʻEua">ʻEua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tonga" title="Politics of Tonga">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tonga" title="Cabinet of Tonga">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tonga" title="Constitution of Tonga">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Tonga">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tonga" title="Foreign relations of Tonga">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Armed_Forces_(Tonga)" title="His Majesty's Armed Forces (Tonga)">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Tonga)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (Tonga)">commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Tonga" title="Crown Prince of Tonga">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Tonga" title="Legislative Assembly of Tonga">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Tonga" title="Parliament House, Tonga">building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Tonga">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tonga" title="Prime Minister of Tonga">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Tonga" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Tonga">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Tonga" title="Privy Council of Tonga">Privy Council <span style="font-size:85%;">(judiciary)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tonga" title="Agriculture in Tonga">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_pa%CA%BBanga" title="Tongan paʻanga">Paʻanga <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tonga" title="Telecommunications in Tonga">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tonga" title="Transport in Tonga">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourism_in_Tonga" title="Category:Tourism in Tonga">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Tonga" title="Category:Society of Tonga">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ko_e_fasi_%CA%BBo_e_tu%CA%BBi_%CA%BBo_e_%CA%BBOtu_Tonga" title="Ko e fasi ʻo e tuʻi ʻo e ʻOtu Tonga">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tonga" title="Coat of arms of Tonga">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tonga" title="Education in Tonga">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tonga" title="Flag of Tonga">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tonga" title="Health in Tonga">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_nobles" title="Tongan nobles">Nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_literature" title="Tongan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_narrative" title="Tongan narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Tonga" title="Sport in Tonga">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tonga" title="Outline of Tonga">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tonga" title="Category:Tonga">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polynesia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polynesia" title="Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polynesia" title="Template talk:Polynesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polynesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polynesia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Triangle" title="Polynesian Triangle">Polynesian triangle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austral_Islands" title="Austral Islands">Austral Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_Islands" title="Gambier Islands">Gambier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta" title="Anuta">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellona_Island" title="Bellona Island">Bellona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duff_Islands" title="Duff Islands">Duff Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae" title="Emae">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi" title="Kapingamarangi">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele_(island)" title="Mele (island)">Mele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro" title="Nukuoro">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_Atoll" title="Ontong Java Atoll">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a" title="Ouvéa">Ouvéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileni" title="Pileni">Pileni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennell_Island" title="Rennell Island">Rennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana" title="Sikaiana">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia" title="Tikopia">Tikopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polynesian-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="45th Pacific Islands Forum">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="51st Pacific Islands Forum">51st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q678#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q678#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q678#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060396-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80106710">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975937b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11975937b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573271">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tonga"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131093&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555055405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/a2b8e506-3570-3a56-826e-939049c59428">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/110cd891-43b8-41fb-ad85-13e6f8500bc6">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/sX1rLJFx">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027793184">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044446">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" 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