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<span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronoun_and_person_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronoun_and_person_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pronoun and person markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronoun_and_person_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronoun_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronoun_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Pronoun construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronoun_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Personal pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possessive_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessive_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Possessive pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessive_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrogative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Interrogative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrogative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emphatic_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphatic_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Emphatic pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphatic_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronominal_clitics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronominal_clitics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>Pronominal clitics</span> </div> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Futuna-Aniwa language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futuna-aniwa" title="Futuna-aniwa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Futuna-aniwa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Futuna-Aniwa" title="Pagsasao a Futuna-Aniwa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Futuna-Aniwa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifutuna-Aniwa" title="Kifutuna-Aniwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kifutuna-Aniwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Футуно-анивански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Футуно-анивански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Futuna-Aniwa" title="Lenga Futuna-Aniwa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Futuna-Aniwa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_zachodniofutu%C5%84ski" title="Język zachodniofutuński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język zachodniofutuński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_futuna-aniwa" title="Língua futuna-aniwa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua futuna-aniwa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Футуна-анива – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Футуна-анива" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polynesian language spoken in Vanuatu</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Futuna-Aniwa</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,500 (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Futunic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Futunic languages">Futunic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Futuna-Aniwa</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/fut" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:fut">fut</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/futu1245">futu1245</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Futuna-Aniwa</b> is a language spoken in the Tafea Province of <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">outlier</a> islands of <a href="/wiki/Futuna_Island,_Vanuatu" title="Futuna Island, Vanuatu">Futuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aniwa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniwa Island">Aniwa</a>. The language has approximately 1,500 speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian language">Polynesian language</a>, part of the Austronesian language family.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is occasionally called <b>West Futunan</b> to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/East_Futunan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Futunan">East Futunan</a> spoken on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Futuna_(Wallis_and_Futuna)" title="Futuna (Wallis and Futuna)">Futuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alofi_Island" title="Alofi Island">Alofi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phonology of Futuna-Aniwa is mostly similar to the phonology of Polynesian (Capell, 1984). However, there are some elements that are not consistent in Futuna-Aniwa with Polynesian (Capell, 1984). For example, in Futuna-Aniwa both <a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_lateral_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants">l</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills">r</a> are present, although Polynesian languages normally have one or the other (Capell, 1984). Similarly, another distinction can be made between <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">/s/</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant">/ʃ/</a> in Futuna, and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">/s/</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate">/tʃ/</a> in Aniwa, which is also not normal in Polynesian (Capell, 1984). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Consonantal System<sup id="cite_ref-dougherty_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dougherty-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasals</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨g⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosives</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricatives</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨f⟩</span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/p/ - Devoiced bilabial unaspirated plosive, initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/t/ - Denti-alveolar devoiced unaspirated plosive, initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/k/ - Devoiced velar unaspirated plosive, front and back varieties depending on neighbouring vowel but not differing phonemically; initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/m/ - Voiced bilabial nasal, initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/n/ - Voiced denti-alveolar nasal; initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/ŋ/ - Voiced velar nasal, initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/f/ - Voiceless bilabial fricative in both languages, but often occurring in Aniwa for Futuna v; initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/l/ - Voiced alveolar lateral, fricative, initial, medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/r/ - Voiced lingual flapped alveolar consonant, sometimes practically fricative, without phonemic difference (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/s/ - Voiceless alveolar sibilant, initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/ʃ/ - Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative with some lip-rounding. Futuna sound, to which /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/ ⟨c⟩ corresponds in Aniwa; initial and medial (Capell, 1984).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Vowel System<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/i/ - High front unrounded vowel, of moderate tenseness, but relaxed (without lowering) if unstressed (Capell, 1984). Occurs in all positions (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/e/ - Open mid front unrounded vowel, phonetically [ɛ] in all positions (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/a/ - Low open vowel in all positions (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/o/ - Open mid back rounded vowel, phonetically [ɔ], occurs in all positions (Capell, 1984).</li> <li>/u/ - High back rounded vowel, corresponding to /i/ as regards tenseness; all positions (Capell, 1984). Before and after vowels /i/ and /u/ become semivowels (Capell, 1984).</li></ul> <p>Looking at the information provided above, it is important to note out the variations of Aniwa compared to Futuna (Capell, 1984). The most important and recognizable variations from a multiple number of other variations is extreme palatalisation of dental consonants before front high and mid vowels, which also in some cases involves n- (Capell, 1984). An example of this is te/ti in Futuna is normally represented as ce/ci in Aniwa (Capell, 1984). Compared to Futuna, in Aniwa the velar plosive is backed more regularly, therefore k, q, and y is heard (Capell, 1984). This is shown most of the time, but there is a little freedom in variation (Capell, 1984). /k/ is retained before front vowels, word-initially, and before diphthongal clusters, /k/ becomes /q/ before /a/, and /k/ becomes /y/ before /o/ (Capell, 1984). The rule itself first shows that there is consciousness of the word and not just the utterance and secondly, the exceptions may show native ideas of boundaries and junctures (Capell, 1984). These are the main differences between the two dialects, however, it is noted by Capell that the data collected is not accurate or fully reliable from that particular village (Capell, 1984). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronoun_and_person_markers">Pronoun and person markers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pronoun and person markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pronouns in Futuna-Aniwa distinguish for four numbers (singular, dual, trial and plural) and for first (inclusive and exclusive), second and third persons (Dougherty, 1983). The distinction of trial and plural in a Polynesian language is an unusual feature of Futuna-Aniwa (Capell, 1984). </p><p>There are primarily five different sets of pronominal forms in Futuna-Aniwa: personal, possessive, interrogative, emphatic, and demonstrative. In some circumstances, pronominal clitics will accompany these pronominal forms. (Dougherty, 1983) </p><p>Pronouns are not inflected for gender, but can be marked for oblique case (marked by <i>i</i>) and, optionally, subjective case (marked by <i>e</i>). (Dougherty, 1983) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronoun_construction">Pronoun construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pronoun construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notably, pronouns in Futuna-Aniwa can all be easily can be divided into specific morphological components. For example, the second person nonsingular dual pronoun <i>akorua</i> (see below) is formed by combining the personal article prefix <i>a-, </i>the nonsingular, second person, pronominal focus infix <i>–ko-</i> and the dual suffix <i>–(r)ua</i>. (Dougherty, 1983) </p><p>The only exception to this are interrogative pronouns, whose morphological construction is more complex and variable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal Pronouns are not obligatory in Futuna-Aniwa and may be omitted where context allows, as evident in example 1. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Unmarked Personal Pronouns<br />(Dougherty, 1983, p. 33) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Trial </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">inclusive</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">avau, au </td> <td>akitaua </td> <td>akitatou </td> <td>akitea </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">exclusive</span> </th> <td>akimaua </td> <td>akimatou </td> <td>akimea </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>akoe </td> <td>akorua </td> <td>akoutou </td> <td>akoua </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>aia, eia </td> <td>akiraua </td> <td>akiratou </td> <td>akirea </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(1)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 37)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TNS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">amkea</p><p style="margin: 0px;">pick up</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sa-i</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="resultative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">RES</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TNS</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="oblique case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tufa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">give</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">akoe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><p style="display: none;">ka-i amkea sa-i tufa akoe</p><p style="display: none;">FUT.TNS-OBL {pick up} RES.TNS-OBL give you</p><p style="clear: left;">'He'll pick it up and give it to you.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Possessive_pronouns">Possessive pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Possessive pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pronouns in Futuna-Aniwa can be used to indicate inalienable possession, exclusively for singular persons. These appear immediately before an inalienable head noun. (Dougherty, 1983) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Inalienable Possessive Pronouns<br />(Dougherty, 1983, p. 73) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Trial </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person singular </th> <td>tuku </td> <td>ruoku </td> <td>takoku </td> <td>oku </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person singular </th> <td>tou </td> <td>ruou </td> <td>takou </td> <td>ou </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person singular </th> <td>tano, tan </td> <td>ruano </td> <td>takano </td> <td>ano </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(2)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 74)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ruoku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="dual number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">DU</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">vae</p><p style="margin: 0px;">leg</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjunction" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rima</p><p style="margin: 0px;">arm</p></div><p style="display: none;">ruoku vae ma oku rima</p><p style="display: none;">1.DU.POSS leg CONJ 1.PL.POSS arm</p><p style="clear: left;">'My two legs and my hands.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>There is also an equivalent “paradigm of personal pronoun suffixes” (Dougherty, 1983, p. 33) that occur in possessive constructions, suffixing onto nouns to indicate possession. Note that example (3) below can also be expressed using the above equivalent inalienable possessive pronouns. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Personal Pronoun Possessive Suffixes<br />(Dougherty, 1983, p. 34) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Trial </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">inclusive</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">-ku </td> <td>-taua </td> <td>-tatou </td> <td>-tea </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">exclusive</span> </th> <td>-maua </td> <td>-matou </td> <td>-mea </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>-u </td> <td>-rua </td> <td>-utou </td> <td>-ua </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>-na, -no </td> <td>-raua </td> <td>-ratou </td> <td>-rea </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(3)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 336)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tojina-ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Uncle-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="possessive marker" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POSS</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">tojina-ku</p><p style="display: none;">Uncle-1SG.POSS</p><p style="clear: left;">'My uncle.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogative_pronouns">Interrogative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interrogative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 14 different interrogative pronoun forms in Futuna-Aniwa. Minimally, Futuna-Aniwa distinguishes between singular and nonsingular in all interrogative pronoun constructions. (Dougherty, 1983) Nonsingular interrogative pronouns appear in dual, trial and plural positions. (Capell, 1984) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Interrogative Pronouns<br />(Dougherty, 1983, p. 84-87) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Interrogative Pronoun </th> <th>English Translation </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>akai </td> <td>who </td> <td>Singular </td></tr> <tr> <td>akaima </td> <td>who </td> <td>Nonsingular </td></tr> <tr> <td>akai, okai </td> <td>whose </td> <td>Singular </td></tr> <tr> <td>akaima, okaima </td> <td>whose </td> <td>Nonsingular </td></tr> <tr> <td>taha </td> <td>what </td> <td>Singular, specific </td></tr> <tr> <td>aha </td> <td>what </td> <td>Nonsingular, specific </td></tr> <tr> <td>saha </td> <td>what </td> <td>Nonspecific </td></tr> <tr> <td>jiaha </td> <td>what </td> <td>Diminutive </td></tr> <tr> <td>tefe, tehe </td> <td>which </td> <td>Singular </td></tr> <tr> <td>efe, ehe </td> <td>which </td> <td>Nonsingular </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(4)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 85)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fare</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">okai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">whose</p></div><p style="display: none;">ta fare okai</p><p style="display: none;">ART house whose</p><p style="clear: left;">'Whose house is this?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(5)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 87)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ta</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fare</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tehe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">which</p></div><p style="display: none;">ta fare tehe</p><p style="display: none;">ART house which</p><p style="clear: left;">'Which house?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emphatic_pronouns">Emphatic pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Emphatic pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emphatic pronouns in Futuna-Aniwa are used to indicate that the designated referent in a clause is the only referent being referred to. (Dougherty, 1983) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Emphatic Pronouns<br />(Dougherty, 1983, p. 38) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Trial </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">inclusive</span> </th> <td rowspan="2">sokovau </td> <td>sokitaua </td> <td>sokitatou </td> <td>sokitea </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">exclusive</span> </th> <td>sokimaua </td> <td>sokimatou </td> <td>sokimea </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>sokoe </td> <td>sokorua </td> <td>sokoutou </td> <td>sokoua </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>sokoia </td> <td>sokiraua </td> <td>sokiratou </td> <td>sokirea </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(6)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 504)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">u</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjunction" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">no-nofo</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRES</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="progressive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PROG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TNS</abbr>-stay</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sokoia</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">u aia no-nofo sokoia</p><p style="display: none;">CONJ 3SG PRES.PROG.TNS-stay 3SG.EMP</p><p style="clear: left;">‘And so he lives all by himself.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demonstrative pronouns in Futuna-Aniwa distinguish three positions: position near speaker, position near addressee and distant position. They are in essence a grouping of the base demonstrative form and the Futuna-Aniwa article system (Dougherty, 1983). This is further explained in the <i>Demonstratives</i> section below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Demonstrative Pronouns<br />(Dougherty, 1983, p. 28) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Trial </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Near Speaker </th> <td>te nei </td> <td>ru nei </td> <td>taka nei </td> <td>e nei, a ganei </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near Addressee </th> <td>te na </td> <td>ru na </td> <td>taka na </td> <td>e na, a gana </td></tr> <tr> <th>Distant </th> <td>te ra </td> <td>ru ra </td> <td>taka ra </td> <td>e ra, a gara </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(7)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 28)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tiauau</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Chauau</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te ra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><p style="display: none;">a tiauau {te ra}</p><p style="display: none;">ART Chauau that</p><p style="clear: left;">‘That is Chauau.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronominal_clitics">Pronominal clitics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pronominal clitics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within certain constructions in Futuna-Aniwa pronominal clitics occur alongside pronouns. Pronominal clitics only occur with singular persons and serve the role of cross referencing the subject of a verb. The pronominal clitic is typically suffixed onto tense or aspect markers, negatives in preverbal position or the infinitive (Dougherty, 1983). </p><p>Pronominal clitics primarily occur within transitive constructions in Futuna-Aniwa, although not exclusively (Dougherty, 1983). This is evident through comparing example (8) (a transitive construction) with example (9) (an intransitive construction) below. The pronominal clitic is not present in (9), but is suffixed onto the preverbal negative particle in (8). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(8)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 37)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">(avau)</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">se-n</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PART</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="pronoun" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRO</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="clitic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CLI</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tahtaroa</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wash</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ma</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="negation/negative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="particle" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sa</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kapiti</p><p style="margin: 0px;">cabbage</p></div><p style="display: none;">(avau) se-n tahtaroa ma sa kapiti</p><p style="display: none;">1SG NEG.PART-PRO.CLI wash NEG.PART ART cabbage</p><p style="clear: left;">‘I didn't wash the cabbage.’</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Note: In (8), the first personal singular was omitted from the original example. It has been included for clarity. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">(9)</div><div>(Dougherty, 1983, p. 41)</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">avau</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">TNS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">muri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">follow</p></div><p style="display: none;">avau ka muri</p><p style="display: none;">1SG FUT.TNS follow</p><p style="clear: left;">'I'll follow.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstratives</a> in Futuna-Aniwa distinguish by location relative to the speaker, with three categories for relative distance: close to the speaker, close to the addressee, and far away from both. In natural speech, the distinction between what is close to the listener and what is far away can sometimes be lost, and the respective demonstrative for each can be used somewhat interchangeably in conversational settings. Most constructions in Futuna-Aniwa use a set of three demonstratives: <i>nei,</i> indicating position near the speaker, <i>na,</i> indicating position near the addressee, and <i>ra,</i> indicating distant position. (Dougherty, 1983, p 27) </p><p>These demonstratives can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic_language" title="Proto-Oceanic language">Proto-Oceanic</a> <i>*ne, *ta</i> and <i>*wa</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Crowley, Lynch and Ross, 2013). <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Polynesian language">Proto-Polynesian</a> has *<i>eni</i> ('this, these'), which has the reflex <i>*teenei</i> ('this') and <i>*(ee)nei</i> ('these') in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian">Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian</a>. This implies an evolution from <i>*ne</i> in Proto-Oceanic, to <i>*eni</i> in Proto-Polynesian, to *<i>teenei</i> and <i>*(ee)nei</i> in PNP, which then became <i>*nei</i> in Futuna-Aniwa. However, Proto-Polynesian also has the marker <i>*ni,</i> referring to location close to the speaker in either time or space; in Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian, this became *<i>nei.</i> Dougherty (1983) lists both of these as origins of Futuna-Aniwa *<i>nei.</i> Their lexical similarity in meaning complements this understanding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demonstratives in Futuna-Aniwa are closely connected to the <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">article</a> system, as noted above in the <i>Pronouns</i> section. Most uses of the demonstratives in the language follow an article, typically used as optional clarifiers for the articles. While articles in Futuna-Aniwa typically go before the noun they modify, articles can also occur after that noun so they occur before a demonstrative. In this way, Futuna-Aniwa's demonstratives follow the nouns they modify, as is typical of most <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, particularly in the Vanuatu region, according to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wals.info/">World Atlas of Language Structures</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">fare</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">okai</p><p style="margin: 0px;">whose</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">e</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">na?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">these</p></div><p style="display: none;">a fare okai e na?</p><p style="display: none;">ART.PL house whose ART.PL these</p><p style="clear: left;">'Whose houses are these?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>As the specific articles of the language distinguish by number, we can pair these articles and demonstratives together to give us the following table, as noted in the <i>Pronouns</i> section: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Demonstrative Pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Dual </th> <th>Trial </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Near Speaker </th> <td>te nei </td> <td>ru nei </td> <td>taka nei </td> <td>e nei, a ganei </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near Addressee </th> <td>te na </td> <td>ru na </td> <td>taka na </td> <td>e na, a gana </td></tr> <tr> <th>Distant </th> <td>te ra </td> <td>ru ra </td> <td>taka ra </td> <td>e ra, a gara </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the above table, the sounds written correspond to the phonology of Futuna. In Aniwa, the singular would be <i>ce nei, ce na,</i> and <i>ce ra</i> respectively. The singular article in the above table could also be replaced with the singular diminutive <i>ji</i> article, changing in meaning from <i>'this thing'</i> to <i>'this little thing</i>'. (Dougherty, 1983, p 28) </p><p>The article <i>te</i> here is one of the three forms of the definite article. Typically, the definite article is <i>ta,</i> however <i>ti</i> is used for a restricted set of words, typically words beginning with a stressed vowel <i>a. Te</i> is the last form of the article and is typically restricted to a set of words that often, but not always, begins with a vowel. When combined with the article <i>te,</i> this vowel can sometimes be deleted. (Dougherty, 1983, p 22)7 </p><p><i>Te</i> can, however, be used as a demonstrative on its own. It is the only article with which this can occur. In this case, <i>te</i> comes after the noun, which is typical of demonstratives but untypical of articles. It's used in this manner as an emphatic article. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tou</p><p style="margin: 0px;">your.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="genitive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GEN</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pua</p><p style="margin: 0px;">back</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te!</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><p style="display: none;">tou pua te!</p><p style="display: none;">your.GEN back this</p><p style="clear: left;">'This is your back!'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>According to Dougherty, <i>pe</i> can also be used in the article position to specify an unmentioned referent. It is often used when making an example, not dissimilar to English <i>like</i> in a phrase <i>like that</i> or <i>like this.</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tane</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">will.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="future tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FUT</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">penage</p><p style="margin: 0px;">behave</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ana</p><p style="margin: 0px;">just</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pe</p><p style="margin: 0px;">like</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ra</p><p style="margin: 0px;">that</p></div><p style="display: none;">tane ka penage ana pe ra</p><p style="display: none;">he will.FUT behave just like that</p><p style="clear: left;">'He will behave just like that.'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The three key demonstratives can also be used in adjectival phrases, typically after the noun, although occasionally before; it is in these places that they are not bound to the article, whereas usually they would need an article of some kind. (Dougherty, 1983, p 29) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex:</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="article" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ART</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">toro</p><p style="margin: 0px;">sugarcane</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ne</p><p style="margin: 0px;">this</p></div><p style="display: none;">a toro ne</p><p style="display: none;">ART.PL sugarcane this</p><p style="clear: left;">'this sugarcane'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locative_constructions">Locative constructions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Locative constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demonstratives in Futuna-Aniwa can occur in locative constructions. The constructions use either <i>i,</i> denoting static position, or <i>ki,</i> denoting a motion towards the indicated position, followed by a person marker- either <i>ku</i> first person, or <i>ko</i> non-first person, followed by the relevant demonstrative. In first-person, the demonstrative can be omitted. For example, <i>ikunei</i> indicates a static position, with the first-person marker and the demonstrative indicating near the speaker, meaning ‘here, in this position’; <i>kikora</i> indicates movement (rather than a static position), the non-first person marker, and a distant position, meaning ‘towards there (that distant location)’. In designating position near the speaker, the final element <i>nei</i> is optional. The full table can be found below. (Dougherty, 1983, p. 31) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Demonstratives with <i>i</i> and <i>ki</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Position </th> <th>Static </th> <th>Moving ('toward') </th></tr> <tr> <th>Near Speaker </th> <td>ikunei, iku </td> <td>kikunei, kiku </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near Addressee </th> <td>ikona </td> <td>kikona </td></tr> <tr> <th>Distant </th> <td>ikora </td> <td>kikora </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCapell1984" class="citation book cs1">Capell, Arthur (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futunaaniwadicti0000cape"><i>Futuna-Aniwa Dictionary, with Grammar Introduction</i></a></span>. Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-316-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-316-6"><bdi>0-85883-316-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Futuna-Aniwa+Dictionary%2C+with+Grammar+Introduction&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-85883-316-6&rft.aulast=Capell&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutunaaniwadicti0000cape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutuna-Aniwa+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty1983" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Janet W. D. (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Md0V-YkGacUC"><i>West Futuna-Aniwa: An Introduction to a Polynesian Outlier Language</i></a>. University of California publications in linguistics. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09657-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09657-6"><bdi>0-520-09657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Futuna-Aniwa%3A+An+Introduction+to+a+Polynesian+Outlier+Language&rft.series=University+of+California+publications+in+linguistics&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983-10&rft.isbn=0-520-09657-6&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Janet+W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Md0V-YkGacUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutuna-Aniwa+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crowley, T., Lynch, J. and Ross, M., 2013. <i>The Oceanic Languages</i>. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Materials on Futuna-Aniwa are included in the open access <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell" title="Arthur Capell">Arthur Capell</a> collections (AC1 and AC2) held by <a href="/wiki/Paradisec" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisec">Paradisec</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Futuna-Aniwa_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/fut/">Futuna-Aniwa</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkeHaspelmathBank2020" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/futu1245">"Futuna-Aniwa"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> 4.3</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog+4.3&rft.atitle=Futuna-Aniwa&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Ffutu1245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutuna-Aniwa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dougherty-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dougherty_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty1983" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Janet W. D. (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westfutunaaniwai0000doug"><i>West Futuna-Aniwa: An Introduction to a Polynesian Outlier Language</i></a></span>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westfutunaaniwai0000doug/page/2">2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Futuna-Aniwa%3A+An+Introduction+to+a+Polynesian+Outlier+Language&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Janet+W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestfutunaaniwai0000doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutuna-Aniwa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty1983" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Janet W. D. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westfutunaaniwai0000doug/page/2"><i>West Futuna-Aniwa: An Introduction to a Polynesian Outlier Language</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westfutunaaniwai0000doug/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-09657-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-09657-6"><bdi>0-520-09657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Futuna-Aniwa%3A+An+Introduction+to+a+Polynesian+Outlier+Language&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-520-09657-6&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Janet+W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestfutunaaniwai0000doug%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutuna-Aniwa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry.2013" class="citation book cs1">Terry., Crowley (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/831119322"><i>The Oceanic Languages</i></a>. Taylor and Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74985-8"><bdi>978-1-136-74985-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/831119322">831119322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oceanic+Languages.&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F831119322&rft.isbn=978-1-136-74985-8&rft.aulast=Terry.&rft.aufirst=Crowley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F831119322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFutuna-Aniwa+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Template:Languages of Vanuatu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Template talk:Languages of Vanuatu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Vanuatu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Vanuatu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Languages of Vanuatu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama">Bislama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous <br />languages<br />(<a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern <br />Oceanic</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North <br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages" title="Torres–Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penama_Province" title="Penama Province">Penama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ambae <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Ambae_language" title="East Ambae language">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambae_language" title="West Ambae language">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanbak_language" title="Fanbak language">Fanbak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saa_language" title="Saa language">Saa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowa_language" title="Sowa language">Sowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadaga_language" title="Sungwadaga language">Sungwadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sungwadia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblong_language" title="Amblong language">Amblong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ande_language" title="Ande language">Ande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butmas_language" title="Butmas language">Butmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mavea language">Mavea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei-Tiale_language" title="Merei-Tiale language">Merei-Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narango_language" title="Narango language">Narango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navut_language" title="Navut language">Navut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nethalp_language" title="Nethalp language">Nethalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngen_language" title="Ngen language">Ngen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piamatsina_language" title="Piamatsina language">Piamatsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonombauk_language" title="Polonombauk language">Polonombauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambotalo_language" title="Tambotalo language">Tambotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmate_language" title="Tasmate language">Tasmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksiki_language" title="Toksiki language">Toksiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpei_language" title="Valpei language">Valpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vunapu_language" title="Vunapu language">Vunapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wailapa_language" title="Wailapa language">Wailapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiso_language" title="Moiso language">Moiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kene_language" title="Kene language">Kene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daruru_language" title="Daruru language">Daruru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retlatur_language" title="Retlatur language">Retlatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atin_language" title="Atin language">Atin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Bura language (Vanuatu)">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnanto_language" title="Farnanto language">Farnanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanafo_language" title="Fanafo language">Fanafo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central <br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Efate_language" title="North Efate language">North Efate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafsan_language" title="Nafsan language">Nafsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Eton language (Vanuatu)">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelepa_language" title="Lelepa language">Lelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makura language">Makura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daakaka_language" title="Daakaka language">Daakaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkalaen_language" title="Dalkalaen language">Dalkalaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonwolwol_language" title="Lonwolwol language">Lonwolwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paamese_language" title="Paamese language">Paamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Vato_language" title="Port Vato language">Port Vato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ambrym_language" title="Southeast Ambrym language">Southeast Ambrym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epi_languages" title="Epi languages">Epi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maii_language" title="Maii language">Maii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malakula_languages" title="Malakula languages">Malakula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avava_language" title="Avava language">Avava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveteian_language" title="Aveteian language">Aveteian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Nambas_language" title="Big Nambas language">Big Nambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botovro_language" title="Botovro language">Botovro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmbar_language" title="Burmbar language">Burmbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwenelang_language" title="Bwenelang language">Bwenelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lar%C3%ABvat_language" title="Larëvat language">Larëvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litzlitz_language" title="Litzlitz language">Litzlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfaxal_language" title="Malfaxal language">Malfaxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahavaq_language" title="Nahavaq language">Nahavaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasvang_language" title="Nasvang language">Nasvang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ti_language" title="Nāti language">Nāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navwien_language" title="Navwien language">Navwien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nese_language" title="Nese language">Nese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve'ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neverver_language" title="Neverver language">Neverver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisvai_language" title="Nisvai language">Nisvai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitita_language" title="Nitita language">Nitita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerep_language" title="Rerep language">Rerep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rs%C3%B6rian_language" title="Sörsörian language">Sörsörian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirax_language" title="Tirax language">Tirax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivti_language" title="Vivti language">Vivti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutan_language" title="Rutan language">Rutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alovas_language" title="Alovas language">Alovas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najit_language" title="Najit language">Najit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njav_language" title="Njav language">Njav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Futuna-Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Pacific_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Template:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Template talk:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Pacific_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Pacific languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Pacific_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua_language" title="Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua language">Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Fijian_language" title="Western Fijian language">Western Fijian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gone_Dau_language" title="Gone Dau language">Gone Dau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauan_language" title="Lauan language">Lauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomaiviti_language" title="Lomaiviti language">Lomaiviti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Polynesian_languages" title="Nuclear Polynesian languages">Nuclear<br />Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikaiana_language" title="Sikaiana language">Sikaiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java_language" title="Ontong Java language">Ontong Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuguria_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuguria language">Nuguria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoic_languages" title="Samoic languages">Samoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuatoputapu_language" title="Niuatoputapu language">Niuatoputapu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austral_language" title="Austral language">Austral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook Islands Māori language">Cook Islands Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakahanga-Manihiki_language" title="Rakahanga-Manihiki language">Rakahanga-Manihiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongareva_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongareva language">Tongareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">Moriori</a> †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Futunic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian (East Uvean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Uvean_language" title="West Uvean language">West Uvean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan (East Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Futuna-Aniwa">Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongic_languages" title="Tongic languages">Tongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niuafo'ou language">Niuafo'ou</a> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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