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href="#Magnetic_stripes_and_plate_tectonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Magnetic stripes and plate tectonics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_stripes_and_plate_tectonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Glaciers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dunes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dunes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dunes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dunes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactive_Mars_map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactive_Mars_map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interactive Mars map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactive_Mars_map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terra_Cimmeria&params=34.7_S_145_E_globe:Mars_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°42′S</span> <span class="longitude">145°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.7°S 145°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-34.7; 145</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Terra on Mars</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiterracimmeriaboundaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wikiterracimmeriaboundaries.jpg/300px-Wikiterracimmeriaboundaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wikiterracimmeriaboundaries.jpg/450px-Wikiterracimmeriaboundaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Wikiterracimmeriaboundaries.jpg/600px-Wikiterracimmeriaboundaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">MOLA</a> map showing boundaries of Terra Cimmeria and other nearby regions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimolasouthpole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wikimolasouthpole.jpg/300px-Wikimolasouthpole.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wikimolasouthpole.jpg/450px-Wikimolasouthpole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wikimolasouthpole.jpg/600px-Wikimolasouthpole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>MOLA map showing boundaries of Terra Cimmeria near the south pole and other regions</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Too_many_photos plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/40px-Image_cancel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/60px-Image_cancel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Image_cancel.svg/80px-Image_cancel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains too many pictures for its overall length</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Terra_Cimmeria##" title="Talk:Terra Cimmeria">talk page</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GALLERY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:GALLERY">indiscriminate collections of images</a> or adjusting images that are <a href="/wiki/MOS:SANDWICH" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:SANDWICH">sandwiching text</a> in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Manual of Style on use of images</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Terra Cimmeria</b> is a large Martian region, centered at <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terra_Cimmeria&params=34.7_S_145_E_globe:Mars_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°42′S</span> <span class="longitude">145°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.7°S 145°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-34.7; 145</span></span></span></a></span></span> and covering 5,400 km (3,400 mi) at its broadest extent. It covers latitudes 15 N to 75 S and longitudes 170 to 260 W.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lies in the <a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania quadrangle</a>. Terra Cimmeria is one part of the heavily cratered, southern highland region of the planet. The <a href="/wiki/Spirit_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit rover">Spirit rover</a> landed near the area. </p><p>The word Cimmerium comes from an ancient Thracian seafaring people. The land was always covered in clouds and mist.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A high altitude visual phenomena, probably a condensation cloud,<sup id="cite_ref-boyle2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyle2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was seen above this region in late March 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-boyle_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA tried to observe it with some of its Mars orbiters, including the <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a> instrument on the <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> spacecraft and MARCI on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-boyle2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyle2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boyle_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boyle-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Martian_gullies">Martian gullies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Martian gullies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terra Cimmeria is the location of gullies that may be due to recent flowing water.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few if any craters. Moreover, they lie on top of sand dunes which themselves are considered to be quite young. Usually, each gully has an alcove, channel, and apron. Some studies have found that gullies occur on slopes that face all directions,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others have found that the greater number of gullies are found on poleward facing slopes, especially from 30–44 S.<sup id="cite_ref-planetary.brown.edu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetary.brown.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many ideas have been put forward to explain them,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most popular involve liquid water coming from an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>, from melting at the base of old <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a>, or from the melting of ice in the ground when the climate was warmer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence for all three theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in aquifers at the usual depths where gullies begin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One variation of this model is that rising hot <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layers that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. The aquifer layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). Because water in an aquifer is prevented from going down, the only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. Eventually, water could flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break—like a crater wall. The resulting flow of water could erode the wall to create gullies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion National Park</a> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the next theory, much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the surface of a basketball. The mantle may be like a glacier and under certain conditions the ice that is mixed in the mantle could melt and flow down the slopes and make gullies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young. An excellent view of this mantle is shown below in the picture of the Ptolemaeus Crater Rim, as seen by <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ice-rich mantle may be the result of climate changes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changes in Mars's orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas. During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water comes back to ground at lower latitudes as deposits of frost or snow mixed generously with dust. The atmosphere of Mars contains a great deal of fine dust particles. Water vapor will condense on the particles, then fall down to the ground due to the additional weight of the water coating. When Mars is at its greatest tilt or obliquity, up to 2 cm (0.79 in) of ice could be removed from the summer ice cap and deposited at midlatitudes. This movement of water could last for several thousand years and create a snow layer of up to around 10 m (33 ft) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When ice at the top of the mantling layer goes back into the atmosphere, it leaves behind dust, which insulates the remaining ice.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measurements of altitudes and slopes of gullies support the idea that snowpacks or glaciers are associated with gullies. Steeper slopes have more shade which would preserve snow.<sup id="cite_ref-planetary.brown.edu_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetary.brown.edu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher elevations have far fewer gullies because ice would tend to sublimate more in the thin air of the higher altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third theory might be possible since climate changes may be enough to simply allow ice in the ground to melt and thus form the gullies. During a warmer climate, the first few meters of ground could thaw and produce a "debris flow" similar to those on the dry and cold Greenland east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the gullies occur on steep slopes only a small decrease of the shear strength of the soil particles is needed to begin the flow. Small amounts of liquid water from melted ground ice could be enough.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calculations show that a third of a mm of runoff can be produced each day for 50 days of each Martian year, even under current conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group of gullies near Newton crater (41°18′17″S 192°53′24″E / 41.3047°S 192.89°E / -41.3047; 192.89) (Mars Global Surveyor)."><img alt="Group of gullies near Newton crater (41°18′17″S 192°53′24″E / 41.3047°S 192.89°E / -41.3047; 192.89) (Mars Global Surveyor)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg/190px-Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg/285px-Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg/380px-Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Group of gullies near Newton crater (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terra_Cimmeria&params=41.3047_S_192.89_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°18′17″S</span> <span class="longitude">192°53′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.3047°S 192.89°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-41.3047; 192.89</span></span></span></a></span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:25090gullies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gullies (HiRISE)."><img alt="Gullies (HiRISE)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/25090gullies.jpg/127px-25090gullies.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/25090gullies.jpg/191px-25090gullies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/25090gullies.jpg/254px-25090gullies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gullies (<a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2509gulliesclosenew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gullies - Close-up (HiRISE)."><img alt="Gullies - Close-up (HiRISE)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/2509gulliesclosenew.jpg/190px-2509gulliesclosenew.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/2509gulliesclosenew.jpg/285px-2509gulliesclosenew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/2509gulliesclosenew.jpg/380px-2509gulliesclosenew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gullies - Close-up (<a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2509gullyfan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gullies apron - Close-up (HiRISE)."><img alt="Gullies apron - Close-up (HiRISE)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2509gullyfan.jpg/190px-2509gullyfan.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2509gullyfan.jpg/285px-2509gullyfan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2509gullyfan.jpg/380px-2509gullyfan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gullies apron - Close-up (<a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_040993_1450gullies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gullies on two different levels in crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Gullies on two different levels in crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/ESP_040993_1450gullies.jpg/190px-ESP_040993_1450gullies.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/ESP_040993_1450gullies.jpg/285px-ESP_040993_1450gullies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/ESP_040993_1450gullies.jpg/380px-ESP_040993_1450gullies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gullies on two different levels in crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magnetic_stripes_and_plate_tectonics">Magnetic stripes and plate tectonics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Magnetic stripes and plate tectonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> (MGS) discovered magnetic stripes in the crust of Mars, especially in the Phaethontis and <a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania quadrangles</a> (Terra Cimmeria and <a href="/wiki/Terra_Sirenum" title="Terra Sirenum">Terra Sirenum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnetometer on MGS discovered 100 km (62 mi) wide stripes of magnetized crust running roughly parallel for up to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi). These stripes alternate in polarity with the north magnetic pole of one pointing up from the surface and the north magnetic pole of the next pointing down.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When similar stripes were discovered on Earth in the 1960s, they were taken as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. Researchers believe these magnetic stripes on Mars are evidence for a short, early period of plate tectonic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the rocks became solid they retained the magnetism that existed at the time. A magnetic field of a planet is believed to be caused by fluid motions under the surface. The initial data was obtained when MGS traveled close to the planet during aerobraking. However, later measurements, collected over a 2-year period from an altitude of 400 km (250 mi), revealed that the magnetic features even matched up with known features on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are some differences, between the magnetic stripes on Earth and those on Mars. The Martian stripes are wider, much more strongly magnetized, and do not appear to spread out from a middle crustal spreading zone. Because the area containing the magnetic stripes is about 4 billion years old, it is believed that the global magnetic field probably lasted for only the first few hundred million years of Mars' life, when the temperature of the molten iron in the planet's core might have been high enough to mix it into a magnetic dynamo. There are no magnetic fields near large impact basins like Hellas. The shock of the impact may have erased the remnant magnetization in the rock. So, magnetism produced by early fluid motion in the core would not have existed after the impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When molten rock containing magnetic material, such as <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), cools and solidifies in the presence of a magnetic field, it becomes magnetized and takes on the polarity of the background field. This magnetism is lost only if the rock is subsequently heated above a particular temperature (the Curie point which is 770 °C for iron). The magnetism left in rocks is a record of the magnetic field when the rock solidified.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Glaciers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many features on Mars are believed to be glaciers with a relatively thin coating of debris that keeps the ice from melting. Some of these features are shown in the pictures below. A detailed description of them can be found in the article <a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers on Mars</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crater_floor_in_Eridania,_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Rough surface was produced by ice leaving the ground. The crater has accumulated much ice that is covered by rocks and dirt."><img alt="Crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Rough surface was produced by ice leaving the ground. The crater has accumulated much ice that is covered by rocks and dirt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crater_floor_in_Eridania%2C_Mars.jpg/180px-Crater_floor_in_Eridania%2C_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crater_floor_in_Eridania%2C_Mars.jpg/271px-Crater_floor_in_Eridania%2C_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Crater_floor_in_Eridania%2C_Mars.jpg/361px-Crater_floor_in_Eridania%2C_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under <a href="/wiki/HiWish_program" title="HiWish program">HiWish program</a>. Rough surface was produced by ice leaving the ground. The crater has accumulated much ice that is covered by rocks and dirt.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2509mantlelayers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mantle layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Mantle is ice-rich and falls from the sky during certain climates. The presence of a number of layers suggests it has come from the sky at different times."><img alt="Mantle layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Mantle is ice-rich and falls from the sky during certain climates. The presence of a number of layers suggests it has come from the sky at different times." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2509mantlelayers.jpg/190px-2509mantlelayers.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2509mantlelayers.jpg/285px-2509mantlelayers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/2509mantlelayers.jpg/380px-2509mantlelayers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mantle layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Mantle is ice-rich and falls from the sky during certain climates. The presence of a number of layers suggests it has come from the sky at different times.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiarrhenius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arrhenius Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)."><img alt="Arrhenius Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wikiarrhenius.jpg/96px-Wikiarrhenius.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wikiarrhenius.jpg/145px-Wikiarrhenius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wikiarrhenius.jpg/193px-Wikiarrhenius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arrhenius Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiESP_034164_1405arrhenius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glacial features in Arrhenius Crater, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Arrows point to old glaciers."><img alt="Glacial features in Arrhenius Crater, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program. Arrows point to old glaciers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WikiESP_034164_1405arrhenius.jpg/190px-WikiESP_034164_1405arrhenius.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WikiESP_034164_1405arrhenius.jpg/285px-WikiESP_034164_1405arrhenius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/WikiESP_034164_1405arrhenius.jpg/380px-WikiESP_034164_1405arrhenius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glacial features in Arrhenius Crater, as seen by HiRISE under the <a href="/wiki/HiWish_program" title="HiWish program">HiWish program</a>. Arrows point to old glaciers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikicruls.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cruls Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Arrows indicate old glaciers."><img alt="Cruls Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Arrows indicate old glaciers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wikicruls.jpg/190px-Wikicruls.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wikicruls.jpg/285px-Wikicruls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Wikicruls.jpg/380px-Wikicruls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cruls_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruls Crater">Cruls Crater</a>, as seen by CTX camera (on <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>). Arrows indicate old glaciers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikicrulsESP_034057_1375flows.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old glaciers in Cruls Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program."><img alt="Old glaciers in Cruls Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/WikicrulsESP_034057_1375flows.jpg/190px-WikicrulsESP_034057_1375flows.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/WikicrulsESP_034057_1375flows.jpg/285px-WikicrulsESP_034057_1375flows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/WikicrulsESP_034057_1375flows.jpg/380px-WikicrulsESP_034057_1375flows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="837" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old glaciers in Cruls Crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dunes">Dunes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dunes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When there are perfect conditions for producing sand dunes, steady wind in one direction and just enough sand, a barchan sand dune forms. Barchans have a gentle slope on the wind side and a much steeper slope on the lee side where horns or a notch often forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Pye2008_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pye2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole dune may appear to move with the wind. Observing dunes on Mars can tell us how strong the winds are, as well as their direction. If pictures are taken at regular intervals, one may see changes in the dunes or possibly in ripples on the dune’s surface. On Mars, dunes are often dark in color because they were formed from the common, volcanic rock basalt. In the dry environment, dark minerals in basalt, like olivine and pyroxene, do not break down as they do on Earth. Although rare, some dark sand is found on Hawaii which also has many volcanoes discharging basalt. Barchan is a Russian term because this type of dune was first seen in the desert regions of Turkistan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the wind on Mars is created when the dry ice at the poles is heated in the spring. At that time, the solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimates or changes directly to a gas and rushes away at high speeds. Each Martian year 30% of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere freezes out and covers the pole that is experiencing winter, so there is a great potential for strong winds.<sup id="cite_ref-icarus169_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icarus169-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_023561dunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dark dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Dark dunes are composed of the igneous rock basalt. The dark box in the center of the photo shows the area enlarged in the next image. The scale is 500 meters long."><img alt="Dark dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Dark dunes are composed of the igneous rock basalt. The dark box in the center of the photo shows the area enlarged in the next image. The scale is 500 meters long." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ESP_023561dunes.jpg/103px-ESP_023561dunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ESP_023561dunes.jpg/155px-ESP_023561dunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ESP_023561dunes.jpg/207px-ESP_023561dunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dark dunes, as seen by HiRISE under <a href="/wiki/HiWish_program" title="HiWish program">HiWish program</a>. Dark dunes are composed of the igneous rock <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>. The dark box in the center of the photo shows the area enlarged in the next image. The scale is 500 meters long.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_023561dunesclose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close up of dark dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. The image is a little more than 1 km in its longest dimension. The location of this image is shown in the previous image."><img alt="Close up of dark dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. The image is a little more than 1 km in its longest dimension. The location of this image is shown in the previous image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ESP_023561dunesclose.jpg/190px-ESP_023561dunesclose.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ESP_023561dunesclose.jpg/285px-ESP_023561dunesclose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ESP_023561dunesclose.jpg/380px-ESP_023561dunesclose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close up of dark dunes, as seen by HiRISE under <a href="/wiki/HiWish_program" title="HiWish program">HiWish program</a>. The image is a little more than 1 km in its longest dimension. The location of this image is shown in the previous image.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esp_037367_1340bdunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Location is Eridania quadrangle."><img alt="Dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Location is Eridania quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Esp_037367_1340bdunes.jpg/190px-Esp_037367_1340bdunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Esp_037367_1340bdunes.jpg/285px-Esp_037367_1340bdunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Esp_037367_1340bdunes.jpg/380px-Esp_037367_1340bdunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Location is <a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:040822_1465dunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunes on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Dunes on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/040822_1465dunes.jpg/190px-040822_1465dunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/040822_1465dunes.jpg/285px-040822_1465dunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/040822_1465dunes.jpg/380px-040822_1465dunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dunes on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_047482_1440dunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wide view of dunes near craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Wide view of dunes near craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ESP_047482_1440dunes.jpg/64px-ESP_047482_1440dunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ESP_047482_1440dunes.jpg/96px-ESP_047482_1440dunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/ESP_047482_1440dunes.jpg/128px-ESP_047482_1440dunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="5750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wide view of dunes near craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:47482_1440dunes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Close view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/47482_1440dunes.jpg/190px-47482_1440dunes.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/47482_1440dunes.jpg/285px-47482_1440dunes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/47482_1440dunes.jpg/380px-47482_1440dunes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1861" data-file-height="930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:47482_1440dunescrater.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close view of dunes near crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Close view of dunes near crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/47482_1440dunescrater.jpg/190px-47482_1440dunescrater.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/47482_1440dunescrater.jpg/285px-47482_1440dunescrater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/47482_1440dunescrater.jpg/380px-47482_1440dunescrater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="929" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close view of dunes near crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_047482_1440dunescolor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close, color view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Close, color view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ESP_047482_1440dunescolor.jpg/190px-ESP_047482_1440dunescolor.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ESP_047482_1440dunescolor.jpg/285px-ESP_047482_1440dunescolor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ESP_047482_1440dunescolor.jpg/380px-ESP_047482_1440dunescolor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close, color view of dunes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:29020brainterrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program."><img alt="Surface on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/29020brainterrain.jpg/190px-29020brainterrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/29020brainterrain.jpg/285px-29020brainterrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/29020brainterrain.jpg/380px-29020brainterrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="854" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surface on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_054919_1465channels.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/ESP_054919_1465channels.jpg/95px-ESP_054919_1465channels.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/ESP_054919_1465channels.jpg/143px-ESP_054919_1465channels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/ESP_054919_1465channels.jpg/190px-ESP_054919_1465channels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Channel, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:40822_1465channel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Channel on floor of crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Channel on floor of crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/40822_1465channel.jpg/190px-40822_1465channel.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/40822_1465channel.jpg/285px-40822_1465channel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/40822_1465channel.jpg/380px-40822_1465channel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Channel on floor of crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_026594_1470closecraters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group of craters possibly due to an asteroid breaking up."><img alt="Group of craters possibly due to an asteroid breaking up." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ESP_026594_1470closecraters.jpg/190px-ESP_026594_1470closecraters.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ESP_026594_1470closecraters.jpg/285px-ESP_026594_1470closecraters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ESP_026594_1470closecraters.jpg/380px-ESP_026594_1470closecraters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="843" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Group of craters possibly due to an asteroid breaking up. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:40993_1450ridges.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ridges exposed from under a dark layer, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program"><img alt="Ridges exposed from under a dark layer, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/40993_1450ridges.jpg/190px-40993_1450ridges.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/40993_1450ridges.jpg/285px-40993_1450ridges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/40993_1450ridges.jpg/380px-40993_1450ridges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ridges exposed from under a dark layer, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_047467_1685channalridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Channel that has eroded through a wrinkle ridge, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrow shows point where channel eroded through ridge."><img alt="Channel that has eroded through a wrinkle ridge, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrow shows point where channel eroded through ridge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ESP_047467_1685channalridge.jpg/71px-ESP_047467_1685channalridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ESP_047467_1685channalridge.jpg/106px-ESP_047467_1685channalridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ESP_047467_1685channalridge.jpg/141px-ESP_047467_1685channalridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="5203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Channel that has eroded through a wrinkle ridge, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Arrow shows point where channel eroded through ridge.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactive_Mars_map">Interactive Mars map</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interactive Mars map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="position: relative; width: 620px; margin: 0 auto;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Map of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/620px-Mars_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="620" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/930px-Mars_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/1240px-Mars_Map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1244" usemap="#ImageMap_5aed0e082a2cc8c9" resource="/wiki/File:Mars_Map.JPG" /></span><map name="ImageMap_5aed0e082a2cc8c9"><area href="/wiki/Acheron_Fossae" shape="poly" coords="107,102,120,108,116,115,105,111" alt="Acheron Fossae" title="Acheron Fossae" /><area href="/wiki/Acidalia_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="374,21,371,66,282,116,193,64,185,20,304,48" alt="Acidalia Planitia" title="Acidalia Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Alba_Mons" shape="poly" coords="160,91,158,114,132,118,128,99,139,90" alt="Alba Mons" title="Alba Mons" /><area href="/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="46,116,101,114,88,169,44,169" alt="Amazonis Planitia" title="Amazonis Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Aonia_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="237,211,257,212,255,226,213,250,221,270,236,299,236,319,145,320,186,243" alt="Aonia Planitia" title="Aonia Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" shape="poly" coords="337,91,420,112,296,208,273,181,271,149" alt="Arabia Terra" title="Arabia Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Arcadia_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="44,20,164,20,165,73,44,122,107,68,81,64,88,81,45,116" alt="Arcadia Planitia" title="Arcadia Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Argentea_Planum" shape="poly" coords="249,315,248,321,272,322,272,296,258,298,257,308" alt="Argentea Planum" title="Argentea Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Argyre_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="248,248,266,252,263,268,251,275,238,261" alt="Argyre Planitia" title="Argyre Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Chryse_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="250,101,274,125,253,144,234,117" alt="Chryse Planitia" title="Chryse Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Claritas_Fossae" shape="poly" coords="146,221,164,214,191,225,195,238,165,243" alt="Claritas Fossae" title="Claritas Fossae" /><area href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" shape="poly" coords="279,130,282,140,306,117,297,110" alt="Cydonia Mensae" title="Cydonia Mensae" /><area href="/wiki/Daedalia_Planum" shape="poly" coords="98,195,146,211,150,238,103,227" alt="Daedalia Planum" title="Daedalia Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Elysium_Mons" shape="poly" coords="529,115,560,117,556,146,529,144" alt="Elysium Mons" title="Elysium Mons" /><area href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="481,142,553,145,571,97,595,167,593,191,571,196" alt="Elysium Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" shape="poly" coords="526,176,532,175,535,181,534,181,526,182" alt="Gale crater" title="Gale crater" /><area href="/wiki/Hadriaca_Patera" shape="poly" coords="468,246,476,244,468,222,455,224" alt="Hadriaca Patera" title="Hadriaca Patera" /><area href="/wiki/Hellas_Montes" shape="poly" coords="392,218,403,223,396,251,386,249" alt="Hellas Montes" title="Hellas Montes" /><area href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="401,220,431,219,460,247,425,268,395,254" alt="Hellas Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Hesperia_Planum" shape="poly" coords="455,208,458,170,487,169,498,204" alt="Hesperia Planum" title="Hesperia Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Holden_(Martian_crater)" shape="poly" coords="264,200,261,212,273,216,273,207" alt="Holden crater" title="Holden crater" /><area href="/wiki/Icaria_Planum" shape="poly" coords="149,235,167,247,160,256,145,251" alt="Icaria Planum" title="Icaria Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Isidis_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="451,127,476,148,461,164,442,162,438,142" alt="Isidis Planitia" title="Isidis Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Jezero_(crater)" shape="poly" coords="436,135,432,146,440,147,441,138" alt="Jezero crater" title="Jezero crater" /><area href="/wiki/Lomonosov_(Martian_crater)" shape="poly" coords="294,20,293,25,316,27,320,47,294,48" alt="Lomonosov crater" title="Lomonosov crater" /><area href="/wiki/Lucus_Planum" shape="poly" coords="44,162,80,165,83,185,44,185" alt="Lucus Planum" title="Lucus Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Lycus_Sulci" shape="poly" coords="101,117,114,128,102,138,94,132" alt="Lycus Sulci" title="Lycus Sulci" /><area href="/wiki/Lyot_(Martian_crater)" shape="poly" coords="354,72,373,73,372,88,354,86" alt="Lyot crater" title="Lyot crater" /><area href="/wiki/Lunae_Planum" shape="poly" coords="210,139,234,140,225,170,200,163" alt="Lunae Planum" title="Lunae Planum" /><area href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars#Plana" shape="poly" coords="389,274,441,281,436,313,387,307" alt="Malea Planum" title="Malea Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Maraldi_(Martian_crater)" shape="poly" coords="237,298,262,298,261,320,239,320" alt="Maraldi crater" title="Maraldi crater" /><area href="/wiki/Mareotis_Fossae" shape="poly" coords="163,93,174,101,192,86,187,79" alt="Mareotis Fossae" title="Mareotis Fossae" /><area href="/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle#Physiography_and_Geology" shape="poly" coords="189,86,214,105,199,129,179,114" alt="Mareotis Tempe" title="Mareotis Tempe" /><area href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Terra" shape="poly" coords="248,140,278,136,300,173,271,181" alt="Margaritifer Terra" title="Margaritifer Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Mie_(crater)" shape="poly" coords="527,81,528,95,541,94,540,80" alt="Mie crater" title="Mie crater" /><area href="/wiki/Milankovi%C4%8D_(Martian_crater)" shape="poly" coords="88,66,98,67,98,75,86,76" alt="Milankovič crater" title="Milankovič crater" /><area href="/wiki/Nepenthes_Mensae" shape="poly" coords="482,145,474,160,503,181,511,164" alt="Nepenthes Mensae" title="Nepenthes Mensae" /><area href="/wiki/Nereidum_Montes" shape="poly" coords="228,243,265,233,268,245,248,244,241,251" alt="Nereidum Montes" title="Nereidum Montes" /><area href="/wiki/Nilosyrtis_Mensae" shape="poly" coords="435,125,411,117,416,106,434,115" alt="Nilosyrtis Mensae" title="Nilosyrtis Mensae" /><area href="/wiki/Noachis_Terra" shape="poly" coords="341,191,283,237,278,305,363,309,388,223" alt="Noachis Terra" title="Noachis Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Olympica_Fossae" shape="poly" coords="134,117,156,119,151,139,136,134" alt="Olympica Fossae" title="Olympica Fossae" /><area href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" shape="poly" coords="111,119,137,144,106,156,100,137" alt="Olympus Mons" title="Olympus Mons" /><area href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" shape="poly" coords="39,302,40,325,598,325,598,302" alt="Planum Australe" title="Planum Australe" /><area href="/wiki/Promethei_Terra" shape="poly" coords="513,320,525,185,473,185,453,321" alt="Promethei Terra" title="Promethei Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Protonilus_Mensae" shape="poly" coords="363,62,359,72,391,94,393,86" alt="Protonilus Mensae" title="Protonilus Mensae" /><area href="/wiki/Sirenum" shape="poly" coords="43,207,89,210,92,242,44,252" alt="Sirenum" title="Sirenum" /><area href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars#Plana" shape="poly" coords="390,256,407,271,391,276,381,265" alt="Sisyphi Planum" title="Sisyphi Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Solis_Planum" shape="poly" coords="166,179,223,197,198,234,163,230" alt="Solis Planum" title="Solis Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Syria_Planum" shape="poly" coords="162,181,173,191,163,201,151,191" alt="Syria Planum" title="Syria Planum" /><area href="/wiki/Tantalus_Fossae" shape="poly" coords="171,66,183,69,169,89,160,87" alt="Tantalus Fossae" title="Tantalus Fossae" /><area href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" shape="poly" coords="207,87,225,74,239,112,208,141,197,161" alt="Tempe Terra" title="Tempe Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" shape="poly" coords="526,185,592,192,593,321,512,320" alt="Terra Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria" /><area href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" shape="poly" coords="399,137,440,170,420,196,384,213,353,198,345,183" alt="Terra Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea" /><area href="/wiki/Terra_Sirenum" shape="poly" coords="45,232,168,256,186,320,49,319" alt="Terra Sirenum" title="Terra Sirenum" /><area href="/wiki/Tharsis_Montes" shape="poly" coords="156,138,174,151,139,203,117,187" alt="Tharsis Montes" title="Tharsis Montes" /><area href="/wiki/Tractus_Catena" shape="poly" coords="164,110,172,114,166,127,160,122" alt="Tractus Catena" title="Tractus Catena" /><area href="/wiki/Tyrrhena_Terra" shape="poly" coords="450,173,507,193,501,228,456,219,436,210" alt="Tyrrhena Terra" title="Tyrrhena Terra" /><area href="/wiki/Ulysses_Patera" shape="poly" coords="129,150,144,162,135,166,127,162" alt="Ulysses Patera" title="Ulysses Patera" /><area href="/wiki/Uranius_Patera" shape="poly" coords="173,123,182,125,180,133,172,130" alt="Uranius Patera" title="Uranius Patera" /><area href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" shape="poly" coords="402,22,404,84,463,127,518,134,527,104,521,79,539,72,546,88,520,135,591,61,591,23" alt="Utopia Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia" /><area href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" shape="poly" coords="168,166,258,185,246,204,163,186" alt="Valles Marineris" title="Valles Marineris" /><area href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" shape="poly" coords="40,15,40,38,598,38,599,15" alt="Vastitas Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis" /><area href="/wiki/Xanthe_Terra" shape="poly" coords="234,135,260,169,253,180,224,172" alt="Xanthe Terra" title="Xanthe Terra" /></map><figcaption><span style="margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="The image above contains clickable links"><img alt="The image above contains clickable links" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/12px-Interactive_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/18px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Interactive_icon.svg/24px-Interactive_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="133" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Interactive image map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">global topography of Mars</a>. Hover <span class="nomobile">your mouse</span> over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevations</a>, based on data from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter</a> on NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i>. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004120000000000000♠"></span>+12 to +8 km</span>); followed by pinks and reds (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003800000000000000♠"></span>+8 to +3 km</span>); yellow is <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0 km</span>; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2996200000000000000♠"></span>−8 km</span>). <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Axes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar regions</a> are noted. <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(See also: <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and artificial objects on Mars">Mars Rovers map</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_memorials_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and memorials on Mars">Mars Memorial map</a></i>) (<a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_map" title="Template:Mars map">view</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_map" title="Template talk:Mars map">discuss</a>)</span></div></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barchan" title="Barchan">Barchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">Geography of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Gullies" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian Gullies">Martian Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water on Mars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Features/5930">http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Features/5930</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blunck, J. 1982. 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Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForgetCostardLognonné2007" class="citation book cs1">Forget, François; Costard, François; Lognonné, Philippe (2007-12-12). <i>Planet Mars: Story of Another World</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-48925-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-48925-4"><bdi>978-0-387-48925-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planet+Mars%3A+Story+of+Another+World&rft.date=2007-12-12&rft.isbn=978-0-387-48925-4&rft.aulast=Forget&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Costard%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Lognonn%C3%A9%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerra+Cimmeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2009" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Fredric W. 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Magnetic lineations in the ancient crust of Mars. Science: 284. 794–798.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langlais, B. et al. 2004. Crustal magnetic field of Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research. 109: EO2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprenke, K. and L. Baker. 2000. Magnetization, palemagnetic poles, and polar wander on Mars. Icarus. 147: 26–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connerney, J. et al. 2005. Tectonic implications of Mars <a href="/wiki/Crustal_magnetism" title="Crustal magnetism">crustal magnetism</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA. 102: 14970–14975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Acuna, M. et al. 1999. Global distribution of crustal magnetization discovered by the Mars Global Surveyor MAG/ER Experiment. Science. 284: 790–793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sci.esa.int/web/mars-express/-/31028-martian-interior?fbodylongid=645">"ESA Science & Technology - Martian Interior"</a>. <i>sci.esa.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sci.esa.int&rft.atitle=ESA+Science+%26+Technology+-+Martian+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fweb%2Fmars-express%2F-%2F31028-martian-interior%3Ffbodylongid%3D645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerra+Cimmeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pye2008-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pye2008_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyeHaim_Tsoar2008" class="citation book cs1">Pye, Kenneth; Haim Tsoar (2008). <i>Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes</i>. Springer. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540859109" title="Special:BookSources/9783540859109"><bdi>9783540859109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aeolian+Sand+and+Sand+Dunes&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783540859109&rft.aulast=Pye&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.au=Haim+Tsoar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerra+Cimmeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/barchan">"Barchan | sand dune"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Barchan+%26%23124%3B+sand+dune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fbarchan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerra+Cimmeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icarus169-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icarus169_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellon,_J._T.Feldman,_W._C.Prettyman,_T._H.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mellon, J. T.; Feldman, W. C.; Prettyman, T. H. (2003). "The presence and stability of ground ice in the southern hemisphere of Mars". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>169</b> (2): 324–340. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..324M">2004Icar..169..324M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.10.022">10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+presence+and+stability+of+ground+ice+in+the+southern+hemisphere+of+Mars&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=324-340&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2003.10.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169..324M&rft.au=Mellon%2C+J.+T.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+W.+C.&rft.au=Prettyman%2C+T.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerra+Cimmeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terra_Cimmeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_general_circulation_model" title="Mars general circulation model">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dust_devils" title="Martian dust devils">Dust devil tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_methane_on_Mars" title="Natural methane on Mars">Methane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Mars" title="List of terrae on Mars">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus (Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander#Landing_zone" title="Mars Polar Lander">Ultimi Scopuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Physical<br />features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">"Canals"</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">Craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Descriptor_terms_(feature_types)" title="Planetary nomenclature">Labyrinthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars_by_height" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains on Mars by height">by height</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Observed rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_chaos_terrain_on_Mars" title="List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Meteorites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_cracks_on_Mars" title="Mud cracks on Mars">Mud cracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars ocean hypothesis">Ocean hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander_on_Mars" title="True polar wander on Mars">polar wander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Recurring slope lineae (RSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">"Swiss cheese" feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis#Location_and_Size" title="Tharsis">Tharsis bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars" title="Astronomy on Mars">Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stickney_(crater)" title="Stickney (crater)">Stickney crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtoc" title="Limtoc">Limtoc crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(Deimian_crater)" title="Swift (Deimian crater)">Swift crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire_(crater)" title="Voltaire (crater)">Voltaire crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Mars" title="Solar eclipses on Mars">Solar eclipses on Mars</a></li> <li>Satellite transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planetary transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Mercury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars-crossers</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_WD5" title="2007 WD5">2007 WD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5261_Eureka" title="5261 Eureka">5261 Eureka</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(101429)_1998_VF31" title="(101429) 1998 VF31">1998 VF<sub>31</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(121514)_1999_UJ7" title="(121514) 1999 UJ7">1999 UJ<sub>7</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(311999)_2007_NS2" title="(311999) 2007 NS2">2007 NS<sub>2</sub></a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">Orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft">Missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Artificial objects on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction" title="Mars in fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">List of films set on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_scientist" title="Martian scientist">Martian scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mars" title="Flag of Mars">Flag of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Timekeeping on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sol" title="Mars sol">Sol (day on Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian calendar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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