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<ul id="toc-Mission_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_Space_2_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_Space_2_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Deep Space 2 probes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_Space_2_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Spacecraft design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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id="toc-Scientific_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Scientific instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mission profile</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission profile subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_and_trajectory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_trajectory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Launch and trajectory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_trajectory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Landing zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landing_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landing_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Landing attempt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landing_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intended_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intended_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Intended operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intended_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Loss of communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars-poollandingstuig" title="Mars-poollandingstuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mars-poollandingstuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="مركبة الهبوط على قطب المريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة الهبوط على قطب المريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Марс Полър Лендър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марс Полър Лендър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="قطب نشین مریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطب نشین مریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B4%EB%9D%BC_%EB%9E%9C%EB%8D%94" title="마스 폴라 랜더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마스 폴라 랜더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="मंगल पोलर लैंडर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंगल पोलर लैंडर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%91_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נחתת הקוטב של מאדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחתת הקוטב של מאדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="マーズ・ポーラー・ランダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーズ・ポーラー・ランダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Марсов поларни лендер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марсов поларни лендер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mars Polar Lander" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%B0%E8%91%97%E9%99%B8%E8%80%85%E8%99%9F" title="火星極地著陸者號 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火星極地著陸者號" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q575922#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Failed NASA Mars lander (1999)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Mars Polar Lander</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_artist_depiction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_artist_depiction.png/290px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_artist_depiction.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_artist_depiction.png/435px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_artist_depiction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_artist_depiction.png/580px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_artist_depiction.png 2x" data-file-width="2945" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's depiction of the <i>Mars Polar Lander</i> on the Martian surface</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Mars Surveyor '98 <i>Lander</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> lander</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-001A">1999-001A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575922#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">25605</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-polar-lander-deep-space-2/">science.nasa.gov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">334 days<br /><small>Mission failure</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Marietta" title="Martin Marietta">Martin Marietta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">583 kg<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">200 W <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">solar array</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">NiH<span style="font-size:85%;"><sub>2</sub></span> battery</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">20:21:10, January 3, 1999 (UTC)<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999-01-03T20:21:10Z</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7425-9.5<br />D-265</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-17A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Communication failure after landing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Declared</th><td class="infobox-data">January 17, 2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">2000-01-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">20:00, December 3, 1999 (UTC)<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1999-12-03T20:00Z</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> impact <span class="nowrap">(failed landing)</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Impact date</th><td class="infobox-data">~20:15 UTC <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_Event_Time#SCET_versus_Earth_time" title="Spacecraft Event Time">ERT</a>, December 3, 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Impact site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ultimi_Scopuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultimi Scopuli">Ultimi Scopuli</a>, <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_Polar_Lander&params=76_S_195_W_globe:Mars&title=Mars+Polar+Lander"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">76°S</span> <span class="longitude">195°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">76°S 195°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-76; -195</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mars Polar Lander</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> (projected)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> impactor</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M98patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/M98patch.png/180px-M98patch.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/M98patch.png/270px-M98patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/M98patch.png/360px-M98patch.png 2x" data-file-width="1767" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span><br /><i>Mars Surveyor 98</i> mission logo <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mars Polar Lander</b>, also known as the <b>Mars Surveyor '98 Lander</b>, was a 290-kilogram <a href="/wiki/Uncrewed_spacecraft" title="Uncrewed spacecraft">uncrewed spacecraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a> launched by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> on January 3, 1999, to study the <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">climate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a>, a region near the south pole on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. It formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a> mission. On December 3, 1999, however, after the descent phase was expected to be complete, the lander failed to reestablish communication with Earth. A post-mortem analysis determined the most likely cause of the mishap was premature termination of the engine firing prior to the lander touching the surface, causing it to strike the planet at a high velocity.<sup id="cite_ref-LossReport_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LossReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total cost of the Mars Polar Lander was US$165 million. Spacecraft development cost US$110 million, launch was estimated at US$45 million, and mission operations at US$10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-19991208_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-19991208-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_background">Mission background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a> mission, a lander was sought as a way to gather climate data from the ground in conjunction with an orbiter. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> suspected that a large quantity of frozen water may exist under a thin layer of dust at the south pole. In planning the Mars Polar Lander, the potential water content in the Martian south pole was the strongest determining factor for choosing a landing location.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A CD-ROM containing the names of one million children from around the world was placed on board the spacecraft as part of the "Send Your Name to Mars" program designed to encourage interest in the space program among children.<sup id="cite_ref-send_name_1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-send_name_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary objectives of the mission were to:<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>land on the layered terrain in the south polar region of Mars;</li> <li>search for evidence related to ancient climates and more recent periodic climate change;</li> <li>give a picture of the current climate and seasonal change at high latitudes and, in particular, the exchange of water vapor between the atmosphere and ground;</li> <li>search for near-surface ground ice in the polar regions, and analyze the soil for physically and chemically bound carbon dioxide and water; and</li> <li>study surface <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">morphology</a> (forms and structures), geology, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, and weather of the landing site.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deep_Space_2_probes">Deep Space 2 probes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Deep Space 2 probes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></div> <p>The Mars Polar Lander carried two small, identical <a href="/wiki/Impactor_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impactor (spacecraft)">impactor</a> probes known as "Deep Space 2 A and B". The probes were intended to strike the surface with a high velocity at approximately <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_Polar_Lander&params=73_S_210_W_globe:Mars&title=Deep+Space+2"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">73°S</span> <span class="longitude">210°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">73°S 210°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-73; -210</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Deep Space 2</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="Martian regolith">Martian soil</a> and study the subsurface composition up to a meter in depth. However, after entering the Martian atmosphere, attempts to contact the probes failed.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deep Space 2 was funded by the <a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium Program</a>, and their development costs was US$28 million.<sup id="cite_ref-AP-19991208_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-19991208-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_design">Spacecraft design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spacecraft design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spacecraft measured 3.6 meters wide and 1.06 meters tall with the legs and solar arrays fully deployed. The base was primarily constructed with an aluminum <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">honeycomb</a> deck, composite <a href="/wiki/Carbon-fiber_reinforced_polymer" title="Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer">graphite-epoxy</a> sheets forming the edge, and three aluminum legs. During landing, the legs were to deploy from stowed position with compression springs and absorb the force of the landing with crushable aluminum honeycomb inserts in each leg. On the deck of the lander, a small thermal <a href="/wiki/Faraday_cage" title="Faraday cage">Faraday cage</a> enclosure housed the computer, power distribution electronics and batteries, telecommunication electronics, and the capillary pump <a href="/wiki/Loop_heat_pipe" title="Loop heat pipe">loop heat pipe</a> (LHP) components, which maintained operable temperature. Each of these components included redundant units in the event that one may fail.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attitude_control_and_propulsion">Attitude control and propulsion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attitude control and propulsion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While traveling to Mars, the cruise stage was three-axis stabilized with four <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant_rocket" title="Monopropellant rocket">monopropellant</a> reaction engine modules, each including a 22-<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a> trajectory correction maneuver thruster for propulsion and a 4-newton reaction control system thruster for <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude control</a> (orientation). Orientation of the spacecraft was performed using redundant <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">Sun sensors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">star trackers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">inertial measurement units</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During descent, the lander used three clusters of pulse-modulated engines, each containing four 266-newton hydrazine monopropellant thrusters. Altitude during landing was measured by a <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">Doppler radar</a> system, and an attitude and articulation control subsystem (AACS) controlled the attitude to ensure the spacecraft landed at the optimal <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> to maximize solar collection and telecommunication with the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lander was launched with two hydrazine tanks containing 64 kilograms of propellant and pressurized with <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. Each spherical tank was located at the underside of the lander and provided propellant during the cruise and descent stages.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communications">Communications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the cruise stage, communications with the spacecraft were conducted over the <a href="/wiki/X_band" title="X band">X band</a> using a medium-gain, horn-shaped antenna and redundant solid state power amplifiers. For contingency measures, a low-gain omnidirectional antenna was also included.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lander was originally intended to communicate data through the failed <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a> antenna. With the orbiter lost on September 23, 1999, the lander would still be able to communicate directly to the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a> through the Direct-To-Earth (DTE) link, an X band, steerable, medium-gain, <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_antenna" title="Parabolic antenna">parabolic antenna</a> located on the deck. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> could be used as a relay using the UHF antenna at multiple times each Martian day. However the Deep Space Network could only receive data from, and not send commands to, the lander using this method. The direct-to-Earth medium-gain antenna provided a 12.6-kbit/s <a href="/wiki/Return_channel" title="Return channel">return channel</a>, and the UHF relay path provided a 128-kbit/s return channel. Communications with the spacecraft would be limited to one-hour events, constrained by heat-buildup that would occur in the amplifiers. The number of communication events would also be constrained by power limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power">Power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cruise stage included two <a href="/wiki/Gallium_arsenide" title="Gallium arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_system" title="Photovoltaic system">solar arrays</a> to power the radio system and maintain power to the batteries in the lander, which kept certain electronics warm.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After descending to the surface, the lander was to deploy two 3.6-meter-wide gallium arsenide solar arrays, located on either side of the spacecraft. Another two auxiliary solar arrays were located on the side to provide additional power for a total of an expected 200 watts and approximately eight to nine hours of operating time per day.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Sun would not have set below the horizon during the primary mission, too little light would have reached the solar arrays to remain warm enough for certain electronics to continue functioning. To avoid this problem, a 16-ampere-hour <a href="/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery" title="Nickel–hydrogen battery">nickel–hydrogen battery</a> was included to be recharged during the day and to power the heater for the thermal enclosure at night. This solution also was expected to limit the life of the lander. As the Martian days would grow colder in late summer, too little power would be supplied to the heater to avoid freezing, resulting in the battery also freezing and signaling the end of the operating life for the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific_instruments">Scientific instruments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scientific instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Scientific instruments</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MARDI_instrument_photo_-_mardi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Descent Imager"><img alt="Mars Descent Imager" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MARDI_instrument_photo_-_mardi.jpg/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MARDI_instrument_photo_-_mardi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MARDI_instrument_photo_-_mardi.jpg/270px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MARDI_instrument_photo_-_mardi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MARDI_instrument_photo_-_mardi.jpg/360px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MARDI_instrument_photo_-_mardi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="431" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mars Descent Imager</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_SSI_instrument_photo_-_ssi_closeup_s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stereo Surface Imager"><img alt="Stereo Surface Imager" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_SSI_instrument_photo_-_ssi_closeup_s.jpg/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_SSI_instrument_photo_-_ssi_closeup_s.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_SSI_instrument_photo_-_ssi_closeup_s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stereo Surface Imager</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_LIDAR_instrument_photo_-_mpl_lidar.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="LIDAR"><img alt="LIDAR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_LIDAR_instrument_photo_-_mpl_lidar.gif/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_LIDAR_instrument_photo_-_mpl_lidar.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_LIDAR_instrument_photo_-_mpl_lidar.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">LIDAR</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RA_instrument_photo_-_arm.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Robotic Arm"><img alt="Robotic Arm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RA_instrument_photo_-_arm.png/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RA_instrument_photo_-_arm.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RA_instrument_photo_-_arm.png/270px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RA_instrument_photo_-_arm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RA_instrument_photo_-_arm.png/360px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RA_instrument_photo_-_arm.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Robotic Arm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RAC_instrument_photo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Robotic Arm Camera"><img alt="Robotic Arm Camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RAC_instrument_photo.png/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RAC_instrument_photo.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RAC_instrument_photo.png/270px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RAC_instrument_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_RAC_instrument_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Robotic Arm Camera</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MET_instrument_photo_-_mettop.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Meteorological Package"><img alt="Meteorological Package" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MET_instrument_photo_-_mettop.png/123px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MET_instrument_photo_-_mettop.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MET_instrument_photo_-_mettop.png/185px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MET_instrument_photo_-_mettop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_MET_instrument_photo_-_mettop.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Meteorological Package</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_TEGA_instrument_photo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer"><img alt="Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_TEGA_instrument_photo.png/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_TEGA_instrument_photo.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_TEGA_instrument_photo.png/270px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_TEGA_instrument_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_TEGA_instrument_photo.png/360px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_TEGA_instrument_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_Mars_Microphone_instrument_photo_-_microphone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Microphone"><img alt="Mars Microphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_Mars_Microphone_instrument_photo_-_microphone.jpg/133px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_Mars_Microphone_instrument_photo_-_microphone.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_Mars_Microphone_instrument_photo_-_microphone.jpg/199px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_Mars_Microphone_instrument_photo_-_microphone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_Mars_Microphone_instrument_photo_-_microphone.jpg/265px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_Mars_Microphone_instrument_photo_-_microphone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mars Microphone</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Images of the spacecraft</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_spacecraft_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Annotated diagram of the Mars Polar Lander spacecraft"><img alt="Annotated diagram of the Mars Polar Lander spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_spacecraft_diagram.png/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_spacecraft_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_spacecraft_diagram.png/270px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_spacecraft_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_spacecraft_diagram.png/360px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_spacecraft_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="1432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Annotated diagram of the Mars Polar Lander spacecraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_close-up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The spacecraft in stowed position just prior to encapsulation"><img alt="The spacecraft in stowed position just prior to encapsulation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mars_Polar_Lander_close-up.jpg/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_close-up.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mars_Polar_Lander_close-up.jpg/270px-Mars_Polar_Lander_close-up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mars_Polar_Lander_close-up.jpg/360px-Mars_Polar_Lander_close-up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="1713" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The spacecraft in stowed position just prior to encapsulation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_undergoes_testing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Testing performed at the Spacecraft Assembly and Encapsulation Facility"><img alt="Testing performed at the Spacecraft Assembly and Encapsulation Facility" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mars_Polar_Lander_undergoes_testing.jpg/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_undergoes_testing.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mars_Polar_Lander_undergoes_testing.jpg/270px-Mars_Polar_Lander_undergoes_testing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Mars_Polar_Lander_undergoes_testing.jpg/360px-Mars_Polar_Lander_undergoes_testing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="1722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Testing performed at the Spacecraft Assembly and Encapsulation Facility</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_prelaunch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mars Polar Lander entry capsule, just prior to being mounted to the Star 48 upper stage"><img alt="The Mars Polar Lander entry capsule, just prior to being mounted to the Star 48 upper stage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mars_Polar_Lander_prelaunch.jpg/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_prelaunch.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mars_Polar_Lander_prelaunch.jpg/270px-Mars_Polar_Lander_prelaunch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mars_Polar_Lander_prelaunch.jpg/360px-Mars_Polar_Lander_prelaunch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Mars Polar Lander</i> entry capsule, just prior to being mounted to the <a href="/wiki/Star_48" title="Star 48">Star 48</a> upper stage</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Mars_Descent_Imager#Mars_Descent_Imager_(MARDI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Descent Imager">Mars Descent Imager</a> (MARDI)</dt> <dd>Mounted to the bottom of the lander, the camera was intended to capture 30 images as the spacecraft descended to the surface. The images acquired would be used to provide geographic and geologic context to the landing area.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)#Surface_stereo_imager" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Surface Stereo Imager</a> (SSI)</dt> <dd>Using a pair of <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a> (CCDs), the stereo <a href="/wiki/Panoramic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoramic camera">panoramic camera</a> was mounted to a one-meter-tall mast and would aid in the thermal evolved gas analyzer in determining areas of interest for the robotic arm. In addition, the camera would be used to estimate the column density of atmospheric dust, the optical depth of <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosols</a>, and slant column abundances of water vapor using narrow-band imaging of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">Light Detection and Ranging</a> (LIDAR)</dt> <dd>The laser sounding instrument was intended to detect and characterize aerosols in the atmosphere up to three kilometers above the lander. The instrument operated in two modes: <i>active mode</i>, using an included laser diode, and <i>acoustic</i> mode, using the Sun as the light source for the sensor. In active mode, the laser sounder was to emit 100-nanosecond pulses at a wavelength of 0.88-micrometer into the atmosphere, and then record the duration of time to detect the light scattered by aerosols. The duration of time required for the light to return could then be used to determine the abundance of ice, dust and other aerosols in the region. In acoustic mode, the instrument measures the brightness of the sky as lit by the Sun and records the scattering of light as it passes to the sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">Robotic Arm</a> (RA)</dt> <dd>Located on the front of the lander, the robotic arm was a meter-long aluminum tube with an elbow joint and an articulated scoop attached to the end. The scoop was intended to be used to dig into the soil in the direct vicinity of the lander. The soil could then be analyzed in the scoop with the robotic arm camera or transferred into the thermal evolved gas analyzer.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Robotic Arm Camera (RAC)</dt> <dd>Located on the robotic arm, the charge coupled camera included two red, two green, and four blue lamps to illuminate soil samples for analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Meteorological Package (MET)</dt> <dd>Several instruments related to sensing and recording weather patterns, were included in the package. Wind, temperature, pressure, and humidity sensors were located on the robotic arm and two deployable masts: a 1.2-meter <i>main mast</i>, located on top of the lander, and a 0.9-meter secondary <i>submast</i> that would deploy downward to acquire measurements close to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc3_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Thermal_and_Evolved_Gas_Analyzer" title="Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer">Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer</a> (TEGA)</dt> <dd>The instrument was intended to measure abundances of water, water ice, adsorbed carbon dioxide, oxygen, and volatile-bearing minerals in surface and subsurface soil samples collected and transferred by the robotic arm. Materials placed onto a grate inside one of the eight ovens, would be heated and vaporized at 1,000 °C. The evolved gas analyzer would then record measurements using a <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemical</a> cell. For calibration, an empty oven would also be heated during this process for differential scanning <a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">calorimetry</a>. The difference in the energy required to heat each oven would then indicate concentrations of water ice and other minerals containing water or carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc3_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Mars Microphone</dt> <dd>The microphone was intended to be the first instrument to record sounds on another planet. Primarily composed of a microphone generally used with <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a>, the instrument was expected to record sounds of blowing dust, electrical discharges and the sounds of the operating spacecraft in either 2.6-second or 10.6-second, 12-bit samples.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The microphone was built using off-the-shelf parts including a <a href="/wiki/Sensory,_Inc." title="Sensory, Inc.">Sensory, Inc.</a> RSC-164 integrated circuit typically used in speech-recognition devices.<sup id="cite_ref-tps1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tps1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_profile">Mission profile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mission profile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Timeline of observations </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" width="100%" style="border:0px solid #e6e6e6"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" width="75">Date </th> <th scope="col" width="350">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1999-01-03</div> </td> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f2;">Spacecraft launched at 20:21:10 UTC </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1999-12-03</div> </td> <td> <table class="collapsible collapsed" align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#e9e9e9;font-weight:normal;"><span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span> Begin atmospheric entry and landing </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e0e0e0"> <th scope="col" width="75">Time </th> <th scope="col" width="230">Event <span style="padding-left:6em;"> </span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>1999-12-03</b></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">14:39:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Turn spacecraft away from Earth for final stellar data acquisition, signal loss from spacecraft</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">14:42:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Turn on heaters on descent engine</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">17:34:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Turn on heaters on descent camera (MARDI)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">18:49:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Turn spacecraft back to Earth point, acquire spacecraft signal, acquire health & status</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">19:21:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Begin Entry, Descent, Landing sequence</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">19:26:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Pyros fire to pressurize helium tank</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:00:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Guidance system initialization (2210 km, 6.2 km/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:03:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Turn spacecraft to entry attitude, loss of signal. We won't hear from the spacecraft again until after landing (1426 km, 6.4 km/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:05:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Cruise ring/Deep Space 2 probes separate from lander (959 km, 6.6 km/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:10:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Atmospheric entry (142 km, 6.9 km/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:11:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Descent radar powered on</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:12:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">MARDI instrument powered on</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:13:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Parachute deployed (9.0 km, 496 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:13:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Descent imaging begins, heatshield jettisoned (8.0 km, 286 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:13:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Lander legs deployed, descent radar activated</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:14</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Radar ground acquisition, altitude (2.438 km, 80 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:14:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Lander separates from backshell, powered descent begins (1.628 km, 78 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:14:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Radar ground acquisition, speed & direction (1.425 km, 82 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:14</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Gravity turn begins (1.394 km, 83 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:14:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Roll to landed orientation (1.307 km, 79 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:14:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Radar cutoff (40 meters, 13 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:15:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Constant Velocity Phase (12 meters, 2.4 m/s)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:15:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Touchdown. Mars Polar Lander on Mars surface.</b></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:20:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Lander unfolds solar panels</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:20:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Medium gain antenna pointed at Earth</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:39:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Lander begins 1st transmission to Earth (45 minutes). Sends health & status, meteorology & 1 b/w image</b></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">21:24:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Lander ends transmission to Earth</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">21:45:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Lander powers down to sleep so it can recharge</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">22:10:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Start of 1 hour backup downlink opportunity (if spacecraft went into safemode during landing)</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>1999-12-04</b></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">02:50:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Lander wakes up, receives instructions from Earth</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">03:25:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b>Begin DS2 microprobe data reception via Mars Global Surveyor relay (15 minute transmission)</b></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">04:25:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;">2.5 hour downlink begins, could include lander and descent images</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">06:25:00</div> </td> <td><span style="color:red;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Lander shuts itself down until next day. End of Sol 0 activities.</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Items in <span style="color:red;"><b>red</b></span> were planned events.</small></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1999-12-03</div> </td> <td> <table class="collapsible collapsed" align="center" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background-color:#e9e9e9;font-weight:normal;">Failure to regain communication after landing </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e0e0e0"> <th scope="col" width="75">Time </th> <th scope="col" width="230">Event <span style="padding-left:6em;"> </span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>1999-12-03</b></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">20:39:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">First communication from lander missed</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">22:04:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Second communication from lander missed</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>1999-12-04</b></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">04:08:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Third communication from lander missed</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>1999-12-05</b></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">04:30:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Fourth communication from lander missed</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">18:50:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">First attempt to detect automatic fail-safe UHF communication to Mars Global Surveyor failed</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>1999-12-06</b></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">06:10:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Second attempt to detect automatic fail-safe UHF communication to Mars Global Surveyor failed</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>1999-12-07</b></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">08:20:00</div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Third attempt to detect automatic fail-safe UHF communication to Mars Global Surveyor failed</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>1999-12-08</b></div> </td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;">Radio sweeps of the surface by the Deep Space Network failed. Repeat of prior procedures to exhaust all possibilities of regaining contact.</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">2000-01-17</div> </td> <td style="background-color:#f2f2f2;">Mission declared a loss. No further attempts to contact. </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_trajectory">Launch and trajectory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Launch and trajectory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mars Polar Lander</i> was launched on January 3, 1999, at 20:21:10 UTC by the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17" title="Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17">Space Launch Complex 17B</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a> in Florida, aboard a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7425–9.5 launch vehicle. The complete burn sequence lasted for 47.7 minutes after a <a href="/wiki/Thiokol" title="Thiokol">Thiokol</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_48" title="Star 48">Star 48</a>B solid-fuel third stage booster placed the spacecraft into an 11-month, Mars transfer trajectory at a final velocity of 6.884 kilometers per second with respect to Mars. During cruise, the spacecraft was stowed inside an <a href="/wiki/Aeroshell" title="Aeroshell">aeroshell</a> capsule and a segment known as the <i>cruise stage</i> provided power and communications with Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_configuration_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Launch configuration diagram."><img alt="Diagram of the configured positions of Mars Polar Lander within a Delta II launch vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_configuration_diagram.png/175px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_configuration_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_configuration_diagram.png/263px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_configuration_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_configuration_diagram.png/350px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_configuration_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2313" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Launch configuration diagram.</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_photo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Launch photo of Mars Polar Lander aboard a Delta II launch vehicle."><img alt="Launch photo of Mars Polar Lander being lifted into space by a Delta II launch vehicle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_photo.png/107px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_photo.png" decoding="async" width="107" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_photo.png/161px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_photo.png/215px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_launch_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Launch photo of Mars Polar Lander aboard a Delta II launch vehicle.</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of the interplanetary trajectory of Mars Polar Lander."><img alt="Diagram of the interplanetary trajectory of Mars Polar Lander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png/175px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png/263px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png/350px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_interplanetary_trajectory.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><span style="font-size:85%;">Diagram of the interplanetary trajectory of Mars Polar Lander.</span></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_zone">Landing zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Landing zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The target landing zone was a region near the <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">south pole</a> of Mars, called <i>Ultimi Scopuli</i>, because it featured a large number of <a href="/wiki/Scopulus" title="Scopulus">scopuli</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lobe" class="extiw" title="wikt:lobe">lobate</a> or irregular <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">scarps</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing_attempt">Landing attempt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Landing attempt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_cruise_configuration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cruise configuration diagram of Mars Polar Lander." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_cruise_configuration.png/90px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_cruise_configuration.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_cruise_configuration.png/135px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_cruise_configuration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_cruise_configuration.png/180px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_cruise_configuration.png 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="1797" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><small>Cruise configuration</small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_landing_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of landing procedures of Mars Polar Lander as it would pass through the atmosphere and land on the surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_landing_diagram.png/102px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_landing_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_landing_diagram.png/153px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_landing_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_landing_diagram.png/204px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_landing_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="2367" data-file-height="1622" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><small>Landing procedure</small></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Polar_Lander_-_targeted_landing_sector.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the region targeted for landing by the Mars Polar Lander." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_targeted_landing_sector.png/84px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_targeted_landing_sector.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_targeted_landing_sector.png/126px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_targeted_landing_sector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Mars_Polar_Lander_-_targeted_landing_sector.png/168px-Mars_Polar_Lander_-_targeted_landing_sector.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="749" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><small>Landing region</small></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Mars Polar Lander entered the Martian atmosphere with an aeroshell for protection from atmospheric friction.</div></div></div></div> <p>On December 3, 1999, <i>Mars Polar Lander</i> arrived at Mars and mission operators began preparations for landing. At 14:39:00 UTC, the cruise stage was jettisoned, which began a planned communication dropout to last until the spacecraft had touched down on the surface. Six minutes prior to atmospheric entry, a programmed 80-second thruster firing turned the spacecraft to the proper entry orientation, with the <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a> positioned to absorb the 1,650 °C heat that would be generated as the descent capsule passed through the atmosphere. </p><p>Traveling at 6.9 kilometers per second, the entry capsule entered the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Martian atmosphere</a> at 20:10:00 UTC, and was expected to land in the vicinity of <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mars_Polar_Lander&params=76_S_195_W_globe:Mars&title=Mars+Polar+Lander"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">76°S</span> <span class="longitude">195°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">76°S 195°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-76; -195</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Mars Polar Lander</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span> in a region known as <a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a>. Reestablishment of communication was anticipated for 20:39:00 UTC, after landing. However communication was not reestablished, and the lander was declared lost.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1999_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 25, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a> lander arrived at Mars, and has subsequently completed most of the objectives of the <i>Mars Polar Lander</i>, carrying several of the same or derivative instruments. </p><p><br /> </p> <div style="position: relative; width: 620px; margin: 0 auto;" class="noresize"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Map of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/600px-Mars_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/900px-Mars_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/1200px-Mars_Map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1244" resource="/wiki/File:Mars_Map.JPG" /></span><figcaption> <div style="float: right;">(<a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and artificial objects on Mars">view</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template talk:Features and artificial objects on Mars">discuss</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Interactive image map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">global topography of Mars</a>, overlaid with the position of <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Martian rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">landers</a>. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.<hr /><div style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller; font-style:italic; padding-top:0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mano_cursor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/10px-Mano_cursor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/15px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/20px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="440" /></a></span><b> Clickable image: </b>Clicking on the labels will open a new article.</div><div style="float: left;">(<span style="font-size:85%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4F00; color:black;"> </span> Active</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000; color:white;"> </span> Inactive</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Planned)</span></span></div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_map" title="Template:Mars map">Mars map</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars#Landing_site_namings_and_memorials" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Mars Memorials list</a>) </span></div></figcaption></figure> <div style="position: absolute; left: 440px; top: 137px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><img alt="Beagle 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Beagle 2</i></small></span></a> </span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 173px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Landing_site" title="Bradbury Landing"><img alt="Bradbury Landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 97px; top: 174px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;text-align:right;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Curiosity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 520px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><img alt="Deep Space 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 100px; top: 301px"><span style="display:inline;text-align:right;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Deep Space 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 521px; top: 153px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><img alt="InSight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><span style="color:white"><small><i>InSight</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 373px; top: 234px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><img alt="Mars 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65px; top: 235px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><img alt="Mars 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 3</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 270px; top: 195px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><img alt="Mars 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 6</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 545px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><img alt="Mars Polar Lander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 54px; top: 283px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars Polar Lander ↓</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 300px; top: 175px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity"><img alt="Opportunity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Opportunity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 417px; top: 125px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance"><img alt="Perseverance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 436.5px; top: 121px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Perseverance</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 116px; top: 28px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix"><img alt="Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Phoenix</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 275px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin"><img alt="Rosalind Franklin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><span style="color:black;background: white;"><small><i>Rosalind Franklin</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 278px; top: 169px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><img alt="Schiaparelli EDM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/EDMIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 342px; top: 170px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 260px; top: 124px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner"><img alt="Sojourner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/SojournerIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Sojourner</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 562px; top: 184px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit"><img alt="Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 38px; top: 201px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Spirit</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 445px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><img alt="Tianwen-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/ZhurongIcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px solid;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Zhurong</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 231px; top: 119px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><img alt="Viking 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 388px; top: 120px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 1</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 495px; top: 67px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><img alt="Viking 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 2</i> </small></span></a> </span></div> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intended_operations">Intended operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Intended operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traveling at approximately 6.9 kilometers/second and 125 kilometers above the surface, the spacecraft entered the atmosphere and was initially decelerated by using a 2.4 meter <a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">ablation</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_shield" title="Heat shield">heat shield</a>, located on the bottom of the entry body, to <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobrake</a> through 116 kilometers of the atmosphere. Three minutes after entry, the spacecraft had slowed to 496 meters per second, signaling an 8.4-meter <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> parachute to deploy from a mortar, followed immediately by heat shield separation and MARDI powering on while 8.8 kilometers above the surface. The parachute further slowed the speed of the spacecraft to 85 meters per second when the ground radar began tracking surface features to detect the best possible landing location and determine the vertical speed via the Doppler effect for thrust control. </p><p>When the spacecraft had slowed to 80 meters per second, one minute after parachute deployment, the lander separated from the backshell and began a powered descent at 1.3 kilometers aloft. Vertical speed was intended to drop to 2.4 meters per second at 12 m height and then be constant until touchdown. Below 40 meters, the radar would become unreliable by raised dust and was switched off already at that height; for the final seconds, the thrust would be controlled by inertial sensors. A function to switch off the thrust immediately at touchdown was also armed at 40 meters. Touchdown was expected at 20:01 UTC, given as 20:15 ″Earth-received time″.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1999_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lander operations were to begin five minutes after touchdown, first unfolding the stowed solar arrays, followed by orienting the medium-gain, direct-to-Earth antenna to allow for the first communication with the NASA Deep Space Network. A 45-minute transmission was to be broadcast to Earth containing 30 landing images acquired by MARDI. Arrival of that signal of a successful landing was expected at 20:39 UTC. The lander would then power down for six hours to allow the batteries to charge. On the following days, the spacecraft instruments would be checked by operators and science experiments were to begin on December 7 and last for at least the following 90 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars#Sols" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Martian Sols</a>, with the possibility of an extended mission.<sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1998_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1998-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-press_kit_1999_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press_kit_1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Loss_of_communications">Loss of communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Loss of communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 3, 1999, at 14:39:00 UTC, the last <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> from <i>Mars Polar Lander</i> was sent, just prior to cruise stage separation and the subsequent atmospheric entry. No further signals were received from the spacecraft. Attempts were made by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> to photograph the area in which the lander was believed to be. An object was visible and believed to be the lander. However, subsequent imaging in September 2005 resulted in the identified object being ruled out. <i>Mars Polar Lander</i> remains lost.<sup id="cite_ref-skytel1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skytel1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20051017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20051017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause of the communication loss is not known. However, the Failure Review Board concluded that the most likely cause of the mishap was a software error that incorrectly identified vibrations, caused by the deployment of the stowed legs, as surface touchdown.<sup id="cite_ref-youtube1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting action by the spacecraft was the shutdown of the descent engines, while still likely 40 meters above the surface. Although it was known that leg deployment could create the false indication, the software's design instructions did not account for that eventuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Leveson_2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leveson_2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the premature shutdown of the descent engines, the Failure Review Board also assessed other potential modes of failure.<sup id="cite_ref-LossReport_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LossReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacking substantial evidence for the mode of failure, the following possibilities could not be excluded: </p> <ul><li>surface conditions exceed landing design capabilities;</li> <li>loss of control due to dynamic effects;</li> <li>landing site not survivable;</li> <li>backshell/parachute contacts lander;</li> <li>loss of control due to center-of-mass offset; or</li> <li>heatshield fails due to <a href="/wiki/Micrometeoroid" title="Micrometeoroid">micrometeoroid</a> impact.</li></ul> <p>The failure of the Mars Polar Lander took place two and a half months after the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a>. Inadequate funding and poor management have been cited as underlying causes of the failures.<sup id="cite_ref-spaceref-20000314_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaceref-20000314-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Thomas Young, chairman of the Mars Program Independent Assessment Team, the program "was under funded by at least 30%."<sup id="cite_ref-PBS-20000414_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-20000414-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Quoted from the report<sup id="cite_ref-LossReport_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LossReport-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="col" width="750"> <p>"A magnetic sensor is provided in each of the three landing legs to sense touchdown when the lander contacts the surface, initiating the shutdown of the descent engines. Data from MPL engineering development unit deployment tests, MPL flight unit deployment tests, and Mars 2001 deployment tests showed that a spurious touchdown indication occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall Effect</a> touchdown sensor during landing leg deployment (while the lander is connected to the parachute). The software logic accepts this transient signal as a valid touchdown event if it persists for two consecutive readings of the sensor. The tests showed that most of the transient signals at leg deployment are indeed long enough to be accepted as valid events, therefore, it is almost a certainty that at least one of the three would have generated a spurious touchdown indication that the software accepted as valid. </p><p>The software—intended to ignore touchdown indications prior to the enabling of the touchdown sensing logic—was not properly implemented, and the spurious touchdown indication was retained. The touchdown sensing logic is enabled at 40 meters altitude, and the software would have issued a descent engine thrust termination at this time in response to a (spurious) touchdown indication. </p><p>At 40 meters altitude, the lander has a velocity of approximately 13 meters per second, which, in the absence of thrust, is accelerated by Mars gravity to a surface impact velocity of approximately 22 meters per second (the nominal touchdown velocity is 2.4 meters per second). At this impact velocity, the lander could not have survived." </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a>, which served as the exploration target for the lander and the two <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a> probes,<sup id="cite_ref-AMS-20190106_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMS-20190106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would in later years be explored by European Space Agency's <a href="/wiki/MARSIS" title="MARSIS">MARSIS</a> radar, which examined and analyzed the site from Mars' orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-Orosei_2018_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orosei_2018-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180725_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180725-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eureka1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eureka1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor 2001</a>, similar design lander, mission cancelled. Lander used for Phoenix.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i> lander</a>, 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> rover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> rover</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_bugs#Space" title="List of software bugs">List of software bugs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-001A">"Mars Polar Lander"</a>. <i>nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Watery+Lake+Is+Detected+on+Mars%2C+Raising+the+Potential+for+Alien+Life&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.au=Kenneth+Chang&rft.au=Dennis+Overbye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F25%2Fscience%2Fmars-liquid-alien-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Polar+Lander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eureka1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eureka1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-07/aaft-hro072318.php">"Huge reservoir of liquid water detected under the surface of Mars"</a>. <i>EurekAlert</i>. 25 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Liquid+water+%27lake%27+revealed+on+Mars&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.au=Mary+Halton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-44952710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Polar+Lander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mars_Polar_Lander" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_C._Malin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Michael C. Malin (July 2005). "Hidden in Plain Sight: Finding Martian Landers". <i>Sky and Telescope</i>. <b>110</b> (7): 42–46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005S&T...110a..42M">2005S&T...110a..42M</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6604">0037-6604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=Hidden+in+Plain+Sight%3A+Finding+Martian+Landers&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=42-46&rft.date=2005-07&rft.issn=0037-6604&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005S%26T...110a..42M&rft.au=Michael+C.+Malin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Polar+Lander" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areography" title="Areography">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_general_circulation_model" title="Mars general circulation model">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dust_devils" title="Martian dust devils">Dust devil tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_methane_on_Mars" title="Natural methane on Mars">Methane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Mars" title="List of terrae on Mars">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus (Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Undae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Landing_zone">Ultimi Scopuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Physical<br />features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">"Canals"</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_terrain" title="Chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">Craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature#Descriptor_terms_(feature_types)" title="Planetary nomenclature">Labyrinthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars_by_height" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains on Mars by height">by height</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Observed rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_of_Mars" title="Gravity of Mars">Gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_chaos_terrain_on_Mars" title="List of areas of chaos terrain on Mars">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsquake" title="Marsquake">Marsquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Meteorites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_cracks_on_Mars" title="Mud cracks on Mars">Mud cracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars ocean hypothesis">Ocean hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander_on_Mars" title="True polar wander on Mars">polar wander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Recurring slope lineae (RSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">"Swiss cheese" feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis#Location_and_Size" title="Tharsis">Tharsis bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars" title="Astronomy on Mars">Astronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stickney_(crater)" title="Stickney (crater)">Stickney crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limtoc" title="Limtoc">Limtoc crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(Deimian_crater)" title="Swift (Deimian crater)">Swift crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire_(crater)" title="Voltaire (crater)">Voltaire crater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_transit" title="Astronomical transit">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Mars" title="Solar eclipses on Mars">Solar eclipses on Mars</a></li> <li>Satellite transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Phobos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Phobos from Mars">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars" title="Transit of Deimos from Mars">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planetary transits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars" title="Transit of Earth from Mars">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars" title="Transit of Mercury from Mars">Mercury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars-crossers</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_WD5" title="2007 WD5">2007 WD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5261_Eureka" title="5261 Eureka">5261 Eureka</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(101429)_1998_VF31" title="(101429) 1998 VF31">1998 VF<sub>31</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(121514)_1999_UJ7" title="(121514) 1999 UJ7">1999 UJ<sub>7</sub></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(311999)_2007_NS2" title="(311999) 2007 NS2">2007 NS<sub>2</sub></a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Mars" title="Orbit of Mars">Orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft">Missions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Artificial objects on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_memorials#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial memorials">Memorials on Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_in_fiction" title="Mars in fiction">Fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_on_Mars" title="List of films set on Mars">List of films set on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_scientist" title="Martian scientist">Martian scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mars" title="Flag of Mars">Flag of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Mars" title="Life on Mars">Life on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Earth" title="Sub-Earth">Sub-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Timekeeping on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sol" title="Mars sol">Sol (day on Mars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian calendar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mars" title="Category:Mars">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1998Orbital_launches_in_19992000_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1999" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1999"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1999" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1999"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1999" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1999"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1998Orbital_launches_in_19992000_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1998_in_spaceflight" title="1998 in spaceflight">← 1998</a></div><a href="/wiki/1999_in_spaceflight" title="1999 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1999</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2000_in_spaceflight" title="2000 in spaceflight">2000 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosat-1" title="Formosat-1">ROCSAT-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 23 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 23</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 36 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 36</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 38 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 38</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 40 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_26" title="Galaxy 26">Telstar 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-4A" title="JCSAT-4A">JCSAT-6</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">Soyuz TM-29</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARGOS_(satellite)" title="ARGOS (satellite)">ARGOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98rsted_(satellite)" title="Ørsted (satellite)">Ørsted</a>, <a href="/wiki/SUNSAT" title="SUNSAT">SUNSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabsat_3A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabsat 3A">Arabsat 3A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skynet_4E" class="mw-redirect" title="Skynet 4E">Skynet 4E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globus_No.15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globus No.15 (page does not exist)">Globus No.15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 23 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 23</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 37 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 37</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 41 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 41</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_46&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 46 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsiaSat_3S" title="AsiaSat 3S">AsiaSat 3S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DemoSat_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DemoSat (satellite) (page does not exist)">DemoSat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-41" title="Progress M-41">Progress M-41</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2E" title="INSAT-2E">INSAT-2E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-142&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-142 (page does not exist)">USA-142</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat_W3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat W3 (page does not exist)">Eutelsat W3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 19 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 19</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 42 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 42</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_44&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 44 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 44</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 45 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UoSAT-12" title="UoSAT-12">UoSAT-12</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikonos-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikonos-1 (page does not exist)">Ikonos-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megsat-0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megsat-0 (page does not exist)">Megsat-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-143" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-143">USA-143</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orion_3" title="Orion 3">Orion 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Yun_1C" class="mw-redirect" title="Feng Yun 1C">Feng Yun 1C</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shijian_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shijian 5 (page does not exist)">Shijian 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TERRIERS" class="mw-redirect" title="TERRIERS">TERRIERS</a>, <a href="/wiki/MUBLCOM" title="MUBLCOM">MUBLCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimiq_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimiq 1">Nimiq 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-144" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-144">USA-144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-1" title="Oceansat-1">Oceansat-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitsat-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitsat-3">Kitsat-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/DLR-Tubsat" title="DLR-Tubsat">DLR-Tubsat</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-96" title="STS-96">STS-96</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Starshine_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Starshine 1 (page does not exist)">Starshine 1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 25 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 25</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_47&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 47 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 47</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_49&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 49 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 49</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_52&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 52 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 52</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_14A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 14A (page does not exist)">Iridium 14A</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iridium_21A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iridium 21A (page does not exist)">Iridium 21A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1H" title="Astra 1H">Astra 1H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">FUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.45&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.45 (page does not exist)">Gran' No.45</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_3-50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 3-50 (page does not exist)">Molniya 3-50</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 30 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 30</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 32 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 32</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 35 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 35</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 51 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-42" title="Progress M-42">Progress M-42</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okean-O_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okean-O No.1 (page does not exist)">Okean-O No.1</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-93" title="STS-93">STS-93</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 26 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 26</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 28 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 28</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_43&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 43 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 43</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 48 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 48</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telkom_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Telkom 1">Telkom 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 24 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 24</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 27 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 27</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_53&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 53 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 53</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_54&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 54 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 54</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2365&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2365 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2365</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2366&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2366 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2366</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreasat_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreasat 3">Koreasat 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal-101" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamal-101">Yamal-101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamal-102" title="Yamal-102">Yamal-102</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton 12 (page does not exist)">Foton 12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 33 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 33</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_50&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 50 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 50</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_55&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 55 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 55</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_58&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 58 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar_V" title="EchoStar V">EchoStar V</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikonos_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikonos 2 (page does not exist)">Ikonos 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_27" title="Galaxy 27">Telstar 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LMI-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LMI-1 (page does not exist)">LMI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resurs_F-1M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resurs F-1M (page does not exist)">Resurs F-1M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-145" title="USA-145">USA-145</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DirecTV-1R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DirecTV-1R (page does not exist)">DirecTV-1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBERS-1" title="CBERS-1">CBERS-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SACI-1" title="SACI-1">SACI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 31 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 31</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_56&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 56 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 56</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_57&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 57 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 57</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_59&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 59 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telstar_12" title="Telstar 12">Orion 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekspress_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekspress A1">Ekspress A1</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMC-4" title="AMC-4">GE-4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MTSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="MTSAT-1">MTSAT-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_1" title="Shenzhou 1">Shenzhou 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 29 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 29</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 34 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 34</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_39&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 39 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 39</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 61 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 61</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-146&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-146 (page does not exist)">USA-146</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lios_1B" title="Hélios 1B">Hélios 1B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9mentine_(satellite)" title="Clémentine (satellite)">Clémentine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM30 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM30</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM31 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM31</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM32 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM32</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM33&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM33 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM33</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM34&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM34 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM34</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM35 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM35</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbcomm_FM36&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbcomm FM36 (page does not exist)">Orbcomm FM36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></li> <li>† <a href="/wiki/VLS-1_V02" title="VLS-1 V02">VLS-1 V02</a> (<a href="/wiki/SACI-2" title="SACI-2">SACI-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-147&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-147 (page does not exist)">USA-147</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(satellite)" title="Terra (satellite)">Terra</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-103" title="STS-103">STS-103</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang-1">Arirang-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestis" title="Celestis">Millennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_11" title="Galaxy 11">Galaxy 11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2367&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2367 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2367</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2368" title="Kosmos 2368">Kosmos 2368</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&oldid=1255414716">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_Polar_Lander&oldid=1255414716</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_Mars" title="Category:Missions to Mars">Missions to Mars</a></li><li><a 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