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class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Mass Extinctions: The 5 Biggest Dying Events in History</span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">Mass Extinctions: The 5 Biggest Dying Events in History</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-meta-divider-customicon"> <div class="meta-comments"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-comments-alt-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><title>Comments</title><path d="M10 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM16 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM22 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM14 6c-6.5 0-12 3.656-12 8 0 2.328 1.563 4.547 4.266 6.078l1.359 0.781-0.422 1.5c-0.297 1.109-0.688 1.969-1.094 2.688 1.578-0.656 3.016-1.547 4.297-2.672l0.672-0.594 0.891 0.094c0.672 0.078 1.359 0.125 2.031 0.125 6.5 0 12-3.656 12-8s-5.5-8-12-8zM28 14c0 5.531-6.266 10-14 10-0.766 0-1.531-0.047-2.266-0.125-2.047 1.813-4.484 3.094-7.187 3.781-0.562 0.156-1.172 0.266-1.781 0.344h-0.078c-0.313 0-0.594-0.25-0.672-0.594v-0.016c-0.078-0.391 0.187-0.625 0.422-0.906 0.984-1.109 2.109-2.047 2.844-4.656-3.219-1.828-5.281-4.656-5.281-7.828 0-5.516 6.266-10 14-10v0c7.734 0 14 4.484 14 10z"></path> </svg></span><a class="meta-comments-link anchor-scroll" href="#comments">9 Comments</a></div></div></header> <div class="entry-content single-content"> <figure class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="678" height="378" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Mass-Extinctions-678x378.png" alt="Mass Extinctions" class="wp-image-2546"/></figure> <div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-center is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“Mass extinctions are common in nature. Earth has experienced 5 mass extinctions where more than 99% of species that existed are now extinct.”</p> </blockquote> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div><p>Time and time again, the reign of a species has fallen with an abrupt ending. Some of the biggest causes of mass extinctions include:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Ocean/atmosphere chemistry</li> <li>Climate change</li> <li>Volcanic activity</li> <li>Meteor/asteroid impacts</li> </ul> <p>No matter how far back you look, nature has found its way to reshuffle the deck. Large mammals are at greater risk. For example, giant sloths, mastodons, and saber-toothed tigers became extinct only about 10,000 years ago. They just couldn’t find a way to outmuscle nature.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img decoding="async" width="675" height="214" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Extinction-Timeline-675x214.png" alt="Extinction Timeline" class="wp-image-11509" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Extinction-Timeline-675x214.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Extinction-Timeline-300x95.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Extinction-Timeline-425x135.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Extinction-Timeline-1536x488.png 1536w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Extinction-Timeline-550x175.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Extinction-Timeline-850x270.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Extinction-Timeline.png 1852w" sizes="(max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px"/></figure></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">What were the 5 biggest dying events in history?</h2> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Extinction Event</strong></td><td><strong>Major Cause</strong></td><td><strong>Groups Affected</strong></td><td><strong>Time (Years Ago)</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction (K-Pg)</td><td>Asteroid impact at Chicxulub Crater</td><td>Dinosaurs (not birds), pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, and ammonoids</td><td>66,000,000</td></tr><tr><td>Triassic-Jurassic Extinction</td><td>Volcano eruptions, climate change, and gas hydrate release</td><td>Large amphibians, crurotarsans (not crocodiles), insects and conodonts</td><td>201,300,000</td></tr><tr><td>Permian-Triassic Extinction</td><td>Unstable climate, ocean oxygen reduction, or asteroid/comet impact</td><td>Marine invertebrates, land plants, plankton, insects, and all life</td><td>252,000,000</td></tr><tr><td>Late Devonian Extinction</td><td>Global anoxia (oxygen shortage), forest evolution, and reduced carbon dioxide</td><td>Coral-sponge reefs in the tropics, fish, and plankton</td><td>375,000,000</td></tr><tr><td>Ordovician–Silurian Extinction</td><td>Massive glaciation and sea level drop</td><td>Brachiopods, trilobites, graptolites, and moss animals</td><td>450,000,000</td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">1. Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction (K-Pg)</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><img decoding="async" width="300" height="279" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/chicxulub-crater-300x279.png" alt="chicxulub crater" class="wp-image-8986" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/chicxulub-crater-300x279.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/chicxulub-crater-425x396.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/chicxulub-crater-550x512.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/chicxulub-crater.png 670w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></figure></div><p>About 66 million years ago, 75% of species became extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene Extinction. Rates of extinction broadly swept the land, sea, and air. In the oceans, ammonites disappeared.</p> <p>All non-avian dinosaurs became extinct. But avian dinosaurs survived because it was birds that descended from theropod dinosaurs. Eventually, mammals emerged as dominant large land animals.</p> <p>The cause of this extinction event was an asteroid impact which left an impact called the Chicxulub Crater. Also, giant floor basalts aggravated called Deccan Traps.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">2. Triassic–Jurassic Extinction (T-J)</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="290" height="300" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Volcanoes-blank-290x300.png" alt="Volcanoes" class="wp-image-8987" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Volcanoes-blank-290x300.png 290w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Volcanoes-blank.png 407w" sizes="(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px"/></figure></div><p>The Triassic–Jurassic Extinction occurred 201.3 Million years ago. This extinction event witnessed acid 70-75% of all terrestrial and marine species go extinct.</p> <p>Although the effects of this extinction were less disastrous, most amphibians were eliminated. In the end of it, dinosaurs were left with little terrestrial competition.</p> <p>Possible causes include volcanoes and giant flood basalts. From the sudden release of carbon dioxide, climate change amplified the <a href="https://earthhow.com/greenhouse-effect/">greenhouse effect</a>.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">3. Permian–Triassic Extinction (Great Dying)</h3> <p>Earth’s largest extinction event in history killed 96% of all marine species and an estimated 70% of land species, including insects. The Permian-Triassic Extinction was such a devastating event that it had the nickname the “Great Dying” because of its significance.</p> <p>Actually, it took 30 million years for vertebrates to fully recover. Even the highly successful marine arthropod and trilobite went extinct. There was enormous evolutionary significance in ending the reign of mammal-like reptiles.</p> <p>It’s difficult to find the underlying cause of the Permian-Triassic Extinction because it happened 252 million years ago. Much of the evidence would have been removed. But the general consensus for the cause of the “Great Dying” is severe volcanic activity, environmental change, and long-term methane release.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">4. Late Devonian Extinction (Late D)</h3> <p>The Late Devonian Extinction was less severe than the other mass extinctions. At least 70% of all species went extinct</p> <p>It occurred 375–360 million years ago at the end of the Frasnian Age and in the Devonian Period. This mass extinction lasted for over 20 million years.</p> <p>Though opinions vary, the biggest evidence is attributed to global anoxia. The oxygen shortage was possibly triggered by global cooling or oceanic volcanism.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">5. Ordovician–Silurian Extinction (O-S)</h3> <p>The Ordovician–Silurian Extinction actually consists of two consecutive mass extinctions. When combined together, O-S is widely considered to be the second most catastrophic extinction event in history.</p> <p>About 450–440 million years ago, 60% to 70% of all species were vanquished. This included 85% of marine species that died.</p> <p>The primary cause of the Ordovician–Silurian Extinction is believed to be massive glaciation and sea-level drop. As continental drift carried Gondwana to the South Pole, this locked water into ice caps. Overall, sea levels substantially dropped.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mass Extinctions: The 5 Biggest Dying Events in History</h2> <p>Mass extinctions are the largest historical biological events. They indicate the disappearance of large numbers of species that have occurred throughout Earth’s history.</p> <p>Mass extinctions have left enduring marks on the planet’s biodiversity. But at the same time, they often paved the way for the rise of new species and ecosystems, reshaping the course of life on Earth.</p> <p>Are you learning about mass extinctions and have any questions or comments? Please feel free to contact us below.</p></div></div><div class="newsletter1"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Subscribe to our newsletter:</span> <div class="tnp tnp-subscription-minimal"><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=tnp&na=s" method="post" style="text-align: center"><input type="hidden" name="nr" value="minimal"> <input type="hidden" name="nlang" value=""> <input class="tnp-email" type="email" required name="ne" value="" placeholder="Email"><input class="tnp-submit" type="submit" value="Subscribe" style=""> </form></div></div><div class="kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id18750_45f50e-c9 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout"><div class="kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top"> <div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column18750_dbe7c4-7f kvs-sm-false kb-section-dir-horizontal"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col"><div class="wp-block-kadence-posts kb-posts 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class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/earth-timeline-geological-history-events/" aria-label="Read More Earth Timeline: A Guide to Earth’s Geological History and Events [Infographic]" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1-300x225.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Earth Timeline" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1-300x225.jpg 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1-675x507.jpg 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1-425x319.jpg 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1-326x245.jpg 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1-80x60.jpg 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1-550x413.jpg 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1-140x105.jpg 140w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Earth-Timeline-1.jpg 678w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/earth-timeline-geological-history-events/">Earth Timeline: A Guide to Earth’s Geological History and Events [Infographic]</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <h2 class="comments-title">9 Comments</h2> <ol class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-32596" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-32596" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Robert</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-32596"><time datetime="2024-04-28T01:06:46-06:00">April 28, 2024 at 1:06 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Very informative…..what proof do we have and how long have we known this….</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-31210" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-31210" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Aaron Lewis</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-31210"><time datetime="2024-03-27T07:42:34-06:00">March 27, 2024 at 7:42 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>I love this. I learned a lot about the 5 extinctions. I hope I can make it not be the 6 extinctions</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-26298" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-26298" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Eric Simpson</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-26298"><time datetime="2023-12-28T08:20:49-06:00">December 28, 2023 at 8:20 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Glad all these folks KNOW so much about this Very Ancient goings on! Really helps me so I can change all this and stop ANY/ALL of it from happening again. Someday, maybe I’ll be real smart like these people, especially Heise who KNOWS SO MUCH!</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-21740" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-21740" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Joris John Heise</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-21740"><time datetime="2023-06-11T12:29:16-06:00">June 11, 2023 at 12:29 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>George Ray Ciseau<br /> Unfortunately, your logic is very weak. Yes, nature did cause climate change in the past independent of humans. But that does not in any way logically lead to any denial of the fact that humans are now causing climate change. On the contrary, the same science that produced and published the information about these climate disasters of the past is the same science that is saying that we are causing them. It is human history that can now cause one such climate change – and is causing it.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-19060" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-19060" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">John</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-19060"><time datetime="2023-01-01T21:34:19-06:00">January 1, 2023 at 9:34 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>yes there were mass extinctions and weather chages.. but over periods of hundreds of thousands of years.. millions of years.. The climate is changing the fastest in recorded history now.. Even by plant/fossil and glacier samples we are literally melting away.. So yes, there is man-made climate change I am afraid.. and it is extremely rapid..</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-10929" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-10929" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">George Ray Ciseau</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-10929"><time datetime="2022-01-24T17:31:18-06:00">January 24, 2022 at 5:31 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Great news, this proves that the latest trend of blaming mankind for climate change is a lot of rot<br /> the earths climate has always changed and species have always become extinct only to be replaced by other superior species (Darwins theory is very correct)<br /> Now if only we can convince the noisy minority who deliberately twist the truth to push their own agendas of climate doom then our world would be in better shape</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-6753" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-6753" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Carol Hazelip</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-6753"><time datetime="2020-12-29T15:23:53-06:00">December 29, 2020 at 3:23 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Well done. Clearly explained</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-4893" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-4893" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Chloe Sheffield</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-4893"><time datetime="2020-09-16T12:06:35-06:00">September 16, 2020 at 12:06 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>If the sea levels drop so dramatically that 85% of marine life died when the sea level did come back up there was a whole different life or system in our ocean that’s crazy.</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-4889" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-4889" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Jackson Pipho</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/#comment-4889"><time datetime="2020-09-16T07:50:11-06:00">September 16, 2020 at 7:50 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>The first extinction was 66 million years ago and fits into the cretaceous period. Which is the most recent major extinction. It also killed 75percent of the species. The second and third extinctions about 200 million and 250 million years ago were the Jurassic and Triassic periods. The Jurassic killed about 70 percent and the Triassic was the biggest killing 96 percent of dinosaurs and animals. The fourth and fifth extinctions were the Donvian and Ordovician periods. About 360 million to 440 million years ago. Both of them killed about 70 percent of there species.</p></div></article> </li> </ol> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply</h3><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment comment-form-float-label"><textarea autocomplete="new-password" id="i477054932" name="i477054932" placeholder="Leave a comment..." cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" aria-required="true" required="required"></textarea><textarea id="comment" aria-label="hp-comment" aria-hidden="true" name="comment" autocomplete="new-password" style="padding:0 !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;position:absolute !important;white-space:nowrap 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