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<span><a href="https://earthhow.com/category/geology/geologic-timeline/">Geologic Timeline</a></span> 禄 <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">The Cenozoic Era: From Dinosaur Extinction to Human Evolution</span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">The Cenozoic Era: From Dinosaur Extinction to Human Evolution</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-meta-divider-customicon"> <div class="meta-comments"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-comments-alt-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><title>Comments</title><path d="M10 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM16 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM22 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM14 6c-6.5 0-12 3.656-12 8 0 2.328 1.563 4.547 4.266 6.078l1.359 0.781-0.422 1.5c-0.297 1.109-0.688 1.969-1.094 2.688 1.578-0.656 3.016-1.547 4.297-2.672l0.672-0.594 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class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Cenozoic Era</h3> <p>The central theme of the <a href="https://earthhow.com/mesozoic-era/">Mesozoic Era</a> right before was how dinosaurs dominated the land. Now, the Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to Present) is a story about us.</p> <p>It’s the era when humans began to evolve. But first, humans needed a bit of help.</p> <p>As <a href="https://earthhow.com/dinosaurs-era/">dinosaurs roamed the Earth for over 160 million years</a>, we needed their dominance to end.</p> <p>And this finally happened with the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event at the start of the Cenozoic Era.</p> <p>From there, early humans evolved from small, furry mammals. They began walking on two legs, using their freed hands and sharing information in groups.</p> <p>And finally, here we are now. From hominids, <a href="https://earthhow.com/human-evolution-timeline/">humans evolved in the last 4 million years</a> of the Cenozoic era.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">1. The dinosaurs went extinct</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><img decoding="async" width="290" height="300" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Fossil-Records-290x300.png" alt="Fossil Records" class="wp-image-1649" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Fossil-Records-290x300.png 290w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Fossil-Records.png 407w" sizes="(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px"/></figure></div><p>Ultimately, the start of the Cenozoic Era was the demise of dinosaurs. After a 6-mile wide asteroid hit Earth 66 million years ago, a dust cloud blocked the sun. It was the Cretaceous鈥揚aleogene (K-Pg) extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs.</p> <p>The worldwide climate disruption caused temperatures to plummet and <a href="https://earthhow.com/ice-ages-glaciations-geologic-history/">enter an ice age</a>. Because of the reduced sunlight, it halted photosynthesis from plankton and plants.</p> <p>From the initial strike, dinosaurs were almost completely wiped into extinction. But mammals managed to survive the impact of the Cretaceous鈥揚aleogene (K-Pg) event. So how come mammals didn’t go extinct?</p> <p>Though opinions vary, it鈥檚 believed their burrowing lifestyle shielded them from the heat. <a href="https://earthhow.com/mass-extinctions/">Mass extinctions have occurred several times</a> in Earth’s history. Similarly, scientists are still trying to unravel the mysteries.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">2. Mammals diversified and grew larger</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><img decoding="async" width="290" height="300" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Mass-Extinction-290x300.png" alt="Mass Extinctions" class="wp-image-1647" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Mass-Extinction-290x300.png 290w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Mass-Extinction.png 407w" sizes="(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px"/></figure></div><p>Mammals existed long before the Cenozoic Era. But they kept a low profile because dinosaurs dominated the land.</p> <p>When dinosaurs roamed the Earth, mammals remained small and fury. After the extinction of the dinosaurs, mammals finally had their <a href="https://earthhow.com/theory-of-evolution/">chance to evolve</a>.</p> <p>In the Cenozoic Era, warm-blooded mammals diversified to land, air, and sea habitats. It was the peak of evolution in the age of mammals.</p> <p>Not only did mammal diversity increase, but they were the largest land animal at the time. This diversification eventually gave rise to the human species.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">3. There was a shift from four legs to two</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="290" height="300" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Human-Evolution-290x300.png" alt="Human Evolution" class="wp-image-1552" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Human-Evolution-290x300.png 290w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Human-Evolution.png 407w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px"/></figure></div><p>Chimpanzees are humans’ most common ancestor. About 13 million years ago, these creatures lived high in the trees for their primary food source.</p> <p>But as <a href="https://earthhow.com/climate-change/">Earth’s climate began to shift</a>, grass began to spread. As a result, there were fewer trees in places like the African Savannah.</p> <p>The loss of forests meant fewer food sources for chimpanzees. Likewise, there was more competition for food in the trees.</p> <p>This forced chimpanzees to find new food sources. With their heads above the grass to see predators, it’s believed this is when four-legged mammals adapted to walk on two legs.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">4. The Stone Age period begins</h3> <p>When early humans began walking on two legs, it freed their hands. Now, they had an advantage because they no longer walked on four legs. At this point in time, <a href="https://earthhow.com/human-evolution-timeline/">human evolution</a> really began to kick off.</p> <p>Hominids were the early proto-humans who really began to master the use of their hands and fingers. For instance, they were known for sharpening objects with silicon rocks.</p> <p>But not only did these early humans start manipulating tools, but they were also able to control fire. In the Stone Age, early humans cooked their food. This gave them more calories and the chance to develop larger brains.</p> <p>Lastly, early humans learned to make more complex sounds and share information in groups. This cooperation helped them bond, form cultural groups, and build like-minded communities. At 7.6 billion people, the <a href="https://earthhow.com/human-footprint/">human footprint</a> has left a profound impact on the planet.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">5. Modern humans dominate the land</h3> <p>The Cenozoic Era started with the extinction of dinosaurs and moved into the age of mammals. This led to the diversification and increase in size of mammals.</p> <p>Chimpanzees began to walk on two legs because they needed to find food sources in the African Savannah. This freed their hands to carve out tools and gain control of fire.</p> <p>So <a href="https://earthhow.com/human-timeline/">humans have only existed for 0.004%</a> of the age of the Earth. From human evolution to bustling cities, modern-day humans are now the most dominant species on Earth.</p> <p>Make sure you read more of our timelines to explore the history of Earth:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/proterozoic-eon/">Proterozoic Eon: Eukaryotes to Multicellular Life (2500 to 541 million years ago)</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/archean-eon/">Archean Eon: Molten Lava to Oceans and Continents (4.0 to 2.5 billion years ago)</a></li> <li><a href="https://earthhow.com/mesozoic-era/">Mesozoic Era: Age of Reptiles, Dinosaurs and Conifers</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">The Cenozoic Era</h3> <p>The Cenozoic Era, often referred to as the “Age of Mammals,” spans from about 66 million years ago to the present day.</p> <p>It is characterized by the proliferation and diversification of mammals, the rise of modern ecosystems, and significant climatic shifts, including the cooling of the Earth and the formation of ice caps in polar regions.</p> <p>If you have any questions or comments, please use the comment form below to let us know what your questions are.</p> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="675" height="284" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Light-0-675x284.png" alt="Cenozoic Era Timeline" class="wp-image-8412" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Light-0-675x284.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Light-0-300x126.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Light-0-425x179.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Light-0-550x231.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Light-0-850x357.png 850w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Light-0-900x378.png 900w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Cenozoic-Era-Light-0.png 1000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 675px) 100vw, 675px"/></figure></div></div></div><div class="newsletter1"><span style="color:#FFFFFF">Subscribe to our newsletter:</span> <div class="tnp tnp-subscription-minimal"><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=tnp&na=s" method="post" style="text-align: center"><input type="hidden" name="nr" value="minimal"> <input type="hidden" name="nlang" value=""> <input class="tnp-email" type="email" required name="ne" value="" placeholder="Email"><input class="tnp-submit" type="submit" value="Subscribe" style=""> </form></div></div><div class="kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id18750_45f50e-c9 alignnone 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class="kadence-post-image-inner-intrisic"><a href="https://earthhow.com/asthenosphere-facts/" aria-label="Read More 5 Asthenosphere Facts: What is the Asthenosphere?" class="kadence-post-image-inner-wrap"><img width="300" height="225" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere-300x225.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="asthenosphere" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere-300x225.png 300w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere-675x507.png 675w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere-425x319.png 425w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere-550x413.png 550w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere.png 678w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere-326x245.png 326w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere-80x60.png 80w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Asthenosphere-267x200.png 267w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px"/></a></div></div></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/asthenosphere-facts/">5 Asthenosphere Facts: What is the Asthenosphere?</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <h2 class="comments-title">2 Comments</h2> <ol class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-35531" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-35531" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Suzan O鈥橫eally</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/cenozoic-era/#comment-35531"><time datetime="2024-06-12T03:43:50-06:00">June 12, 2024 at 3:43 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Hi – thank you for this excellent article.<br /> How many forms of potential humans evolved in the Cenozoic era from hominidae? What happened to them?<br /> Thank you</p></div></article> </li> <li id="comment-25214" class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-25214" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">Kavya</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/cenozoic-era/#comment-25214"><time datetime="2023-11-26T08:15:30-06:00">November 26, 2023 at 8:15 am</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Amazingly Well.鈽猴笍</p></div></article> </li> </ol> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply</h3><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span 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