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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ole_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ole language">'Ole language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sino-Tibetan language of western Bhutan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">ʼOle</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Black Mountain Monpa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains_(Bhutan)" title="Black Mountains (Bhutan)">Black Mountains</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">100-150 ʼOle</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 2 (2016)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;">possibly <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_isolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic isolate">linguistic isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ole" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ole">ole</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/olek1239">olek1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4919">Olekha</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should <b>specify the language</b> of its non-English content, using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for transliterated languages, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used - notably <code>ole</code> for Olekha.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rindzi_Phup.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rindzi Phup, one of the last speakers of the ʼOle Mönpa language" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Rindzi_Phup.gif" decoding="async" width="142" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Rindzi Phup, one of the last speakers of the ʼOle Mönpa language. Photo by <a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George van Driem</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>ʼOle</b>, also called <b>ʼOlekha</b> or <b>Black Mountain <a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a></b>, is a moribund, possibly <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan language</a> spoken natively by 1 person in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains_(Bhutan)" title="Black Mountains (Bhutan)">Black Mountains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_District" title="Wangdue Phodrang District">Wangdue Phodrang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trongsa_District" title="Trongsa District">Trongsa Districts</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. The term ʼOle refers to a clan of speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>, ʼOlekha is spoken in the following locations of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trongsa_District" title="Trongsa District">Trongsa District</a>: 3 enclaves west of Mangde river</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_District" title="Wangdue Phodrang District">Wangdue Phodrang District</a>: Adha, Jangji, Rukha, Thrumzur, and Wangling villages</li></ul> <p>Dialects are separated by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains_(Bhutan)" title="Black Mountains (Bhutan)">Black Mountains</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʼOle forms a distinct branch of Sino-Tibetan/Tibeto-Burman. it is not closely related to <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla language</a> of eastern Bhutan, also called "Monpa" and predating Dzongkha in the region, which belongs to a different branch of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-driem2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driem2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gerber (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that Black Mountain Mönpa has had extensive contact with <a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a> before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. The following comparative vocabulary table from Gerber (2020) compares Gongduk, Black Mountain Mönpa, and Bjokapakha, which is a divergent <a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a> variety.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></th> <th>Black Mountain Mönpa</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Bjokapakha</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>hair (on head) </th> <td>θɤm</td> <td>guluŋ</td> <td>tsham </td></tr> <tr> <th>tongue </th> <td>dəli</td> <td>líː</td> <td>lɪ </td></tr> <tr> <th>eye </th> <td>mik</td> <td>mek ~ mik</td> <td>miŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>ear </th> <td>nərəŋ</td> <td>naktaŋ</td> <td>nabali </td></tr> <tr> <th>tooth </th> <td>ɤn</td> <td>áː ~ waː</td> <td>sha </td></tr> <tr> <th>bone </th> <td>rukɤŋ</td> <td>ɦɤtphok ~ yöphok</td> <td>khaŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>blood </th> <td>winiʔ</td> <td>kɔk</td> <td>yi </td></tr> <tr> <th>hand/arm </th> <td>gur</td> <td>lɤk ~ lok</td> <td>gadaŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>leg/foot </th> <td>bidɤʔ</td> <td>dɤkpɛŋ ~ tɛ̤kɛŋ</td> <td>bitiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>faeces </th> <td>ki</td> <td>cok</td> <td>khɨ </td></tr> <tr> <th>water </th> <td>dɤŋli</td> <td>cö, khe</td> <td>ri </td></tr> <tr> <th>rain </th> <td>wɤ</td> <td>ghö</td> <td>ŋamtsu </td></tr> <tr> <th>dog </th> <td>oki</td> <td>cüla ~ khula</td> <td>khu </td></tr> <tr> <th>pig </th> <td>don</td> <td>pɔk</td> <td>phakpa </td></tr> <tr> <th>fish </th> <td>kuŋwə</td> <td>nye̤</td> <td>ŋa </td></tr> <tr> <th>louse </th> <td>dɤr</td> <td>θæːk</td> <td>shiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>bear </th> <td>bekpələ</td> <td>wɤm ~ wom</td> <td>omsha </td></tr> <tr> <th>son </th> <td>ledə</td> <td>bæθaː</td> <td>za </td></tr> <tr> <th>daughter </th> <td>medə</td> <td>bæmɛt</td> <td>zamin </td></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td>kət</td> <td>mön ~ min</td> <td>mɨŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>house </th> <td>kiŋ</td> <td>mhiː̤ ~ mhe̤ː</td> <td>phai </td></tr> <tr> <th>fire </th> <td>mi</td> <td>áːmik ~ áːmit</td> <td>mɨ </td></tr> <tr> <th>to hear </th> <td>lə yu-</td> <td>goː-</td> <td>nai tha- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to see </th> <td>tɤŋ-</td> <td>tuŋ-</td> <td>thoŋ- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to look </th> <td>məl- ~ mɤt-</td> <td>mak-</td> <td>got- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to sit </th> <td>mi- ~ mu-</td> <td>buŋ- ~ bæŋ-</td> <td>laŋ- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to die </th> <td>komθ-</td> <td>θɛː- ~ θɛʔ-</td> <td>shi- </td></tr> <tr> <th>to kill </th> <td>tɤt-</td> <td>θüt- ~ θut- ~ θit</td> <td>she- </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Comparison of numerals:<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Gongduk</th> <th>Black Mountain Mönpa</th> <th>Bjokapakha </th></tr> <tr> <th>one </th> <td>ti</td> <td>tɛk</td> <td>thur </td></tr> <tr> <th>two </th> <td>niktsə</td> <td>nhü</td> <td>ɲiktsiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>three </th> <td>towə</td> <td>sam</td> <td>sam </td></tr> <tr> <th>four </th> <td>piyə</td> <td>blö</td> <td>pshi </td></tr> <tr> <th>five </th> <td>ŋəwə</td> <td>lɔŋ</td> <td>ŋa </td></tr> <tr> <th>six </th> <td>kukpə</td> <td>o̤ːk</td> <td>khuŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th>seven </th> <td>ðukpə</td> <td>nyí</td> <td>zum </td></tr> <tr> <th>eight </th> <td>yitpə</td> <td>jit [ʤit]</td> <td>yɪn </td></tr> <tr> <th>nine </th> <td>guwə</td> <td>doːga</td> <td>gu </td></tr> <tr> <th>ten </th> <td>deyə</td> <td>chö</td> <td>se </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Comparison of pronouns:<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pronoun</th> <th>Gongduk</th> <th>Black Mountain Mönpa</th> <th>Bjokapakha </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1SG</abbr> </th> <td>ðə</td> <td>kö</td> <td>jaŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr> </th> <td>gi</td> <td>iŋ</td> <td>nan </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr> </th> <td>gon</td> <td>hoʔma (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>); hoʔmet (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>)</td> <td>dan </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr> </th> <td>ðiŋ</td> <td>ɔŋdat (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="inclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INCL</abbr>); anak (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="exclusive person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EXCL</abbr>)</td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr> </th> <td>giŋ</td> <td>iŋnak</td> <td>nai </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3PL</abbr> </th> <td>gonmət</td> <td>hoʔoŋ</td> <td>dai </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black Mountain Monpa is spoken in at least 6 villages. The variety spoken in Rukha village, south-central Wangdi is known as ʼOlekha.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyslop2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of a population of 100-150 people (about 15 households) in Rukha village, there is only one elderly female fluent speaker and two semi-fluent speakers of ʼOlekha.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyslop2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>George van Driem (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reports a Western dialect (spoken in Rukha and Reti villages) and Eastern dialect (spoken in Cungseng village). </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Tournadre</a> & Suzuki (2023),<sup id="cite_ref-Tibetic_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tibetic-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are three dialects, spoken by 500 speakers in Tronsa ཀྲོང་སར་ and Wangdi Phodr’a དབང་འདུས་ཕོ་བྲང་ districts.. </p> <ul><li>western (in Riti and Rukha)</li> <li>northern (in Wangling, Jangbi, and Phumz’ur)</li> <li>southern (in Cungseng and Berti)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ʼOle was unknown beyond its immediate area until 1990,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and is now highly endangered, and was originally assumed to be <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchPost13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchPost13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George van Driem</a> described ʼOle as a remnant of the primordial population of the Black Mountains before the southward expansion of the ancient East Bodish tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-vanDriem93_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanDriem93-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, Gwendolyn Hyslop (2016),<sup id="cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyslop2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> agreeing with van Driem, has suggested that ʼOle is an isolate branch of the Sino-Tibetan family that has been heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-driem2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-driem2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the small number of cognates with East Bodish languages once loans are identified, Blench and Post provisionally treat ʼOle as a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>, not just an isolate within Sino-Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchPost13_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchPost13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span>) (<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">cʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>oral</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> (<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Consonants in parentheses are only found in loanwords.</li> <li>/s z/ are realized as dental fricatives [θ ð] in eastern dialects.</li> <li>The stops /t k/ are glottalised and unreleased [ʔt̚ ʔk̚] at the end of syllables.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Unrounded</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounded</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/a/ can often be heard as [ɑ~ə].</li> <li>A distinction in vowel length can be attested, but it is not known whether it is phonemic.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, ʼOle has two <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high and low. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hyslop (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyslop2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notes that ʼOlekha has borrowed heavily from <a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a>, but also has a layer of native vocabulary items. Numerals are mostly borrowed from East Bodish languages, while body parts and nature words are borrowed from both Tibetic and East Bodish languages. Hyslop (2016) lists the following ʼOlekha words of clearly indigenous (non-borrowed) origin. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>six: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">wok</span></i></li> <li>head: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">peː</span></i></li> <li>face: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ék</span></i></li> <li>rain: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">gø</span></i></li> <li>earth: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰabak</span></i></li> <li>ash: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰækʰu</span></i></li> <li>stone: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">loŋ</span></i></li> <li>fire: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ámik</span></i></li> <li>grandfather: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tana</span></i></li> <li>grandmother: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔɐˈpeŋ</span></i></li> <li>chicken: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˈkɤgɤ</span></i></li> <li>mustard: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pekoŋ</span></i></li> <li>cotton: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔɐˈpʰɪt</span></i></li> <li>eggplant: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˈpandala</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔamet</span></i></li></ul> </div> <p>The pronouns and lexical items for all foraged plants are also of indigenous origin. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">central vowel</a> /ɤ/ and <a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">voiced uvular fricative</a> /ʁ/ are only found in non-borrowed words.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyslop2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Words whose origin is not certain (i.e., may or may not be borrowed) are:<sup id="cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyslop2016-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>nose: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ná</span></i> (perhaps borrowed from East Bodish?)</li> <li>arm: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lok</span></i> (perhaps borrowed from Tibetic?)</li> <li>wind: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lǿ</span></i></li> <li>water: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">cø</span></i></li> <li>mother: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔɔmɔ</span></i></li> <li>father: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔɔpɔ</span></i></li> <li>dog: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃylɔ</span></i></li> <li>sheep: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lu</span></i></li> <li>barley: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nápʰa</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitter_buckwheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitter buckwheat">bitter buckwheat</a>: <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">máma</span></i></li></ul> </div> <p>The cardinal numerals are:<sup id="cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerber2020-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>tɛk</li> <li>nhü</li> <li>sam</li> <li>blö</li> <li>lɔŋ</li> <li>o̤ːk</li> <li>nyí</li> <li>jit [ʤit]</li> <li>doːga</li> <li>chö</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4919">"Olekha"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olekha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F4919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George</a> (July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/static/reprints/contributions/CNAS_19_02_05.pdf">"In Quest of Mahākirānti"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Center of Nepal and Asian Studies Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 241–247<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Center+of+Nepal+and+Asian+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Quest+of+Mah%C4%81kir%C4%81nti&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-247&rft.date=1992-07&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fstatic%2Freprints%2Fcontributions%2FCNAS_19_02_05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-driem2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-driem2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-driem2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George L.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112220623/http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html">"Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar"</a>. <i>Himalayan Linguistics Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 31–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics/articles/2011/HLJ1001B.html">the original</a> on 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himalayan+Linguistics+Journal&rft.atitle=Tibeto-Burman+subgroups+and+historical+grammar&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-39&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.ucsb.edu%2FHimalayanLinguistics%2Farticles%2F2011%2FHLJ1001B.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerber, Pascal. 2018. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36564118/Areal_features_in_Gongduk_Bjokapakha_and_Black_Mountain_M%C3%B6npa_phonology_Draft_">Areal features in Gongduk, Bjokapakha and Black Mountain Mönpa phonology</a></i>. Unpublished draft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerber2020-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber2020_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gerber, Pascal (2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/ltba.18015.ger">"Areal features in Gongduk, Bjokapakha and Black Mountain Mönpa phonology"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Tibeto-Burman_Area" title="Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area">Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</a></i>. <b>43</b> (1): 55–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fltba.18015.ger">10.1075/ltba.18015.ger</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0731-3500">0731-3500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+of+the+Tibeto-Burman+Area&rft.atitle=Areal+features+in+Gongduk%2C+Bjokapakha+and+Black+Mountain+M%C3%B6npa+phonology&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-86&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fltba.18015.ger&rft.issn=0731-3500&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Fltba.18015.ger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyslop2016-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyslop2016_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gwendolyn Hyslop. 2016. Worlds of knowledge in Central Bhutan: Documentation of ʼOlekha. Language Documentation & Conservation 10. 77-106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Driem, George. 1992. <i>The Monpa language of the Black Mountains</i>. Presented at ICSTLL 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tibetic-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tibetic_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadreSuzuki2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Tournadre, Nicolas</a>; Suzuki, Hiroyuki (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lacito.cnrs.fr/en/tibetic-languages/"><i>The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan</i></a>. Paris: LACITO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-490768-08-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-490768-08-0"><bdi>978-2-490768-08-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetic+Languages%3A+an+introduction+to+the+family+of+languages+derived+from+Old+Tibetan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=LACITO&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-2-490768-08-0&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flacito.cnrs.fr%2Fen%2Ftibetic-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchPost13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchPost13_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchPost13_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, R. & Post, M. W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/627686/Rethinking_Sino-Tibetan_phylogeny_from_the_perspective_of_North_East_Indian_languages">Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of Northeast Indian languages</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanDriem93-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanDriem93_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem1993" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George L.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo:3003">"Language Policy in Bhutan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/SOAS,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS, University of London">SOAS, University of London</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101084255/http://repository.forcedmigration.org/pdf/?pid=fmo%3A3003">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+Bhutan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SOAS%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.forcedmigration.org%2Fpdf%2F%3Fpid%3Dfmo%3A3003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamgyel" class="citation book cs1">Namgyel, Singye. <i>The Language Web of Bhutan</i>. Thimphu: KMT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+Web+of+Bhutan&rft.place=Thimphu&rft.pub=KMT&rft.aulast=Namgyel&rft.aufirst=Singye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_DriemKarma_Tshering_of_Gaselô_(collab)1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George L</a>; Karma Tshering of Gaselô (collab) (1998). <i>Dzongkha</i>. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/905789002X" title="Special:BookSources/905789002X"><bdi>905789002X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzongkha&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Languages+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region&rft.pub=Research+School+CNWS%2C+School+of+Asian%2C+African%2C+and+Amerindian+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=905789002X&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George+L&rft.au=Karma+Tshering+of+Gasel%C3%B4+%28collab%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George</a> (2001). <i>Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004120629" title="Special:BookSources/9004120629"><bdi>9004120629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+Himalayas%3A+An+Ethnolinguistic+Handbook+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region%3A+Containing+an+Introduction+to+the+Symbiotic+Theory+of+Language&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9004120629&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">van Driem, George</a> (2007). "Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: East Bodish Languages". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose"><i>Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00mose/page/n313">295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700711970" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700711970"><bdi>978-0700711970</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endangered+Languages+of+Bhutan+and+Sikkim%3A+East+Bodish+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Endangered+Languages&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0700711970&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaworl00mose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%CA%BCOle+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%BCOle_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514204805/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/languages/black_mountain">Himalayan Languages Project: Black Mountain Mönpa</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bodic_(Tibeto-Kanauri)_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bodic_languages" title="Template:Bodic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bodic_languages" title="Template talk:Bodic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bodic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bodic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bodic_(Tibeto-Kanauri)_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish<br />(Kanauric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinnauric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinnauri_language" title="Kinnauri language">Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitkuli_Kinnauri_language" title="Chitkuli Kinnauri language">Chitkuli Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunam_language" title="Sunam language">Sunam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lahaulic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattani_language" title="Pattani language">Pattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinani_language" title="Tinani language">Tinani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunan_language" title="Bunan language">Bunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunam_language" title="Sunam language">Sunam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhung language">Zhangzhung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Almora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rangas_language" title="Rangas language">Rangas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuleli_language" title="Dhuleli language">Dhuleli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Tibetan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibetan language">Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugom_dialect" title="Mugom dialect">Mugom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amdo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDungnag_language" title="MDungnag language">mDungnag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kham (Eastern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha (Bhutanese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamba_language" title="Khamba language">Khamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_dialect" title="Laya dialect">Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunana_dialect" title="Lunana dialect">Lunana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochangachakha_language" title="Chochangachakha language">Chochangachakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naapa_language" title="Naapa language">Naapa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi%E2%80%93Balti_languages" title="Ladakhi–Balti languages">Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangskari_language" title="Zangskari language">Zangskari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changthang_language" title="Changthang language">Changthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_languages" title="Lahuli–Spiti languages">Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stod_Bhoti" title="Stod Bhoti">Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiti_Bhoti" title="Spiti Bhoti">Spiti Bhoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamkat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyamkat language">Nyamkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoti_Kinnauri" title="Bhoti Kinnauri">Bhoti Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukpa_language" title="Tukpa language">Tukpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sherpa-Jirel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyirong%E2%80%93Kagate_languages" title="Kyirong–Kagate languages">Kyirong–Kagate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagate_language" title="Kagate language">Kagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsum_language" title="Tsum language">Tsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubri_language" title="Nubri language">Nubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalsumdo_language" title="Gyalsumdo language">Gyalsumdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tshangla-East Bodish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tshangla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takpa_language" title="Takpa language">Takpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyen_language" title="Nyen language">Nyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali_language" title="Chali language">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupbi_language" title="Nupbi language">Nupbi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ʼOle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TGTM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakali_language" title="Thakali language">Thakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantyal_language" title="Chantyal language">Chantyal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghale_languages" title="Ghale languages">Ghale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghale_language" title="Ghale language">Ghale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutang_language" title="Kutang language">Kutang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaike</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaike_language" title="Kaike language">Kaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Bhutan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Template:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Template talk:Languages of Bhutan"><abbr title="Discuss this 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Ngalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_dialect" title="Laya dialect">Laya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocangaca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocangaca language">Chocangacakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupbi_language" title="Nupbi language">Nupbikha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali_language" title="Chali language">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakpa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakpa language">Dakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyen_language" title="Nyen language">Nyenkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla (Sharchop)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a> <ul><li>including <a href="/wiki/Chamling_language" title="Chamling language">Chamling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">'Ole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ʼOle_language&oldid=1257695661">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ʼOle_language&oldid=1257695661</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Bhutan" 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