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<span>Toggle Atlantic triangular slave trade subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Atlantic_triangular_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>New England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_triangular_trades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_triangular_trades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other triangular trades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_triangular_trades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تجارة مثلثية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجارة مثلثية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comerciu_triangular" title="Comerciu triangular – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comerciu triangular" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Трохвугольны гандаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трохвугольны гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Трохкутны гандаль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трохкутны гандаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Триъгълна търговия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Триъгълна търговия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenwerzh_tric%27horniek" title="Kenwerzh tric'horniek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenwerzh tric'horniek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C3%A7_triangular" title="Comerç triangular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comerç triangular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troj%C3%BAheln%C3%ADkov%C3%BD_obchod" title="Trojúhelníkový obchod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trojúhelníkový obchod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekantshandel" title="Trekantshandel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trekantshandel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantischer_Dreieckshandel" title="Atlantischer Dreieckshandel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atlantischer Dreieckshandel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio_triangular" title="Comercio triangular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comercio triangular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangula_komerco" title="Triangula komerco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Triangula komerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkataritza_triangeluarra" title="Merkataritza triangeluarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Merkataritza triangeluarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%AB_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="مثلث تجارت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مثلث تجارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_triangulaire" title="Commerce triangulaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commerce triangulaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81_%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD" title="삼각 무역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼각 무역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulatra_komerco" title="Triangulatra komerco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Triangulatra komerco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A9" title="סחר משולש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סחר משולש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biashara_ya_utumwa_kupitia_Atlantiki" title="Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Atlantiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Atlantiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A8s_triyangil%C3%A8" title="Komès triyangilè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Komès triyangilè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Atlantische_driehoekshandel" title="Trans-Atlantische driehoekshandel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trans-Atlantische driehoekshandel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="三角貿易 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三角貿易" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekantfart" title="Trekantfart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trekantfart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekanthandel" title="Trekanthandel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trekanthandel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A8rci_triangular" title="Comèrci triangular – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comèrci triangular" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_tr%C3%B3jk%C4%85tny" title="Handel trójkątny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Handel trójkątny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9rcio_Triangular" title="Comércio Triangular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comércio Triangular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C8%9Bul_triunghiular" title="Comerțul triunghiular – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comerțul triunghiular" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Треугольная торговля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Треугольная торговля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Triangular trade" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmiokauppa" title="Kolmiokauppa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolmiokauppa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangelhandeln" title="Triangelhandeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Triangelhandeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5" title="การค้าไตรภาคี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การค้าไตรภาคี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_k%C3%B6%C5%9Feli_ticaret" title="Üç köşeli ticaret – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üç köşeli ticaret" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Трикутникова торгівля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трикутникова торгівля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93" title="三角贸易 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三角贸易" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Trade among three ports or regions</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triangle_trade2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Triangle_trade2.png/350px-Triangle_trade2.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Triangle_trade2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the classical model of the triangular trade</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triangular_trade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Triangular_trade.jpg/350px-Triangular_trade.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Triangular_trade.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the triangular trade of slaves, sugar, and rum with New England instead of Europe as the third corner</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Triangular trade</b> or <b>triangle trade</b> is <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually evolves when a region has <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> commodities that are not required in the region from which its major <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imports</a> come. It has been used to offset <a href="/wiki/Trade_imbalance" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade imbalance">trade imbalances</a> between different regions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> used a system of three-way transatlantic exchanges – known historically as the triangular trade – which operated between Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries. European workers outfitted <a href="/wiki/Slave_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave ships">Slave ships</a>, and they shipped manufactured European goods owned by the trading companies to West Africa to get slaves, which they shipped to the Americas, in particular, to Brazil and the Caribbean Islands. First, in West Africa, merchants sold or bartered European manufactured goods to local slavers in exchange for slaves. Then crews transported the slaves, and remaining European manufactured goods, to the Americas where ship merchants sold the slaves and European manufactured goods to plantation owners. Merchants then purchased sugar and molasses from the plantation owners and crews shipped them to North American colonies (later the US), where the merchants sold the remaining supplies of European manufactured goods and slaves, as well as sugar and molasses from plantations to local buyers, and then purchased North American commodities to sell in Europe, including tobacco, sugar, cotton, rum, rice, lumber, and animal pelts. </p><p>This trade, in trade volume, was primarily with South America, where most slaves were sold, but a classic example taught in 20th century studies is the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">colonial molasses trade</a>, which involved the circuitous trading of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>, sugar (often in liquid form, as <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>), and rum between <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> and the northern colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Emert_1995_p._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emert_1995_p.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merritt_1960_pp._1–7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merritt_1960_pp._1–7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this triangular trade slaves grew the sugar that was used to brew rum, which in turn was traded for more slaves. In this circuit the <a href="/wiki/Sea_lane" title="Sea lane">sea lane</a> west from Africa to the West Indies (and later, also to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>) was known as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a>; its cargo consisted of abducted or recently purchased <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African people</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a>, the particular routes were also shaped by the powerful influence of <a href="/wiki/Winds_in_the_Age_of_Sail" title="Winds in the Age of Sail">winds and currents</a>. For example, from the main trading nations of Western Europe, it was much easier to sail westwards after first going south of <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_north" title="30th parallel north">30° N latitude</a> and reaching the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>", thus arriving in the Caribbean rather than going straight west to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">North American mainland</a>. Returning from North America, it was easiest to follow the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> in a northeasterly direction using the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a>. (Even before the <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">voyages of Christopher Columbus</a>, the Portuguese had been using <a href="/wiki/Volta_do_mar" title="Volta do mar">a similar triangle</a> to sail to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, and it was then expanded outwards.) </p><p>The countries that controlled the transatlantic slave market until the 18th century in terms of the number of enslaved people shipped were Great Britain, Portugal, and France. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atlantic_triangular_slave_trade">Atlantic triangular slave trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Atlantic triangular slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span 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on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" 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marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast of West Africa</a></div> <p>The most historically significant triangular trade was the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a> which operated among Europe, Africa, and the Americas from the 16th to 19th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ships</a> would leave European ports (such as <a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Role_of_Nantes_in_the_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of Nantes in the slave trade">Nantes</a>) and sail to African ports loaded with goods manufactured in Europe. There, the slave traders would purchase enslaved Africans by exchanging the goods, then sail to the Americas via the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a> to sell their enslaved cargo in <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonies</a>. In what was referred to as a "golden triangle", the slave ship would sail back to Europe to begin the cycle again.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enslaved Africans were primarily purchased for the purpose of working on <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> to work producing valuable <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>) which were in high demand in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vindt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vindt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kowaleski2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kowaleski2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave traders from European colonies would occasionally travel to Africa themselves, eliminating the European portion of the voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg/400px-Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg/600px-Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg/800px-Slaves_embarked_to_America_from_1450_until_1800_by_country.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Slaves embarked to America from 1450 until 1800 by country<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A classic example is the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">colonial molasses trade</a>. Merchants purchased raw sugar (often in its liquid form, molasses) from plantations in the Caribbean and shipped it to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> and Europe, where it was sold to distillery companies that produced rum. Merchant capitalists used cash from the sale of sugar to purchase rum, furs, and lumber in New England which their crews shipped to Europe. With the profits from the European sales, merchants purchased Europe's manufactured goods, including tools and weapons and on the next leg, shipped those manufactured goods, along with the American sugar and rum, to West Africa where they bartered the goods for slaves seized by local potentates. Crews then transported the slaves to the Caribbean and sold them to sugar plantation owners. The cash from the sale of slaves in Brazil, the Caribbean islands, and the American South was used to buy more raw materials, restarting the cycle. The full triangle trip took a calendar year on average, according to historian Clifford Shipton.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxborough_galley_burnt_nearly_to_the_water,_25_June_1727.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Luxborough_galley_burnt_nearly_to_the_water%2C_25_June_1727.jpg/250px-Luxborough_galley_burnt_nearly_to_the_water%2C_25_June_1727.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Luxborough_galley_burnt_nearly_to_the_water%2C_25_June_1727.jpg/375px-Luxborough_galley_burnt_nearly_to_the_water%2C_25_June_1727.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Luxborough_galley_burnt_nearly_to_the_water%2C_25_June_1727.jpg/500px-Luxborough_galley_burnt_nearly_to_the_water%2C_25_June_1727.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>The loss of the slave ship <i><a href="/wiki/Luxborough_Galley" title="Luxborough Galley">Luxborough Galley</a></i> in 1727 ("I.C. 1760"), lost in the last leg of the triangular trade, between the Caribbean and Britain.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Gyre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/North_Atlantic_Gyre.png/250px-North_Atlantic_Gyre.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/North_Atlantic_Gyre.png/375px-North_Atlantic_Gyre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/North_Atlantic_Gyre.png/500px-North_Atlantic_Gyre.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first leg of the triangle was from a European port to one in West Africa (then known as the "<a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a>"), in which ships carried supplies for sale and trade, such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>, trinkets, <a href="/wiki/Slave_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave beads">slave beads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Guns">guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the ship arrived, its cargo would be sold or bartered for slaves. Ports that exported these enslaved people from Africa include <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, <a href="/wiki/An%C3%A9ho" title="Aného">Aného</a> (Little Popo), <a href="/wiki/Grand-Popo" title="Grand-Popo">Grand-Popo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agou%C3%A9" title="Agoué">Agoué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godomey" title="Godomey">Jakin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badagry" title="Badagry">Badagry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ports traded slaves who were supplied from African communities, tribes and kingdoms, including the <a href="/wiki/Allada" title="Allada">Alladah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, which were later taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the second leg, ships made the journey of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a> from Africa to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Many slaves died of disease in the crowded holds of the slave ships. Once the ship reached the New World, enslaved survivors were sold in the Caribbean or the American colonies. The ships were then prepared to get them thoroughly cleaned, drained, and loaded with export goods for a return voyage, the third leg, to their home port,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the West Indies the main export cargoes were sugar, rum, and molasses; from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>. The ship then returned to Europe to complete the triangle. </p><p>The triangle route was not generally followed by individual ships. Slave ships were built to carry large numbers of people, rather than cargo, and variations in the duration of the Atlantic crossing meant that they often arrived in the Americas out-of-season. Slave ships thus often returned to their home port carrying whatever goods were readily available in the Americas but with a large part or all of their capacity with ballast.<sup id="cite_ref-Duquette_2014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duquette_2014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EV_Wolfe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EV_Wolfe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cash crops were transported mainly by a separate fleet which only sailed from Europe to the Americas and back.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his books, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Klein" title="Herbert S. Klein">Herbert S. Klein</a> has argued that in many fields (cost of trade, ways of transport, mortality levels, earnings and benefits of trade for the Europeans and the "so-called triangular trade"), the non-scientific literature portrays a situation which the contemporary historiography refuted a long time ago.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Finally, even if the "triangle trade" idea is essentially incorrect, the Atlantic slave trade was one of the more complex of international trades that existed in the modern period. (…) Thus, while an actual "triangle trade" may not have existed as a significant development for ships in the trade, the economic ties between Asia, Europe, Africa, and America clearly involved a web of relationships that spanned the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 2017 study provides evidence for the hypothesis that the export of gunpowder to Africa increased the transatlantic slave trade: "A one percent increase in gunpowder set in motion a 5-year gun-slave cycle that increased slave exports by an average of 50%, and the impact continued to grow over time."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_England">New England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graph_of_the_Number_of_Slaves_Imported_From_Africa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Graph_of_the_Number_of_Slaves_Imported_From_Africa.png/248px-Graph_of_the_Number_of_Slaves_Imported_From_Africa.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Graph_of_the_Number_of_Slaves_Imported_From_Africa.png/372px-Graph_of_the_Number_of_Slaves_Imported_From_Africa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Graph_of_the_Number_of_Slaves_Imported_From_Africa.png/496px-Graph_of_the_Number_of_Slaves_Imported_From_Africa.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Graph depicting the number of slaves imported from Africa from 1501 to 1866</figcaption></figure> <p>New England also made rum from Caribbean sugar and <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a>, which it shipped to Africa as well as within the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the "triangle trade" as considered in relation to New England was a piecemeal operation. No New England traders are known to have completed a sequential circuit of the full triangle, which took a calendar year on average, according to historian Clifford Shipton.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of the New England Triangular trade was first suggested, inconclusively, in an 1866 book by George H. Moore, was picked up in 1872 by historian George C. Mason, and reached full consideration from a lecture in 1887 by American businessman and historian William B. Weeden.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_2006_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of an incohesive operation rather than a sequential circuit, expansive eastern seaboard "Farms" had, in earnest after 1690, sustained southern New England proprietorship, land banks, and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_pound" title="Rhode Island pound">currency</a> within a Greater Caribbean plantation complex. Historian Sean Kelley examines nineteenth-century "American slavers" because "the North American transatlantic slave trade before 1776 was, in essence, merely another branch of the carrying trade."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the seventeenth century, colonial charters and royal commissioners precluded earlier attempts to establish a New England carrying trade by, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Atherton_Trading_Company" title="Atherton Trading Company">Atherton Trading Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Hull_(merchant)" title="John Hull (merchant)">John Hull</a>. But proposals by <a href="/wiki/Peleg_Sanford" title="Peleg Sanford">Peleg Sanford</a> provided implementation frameworks for "Farms" and carriers. Linkages within the complex would also ebb and flow with the tides of war and <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_hurricanes_on_Caribbean_history" title="Impact of hurricanes on Caribbean history">hurricanes</a>. Before <a href="/wiki/1780_Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="1780 Atlantic hurricane season">1780</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane_season" title="Atlantic hurricane season">Atlantic hurricane season</a> contributed to New England and Greater Caribbean circumvention of mercantile trade restrictions. Newport carriers, for instance, provisioned Dutch, Danish, and especially French plantations in the Greater Caribbean, periodically more than lackluster British sites, to recompense for hurricane reductions in exports and imports.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Periodic trials and executions of notorious smugglers diminshed royal peacetime embargoes, particularly in response to illegal carrying as well as General Assembly endorsement of <a href="/wiki/Aquidneck_Island" title="Aquidneck Island">Aquidneck</a> as a haven for pirates. These pirates began to disperse from Newport between <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> and 1723 mass executions, establishing the seaport as the dominant carrying hub, with Providence coming in a distant second. British carriers continued to provision plantations outside the boundaries of empire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wartime embargoes that reduced overseas trade would, in turn, spur speculative ventures as well as land and estuary auctions of <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_people" title="Narragansett people">Narragansett</a> tribal reserves, under legislature (public) jurisdiction, by private trusts, a specific type of fiduciary relationship for subsidizing expense accounts, purveying regular annuities, or both. Bidders at vendue were frequently interior "composite"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yeomen and fishermen,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who (according to certain historians) misconceived<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of revenue derived from the carrying trade as income "competency." Bidders included competitive carriers in secondary seaports such as Providence as well.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the antebellum rise of "Greater Northeast" industrial agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the southern New England "Farms" and the carrying trade<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Caribbean sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">molasses</a>, rice, coffee, indigo, mahogany, and pre-1740 "<a href="/wiki/Seasoning_(slavery)" title="Seasoning (slavery)">seasoned slaves</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began to dissipate by the <a href="/wiki/Election_of_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Election of 1800">Election of 1800</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and largely collapsed into agrarian ruins by the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Rhode_Island" title="Bristol, Rhode Island">Bristol, Rhode Island</a>, were major ports involved in the colonial triangular slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many significant Newport merchants and traders participated in the trade, working closely with merchants and traders in the Caribbean and <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to research provided by <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a>, an estimated 12.5 million slaves were transported from Africa to colonies in North and South America. The website <a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database</a> assembles data regarding past trafficking in slaves from Africa. It shows that the top four nations were Portugal, Great Britain, France, and Spain. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="7">Flag of vessels carrying the slaves</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Destination</th> <th>Portuguese</th> <th>British</th> <th>French</th> <th>Spanish</th> <th>Dutch</th> <th>American</th> <th>Danish</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese Brazil</a></td> <td>4,821,127</td> <td>3,804</td> <td>9,402</td> <td>1,033</td> <td>27,702</td> <td>1,174</td> <td>130</td> <td>4,864,372 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British Caribbean</a></td> <td>7,919</td> <td>2,208,296</td> <td>22,920</td> <td>5,795</td> <td>6,996</td> <td>64,836</td> <td>1,489</td> <td>2,318,251 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#French_Caribbean" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean</a></td> <td>2,562</td> <td>90,984</td> <td>1,003,905</td> <td>725</td> <td>12,736</td> <td>6,242</td> <td>3,062</td> <td>1,120,216 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Spanish Americas</a></td> <td>195,482</td> <td>103,009</td> <td>92,944</td> <td>808,851</td> <td>24,197</td> <td>54,901</td> <td>13,527</td> <td>1,292,911 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Dutch colonization of the Americas">Dutch Americas</a></td> <td>500</td> <td>32,446</td> <td>5,189</td> <td>0</td> <td>392,022</td> <td>9,574</td> <td>4,998</td> <td>444,729 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>382</td> <td>264,910</td> <td>8,877</td> <td>1,851</td> <td>1,212</td> <td>110,532</td> <td>983</td> <td>388,747 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>25,594</td> <td>7,782</td> <td>277</td> <td>5,161</td> <td>2,799</td> <td>67,385</td> <td>108,998 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td> <td>2,636</td> <td>3,438</td> <td>664</td> <td>0</td> <td>2,004</td> <td>119</td> <td>0</td> <td>8,861 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Africa</td> <td>69,206</td> <td>841</td> <td>13,282</td> <td>66,391</td> <td>3,210</td> <td>2,476</td> <td>162</td> <td>155,568 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><i>did not arrive</i></td> <td>748,452</td> <td>526,121</td> <td>216,439</td> <td>176,601</td> <td>79,096</td> <td>52,673</td> <td>19,304</td> <td>1,818,686 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Total</th> <th>5,848,266</th> <th>3,259,443</th> <th>1,381,404</th> <th>1,061,524</th> <th>554,336</th> <th>305,326</th> <th>111,040</th> <th>12,521,339 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_triangular_trades">Other triangular trades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other triangular trades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "triangular trade" also refers to a variety of other trades. </p> <ul><li>A triangular trade is hypothesized to have taken place among ancient East Greece (and possibly <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kommos_(Crete)" title="Kommos (Crete)">Kommos</a>, and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A trade pattern which evolved before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> among <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Colonies of British North America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British colonies in the Caribbean</a>. This typically involved exporting raw resources, such as <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Salt_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt cod">salt cod</a>), agricultural produce or <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>, from British North American colonies to slaves and planters in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>; sugar and molasses from the Caribbean; and various manufactured commodities from Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The shipment of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> salt cod and <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">corn</a> from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> in British vessels to southern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also included the shipment of wine and olive oil to Britain.</li> <li>A new "sugar triangle" developed in the 1820s and 1830s whereby American ships took local produce to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, then brought sugar or coffee from Cuba to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coast (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>), then <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">bar iron</a> and hemp back to New England.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ships sailing from Britain to Australia in the last third of the 19th century found a shortage of cargoes to take back to Britain. Therefore they took New South Wales coal to China and then loaded tea and silk to carry back to Britain. The clipper <i><a href="/wiki/Thermopylae_(clipper)" title="Thermopylae (clipper)">Thermopylae</a></i> was one of the ships that sailed this triangular route. When steamships became fuel-efficient enough to cover the distances involved, they could make two trips to Australia in a year, with one returning direct to Britain with Australian wool and the other going via China. This competed with the <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Freight_Conference" title="Far Eastern Freight Conference">China and Japan Conference</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> of steamship owners who fiercely protected their trade and won a sequence of court cases in order to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-King_2017_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_2017-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123–128">: 123–128 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_triangle" title="North Atlantic triangle">North Atlantic triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Emert_1995_p.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emert_1995_p._1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEmert1995" class="citation book cs1">Emert, Phyllis (1995). <i>Colonial triangular trade: an economy based on human misery</i>. Carlisle, Massachusetts: Discovery Enterprises Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878668-48-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878668-48-6"><bdi>978-1-878668-48-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32840704">32840704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+triangular+trade%3A+an+economy+based+on+human+misery&rft.place=Carlisle%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Discovery+Enterprises+Ltd&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32840704&rft.isbn=978-1-878668-48-6&rft.aulast=Emert&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merritt_1960_pp._1–7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merritt_1960_pp._1–7_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerritt1960" class="citation journal cs1">Merritt, J. E. (1960). "The Triangular Trade". <i>Business History</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Informa UK Limited: 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00076796000000012">10.1080/00076796000000012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6791">0007-6791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153930643">153930643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+History&rft.atitle=The+Triangular+Trade&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153930643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-6791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00076796000000012&rft.aulast=Merritt&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2006" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Susan Dudley (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold"><i>United States V. Amistad: Slave Ship Mutiny</i></a></span>. Marshall Cavendish. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unitedstatesvami0000gold/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-2143-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-2143-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+V.+Amistad%3A+Slave+Ship+Mutiny&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-2143-6&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Susan+Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funitedstatesvami0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weber, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esclavages.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/Bernard_Michon_Nantes_et_la_traite_negriere.pdf">"La traite négrière nantaise de 1763 à 1793"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Centre national de la recherche scientifique</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique&rft.atitle=La+traite+n%C3%A9gri%C3%A8re+nantaise+de+1763+%C3%A0+1793&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esclavages.cnrs.fr%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FBernard_Michon_Nantes_et_la_traite_negriere.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vindt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vindt_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVindtConsil2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vindt, Gérard; Consil, Jean-Michel (June 2013). "Nantes, Bordeaux et l'économie esclavagiste – Au XVIIIe siècle, les villes de Nantes et de Bordeaux profitent toutes deux de la "traite négrière" et de l'économie esclavagiste". <i><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Alternatives économiques">Alternatives économiques</a></i>. <b>325</b>: 17–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternatives+%C3%A9conomiques&rft.atitle=Nantes%2C+Bordeaux+et+l%27%C3%A9conomie+esclavagiste+%E2%80%93+Au+XVIIIe+si%C3%A8cle%2C+les+villes+de+Nantes+et+de+Bordeaux+profitent+toutes+deux+de+la+%22traite+n%C3%A9gri%C3%A8re%22+et+de+l%27%C3%A9conomie+esclavagiste&rft.volume=325&rft.pages=17-21&rft.date=2013-06&rft.aulast=Vindt&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.au=Consil%2C+Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan_2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2007" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGcwgJz5rQMC&pg=PA62"><i>Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191566271" title="Special:BookSources/9780191566271"><bdi>9780191566271</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+British+Empire%3A+From+Africa+to+America&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780191566271&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGcwgJz5rQMC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowaleski2006-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kowaleski2006_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowaleski-Wallace,_A.P.o.E.E.2006" class="citation book cs1">Kowaleski-Wallace, A.P.o.E.E., Elizabeth (2006). <i>The British slave trade and public memory</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231137140" title="Special:BookSources/9780231137140"><bdi>9780231137140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+slave+trade+and+public+memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780231137140&rft.aulast=Kowaleski-Wallace%2C+A.P.o.E.E.&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDNFtAEACAAJ">Liverpool and the Slave Trade</a>, by Anthony Tibbles, Director of the Merseyside Maritime Museum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://africanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa080601a.htm">About.com: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014190833/http://africanhistory.about.com/library/weekly/aa080601a.htm">Archived</a> 2008-10-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 6 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125125048/http://www.nmm.ac.uk/freedom/viewTheme.cfm/theme/triangular">"Triangular Trade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmm.ac.uk/freedom/viewTheme.cfm/theme/triangular">the original</a> on 25 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Maritime+Museum&rft.atitle=Triangular+Trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmm.ac.uk%2Ffreedom%2FviewTheme.cfm%2Ftheme%2Ftriangular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curtis_2006-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_2006_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_2006_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Curtis_2006_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis, Wayne (2006–2007). <i>And a Bottle of Rum</i>. New York: Three Rivers Press. pp. 117-119 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-33862-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-33862-4">978-0-307-33862-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/">Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103172434/http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/abolition/">Archived</a> 2012-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed 28 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, K (2007). "An African Family Archive: The Lawsons of Little Popo/Aneho (Togo), 1841-1938". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>CXXII</b> (499): 1438–1439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcem350">10.1093/ehr/cem350</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=An+African+Family+Archive%3A+The+Lawsons+of+Little+Popo%2FAneho+%28Togo%29%2C+1841-1938&rft.volume=CXXII&rft.issue=499&rft.pages=1438-1439&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcem350&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombard2018" class="citation book cs1">Lombard, J (2018). "The Kingdom of Dahomey". <i>West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century</i>. 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"Competency and Competition: Economic Culture in Early America". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 3–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2938039">10.2307/2938039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-5597">0043-5597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2938039">2938039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Competency+and+Competition%3A+Economic+Culture+in+Early+America&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-29&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0043-5597&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2938039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2938039&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon2020" class="citation book cs1">Ron, Ariel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UIYIEAAAQBAJ"><i>Grassroots Leviathan: Agricultural Reform and the Rural North in the Slaveholding Republic</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-3932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-3932-7"><bdi>978-1-4214-3932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grassroots+Leviathan%3A+Agricultural+Reform+and+the+Rural+North+in+the+Slaveholding+Republic&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-3932-7&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUIYIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark-Pujara2016" class="citation book cs1">Clark-Pujara, Christy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvMCgAAQBAJ"><i>Dark Work: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island</i></a>. NYU Press. pp. 24–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-7042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-7042-4"><bdi>978-1-4798-7042-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Work%3A+The+Business+of+Slavery+in+Rhode+Island&rft.pages=24-27&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-7042-4&rft.aulast=Clark-Pujara&rft.aufirst=Christy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgvMCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, Gregory E. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K7_qCQAAQBAJ"><i>Final Passages: The Intercolonial Slave Trade of British America, 1619-1807</i></a>. UNC Press Books. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1535-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-1535-6"><bdi>978-1-4696-1535-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Passages%3A+The+Intercolonial+Slave+Trade+of+British+America%2C+1619-1807&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-1535-6&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Gregory+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK7_qCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark-Pujara2016" class="citation book cs1">Clark-Pujara, Christy (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvMCgAAQBAJ"><i>Dark Work: The Business of Slavery in Rhode Island</i></a>. NYU Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-7042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-7042-4"><bdi>978-1-4798-7042-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Work%3A+The+Business+of+Slavery+in+Rhode+Island&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-7042-4&rft.aulast=Clark-Pujara&rft.aufirst=Christy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgvMCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpKLDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Civil War of 1812: American Citizens, British Subjects, Irish Rebels, and Indian Allies</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 31 and 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4265-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4265-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-4265-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+of+1812%3A+American+Citizens%2C+British+Subjects%2C+Irish+Rebels%2C+and+Indian+Allies&rft.pages=31+and+119&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4265-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpKLDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912032147/http://www.projo.com/extra/2006/slavery/day1/">"The Unrighteous Traffick"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Providence_Journal" title="The Providence Journal">The Providence Journal</a></i>. March 12, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projo.com/extra/2006/slavery/day1/">the original</a> on September 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Providence+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Unrighteous+Traffick&rft.date=2006-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.projo.com%2Fextra%2F2006%2Fslavery%2Fday1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1982" class="citation journal cs1">Deutsch, Sarah (1982). "The Elusive Guineamen: Newport Slavers, 1735–1774". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Quarterly" title="The New England Quarterly">The New England Quarterly</a></i>. <b>55</b> (2): 229–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F365360">10.2307/365360</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/365360">365360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Elusive+Guineamen%3A+Newport+Slavers%2C+1735%E2%80%931774&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-253&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F365360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F365360%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates">Slave Voyages</a>, Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Estimates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesArchaeological_Institute_of_AmericaUniversity_of_Pennsylvania._University_Museum2000" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Donald W.; Archaeological Institute of America; University of Pennsylvania. University Museum (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KldoAAAAMAAJ&pg=97">"Crete's External Relations in the Early Iron Age"</a>. <i>External relations of early Iron Age Crete, 1100–600 B.C</i>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780924171802" title="Special:BookSources/9780924171802"><bdi>9780924171802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crete%27s+External+Relations+in+the+Early+Iron+Age&rft.btitle=External+relations+of+early+Iron+Age+Crete%2C+1100%E2%80%93600+B.C.&rft.pages=97&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780924171802&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft.au=Archaeological+Institute+of+America&rft.au=University+of+Pennsylvania.+University+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKldoAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3D97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kurlansky,_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurlansky, Mark">Kurlansky, Mark</a>. <i>Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World</i>. New York: Walker, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8027-1326-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8027-1326-2">0-8027-1326-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Kenneth. <i>Bristol and the Atlantic Trade in the Eighteenth Century</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33017-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33017-3">0-521-33017-3</a>. pp. 64–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Evans and Göran Rydén, <i>Baltic Iron in the Atlantic World in the Eighteenth Century</i> : Brill, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16153-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16153-5">978-90-04-16153-5</a>, 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_2017-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King_2017_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2017" class="citation book cs1">King, Peter (2017). <i>The Aberdeen Line : George Thompson Jnr's incomparable shipping enterprise</i>. Stroud: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-7851-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-7851-4"><bdi>978-0-7509-7851-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aberdeen+Line+%3A+George+Thompson+Jnr%27s+incomparable+shipping+enterprise&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-7851-4&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATriangular+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_trade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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title="Template talk:Sugar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sugar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sugar_as_food_commodity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a> as food commodity</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugars" title="List of sugars">List of sugars and sugar products</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_sugar" title="Reducing sugar">Reducing sugar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">Honeydew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malt_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malt sugar">Malt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_syrups" title="List of syrups">List of syrups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_malt_syrup" title="Barley malt syrup">Barley malt syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice_syrup" title="Brown rice syrup">Brown rice syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheong_(food)" title="Cheong (food)">Cheong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maesil-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Maesil-cheong">Maesil-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwa-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogwa-cheong">Mogwa-cheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuja-cheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuja-cheong">Yuja-cheong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_syrup" title="Corn syrup">Corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose_syrup" title="Glucose syrup">Glucose syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_syrup" title="Golden syrup">Golden syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-fructose_corn_syrup" title="High-fructose corn syrup">High-fructose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-maltose_corn_syrup" title="High-maltose corn syrup">High-maltose corn syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">Inverted sugar syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuromitsu" title="Kuromitsu">Kuromitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuame" title="Mizuame">Mizuame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">Pine honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steen%27s_cane_syrup" title="Steen's cane syrup">Steen's cane syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_syrup" title="Table syrup">Table syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">Treacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yac%C3%B3n_syrup" title="Yacón syrup">Yacón syrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solid forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_sugar" title="Brown sugar">Brown</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peen_tong" title="Peen tong">Peen tong</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_sugar" title="Candi sugar">Candi sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancaca" title="Chancaca">Chancaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystalline_fructose" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalline fructose">Crystalline fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelling_sugar" title="Gelling sugar">Gelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_melaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gula melaka">Gula melaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggery" title="Jaggery">Jaggery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Misri">Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_sugar" title="Molasses sugar">Molasses sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscovado" title="Muscovado">Muscovado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nib_sugar" title="Nib sugar">Nib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-centrifugal_cane_sugar" title="Non-centrifugal cane sugar">Non-centrifugal cane sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panela" title="Panela">Panela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Reserve" title="Plantation Reserve">Plantation Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powdered_sugar" title="Powdered sugar">Powdered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preserving_sugar" title="Preserving sugar">Preserving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucanat" title="Sucanat">Sucanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">Sugar candy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley_sugar" title="Barley sugar">Barley sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterscotch" title="Butterscotch">Butterscotch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_candy" title="Hard candy">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_candy" title="Rock candy">Rock candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toffee" title="Toffee">Toffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf" title="Sugarloaf">Sugarloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasanbon" title="Wasanbon">Wasanbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_sugar" title="White sugar">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">Caramel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_candy" title="Cotton candy">Cotton candy floss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foods_made_from_maple" title="List of foods made from maple">Maple sugar foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_alcohol" title="Sugar alcohol">Sugar alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confectionery#Sugar_confectionery" title="Confectionery">Sugar confectionery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">Sugarcane juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzem%C3%A1k" title="Tuzemák">Tuzemák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unrefined_sweeteners" title="List of unrefined sweeteners">Unrefined sweeteners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilery" title="Boilery">Boilery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation#Sugar" title="Plantation">Plantation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa-grande" title="Casa-grande">Casa-grande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_refinery" title="Sugar refinery">Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_bush" title="Sugar bush">Sugar bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_mill" title="Sugarcane mill">Sugarcane mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">Engenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batey_(sugar_workers%27_town)" title="Batey (sugar workers' town)">Batey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafra_(agriculture)" title="Zafra (agriculture)">Zafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_marketing" title="Sugar marketing">Sugar marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (current)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_mills_in_Queensland" title="List of sugar mills in Queensland">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar" title="Bundaberg Sugar">Bundaberg Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSR_Limited" title="CSR Limited">CSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar_Sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmar Sugar">Wilmar Sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_sugar_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban sugar economy">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean" title="Sugar plantations in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Kenya" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_India" title="Sugar industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Mauritius" title="Sugar industry of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_Philippines" title="Sugar industry of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Rwanda" title="Sugar industry of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Sugar industry of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_South_Africa#Sugarcane" title="Agriculture in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illovo_Sugar" title="Illovo Sugar">Illovo Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongaat_Hulett" title="Tongaat Hulett">Tongaat Hulett</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sugar_manufacturers_in_Tanzania" title="List of sugar manufacturers in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_Uganda" title="Sugar industry of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sugar" title="British Sugar">British Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Association" title="Sugar Association">Sugar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Sugar_Program" title="U.S. Sugar Program">U.S. Sugar Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region (historical)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Sugar production in the Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_mills_in_Fiji" title="Sugar mills in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_sugar" title="History of sugar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelioration_Act_1798" title="Amelioration Act 1798">Amelioration Act 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_molasses_trade" title="Colonial molasses trade">Colonial molasses trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demerara_rebellion_of_1823" title="Demerara rebellion of 1823">Demerara rebellion of 1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holing_cane" title="Holing cane">Holing cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Sugar_House" title="Leith Sugar House">Leith Sugar House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_Treaty_of_1875" title="Reciprocity Treaty of 1875">Reciprocity Treaty of 1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Slavery in the British and French Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Duties_Acts_1846" title="Sugar Duties Acts 1846">Sugar Duties Acts 1846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sugar_Railways" title="Taiwan Sugar Railways">Taiwan Sugar Railways</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Added_sugar" title="Added sugar">Added sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_Over" title="Crop Over">Crop Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_shack" title="Sugar shack">Sugar shack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugaring" title="Sugaring">Sugaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_nips" title="Sugar nips">Sugar nips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_packet" title="Sugar packet">Sugar packet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucrology">Sucrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_people" title="Sugar people">Sugar people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_tit" title="Sugar tit">Sugar tit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_sculpture" title="Sugar sculpture">Sugar sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treacle_mining" title="Treacle mining">Treacle mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sweet_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal sweet foods">Australian Aboriginal sweet foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">Blood sugar level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cane_knife" title="Cane knife">Cane knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_syrup" title="Flavored syrup">Flavored syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">Date honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_syrup" title="Grape syrup">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Health effects of sugar">Health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar addiction">Sugar addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Residual_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual sugar">Residual sugar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_substitute" title="Sugar substitute">Sugar substitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetened_beverage" title="Sweetened beverage">Sweetened beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetener" title="Sweetener">Sweetener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweetness" title="Sweetness">Sweetness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinasse" title="Vinasse">Vinasse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lustig" title="Robert Lustig">Robert Lustig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Yudkin" title="John Yudkin">John Yudkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure,_White_and_Deadly" title="Pure, White and Deadly">Pure, White and Deadly</a></i> (1972)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar" title="Category:Sugar">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sugar_production" title="Category:Sugar production">Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trade_routes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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