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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fortresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Fortresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attica_after_1829" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attica_after_1829"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Attica after 1829</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attica_after_1829-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Attica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AB" title="አቲካ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አቲካ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="أتيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tica" title="Ática – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Атыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Атика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika_(Landschoft)" title="Attika (Landschoft) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Attika (Landschoft)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika_(halv%C3%B8)" title="Attika (halvø) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Attika (halvø)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika_(Landschaft)" title="Attika (Landschaft) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Attika (Landschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αττική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αττική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tica" title="Ática – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atiko" title="Atiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atika" title="Atika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attique" title="Attique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Attique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ataic" title="An Ataic – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ataic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tica" title="Ática – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8B%B0%ED%82%A4" title="아티키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아티키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A5" title="Ատտիկե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատտիկե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аттика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аттика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аттика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аттика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atika" title="Atika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atika" title="Atika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Атика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="اتيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica_(Griekenland)" title="Attica (Griekenland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Attica (Griekenland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AB" title="アッティカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッティカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attik%C3%AD" title="Attikí – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Attikí" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attyka_(kraina_historyczna)" title="Attyka (kraina historyczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Attyka (kraina historyczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81tica" title="Ática – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аттика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аттика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atika_(polostrov)" title="Atika (polostrov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atika (polostrov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atika_(biv%C5%A1a_dr%C5%BEava)" title="Atika (bivša država) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atika (bivša država)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Атика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atika" title="Atika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="அட்டிகா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அட்டிகா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аттика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аттика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аттика – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аттика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аттика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аттика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="آتیکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آتیکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atica" title="Atica – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Atica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attika" title="Attika – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Attika" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attica" title="Attica – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Attica" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1" title="阿提卡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿提卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="אטיקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטיקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1" title="阿提卡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿提卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q122443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region of Greece, including the city of Athens</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical region of Greece. For the modern administrative region, see <a href="/wiki/Attica_(region)" title="Attica (region)">Attica (region)</a>. For the Athenian neighbourhood, see <a href="/wiki/Attiki,_Athens" title="Attiki, Athens">Attiki, Athens</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Attica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Attica (disambiguation)">Attica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Attica</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="grc">Αττική</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Attica_06-13_Hills_of_Hymettus_10_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from Kaisariani Hill looking towards Athens agglomeration, with Salamis visible in the background"><img alt="View from Kaisariani Hill looking towards Athens agglomeration, with Salamis visible in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Attica_06-13_Hills_of_Hymettus_10_view.jpg/250px-Attica_06-13_Hills_of_Hymettus_10_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Attica_06-13_Hills_of_Hymettus_10_view.jpg/375px-Attica_06-13_Hills_of_Hymettus_10_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Attica_06-13_Hills_of_Hymettus_10_view.jpg/500px-Attica_06-13_Hills_of_Hymettus_10_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2208" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View from <a href="/wiki/Kaisariani" title="Kaisariani">Kaisariani</a> Hill looking towards Athens agglomeration, with Salamis visible in the background</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_(ancient)_Attica_Demos_II-el.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of municipalities (demoi) of Ancient Athens in ancient Attica"><img alt="Map of municipalities (demoi) of Ancient Athens in ancient Attica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Greece_%28ancient%29_Attica_Demos_II-el.svg/250px-Greece_%28ancient%29_Attica_Demos_II-el.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Greece_%28ancient%29_Attica_Demos_II-el.svg/375px-Greece_%28ancient%29_Attica_Demos_II-el.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Greece_%28ancient%29_Attica_Demos_II-el.svg/500px-Greece_%28ancient%29_Attica_Demos_II-el.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="818" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">demoi</a>) of Ancient Athens in ancient Attica</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece#Central_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Central Greece</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Athenian Empire</a> (477–404 BC)<br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–338 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Attica</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Αττική</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a></small> <i>Attikḗ</i> or <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn"><i>Attikī́</i></i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Ancient Greek:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="grc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[atːikɛ̌ː]</a></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Modern:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[atiˈci]</a></span>), or the <b>Attic Peninsula</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> that encompasses the entire <a href="/wiki/Athens_metropolitan_area" title="Athens metropolitan area">Athens metropolitan area</a>, which consists of the city of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the core city of the metropolitan area, as well as its surrounding suburban cities and towns. It is a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> projecting into the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, bordering on <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Megaris" title="Megaris">Megaris</a> to the west. The southern tip of the peninsula, known as <a href="/wiki/Laurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurion">Laurion</a>, was an important <a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Laurion" title="Mines of Laurion">mining region</a>. </p><p>The history of Attica is closely linked with that of Athens. In ancient times, Attica corresponded with the Athens city-state. It was the most prominent region in Ancient Greece, specifically during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Athens">Golden Age of Athens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Ancient Attica</a> (the classical <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens city-state</a>) was divided into <a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">demoi</a>, or municipalities, from the reform of <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> in 508/7 BC, grouped into three zones: urban (<i>astu</i>) in the region of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athens</a> main town, and <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a> (the port), coastal (<i>paralia</i>) along the coastline, and inland (<i><a href="/wiki/Mesogeia" title="Mesogeia">mesogeia</a></i>) in the interior. </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Administrative_regions_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative regions of Greece">administrative region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Attica_(region)" title="Attica (region)">Attica</a> is more extensive than the historical region, and includes Megaris as part of the regional unit of <a href="/wiki/West_Attica" title="West Attica">West Attica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cythera_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cythera (island)">Cythera</a>, as well as the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Troizinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Troizinia">Troizinia</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesian</a> mainland. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eponymous_name">Eponymous name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Eponymous name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Roman geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, the place was originally named Actaea, but was later renamed in the honour of <a href="/wiki/Atthis_(mythology)" title="Atthis (mythology)">Atthis</a>, daughter of king <a href="/wiki/Cranaus" title="Cranaus">Cranaus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aliki_Anavyssou.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aliki_Anavyssou.JPG/220px-Aliki_Anavyssou.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aliki_Anavyssou.JPG/330px-Aliki_Anavyssou.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Aliki_Anavyssou.JPG/440px-Aliki_Anavyssou.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>View from <a href="/wiki/Anavyssos" title="Anavyssos">Anavyssos</a>, looking south-east towards <a href="/wiki/Palaia_Fokaia" title="Palaia Fokaia">Palaia Fokaia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marathon-See_-_Staumauer_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marathon-See_-_Staumauer_2011.jpg/220px-Marathon-See_-_Staumauer_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marathon-See_-_Staumauer_2011.jpg/330px-Marathon-See_-_Staumauer_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Marathon-See_-_Staumauer_2011.jpg/440px-Marathon-See_-_Staumauer_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Marathon" title="Lake Marathon">Lake Marathon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Attica is a triangular <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> jutting into the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. It is naturally divided to the north from <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> by the 10 mi (16 km) long <a href="/wiki/Cithaeron" title="Cithaeron">Cithaeron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parnitha" title="Parnitha">Parnes</a> mountain ranges. </p><p>To the west of <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, the Greek mainland narrows into <a href="/wiki/Megaris" title="Megaris">Megaris</a>, connecting to the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a>. The southwestern coast of Attica, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Athens_Riviera" title="Athens Riviera">Athens Riviera</a>, forms the eastern coastline of the <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Gulf" title="Saronic Gulf">Saronic Gulf</a>. Mountains separate the peninsula into the plains of Pedias, <a href="/wiki/Mesogeia" title="Mesogeia">Mesogeia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thriasian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Thriasian Plain">Thriasian Plain</a>. The mountains of Attica are the <a href="/wiki/Hymettus" title="Hymettus">Hymettus</a>, the eastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Geraneia" title="Geraneia">Geraneia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parnitha" title="Parnitha">Parnitha</a> (the highest mountain of Attica), <a href="/wiki/Aigaleo" title="Aigaleo">Aigaleo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penteli" class="mw-redirect" title="Penteli">Penteli</a>. Four mountains — Aigaleo, Parnitha, Penteli and Hymettus (clockwise from the southwest) — delineate the hilly plain on which the Athens urban area now spreads. The plain is pockmarked by a plethora of semi-continuous hills, the most notable ones being the <a href="/wiki/Tourkovounia" title="Tourkovounia">Tourkovounia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lykavittos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lykavittos">Lykavittos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a> itself and <a href="/wiki/Philopappou" title="Philopappou">Philopappou</a>. Mesogeia lies to the east of Mount Hymettus and is bound to the north by the foothills of Mount Penteli, to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Euboean_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Euboean Gulf">Euboean Gulf</a> and Mount Myrrhinous, and to the south by the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Lavrio" title="Lavrio">Lavrio</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Lavreotiki" title="Lavreotiki">Lavreotiki</a>), Paneio (Πάνειον Όρος), and <a href="/wiki/Laureotic_Olympus" title="Laureotic Olympus">Laureotic Olympus</a> (Λαυρεωτικός Όλυμπος). The Lavrio region terminates in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sounion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Sounion">Cape Sounion</a>, forming the southeastern tip of the Attic peninsula. </p><p>Athens' water reservoir, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Marathon" title="Lake Marathon">Lake Marathon</a>, is artificial and was created by damming in 1920. Pine and fir forests cover the area around Parnitha. Hymettus, Penteli, Myrrhinous and Lavrio are forested with pine trees, whereas the rest are covered by shrubbery. Parts of the sprawling forests of mount Penteli and Parnitha have been lost to forest fires, while the Synngrou Estate on the foothills of the former (intersecting the border between the suburban towns of <a href="/wiki/Kifisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kifisia">Kifisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melissia" title="Melissia">Melissia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marousi" title="Marousi">Marousi</a> is home to the sole remaining natural forest in the Athenian plain. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(Athenian_plain)" title="Cephissus (Athenian plain)">Kifisos</a> is the longest river in Attica, which starts from the foothills of mount Parnitha near Varibobi, crosses the Athenian plain and empties into the delta of <a href="/wiki/Faliro" class="mw-redirect" title="Faliro">Faliro</a> east of the port of Piraeus. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Attica's ancient boundaries were fixed by the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus</a>, and, toward the continent, they extended as far as the <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">heights</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cithaeron" title="Cithaeron">Cithaeron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parnitha" title="Parnitha">Parnes</a>. The boundary line came down toward the sea, bounded by the district of <a href="/wiki/Oropus" title="Oropus">Oropus</a> on the right and by the river <a href="/wiki/Asopus" title="Asopus">Asopus</a> on the left. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg/220px-Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg/330px-Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg/440px-Greece_Cape_Sounion_BW_2017-10-09_10-12-43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5580" data-file-height="3972" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sounion#Temple_of_Poseidon" title="Sounion">Temple of Poseidon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 440 BC</span>) at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Sounion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Sounion">Cape Sounion</a>, the southernmost point of Attica.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/220px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/330px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg/440px-Map_athenian_empire_431_BC-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a>, under the leadership of Athens before the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> in <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/431_BC" title="431 BC">431 BC</a></span>. Attica is shown in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>During antiquity, the Athenians boasted about being '<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">autochthonic</a>', which is to say that they were the original inhabitants of the area and had not moved to Attica from another place. The traditions current in the classical period recounted that, during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, Attica had become the refuge of the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>, who belonged to a tribe from the northern Peloponnese. Supposedly, the Ionians had been forced out of their homeland by the <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(ancient_region)" title="Achaea (ancient region)">Achaeans</a>, who in turn had been forced out of their homeland by the <a href="/wiki/Dorian_invasion" title="Dorian invasion">Dorian invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supposedly, the Ionians integrated with the ancient Atticans, who, afterward, considered themselves part of the Ionian tribe and spoke the Ionian dialect of Ancient Greek. Many Ionians later left Attica to colonize the Aegean coast of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and to create the twelve cities of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2019)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brauron_-_%CE%A0-shaped_stoa_and_Classical_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brauron_-_%CE%A0-shaped_stoa_and_Classical_Bridge.jpg/220px-Brauron_-_%CE%A0-shaped_stoa_and_Classical_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brauron_-_%CE%A0-shaped_stoa_and_Classical_Bridge.jpg/330px-Brauron_-_%CE%A0-shaped_stoa_and_Classical_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Brauron_-_%CE%A0-shaped_stoa_and_Classical_Bridge.jpg/440px-Brauron_-_%CE%A0-shaped_stoa_and_Classical_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Ancient site of <a href="/wiki/Vravrona" class="mw-redirect" title="Vravrona">Vravrona</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Chalkidian_Amphora,_Museo_Nazionale_Etrusco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_Chalkidian_Amphora%2C_Museo_Nazionale_Etrusco.jpg/220px-A_Chalkidian_Amphora%2C_Museo_Nazionale_Etrusco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_Chalkidian_Amphora%2C_Museo_Nazionale_Etrusco.jpg/330px-A_Chalkidian_Amphora%2C_Museo_Nazionale_Etrusco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_Chalkidian_Amphora%2C_Museo_Nazionale_Etrusco.jpg/440px-A_Chalkidian_Amphora%2C_Museo_Nazionale_Etrusco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4761" /></a><figcaption>A Chalkidian Amphora, ca. 550 BC, showing a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a> startling a <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenad</a>. Museo Nazionale Etrusco, Rome.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a>, the inhabitants of Attica lived in autonomous <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agricultural societies</a>. The main places where <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> remains were found are <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafina" title="Rafina">Rafina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nea_Makri" title="Nea Makri">Nea Makri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorikos" title="Thorikos">Thorikos</a>, Agios Kosmas, <a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acharnes" title="Acharnes">Menidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markopoulo_Mesogaias" title="Markopoulo Mesogaias">Markopoulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spata" title="Spata">Spata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afidnes" title="Afidnes">Aphidnae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> main city. All of these settlements flourished during the Mycenaean period.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to tradition, Attica comprised twelve small communities during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Cecrops_II" title="Cecrops II">Cecrops</a>, the legendary Ionian king of Athens. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> assigns these the names of <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Cecropia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrapolis_(Attica)" title="Tetrapolis (Attica)">Tetrapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epacria" title="Epacria">Epacria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decelea" title="Decelea">Decelea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphidna" title="Aphidna">Aphidna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoricus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoricus">Thoricus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytherus" title="Cytherus">Cytherus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphettus" title="Sphettus">Sphettus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephisia" title="Cephisia">Cephisia</a>, and possibly Phaleron. These were said to have been later incorporated in an Athenian state during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, the mythical king of Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern historians consider it more likely that the communities were progressively incorporated into an Athenian state during the 8th and the 7th centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-BC_1994,_p._115_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BC_1994,_p._115-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (March 2009)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until the 6th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> families lived independent lives in the suburbs of Athens, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippios_Kolonos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippios Kolonos (page does not exist)">Hippios Kolonos</a>. Only after <a href="/wiki/Peisistratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratos">Peisistratos</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a> and the reforms implemented by <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> did the local communities lose their independence and succumb to the central government in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. As a result of these reforms, Attica was divided into approximately a hundred municipalities, the <a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">demes</a> (<i>dēmoi</i>, δῆμοι), and also into three large sectors: the city (ἄστυ), which comprised the areas of central Athens, <a href="/wiki/Ymittos" title="Ymittos">Ymittos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegaleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegaleo">Aegaleo</a> and the foot of Mount <a href="/wiki/Parnitha" title="Parnitha">Parnes</a>, the coast (παράλια), that included the area between <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a> and Cape <a href="/wiki/Sounion" title="Sounion">Sounion</a> and the area around the city (ἐσωτερικό-μεσογαία), inhabited by people living on the north of Mount <a href="/wiki/Parnitha" title="Parnitha">Parnitha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penteliko_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Penteliko Mountain">Penteliko</a> and the area east of the mountain of <a href="/wiki/Hymettus" title="Hymettus">Hymettus</a> on the plain of <a href="/wiki/Mesogeia" title="Mesogeia">Mesogeia</a>. Principally, each civic unit would include equal parts of townspeople, seamen, and farmers. A "trittýs" ("third") of each sector constituted a tribe. Consequently, Attica comprised ten tribes. </p><p>During the Peloponnesian war, Attica was invaded and raided several times by the <a href="/wiki/Lacedaemonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacedaemonians">Lacedaemonians</a>, while in the war's third phase the fortress of Decelea was captured and fortified by Lacedaemon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fortresses">Fortresses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fortresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhamnous-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rhamnous-1.jpg/220px-Rhamnous-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rhamnous-1.jpg/330px-Rhamnous-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rhamnous-1.jpg/440px-Rhamnous-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Rhamnous" title="Rhamnous">Rhamnous</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> period, Athens was fortified to the north by the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Eleutherae" title="Eleutherae">Eleutherae</a>, which is preserved well. Other fortresses are those of <a href="/wiki/Oinoi" title="Oinoi">Oenoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decelea" title="Decelea">Decelea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyle" title="Phyle">Phyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphidnae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphidnae">Aphidnae</a>. To protect the mines at <a href="/wiki/Laurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurium">Laurium</a>, on the coast, Athens was protected by the walls at <a href="/wiki/Rhamnus_(Greek_archaeological_site)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhamnus (Greek archaeological site)">Rhamnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoricus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoricus">Thoricus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sounion" title="Sounion">Sounion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anavyssos" title="Anavyssos">Anavyssos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piraeus" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these forts and walls had been constructed, Attica did not establish a fortification system until later, in the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attica's warfare is displayed by piles of rubble from fortresses from the Chremonidean war.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spata_airview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Spata_airview.jpg/220px-Spata_airview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Spata_airview.jpg/330px-Spata_airview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Spata_airview.jpg/440px-Spata_airview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spata" title="Spata">Spata</a> airview</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> ruins of religious importance are found in nearly the whole area of Attica, the most important are those found in <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>. The worship of the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Cora</a>, beginning in the <a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Mycenaean</a> period, continued until the late years of antiquity. </p><p>Many other types of worship can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistory</a>. For example, the worship of <a href="/wiki/Pan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan (mythology)">Pan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nymphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphs">Nymphs</a> was common in many areas of Attica such as <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parnitha" title="Parnitha">Parnes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ymittos" title="Ymittos">Ymittos</a>. The god of wine, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, was worshipped mainly in the area of <a href="/wiki/Icaria" title="Icaria">Icaria</a>, now the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iphigeneia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iphigeneia">Iphigeneia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> were worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Brauron" title="Brauron">Brauron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rafina" title="Rafina">Rafina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sounion" title="Sounion">Sounion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> on Iera Odos, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dafni,_Attica" title="Dafni, Attica">Daphne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festival of <a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Chalceia</a> was celebrated every autumn in Attica. The festival honored the gods <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena Ergane</a>. In the deme of <a href="/wiki/Athmonon" class="mw-redirect" title="Athmonon">Athmonon</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Marousi" title="Marousi">Marousi</a>, the Athmoneia games were also celebrated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Byzantine Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Athens" title="Duchy of Athens">Duchy of Athens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Ottoman Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleusis.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eleusis.JPG/220px-Eleusis.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eleusis.JPG/330px-Eleusis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eleusis.JPG/440px-Eleusis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>View over the excavation site towards <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the period of antiquity, Attica came under <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule. In the Roman period, the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a> tribe raided Athens and Attica in 267 AD, destroying most of the city and laying waste to the countryside. During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> period Athens was an important middle size city. In 396 Attica was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alaric_I" title="Alaric I">Alaric</a>. Attica's population diminished in comparison to the neighboring area of <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>. </p><p>The sites of historical interest date to the 11th and 12th centuries, when Attica was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>. The great monastery of Dafni, that was built under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s rule, is an isolated case that does not signify a widespread development of Attica during the Byzantine period. On the other hand, the buildings built during the 11th and 12th centuries show a greater development that continued during the rule of the Franks, who did not impose strict rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From the 14th century onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> came to Attica from what is today <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">southern Albania</a>. They were mostly invited as mercenaries by the local Greek lords. </p><p>During the Ottoman rule, Athens enjoyed some rights. However, that was not the case for the villages of Attica. Great areas were possessed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turks</a>, who terrorized the population with the help of <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahis</a>. The monasteries of Attica played a crucial role in preserving the Greek element of the villages. </p><p>In spite of its conquerors, Attica managed to maintain its traditions. This fact is proved by the preservation of ancient <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponyms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Oropos" title="Oropos">Oropos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> in the 1820s, the peasants of Attica were the first to revolt (April 1821), occupying <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and seizing the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">Acropolis</a> that was handed over to the Greek revolutionaries in June, 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attica_after_1829">Attica after 1829</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attica after 1829"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_on_Saronida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/View_on_Saronida.jpg/220px-View_on_Saronida.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/View_on_Saronida.jpg/330px-View_on_Saronida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/View_on_Saronida.jpg/440px-View_on_Saronida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saronida" title="Saronida">Saronida</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Rafina_Harbour_20.02.2009_12-20-04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aerial_view_of_Rafina_Harbour_20.02.2009_12-20-04.JPG/220px-Aerial_view_of_Rafina_Harbour_20.02.2009_12-20-04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aerial_view_of_Rafina_Harbour_20.02.2009_12-20-04.JPG/330px-Aerial_view_of_Rafina_Harbour_20.02.2009_12-20-04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aerial_view_of_Rafina_Harbour_20.02.2009_12-20-04.JPG/440px-Aerial_view_of_Rafina_Harbour_20.02.2009_12-20-04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Rafina" title="Rafina">Rafina</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_1946.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_1946.JPG/220px-%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_1946.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_1946.JPG/330px-%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_1946.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_1946.JPG/440px-%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_1946.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The port of <a href="/wiki/Laurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurium">Lavrio</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Attica belonged to the newly-founded Greek state from its founding. From 1834, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> was made the new Greek capital (moved from <a href="/wiki/Nafplio" title="Nafplio">Nafplio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argolis" title="Argolis">Argolis</a>), which caused the gradual repopulation of Attica by other people around Greece. The most dramatic surge came with Greek refugees from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> and later the population exchanges between Greece and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. Today, much of Attica is occupied by urban Athens, encompassing the entirety of the Athenian plain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Greek region of Attica includes classical Attica as well as the <a href="/wiki/Saronic_Islands" title="Saronic Islands">Saronic Islands</a>, a small part of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> around <a href="/wiki/Troezen" title="Troezen">Troezen</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socrate_Sidiropoulos" title="Socrate Sidiropoulos">Socrate Sidiropoulos</a> (born 1947), Greek painter and sculptor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascolia" title="Ascolia">Ascolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_orators" title="Attic orators">Attic orators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_talent" title="Attic talent">Attic talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atticism" title="Atticism">Atticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias,Description of Greece,1.2.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias VIII, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303075108/http://diocles.civil.duth.gr/links/home/database/periferiaprotevousis/pr05hi.pdf">"History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Prefecture of Attica</i>. Democritus University of Thrace. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diocles.civil.duth.gr/links/home/database/periferiaprotevousis/pr05hi.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prefecture+of+Attica&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiocles.civil.duth.gr%2Flinks%2Fhome%2Fdatabase%2Fperiferiaprotevousis%2Fpr05hi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strabo 9.1.20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BC_1994,_p._115-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BC_1994,_p._115_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ancient History until 30 BC</i> (<i>Ιστορία των αρχαίων χρόνων ως το 30 πΧ</i>), L. Tsaktsiras, M. Tiverios, schoolbook for A' Gymnasiou, 13th edition, Athens, 1994, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2015" class="citation news cs1">Osborne, Robin (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.oxfordre.com/">"Oxford Classical Dictionary"</a>. <i>Attica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Attica&rft.atitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.oxfordre.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2015" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Robin (22 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-952">"Attica"</a>. <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.952">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.952</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199381135" title="Special:BookSources/9780199381135"><bdi>9780199381135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attica&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.952&rft.isbn=9780199381135&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttica" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Statistical_Service_of_Greece2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Service_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National Statistical Service of Greece">National Statistical Service of Greece</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_01_0002_00054.pdf"><bdi lang="el">Στατιστική Επετηρίδα της Ελλάδος 2002</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Greek). <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Service_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National Statistical Service of Greece">National Statistical Service of Greece</a>. p. 54. <q>The table includes the urban areas of Greece, officially defined by the <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Service_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="National Statistical Service of Greece">National Statistical Service of Greece</a>, powered by the Ministry of Finance of Greece. The municipality of Piraeus and its greater area belong to the Athens urban area or Greater Athens (Πολεοδομικό Συγκρότημα Αθηνών).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82+2002&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Service+of+Greece&rft.date=2002&rft.au=National+Statistical+Service+of+Greece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlib.statistics.gr%2FBook%2FGRESYE_01_0002_00054.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p>Mela, A.; Tousi, E.; Melas, E.; Varelidis, G. Spatial Distribution and Quality of Urban Public Spaces in the Attica Region (Greece) during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey-Based Analysis. Urban Sci. 2024, 8, 2.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8010002">https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8010002</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTozer1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tozer, Henry F. (1878). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Attica"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Attica">"Attica" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. III (9th ed.). p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=57&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Tozer&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athensattica.gr/">Official tourism website of Attica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Landmarks_of_Attica" title="Template:Landmarks of Attica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Landmarks_of_Attica" title="Template talk:Landmarks of Attica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Lake_Marathon" title="Lake Marathon">Lake Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurium">Laurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pentelicus" title="Mount Pentelicus">Mount Pentelicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnitha" title="Parnitha">Parnitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Rafti" title="Porto Rafti">Porto Rafti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Tower_(Serpieri)" title="Queen's Tower (Serpieri)">Queen's Tower (Serpieri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnous" title="Rhamnous">Rhamnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rododafni_Castle" title="Rododafni Castle">Rododafni Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saronida" title="Saronida">Saronida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sounion" title="Sounion">Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatoi_Palace" title="Tatoi Palace">Tatoi Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Zoster" title="Temple of Apollo Zoster">Temple of Apollo Zoster</a></li></ul> <p><small>*Not included the most parts of Athens urban area</small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_geographic_regions_of_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geographic_regions_of_Greece" title="Template:Geographic regions of 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Greece</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Thrace</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/40px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/60px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/80px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122443#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122443#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge347522&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Atika (Řecko : poloostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge347527&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579888">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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