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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology" title="Category:Anthropology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/100px-Queue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/150px-Queue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/200px-Queue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anthropology" title="Outline of anthropology">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropology" title="History of anthropology">History</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_archaeology" title="Aviation archaeology">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anthropology" title="Molecular anthropology">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology"> Neurological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_art" title="Anthropology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology"><span class="wrap">Political economy</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_food" title="Anthropology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_institutions" title="Anthropology of institutions">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_media" title="Anthropology of media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_anthropology" title="Psychological anthropology">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_anthropology" title="Public anthropology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpersonal anthropology">Transpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_anthropology" title="Urban anthropology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Visual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_anthropology" title="Semiotic anthropology">Semiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology#Methods" title="Cultural anthropology">Research framework</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-ethnography">cyber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cross-cultural sample">Cross-cultural comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reflexivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick_description" title="Thick description">Thick description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">Emic and etic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_anthropology" title="Development anthropology">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship and descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(anthropology)" title="Cultural materialism (anthropology)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Diffusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">Historical particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boasian_anthropology" title="Boasian anthropology">Boasian anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">Performance studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_theory" title="Practice theory">Practice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_by_nationality" title="Category:Anthropologists by nationality">Anthropologists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_anthropology" title="List of years in anthropology">Anthropology by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropology" title="Bibliography of anthropology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropology_journals" title="List of anthropology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">List of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology_organizations" title="Category:Anthropology organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology" title="Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology" title="Template talk:Anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, and more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">sociology of knowledge</a>, <b>reflexivity</b> refers to circular relationships between <a href="/wiki/Cause_and_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause and effect">cause and effect</a>, especially as embedded in human belief structures. A reflexive relationship is multi-directional when the causes and the effects affect the reflexive agent in a layered or complex sociological relationship. The complexity of this relationship can be furthered when epistemology includes <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. </p><p>Within <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> more broadly—the field of origin—<b>reflexivity</b> means an act of <a href="/wiki/Self-reference" title="Self-reference">self-reference</a> where existence engenders examination, by which the thinking action "bends back on", refers to, and affects the entity instigating the action or examination. It commonly refers to the capacity of an <a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">agent</a> to recognise forces of <a href="/wiki/Socialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialisation">socialisation</a> and alter their place in the <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a>. A low level of reflexivity would result in individuals shaped largely by their environment (or "society"). A high level of social reflexivity would be defined by individuals shaping <i>their own</i> norms, tastes, politics, desires, and so on. This is similar to the notion of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. (See also <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_agency" title="Structure and agency">structure and agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>.) </p><p>Within <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <b>reflexivity</b> refers to the self-reinforcing effect of market sentiment, whereby rising prices attract buyers whose actions drive prices higher still until the process becomes unsustainable. This is an instance of a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> loop. The same process can operate in reverse leading to a catastrophic collapse in prices. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a>, <i>reflexivity</i> may occur when theories in a discipline should apply equally to the discipline itself; for example, in the case that the theories of knowledge construction in the field of <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">sociology of scientific knowledge</a> should apply equally to knowledge construction by sociology of scientific knowledge practitioners, or when the subject matter of a discipline should apply equally to the individual practitioners of that discipline (e.g., when psychological theory should explain the psychological processes of psychologists). More broadly, reflexivity is considered to occur when the observations of observers in the social system affect the very situations they are observing, or when theory being formulated is disseminated to and affects the behaviour of the individuals or systems the theory is meant to be objectively modelling. Thus, for example, an anthropologist living in an isolated village may affect the village and the behaviour of its citizens under study. The observations are not independent of the participation of the observer. </p><p>Reflexivity is, therefore, a methodological issue in the social sciences analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_effect" title="Hawthorne effect">observer effect</a>. Within that part of recent <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociology of science">sociology of science</a> that has been called the <a href="/wiki/Strong_programme" title="Strong programme">strong programme</a>, reflexivity is suggested as a methodological norm or principle, meaning that a full theoretical account of the social construction of, say, scientific, religious or ethical knowledge systems, should itself be explainable by the same principles and methods as used for accounting for these other knowledge systems. This points to a general feature of <a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">naturalised epistemologies</a>, that such theories of knowledge allow for specific fields of research to elucidate other fields as part of an overall self-reflective process: any particular field of research occupied with aspects of knowledge processes in general (e.g., history of science, cognitive science, sociology of science, psychology of perception, semiotics, logic, neuroscience) may reflexively study other such fields yielding to an overall improved reflection on the conditions for creating knowledge. </p><p>Reflexivity includes both a subjective process of <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-consciousness</a> inquiry and the study of <a href="/wiki/Social_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Social behaviour">social behaviour</a> with reference to theories about <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relationships</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principle of reflexivity was perhaps first enunciated by the sociologists <a href="/wiki/William_I._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="William I. Thomas">William I. Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Swaine_Thomas" title="Dorothy Swaine Thomas">Dorothy Swaine Thomas</a>, in their 1928 book <i>The child in America</i>: "If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas,_W._I._and_D._S._Thomas_(1928)_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas,_W._I._and_D._S._Thomas_(1928)-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory was later termed the "<a href="/wiki/Thomas_theorem" title="Thomas theorem">Thomas theorem</a>". </p><p>Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Robert K. Merton</a> (1948, 1949) built on the Thomas principle to define the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">self-fulfilling prophecy</a>: that once a prediction or prophecy is made, actors may accommodate their behaviours and actions so that a statement that would have been false becomes true or, conversely, a statement that would have been true becomes false - as a consequence of the prediction or prophecy being made. The prophecy has a constitutive impact on the outcome or result, changing the outcome from what would otherwise have happened. </p><p>Reflexivity was taken up as an issue in science in general by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1957), who in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Historicism" title="The Poverty of Historicism">The poverty of historicism</a></i> highlighted the influence of a prediction upon the event predicted, calling this the '<a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Oedipus effect</a>' in reference to the Greek tale in which the sequence of events fulfilling the Oracle's prophecy is greatly influenced by the prophecy itself. Popper initially considered such self-fulfilling prophecy a distinguishing feature of social science, but later came to see that in the natural sciences, particularly biology and even molecular biology, something equivalent to expectation comes into play and can act to bring about that which has been expected.<sup id="cite_ref-PopperQuest_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopperQuest-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also taken up by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Ernest Nagel</a> (1961). Reflexivity presents a problem for science because if a prediction can lead to changes in the system that the prediction is made in relation to, it becomes difficult to assess scientific hypotheses by comparing the predictions they entail with the events that actually occur. The problem is even more difficult in the social sciences. </p><p>Reflexivity has been taken up as the issue of "reflexive prediction" in economic science by Grunberg and Modigliani (1954) and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (1954), has been debated as a major issue in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Lucas_critique" title="Lucas critique">Lucas critique</a>, and has been raised as a methodological issue in economic science arising from the issue of reflexivity in the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">sociology of scientific knowledge</a> (SSK) literature. </p><p>Reflexivity has emerged as both an issue and a solution in modern approaches to the problem of <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_agency" title="Structure and agency">structure and agency</a>, for example in the work of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Structuration_theory" title="Structuration theory">structuration theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Genetic_structuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic structuralism">genetic structuralism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giddens" title="Giddens">Giddens</a>, for example, noted that constitutive reflexivity is possible in any social system, and that this presents a distinct methodological problem for the social sciences. Giddens accentuated this theme with his notion of "<a href="/wiki/Reflexive_modernity" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflexive modernity">reflexive modernity</a>" – the argument that, over time, society is becoming increasingly more self-aware, reflective, and hence reflexive. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bourdieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> argued that the social scientist is inherently laden with <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">biases</a>, and only by becoming reflexively aware of those biases can the social scientists free themselves from them and aspire to the practice of an objective science. For Bourdieu, therefore, reflexivity is part of the solution, not the problem. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Things" title="The Order of Things">The order of things</a></i> can be said to touch on the issue of Reflexivity. Foucault examines the history of Western thought since the Renaissance and argues that each historical epoch (he identifies three and proposes a fourth) has an <a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">episteme</a>, or "a historical <i><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">a priori</a></i>", that structures and organises knowledge. Foucault argues that the concept of man emerged in the early 19th century, what he calls the "Age of Man", with the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. He finishes the book by posing the problem of the age of man and our pursuit of knowledge- where "man is both knowing subject and the object of his own study"; thus, Foucault argues that the social sciences, far from being objective, produce truth in their own mutually exclusive <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_economics">In economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economic philosopher <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, influenced by ideas put forward by his tutor, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> (1957),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been an active promoter of the relevance of reflexivity to economics, first propounding it publicly in his 1987 book <i>The alchemy of finance</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He regards his insights into market behaviour from applying the principle as a major factor in the success of his financial career. </p><p>Reflexivity is inconsistent with <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">general equilibrium theory</a>, which stipulates that markets move towards equilibrium and that non-equilibrium fluctuations are merely random noise that will soon be corrected. In equilibrium theory, prices in the long run at equilibrium reflect the underlying <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_analysis" title="Fundamental analysis">economic fundamentals</a>, which are unaffected by prices. Reflexivity asserts that prices do in fact influence the fundamentals and that these newly influenced sets of fundamentals then proceed to change expectations, thus influencing prices; the process continues in a self-reinforcing pattern. Because the pattern is self-reinforcing, markets tend towards disequilibrium. Sooner or later they reach a point where the sentiment is reversed and negative expectations become self-reinforcing in the downward direction, thereby explaining the familiar pattern of boom and bust cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example Soros cites is the <a href="/wiki/Procyclical" class="mw-redirect" title="Procyclical">procyclical</a> nature of lending, that is, the willingness of banks to ease lending standards for real estate loans when prices are rising, then raising standards when real estate prices are falling, reinforcing the boom and bust cycle. He further suggests that property price inflation is essentially a reflexive phenomenon: house prices are influenced by the sums that banks are prepared to advance for their purchase, and these sums are determined by the banks' estimation of the prices that the property would command. </p><p>Soros has often claimed that his grasp of the principle of reflexivity is what has given him his "edge" and that it is the major factor contributing to his successes as a trader. For several decades there was little sign of the principle being accepted in mainstream economic circles, but there has been an increase of interest following the crash of 2008, with academic journals, economists, and investors discussing his theories.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist and former columnist of the <i>Financial Times,</i> <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Kaletsky" title="Anatole Kaletsky">Anatole Kaletsky</a>, argued that Soros' concept of reflexivity is useful in understanding China's economy and how the Chinese government manages it.<sup id="cite_ref-project_syndicate_2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-project_syndicate_2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Soros funded the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_New_Economic_Thinking" title="Institute for New Economic Thinking">Institute for New Economic Thinking</a> with the hope that it would develop reflexivity further.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Institute works with several types of <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox economics</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">post-Keynesian</a> branch.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_sociology">In sociology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Archer" title="Margaret Archer">Margaret Archer</a> has written extensively on laypeople's reflexivity. For her, human reflexivity is a <i>mediating mechanism</i> between structural properties, or the individual's social context, and action, or the individual's ultimate concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflexive activity, according to Archer, increasingly takes the place of habitual action in late modernity since routine forms prove ineffective in dealing with the complexity of modern life trajectories.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Archer emphasises the agentic aspect of reflexivity, reflexive orientations can themselves be seen as being "socially and temporally embedded".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Elster points out that reflexivity cannot be understood without taking into account the fact that it draws on background configurations (e.g., shared meanings, as well as past social engagement and lived experiences of the social world) to be operative.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_anthropology">In anthropology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In anthropology, reflexivity has come to have two distinct meanings, one that refers to the researcher's awareness of an analytic focus on his or her relationship to the field of study, and the other that attends to the ways that <a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">cultural practices</a> involve consciousness and commentary on themselves. </p><p>The first sense of reflexivity in anthropology is part of social science's more general self-critique in the wake of theories by <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a> and others about the relationship of power and knowledge production. Reflexivity about the research process became an important part of the critique of the colonial roots<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scientistic methods of anthropology in the "writing cultures"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> movement associated with <a href="/wiki/James_Clifford_(historian)" title="James Clifford (historian)">James Clifford</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_E._Marcus" title="George E. Marcus">George Marcus</a>, as well as many other anthropologists. Rooted in literary criticism and philosophical analysis of the relationship among the anthropologists, the people represented in texts, and their textual representations, this approach has fundamentally changed ethical and methodological approaches in anthropology. As with the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">feminist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subaltern_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subaltern studies">anti-colonial</a> critiques that provide some of reflexive anthropology's inspiration, the reflexive understanding of the academic and political power of representations, analysis of the process of "writing culture" has become a necessary part of understanding the situation of the ethnographer in the fieldwork situation. Objectification of people and cultures and analysis of them only as objects of study has been largely rejected in favor of developing more collaborative approaches that respect local people's values and goals. Nonetheless, many anthropologists have accused the "writing cultures" approach of muddying the scientific aspects of anthropology with too much introspection about fieldwork relationships, and reflexive anthropology have been heavily attacked by more positivist anthropologists.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considerable debate continues in anthropology over the role of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> and reflexivity, but most anthropologists accept the value of the critical perspective, and generally only argue about the relevance of critical models that seem to lead anthropology away from its earlier core foci.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second kind of reflexivity studied by anthropologists involves varieties of self-reference in which people and cultural practices call attention to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One important origin for this approach is <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a> in his studies of <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deixis</a> and the poetic function in language, but the work of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin" title="Mikhail Bakhtin">Mikhail Bakhtin</a> on carnival has also been important. Within anthropology, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Gregory Bateson</a> developed ideas about meta-messages (<a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">subtext</a>) as part of communication, while <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a>'s studies of ritual events such as the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Play:_Notes_on_the_Balinese_Cockfight" title="Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight">Balinese cock-fight</a> point to their role as foci for public reflection on the social order. Studies of play and tricksters further expanded ideas about reflexive cultural practices. Reflexivity has been most intensively explored in studies of performance,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> public events,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rituals,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and linguistic forms<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can be seen any time acts, things, or people are held up and commented upon or otherwise set apart for consideration. In researching cultural practices, reflexivity plays an important role, but because of its complexity and subtlety, it often goes under-investigated or involves highly specialised analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One use of studying reflexivity is in connection to <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">authenticity</a>. Cultural traditions are often imagined as perpetuated as stable ideals by uncreative actors. Innovation may or may not change tradition, but since reflexivity is intrinsic to many cultural activities, reflexivity is part of tradition and not inauthentic. The study of reflexivity shows that people have both self-awareness and creativity in culture. They can play with, comment upon, debate, modify, and objectify culture through manipulating many different features in recognised ways. This leads to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metaculture (page does not exist)">metaculture</a> of conventions about managing and reflecting upon culture.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_international_relations">In international relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In international relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, the question of reflexivity was first raised in the context of the so-called ‘Third Debate’ of the late 1980s. This debate marked a break with the positivist orthodoxy of the discipline. The post-positivist theoretical restructuring was seen to introduce reflexivity as a cornerstone of critical scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Mark Neufeld, reflexivity in International Relations was characterized by 1) self-awareness of underlying premises, 2) an acknowledgment of the political-normative dimension of theoretical paradigms, and 3) the affirmation that judgement about the merits of paradigms is possible despite the impossibility of neutral or apolitical knowledge production.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the nineties, reflexivity has become an explicit concern of <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">constructivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">poststructuralist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a>, and other critical approaches to International Relations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_University_Press_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Press-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alejandro_150–174_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alejandro_150–174-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Conduct of Inquiry in International Relations</i>, Patrick Thaddeus Jackson identified reflexivity of one of the four main methodologies into which contemporary International Relations research can be divided, alongside neopositivism, critical realism, and analyticism.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflexivity_and_the_status_of_the_social_sciences">Reflexivity and the status of the social sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reflexivity and the status of the social sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flanagan has argued that reflexivity complicates all three of the traditional roles that are typically played by a classical science: explanation, prediction and control. The fact that individuals and social collectivities are capable of self-inquiry and adaptation is a key characteristic of real-world social systems, differentiating the social sciences from the physical sciences. Reflexivity, therefore, raises real issues regarding the extent to which the social sciences may ever be viewed as "hard" sciences analogous to classical physics, and raises questions about the nature of the social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_for_the_implementation_of_reflexivity">Methods for the implementation of reflexivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Methods for the implementation of reflexivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new generation of scholars has gone beyond (meta-)theoretical discussion to develop concrete research practices for the implementation of reflexivity. These scholars have addressed the ‘how to’ question by turning reflexivity from an informal process into a formal research practice.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most research focuses on how scholars can become more reflexive toward their positionality and situatedness, some have sought to build reflexive methods in relation to other processes of knowledge production, such as the use of language. The latter has been advanced by the work of Professor Audrey Alejandro in a trilogy on reflexive methods. The first article of the trilogy develops what is referred to as Reflexive Discourse Analysis, a critical methodology for the implementation of reflexivity that integrates discourse theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Alejandro_150–174_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alejandro_150–174-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second article further expands the methodological tools for practicing reflexivity by introducing a three-stage research method for problematizing linguistic categories.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final piece of the trilogy adds a further method for linguistic reflexivity, namely the Reflexive Review. This method provides four steps that aim to add a linguistic and reflexive dimension to the practice of writing a literature review.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Performativity">Performativity</a> – Linguistic quality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_circle_and_vicious_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuous circle and vicious circle">Virtuous circle and vicious circle</a> – Self-reinforcing sequence of events<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_causation" title="Reciprocal causation">Reciprocal causation</a> – Biological concept</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thomas,_W._I._and_D._S._Thomas_(1928)-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas,_W._I._and_D._S._Thomas_(1928)_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas1938" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, W.I. (1938) [1928]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNALAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP572"><i>The Child in America: Behavior Problems and Programs</i></a>. Knopf. p. 572. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87290-065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87290-065-8"><bdi>978-5-87290-065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Child+in+America%3A+Behavior+Problems+and+Programs&rft.pages=572&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-5-87290-065-8&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=W.I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNALAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopperQuest-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopperQuest_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper, Karl</a> (2002). <i>Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203994252">10.4324/9780203994252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28589-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28589-5"><bdi>0-415-28589-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unended+Quest%3A+An+Intellectual+Autobiography&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203994252&rft.isbn=0-415-28589-5&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper, K.</a> (2013) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fc03vC5k7BgC"><i>The Poverty of Historicism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97221-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97221-9"><bdi>978-1-135-97221-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poverty+of+Historicism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97221-9&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFc03vC5k7BgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Alchemy of Finance: Reading the mind of the Market</i> (1987) by <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, pp 27–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George, Soros</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newparadigmforfi00soro_0">"Reflexivity in Financial Markets"</a>. <i>The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crisis of 2008 and What it Means</i> (1st ed.). PublicAffairs. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9"><bdi>978-1-58648-683-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflexivity+in+Financial+Markets&rft.btitle=The+New+Paradigm+for+Financial+Markets%3A+The+Credit+Crisis+of+2008+and+What+it+Means&rft.pages=66&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-683-9&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Soros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewparadigmforfi00soro_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journal of economic methodology</i>, Volume 20, Issue 4, 2013: Special Issue: Reflexivity and Economics: George Soros's Theory of Reflexivity and the Methodology of Economic Science <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rjec20/20/4">http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rjec20/20/4</a> For example, Larry Summers, Joe Stiglitz, and Paul Volker in: <i>Financial times</i>, The Credit Crunch According to Soros, January 30, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9553cce2-eb65-11dd-8838-0000779fd2ac.html">http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9553cce2-eb65-11dd-8838-0000779fd2ac.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-project_syndicate_2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-project_syndicate_2015_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaletsky,_Anatole2015" class="citation web cs1">Kaletsky, Anatole (12 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/why-china-is-not-collapsing-by-anatole-kaletsky-2015-10">"China is Not Collapsing"</a>. <i>Project Syndicate</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Syndicate&rft.atitle=China+is+Not+Collapsing&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft.au=Kaletsky%2C+Anatole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.project-syndicate.org%2Fcommentary%2Fwhy-china-is-not-collapsing-by-anatole-kaletsky-2015-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/RHSEEJDKJho">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415121817/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHSEEJDKJho">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RHSEEJDKJho&t=41m30s">"George Soros Lecture Series: Financial Markets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=George+Soros+Lecture+Series%3A+Financial+Markets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DRHSEEJDKJho%26t%3D41m30s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803141252/http://www.ineteconomics.org/community/young-scholars/working-groups/post-keynesian-working-group">"Post Keynesian Working Group"</a>. <i>www.ineteconomics.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ineteconomics.org/community/young-scholars/working-groups/post-keynesian-working-group">the original</a> on 2016-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ineteconomics.org&rft.atitle=Post+Keynesian+Working+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ineteconomics.org%2Fcommunity%2Fyoung-scholars%2Fworking-groups%2Fpost-keynesian-working-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScotford.2007" class="citation book cs1">Scotford., Archer, Margaret (2007). <i>Making our way through the world : human reflexivity and social mobility</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521874236" title="Special:BookSources/9780521874236"><bdi>9780521874236</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/123113794">123113794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+our+way+through+the+world+%3A+human+reflexivity+and+social+mobility&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123113794&rft.isbn=9780521874236&rft.aulast=Scotford.&rft.aufirst=Archer%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScotford.2012" class="citation book cs1">Scotford., Archer, Margaret (2012). <i>The reflexive imperative in late modernity</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139108058" title="Special:BookSources/9781139108058"><bdi>9781139108058</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794327760">794327760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reflexive+imperative+in+late+modernity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794327760&rft.isbn=9781139108058&rft.aulast=Scotford.&rft.aufirst=Archer%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElster2017" class="citation journal cs1">Elster, Julius (2017-11-06). 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href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829811402709">"Advancing a Reflexive International Relations"</a>. <i>Millennium: Journal of International Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 805–823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0305829811402709">10.1177/0305829811402709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-8298">0305-8298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143967944">143967944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium%3A+Journal+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Advancing+a+Reflexive+International+Relations&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=805-823&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143967944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0305-8298&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0305829811402709&rft.aulast=Eagleton-Pierce&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0305829811402709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoureux2015" class="citation book cs1">Amoureux, Jack L. 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Livholts, Mona (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F160940690700600304">"Exploring the Gendering of Space by Using Memory Work as a Reflexive Research Method"</a>. <i>International Journal of Qualitative Methods</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 29–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F160940690700600304">10.1177/160940690700600304</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-4069">1609-4069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145550679">145550679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Qualitative+Methods&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Gendering+of+Space+by+Using+Memory+Work+as+a+Reflexive+Research+Method&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=29-44&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145550679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1609-4069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F160940690700600304&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Lia&rft.au=Livholts%2C+Mona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F160940690700600304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro2021" class="citation journal cs1">Alejandro, Audrey (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F16094069211055572">"How to Problematise Categories: Building the Methodological Toolbox for Linguistic Reflexivity"</a>. <i>International Journal of Qualitative Methods</i>. <b>20</b>: 160940692110555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F16094069211055572">10.1177/16094069211055572</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-4069">1609-4069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244420443">244420443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Qualitative+Methods&rft.atitle=How+to+Problematise+Categories%3A+Building+the+Methodological+Toolbox+for+Linguistic+Reflexivity&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=160940692110555&rft.date=2021-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244420443%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1609-4069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F16094069211055572&rft.aulast=Alejandro&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F16094069211055572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandroKnott2022" class="citation journal cs1">Alejandro, Audrey; Knott, Eleanor (2022-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisr%2Fviac025">"How to Pay Attention to the Words We Use: The Reflexive Review as a Method for Linguistic Reflexivity"</a>. <i>International Studies Review</i>. <b>24</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisr%2Fviac025">10.1093/isr/viac025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-9488">1521-9488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=How+to+Pay+Attention+to+the+Words+We+Use%3A+The+Reflexive+Review+as+a+Method+for+Linguistic+Reflexivity&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisr%2Fviac025&rft.issn=1521-9488&rft.aulast=Alejandro&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft.au=Knott%2C+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fisr%252Fviac025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2007" class="citation book cs1">Archer, Margaret S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7-enLkoT1QC"><i>Making our way through the world: human reflexivity and social mobility</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46496-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46496-3"><bdi>978-1-139-46496-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+our+way+through+the+world%3A+human+reflexivity+and+social+mobility&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46496-3&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=Margaret+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7-enLkoT1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshmore1989" class="citation book cs1">Ashmore, Malcolm (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fwa7QbVEmLgC"><i>The reflexive thesis: Wrighting sociology of scientific knowledge</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02968-9"><bdi>978-0-226-02968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reflexive+thesis%3A+Wrighting+sociology+of+scientific+knowledge&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02968-9&rft.aulast=Ashmore&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFwa7QbVEmLgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettSuber1987" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Steve; Suber, P., eds. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selfreferenceref0000unse"><i>Self-reference: reflections on reflexivity</i></a></span>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-3474-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-3474-0"><bdi>978-90-247-3474-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-reference%3A+reflections+on+reflexivity&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-247-3474-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselfreferenceref0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdieuWacquant1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu, Pierre</a>; Wacquant, Loïc J. D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TY7ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>An invitation to reflexive sociology</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06741-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06741-4"><bdi>978-0-226-06741-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+invitation+to+reflexive+sociology&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06741-4&rft.aulast=Bourdieu&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Wacquant%2C+Lo%C3%AFc+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTY7ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReflexivity+%28social+theory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bryant, C. G. A. (2002). "George Soros's theory of reflexivity: a comparison with the theories of Giddens and Beck and a consideration of its practical value", <i>Economy and society</i>, 31 (1), pp. 112–131.</li> <li>Flanagan, O. J. (1981). "Psychology, progress, and the problem of reflexivity: a study in the epistemological foundations of psychology", <i>Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences</i>, 17, pp. 375–386.</li> <li>Gay, D. (2009). <i>Reflexivity and development economics</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan</li> <li>Grunberg, E. and F. Modigliani (1954). "The predictability of social events", <i>Journal of political economy</i>, 62 (6), pp. 465–478.</li> <li>Merton, R. K. (1948). "The self-fulfilling prophecy", <i>Antioch Review</i>, 8, pp. 193–210.</li> <li>Merton, R. K. (1949/1957), <i>Social theory and social structure</i>. Rev. ed. The Free Press, Glencoe, IL.</li> <li>Nagel, E. (1961), <i>The structure of science: problems in the logic of scientific explanation</i>, Harcourt, New York.</li> <li>Popper, K. (1957), <i>The poverty of historicism</i>, Harper and Row, New York.</li> <li>Simon, H. (1954). "Bandwagon and underdog effects of election predictions", <i>Public opinion quarterly</i>, 18, pp. 245–253.</li> <li>Soros, G (1987) <i>The alchemy of finance</i> (Simon & Schuster, 1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-66238-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-66238-4">0-671-66238-4</a> (paperback: Wiley, 2003; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-44549-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-44549-5">0-471-44549-5</a>)</li> <li>Soros, G (2008) <i>The new paradigm for financial markets: the credit crisis of 2008 and what it means</i> (PublicAffairs, 2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-683-9">978-1-58648-683-9</a></li> <li>Soros, G (2006) <i>The age of fallibility: consequences of the war on terror</i> (PublicAffairs, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-359-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-359-5">1-58648-359-5</a></li> <li>Soros, G <i>The bubble of American supremacy: correcting the misuse of American power</i> (PublicAffairs, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-217-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-217-3">1-58648-217-3</a> (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-292-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-292-0">1-58648-292-0</a>)</li> <li>Soros, G <i>George Soros on globalization</i> (PublicAffairs, 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-125-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-125-8">1-58648-125-8</a> (paperback; PublicAffairs, 2005; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5864-8278-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-5864-8278-5">1-5864-8278-5</a>)</li> <li>Soros, G (2000) <i>Open society: reforming global capitalism</i> (PublicAffairs, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-019-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-019-7">1-58648-019-7</a></li> <li>Thomas, W. I. (1923), <i>The unadjusted girl : with cases and standpoint for behavior analysis</i>, Little, Brown, Boston, MA.</li> <li>Thomas, W. I. and D. S. Thomas (1928), <i>The child in America : behavior problems and programs</i>, Knopf, New York.</li> <li>Tsekeris, C. (2013). "Toward a chaos-friendly reflexivity", <i>Entelequia</i>, 16, pp. 71–89.</li> <li>Woolgar, S. (1988). <i>Knowledge and reflexivity: new frontiers in the sociology of knowledge</i>. London and Beverly Hills: Sage.</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&oldid=1230084854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflexivity_(social_theory)&oldid=1230084854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Sociological terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_theories" title="Category:Sociological theories">Sociological theories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Soros" title="Category:George Soros">George Soros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-reference" title="Category:Self-reference">Self-reference</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 June 2024, at 14:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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